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Mathur R, Kang D, Napelenok SL, Xing J, Hogrefe C, Sarwar G, Itahashi S, Henderson BH. How have Divergent Global Emission Trends Influenced Long-range Transported Ozone to North America? JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:0. [PMID: 36275858 PMCID: PMC9580341 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several locations across the United States in non-compliance with the national standard for ground-level ozone (O3) are thought to have sizeable influences from distant extra-regional emission sources or natural stratospheric O3, which complicates design of local emission control measures. To quantify the amount of long-range transported O3 (LRT O3), its origin, and change over time, we conduct and analyze detailed sensitivity calculations characterizing the response of O3 to emissions from different source regions across the Northern Hemisphere in conjunction with multi-decadal simulations of tropospheric O3 distributions and changes. Model calculations show that the amount of O3 at any location attributable to sources outside North America varies both spatially and seasonally. On a seasonal-mean basis, during 1990-2010, LRT O3 attributable to international sources steadily increased by 0.06-0.2 ppb yr-1 at locations across the United States and arose from superposition of unequal and contrasting trends in individual source-region contributions, which help inform attribution of the trend evident in O3 measurements. Contributions of emissions from Europe steadily declined through 2010, while those from Asian emissions increased and remained dominant. Steadily rising NOx emissions from international shipping resulted in increasing contributions to LRT O3, comparable to those from Asian emissions in recent years. Central American emissions contribute a significant fraction of LRT O3 in southwestern United States. In addition to the LRT O3 attributable to emissions outside of North America, background O3 across the continental United States is comprised of a sizeable and spatially variable fraction that is of stratospheric origin (29-78%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Daiwen Kang
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Sergey L. Napelenok
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Japan
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
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2
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Wang Y, Yao Z, Zheng X, Subramaniam L, Butterbach-Bahl K. A synthesis of nitric oxide emissions across global fertilized croplands from crop-specific emission factors. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4395-4408. [PMID: 35403777 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application to agricultural soils results in substantial emissions of nitric oxide (NO), a key substance in tropospheric chemistry involved in climate forcing and air pollution. However, the estimates of global cropland NO emissions remain uncertain due to a lack of information on direct NO emission factors (EFd s) of applied N for various cropping systems at seasonal or annual scales. Here we quantified the crop-specific seasonal and annual-scale NO EFd s through synthesizing 1094 measurements from 125 field-based studies worldwide. The global mean crop-specific seasonal EFd was 0.53%, with the highest for vegetables (0.75%). Among cereal crops, the EFd of maize (0.45%) or wheat (0.47%) was about three times higher than for rice (0.12%). At annual scale, the mean EFd across all cropping systems was 0.58%, with tea plantations having the highest (1.54%). For other cropping systems, the annual-scale EFd s ranged from 0.02% to 1.07%. Besides crop type, also soil organic carbon, total N, and pH as well as N fertilizer type were the main factors explaining the variations of NO EFd s. Based on obtained specific EFd s for each crop type, we estimated that NO emissions due to the use of synthetic fertilizers from global croplands are about 0.42-0.62 Tg N year-1 . Our budgets are relatively lower if compared to estimates derived by the use of IPCC defaults for NO emissions (0.72-1.66 Tg N year-1 ) or reported elsewhere (0.67-1.04 Tg N year-1 ). In our estimates, cash crops (vegetable, tea and orchard), which cover only 9% of the world cropland area, contributed about 31% to total NO emissions from global fertilized croplands. Overall, our meta-analysis provides improved crop-specific NO EFd s reflecting current stage of knowledge. The work also highlights the relative importance of cash crop production as sources for atmospheric NO, that is, agricultural systems on which mitigation efforts may focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Logapragasan Subramaniam
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Land-CRAFT, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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3
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Wang H, Ding K, Huang X, Wang W, Ding A. Insight into ozone profile climatology over northeast China from aircraft measurement and numerical simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147308. [PMID: 33932671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a major pollutant that can harm human health, animals and plants. With a rapid development in Northeast China, ozone pollution has become an increasingly serious environmental challenge. To study the ozone distribution and the potential sources of ozone precursors in Northeast China, we analyzed vertical ozone profiles from the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) in 2012-2014 and provided the climatological vertical structure of tropospheric ozone over Shenyang. The tropospheric ozone generally presents high in hot months, mainly due to the combined effects of the strong solar radiation and high volatile organic compounds emission in summer. While in cold months, the ozone is low because of weak solar radiation and high nitrogen oxides emission. Besides, a low-ozone center exists within lower troposphere in August, which is mainly caused by the East Asian summer monsoon prevailing in summer. To analyze the sources of ozone, typical ozone pollution episodes were studied and the results revealed the different pathways for the enhancement of ozone pollution in Shenyang: regional transport of anthropogenic emissions from North China Plain (NCP), long-range transport from Siberian biomass burning and local photochemical production. Modeling results show that the largest contribution to the surface ozone in Northeast China is local anthropogenic emissions (exceed 90%); the regional transport of NCP anthropogenic emissions contribute more to the pollutants around 2 km, and account for more than 50% pollutants during highly ozone polluted days; through long-range transport, Siberian biomass burning in the spring also have a nonnegligible effect on the near-ground ozone in Northeast China. Overall, this study provides tropospheric ozone climatology and its source attribution in Northeast China, and highlight the great importance of regional transport of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions in ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China
| | - Wuke Wang
- Department of atmospheric science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Qu Q, Cooper B, Yurchenko SN, Tennyson J. A spectroscopic model for the low-lying electronic states of NO. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074112. [PMID: 33607908 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rovibronic structure of A2Σ+, B2Π, and C2Π states of nitric oxide (NO) is studied with the aim of producing comprehensive line lists for its near ultraviolet spectrum. Empirical energy levels for the three electronic states are determined using a combination of the empirical measured active rotation-vibration energy level (MARVEL) procedure and ab initio calculations, and the available experimental data are critically evaluated. Ab initio methods that deal simultaneously with the Rydberg-like A2Σ+ and C2Π and the valence B2Π state are tested. Methods of modeling the sharp avoided crossing between the B2Π and C2Π states are tested. A rovibronic Hamiltonian matrix is constructed using the variational nuclear motion program Duo whose eigenvalues are fitted to the MARVEL. The matrix also includes coupling terms obtained from the refinement of the ab initio potential energy and spin-orbit coupling curves. Calculated and observed energy levels agree well with each other, validating the applicability of our method and providing a useful model for this open shell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Qu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Bridgette Cooper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei N Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Tennyson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Crossley MS, Burke KD, Schoville SD, Radeloff VC. Recent collapse of crop belts and declining diversity of US agriculture since 1840. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:151-164. [PMID: 33064906 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century, US agriculture greatly intensified and became industrialized, increasing in inputs and yields while decreasing in total cropland area. In the industrial sector, spatial agglomeration effects are typical, but such changes in the patterns of crop types and diversity would have major implications for the resilience of food systems to global change. Here, we investigate the extent to which agricultural industrialization in the United States was accompanied by agglomeration of crop types, not just overall cropland area, as well as declines in crop diversity. Based on county-level analyses of individual crop land cover area in the conterminous United States from 1840 to 2017, we found a strong and abrupt spatial concentration of most crop types in very recent years. For 13 of the 18 major crops, the widespread belts that characterized early 20th century US agriculture have collapsed, with spatial concentration increasing 15-fold after 2002. The number of counties producing each crop declined from 1940 to 2017 by up to 97%, and their total area declined by up to 98%, despite increasing total production. Concomitantly, the diversity of crop types within counties plummeted: in 1940, 88% of counties grew >10 crops, but only 2% did so in 2017, and combinations of crop types that once characterized entire agricultural regions are lost. Importantly, declining crop diversity with increasing cropland area is a recent phenomenon, suggesting that corresponding environmental effects in agriculturally dominated counties have fundamentally changed. For example, the spatial concentration of agriculture has important consequences for the spread of crop pests, agrochemical use, and climate change. Ultimately, the recent collapse of most agricultural belts and the loss of crop diversity suggest greater vulnerability of US food systems to environmental and economic change, but the spatial concentration of agriculture may also offer environmental benefits in areas that are no longer farmed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin D Burke
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Volker C Radeloff
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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6
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Ma M, Wendehenne D, Philippot L, Hänsch R, Flemetakis E, Hu B, Rennenberg H. Physiological significance of pedospheric nitric oxide for root growth, development and organismic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2336-2354. [PMID: 32681574 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is essential for plant growth and development, as well as interactions with abiotic and biotic environments. Its importance for multiple functions in plants means that tight regulation of NO concentrations is required. This is of particular significance in roots, where NO signalling is involved in processes, such as root growth, lateral root formation, nutrient acquisition, heavy metal homeostasis, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and root-mycorrhizal fungi interactions. The NO signal can also be produced in high levels by microbial processes in the rhizosphere, further impacting root processes. To explore these interesting interactions, in the present review, we firstly summarize current knowledge of physiological processes of NO production and consumption in roots and, thereafter, of processes involved in NO homeostasis in root cells with particular emphasis on root growth, development, nutrient acquisition, environmental stresses and organismic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - David Wendehenne
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Philippot
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Grout L, Baker MG, French N, Hales S. A Review of Potential Public Health Impacts Associated With the Global Dairy Sector. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2019GH000213. [PMID: 32159049 PMCID: PMC7017588 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Strong demand for dairy products has led to a global increase in dairy production. In many parts of the world, dairy systems are undergoing rapid intensification. While increased production may contribute to food security, higher dairy stocking rates in some regions have resulted in increased pressure on natural resources with the potential to affect public health and wellbeing. The aim of this review was to identify and describe the potential health harms and benefits associated with dairy production and consumption. Electronic databases Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched for published literature that investigated human health impacts of dairy production and consumption. Occupational hazards, environmental health impacts, ecosystem health impacts, foodborne hazards, and diet-related chronic diseases were identified as potential public health hazards. Some impacts, notably climate change, extend beyond directly exposed populations. Dairy production and consumption are also associated with important health benefits through the provision of nutrients and economic opportunities. As the global dairy sector increases production, exposure to a range of hazards must be weighed with these benefits. The review of impacts presented here can provide an input into decision making about optimal levels of dairy production and consumption, local land use, and identification and management of specific hazards from this sector. Future research should consider multiple exposure routes, socioeconomic implications, and environmental factors, particularly in regions heavily dependent on dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Grout
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Michael G. Baker
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Nigel French
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research InstituteMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Simon Hales
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
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8
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Eid EM, Alamri SA, Shaltout KH, Galal TM, Ahmed MT, Brima EI, Sewelam N. A sustainable food security approach: Controlled land application of sewage sludge recirculates nutrients to agricultural soils and enhances crop productivity. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahem M. Eid
- Biology Department College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad A.M. Alamri
- Biology Department College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
- Prince Sultan Bin Abdul‐Aziz Center for Environment and Tourism Research and Studies King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tarek M. Galal
- Botany and Microbiology Department Faculty of Science Helwan University Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. Ahmed
- Biology Department College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Eid I. Brima
- Chemistry Department College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Sewelam
- Botany Department Faculty of Science Tanta University Tanta Egypt
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9
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Wang ZB, Li JX, Liang LW. Spatio-temporal evolution of ozone pollution and its influencing factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113419. [PMID: 31706769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ozone has become a major atmospheric pollutant in China as the pattern of urban energy usage has changed and the number of motor vehicles has grown rapidly. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration, also known as the Jing-Jin-Ji Urban Agglomeration (hereafter, JJJUA), with a precarious balance between protecting the ecological environment and sustaining economic development, is challenged by high levels of ozone pollution. Based on ozone observation data from 13 cities in the JJJUA from 2014 to 2017, the spatio-temporal trends in the evolution of ozone pollution and its associated influencing factors were analyzed using Moran's I Index, hot-spot analysis, and Geodetector using ArcGIS and SPSS software. Five key results were obtained. 1) There was an increase in the annual average ozone concentration, for the period 2014-2017. Comparing the 13 prefecture-level cities, ozone pollution in Chengde and Hengshui decreased, while it worsened in the remaining 11 cities. 2) Ozone pollution was worse in spring and summer than in autumn and winter; the peak ozone pollution season was from May to September; the average ozone concentration on workdays was higher than that on non-workdays, showing a counter-weekend effect. 3) Annual average concentrations were high in the central and southern parts of the study region but low in the north. 4) Prominent positive spatial correlations were observed in ozone concentration, with the best correlations shown in summer and autumn; concentrations were high in Baoding and Xingtai but low in Beijing and Chengde. 5) Concentrations of PM10, NO2, CO, SO2, and PM2.5, as well as average wind speed, sunshine duration, evaporation, precipitation, and temperature, all had significant effects on ozone pollution, and interactions between these influencing factors increased it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Bo Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Long-Wu Liang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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10
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Abstract
The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and argon, a variety of trace gases, and particles or aerosols from a variety of sources. Reactive, trace gases have short mean residence time in the atmosphere and large spatial and temporal variations in concentration. Many trace gases are removed by reaction with hydroxyl radical and deposition in rainfall or dryfall at the Earth's surface. The upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, contains ozone that screens ultraviolet light from the Earth's surface. Chlorofluorocarbons released by humans lead to the loss of stratospheric ozone, which might eventually render the Earth's land surface uninhabitable. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere, especially rising concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, will lead to climatic changes over much of the Earth's surface.
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11
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Shindell D, Faluvegi G, Kasibhatla P, Van Dingenen R. Spatial Patterns of Crop Yield Change by Emitted Pollutant. EARTH'S FUTURE 2019; 7:101-112. [PMID: 31008141 PMCID: PMC6472474 DOI: 10.1029/2018ef001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Field measurements and modeling have examined how temperature, precipitation, and exposure to carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone affect major staple crops around the world. Most prior studies, however, have incorporated only a subset of these influences. Here we examine how emissions of each individual pollutant driving changes in these four factors affect present-day yields of wheat, maize (corn), and rice worldwide. Our statistical modeling indicates that for the global mean, climate and composition changes have decreased wheat and maize yields substantially whereas rice yields have increased. Well-mixed greenhouse gasses drive most of the impacts, though aerosol-induced cooling can be important, particularly for more polluted area including India and China. Maize yield losses are most strongly attributable to methane emissions (via both temperature and ozone). In tropical areas, wheat yield losses are primarily driven by CO2 (via temperature), whereas in temperate zones other well-mixed greenhouse gases dominate. Rice yields increase in tropical countries due to a larger impact from CO2 fertilization plus aerosol-induced cooling than losses due to CO2-induced warming and impacts of non-CO2 gasses, whereas there are net losses in temperate zones driven largely by methane and other non-CO2 gasses. Though further work is needed, particularly on the effects of aerosol changes and on nutritional impacts, these results suggest that crop yields over coming decades will be strongly influenced by changes in non-CO2 greenhouse gasses, ozone precursors, and aerosols and that these should be taking into account in plant-level models and when examining linkages between climate change mitigation and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Shindell
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Greg Faluvegi
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Center for Climate Systems ResearchColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Rita Van Dingenen
- Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, European CommissionJoint Research CentreIspraItaly
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12
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Chen Y, Zang L, Chen J, Xu D, Yao D, Zhao M. Characteristics of ambient ozone (O 3) pollution and health risks in Zhejiang Province. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27436-27444. [PMID: 28980116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Troposphere ozone, which is from secondary formation processes, has been increasing dramatically during the last decades in China, inducing high health risks. In this study, temporal and spatial distribution of O3 was studied among 13 sites of three cities during 2014-2016. The objectives were to clarify the characteristics of the ambient pollution of O3 under the influence from other pollutants and meteorological parameters and the health outcomes from exposure to O3. The concentrations of O3 during summer were much higher than those during winter, and the concentrations in downtown areas were higher than in rural or mountain areas. PM2.5, NO2, SO2, and wind speed (WS) were negatively correlated with O3, and CO, temperature (T), and relative humidity (RH) were positively correlated with O3. In multivariable analysis, two separate factors-solar radiation and atmospheric diffusion status, affected the O3 levels. The concentrations of O3 reached the highest level at 15:00 and the lowest value at about 6:00-8:00, with the similar trend to T and WS, and opposite to RH. According to the dose-response model, relative risks (RRs) and population attributable fractions (PAFs) with confidence intervals (CIs) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from exposure to O3 were 1.0612 (CI 1.0607-1.0616) and 5.32% (CI 5.29-5.36%), respectively, attributable to 2000 deaths in Zhejiang Province in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Lu Zang
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Da Xu
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Defei Yao
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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13
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Podgórska A, Burian M, Szal B. Extra-Cellular But Extra-Ordinarily Important for Cells: Apoplastic Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1353. [PMID: 28878783 PMCID: PMC5572287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), by their very nature, are highly reactive, and it is no surprise that they can cause damage to organic molecules. In cells, ROS are produced as byproducts of many metabolic reactions, but plants are prepared for this ROS output. Even though extracellular ROS generation constitutes only a minor part of a cell's total ROS level, this fraction is of extraordinary importance. In an active apoplastic ROS burst, it is mainly the respiratory burst oxidases and peroxidases that are engaged, and defects of these enzymes can affect plant development and stress responses. It must be highlighted that there are also other less well-known enzymatic or non-enzymatic ROS sources. There is a need for ROS detoxification in the apoplast, and almost all cellular antioxidants are present in this space, but the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of low-mass antioxidants is very low. The low antioxidant efficiency in the apoplast allows ROS to accumulate easily, which is a condition for ROS signaling. Therefore, the apoplastic ROS/antioxidant homeostasis is actively engaged in the reception and reaction to many biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bożena Szal
- *Correspondence: Bożena Szal, Anna Podgórska,
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Spangenberg JE. Bulk C, H, O, and fatty acid C stable isotope analyses for purity assessment of vegetable oils from the southern and northern hemispheres. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2447-2461. [PMID: 27596945 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The carbon, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition (δ13 C, δ2 H, and δ18 O values) of plants and their products is linked to photosynthetic fractionation, environmental factors and agricultural practices. Therefore, they contribute to determining the purity of commercial vegetable oils and may provide information on their geographical origin. METHODS Maize, olive, sunflower, groundnut, soybean and rice oils differing in sites of growth in the southern and northern hemispheres were characterized by bulk oil stable isotope ratios (δ13 Cbulk , δ2 Hbulk , and δ18 Obulk values), fatty acid (FA) concentrations and δ13 CFA values using elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis was applied to examine the inherent structure of the data. RESULTS The δ13 Cbulk values of maize oils (-18.4 to -14.9 ‰) are typical for C4 plants, and those of olive (-30.2 to -28.2 ‰), sunflower (-30.2 to -29.2 ‰), groundnut (-29.3 ‰), soybean (-30.6 ‰), and rice (-34.5 ‰) oils are typical for C3 plants. The δ2 Hbulk values vary from -161 to -132 ‰ for maize oils and -171 to -109 ‰ for C3 oils. The δ18 Obulk values of all oils vary between 15.2 and 38.9 ‰. The major δ13 CFA differences (>5 ‰) within plant species render the inter-C3 -species comparison difficult. These differences are explained in terms of variations in the lipid biosynthetic pathways and blend of vegetable oils of different FA composition and δ13 CFA values. The samples from the southern hemisphere are generally enriched in 13 C compared with those from the northern hemisphere. Differences between the southern and northern hemispheres were observed in δ2 H (p < 0.001) and δ18 Obulk (p = 0.129) values for all C3 oils, and in δ13 C18:1 (p = 0.026) and δ18 Obulk (p = 0.160) values for maize oils. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that combining bulk and molecular stable isotope ratios, FA compositions and their statistical analysis helps the characterization of the geographic origin of oils. This methodology can be used to detect and source impurities in valuable vegetable oils commercialized worldwide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Shakoor A, Abdullah M, Yousaf B, Amina, Ma Y. Atmospheric emission of nitric oxide and processes involved in its biogeochemical transformation in terrestrial environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016:10.1007/s11356-016-7823-6. [PMID: 27771880 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intra- and intercellular gaseous signaling molecule with a broad spectrum of regulatory functions in biological system. Its emissions are produced by both natural and anthropogenic sources; however, soils are among the most important sources of NO. Nitric oxide plays a decisive role in environmental-atmospheric chemistry by controlling the tropospheric photochemical production of ozone and regulates formation of various oxidizing agents such as hydroxyl radical (OH), which contributes to the formation of acid of precipitates. Consequently, for developing strategies to overcome the deleterious impact of NO on terrestrial ecosystem, it is mandatory to have reliable information about the exact emission mechanism and processes involved in its transformation in soil-atmospheric system. Although the formation process of NO is a complex phenomenon and depends on many physicochemical characteristics, such as organic matter, soil pH, soil moisture, soil temperature, etc., this review provides comprehensive updates about the emission characteristics and biogeochemical transformation mechanism of NO. Moreover, this article will also be helpful to understand the processes involved in the consumption of NO in soils. Further studies describing the functions of NO in biological system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Shakoor
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- State-Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Amina
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Youhua Ma
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Agathokleous E, Mouzaki-Paxinou AC, Saitanis CJ, Paoletti E, Manning WJ. The first toxicological study of the antiozonant and research tool ethylene diurea (EDU) using a Lemna minor L. bioassay: Hints to its mode of action. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:996-1006. [PMID: 26809480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The antiozonant and research tool ethylene diurea (EDU) is widely studied as a phytoprotectant against the widespread pollutant ground-surface ozone. Although it has been extensively used, its potential toxicity in the absence of ozone is unknown and its mode of action is unclear. The purpose of this research was to toxicologically assess EDU and to further investigate its mode of action using Lemna minor L. as a model organism. Application of EDU concentrations greater than 593 mg L(-1) (practically 600 mg L(-1)) resulted in adverse inhibition of colony growth. As no-observed-toxic-effects concentration (NOEL) we recommend a concentration of 296 mg L(-1) (practically 300 mg L(-1)). A hormetic response was detected, i.e. stimulatory effects of low EDU concentrations, which may indicate overcompensation in response to disruption in homeostasis. Growth inhibition and suppressed biomass were associated with impacted chlorophyll a fluorescence (ΦPSII, qP and ETR). Furthermore, EDU increased mesophyll thickness, as indicated by frond succulence index. Applications of concentrations ≥593 mg L(-1) to uncontrolled environments should be avoided due to potential toxicity to sensitive organisms and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenios Agathokleous
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece.
| | - Akrivi-Chara Mouzaki-Paxinou
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - William J Manning
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Tiwari S, Grote R, Churkina G, Butler T. Ozone damage, detoxification and the role of isoprenoids - new impetus for integrated models. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:324-336. [PMID: 32480464 DOI: 10.1071/fp15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of ozone (O3) can have significant impacts on the health and productivity of agricultural and forest ecosystems, leading to significant economic losses. In order to estimate this impact under a wide range of environmental conditions, the mechanisms of O3 impacts on physiological and biochemical processes have been intensively investigated. This includes the impact on stomatal conductance, the formation of reactive oxygen species and their effects on enzymes and membranes, as well as several induced and constitutive defence responses. This review summarises these processes, discusses their importance for O3 damage scenarios and assesses to which degree this knowledge is currently used in ecosystem models which are applied for impact analyses. We found that even in highly sophisticated models, feedbacks affecting regulation, detoxification capacity and vulnerability are generally not considered. This implies that O3 inflicted alterations in carbon and water balances cannot be sufficiently well described to cover immediate plant responses under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, we suggest conceptual models that link the depicted feedbacks to available process-based descriptions of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and isoprenoid formation, particularly the linkage to isoprenoid models opens up new options for describing biosphere-atmosphere interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Tiwari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Galina Churkina
- Institute of Advanced Sustainable Studies, Berliner St. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim Butler
- Institute of Advanced Sustainable Studies, Berliner St. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
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Yi F, Jiang F, Zhong F, Zhou X, Ding A. The impacts of surface ozone pollution on winter wheat productivity in China--An econometric approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:326-335. [PMID: 26552518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of surface ozone pollution on winter wheat yield is empirically estimated by considering socio-economic and weather determinants. This research is the first to use an economic framework to estimate the ozone impact, and a unique county-level panel is employed to examine the impact of the increasing surface ozone concentration on the productivity of winter wheat in China. In general, the increment of surface ozone concentration during the ozone-sensitive period of winter wheat is determined to be harmful to its yield, and a conservative reduction of ozone pollution could significantly increase China's wheat supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujin Yi
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Fei Jiang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Funing Zhong
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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Gilliland NJ, Chappelka AH, Muntifering RB, Ditchkoff SS. Changes in southern Piedmont grassland community structure and nutritive quality with future climate scenarios of elevated tropospheric ozone and altered rainfall patterns. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18 Suppl 1:47-55. [PMID: 25727344 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Forage species common to the southern USA Piedmont region, Lolium arundinacea, Paspalum dilatatum, Cynodon dactylon and Trifolium repens, were established in a model pasture system to test the future climate change scenario of increasing ozone exposure in combination with varying rainfall amounts on community structure and nutritive quality. Forages were exposed to two levels of ozone [ambient (non-filtered; NF) and twice ambient (2×) concentrations] with three levels of precipitation (average or ±20% of average) in modified open-top chambers (OTCs) from June to September 2009. Dry matter (DM) yield did not differ over the growing season between forage types, except in primary growth grasses where DM yield was higher in 2× than NF treatment. Primary growth clover decreased in nutritive quality in 2× ozone because of increased concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Re-growth clover exhibited the largest decrease in nutritive quality, whereas grasses were not adversely affected in 2× ozone. Re-growth grasses responded positively to 2× ozone exposure, as indicated in increased relative food value (RFV) and percentage crude protein (CP) than NF-exposed re-growth grasses. Effects of precipitation were not significant over the growing season for primary or re-growth forage, except in primary growth grasses where DM yield was higher in chambers with above average (+20%) precipitation. Total canopy cover was significantly higher over the growing season in chambers receiving above average precipitation, but no significant effects were observed with ozone. Results indicate shifts in plant community structure and functioning related to mammalian herbivore herbivory in future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gilliland
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - A H Chappelka
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - R B Muntifering
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - S S Ditchkoff
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Calfapietra C, Morani A, Sgrigna G, Di Giovanni S, Muzzini V, Pallozzi E, Guidolotti G, Nowak D, Fares S. Removal of Ozone by Urban and Peri-Urban Forests: Evidence from Laboratory, Field, and Modeling Approaches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:224-233. [PMID: 26828178 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.01.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A crucial issue in urban environments is the interaction between urban trees and atmospheric pollution, particularly ozone (O). Ozone represents one of the most harmful pollutants in urban and peri-urban environments, especially in warm climates. Besides the large interest in reducing anthropogenic and biogenic precursors of O emissions, there is growing scientific activity aimed at understanding O removal by vegetation, particularly trees. The intent of this paper is to provide the state of the art and suggestions to improve future studies of O fluxes and to discuss implications of O flux studies to maximize environmental services through the planning and management of urban forests. To evaluate and quantify the potential of O removal in urban and peri-urban forests, we describe experimental approaches to measure O fluxes, distinguishing laboratory experiments, field measurements, and model estimates, including recent case studies. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches and conclude that the combination of the three levels of investigation is essential for estimating O removal by urban trees. We also comment on the implications of these findings for planning and management of urban forests, suggesting some key issues that should be considered to maximize O removal by urban and peri-urban forests.
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Chappelka AH, Grulke NE. Disruption of the 'disease triangle' by chemical and physical environmental change. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18 Suppl 1:5-12. [PMID: 26012894 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physical and chemical environment of the Earth has changed rapidly over the last 100 years and is predicted to continue to change into the foreseeable future. One of the main concerns with potential alterations in climate is the propensity for increases in the magnitude and frequency of extremes to occur. Even though precipitation is predicted to increase in some locations, in others precipitation is expected to decrease and evapotranspiration increase with air temperature, resulting in exacerbated drought in the future. Chemical [ozone (O3 ) and other air contaminants] and subsequent physical alterations in the environment will have a profound effect on the 'disease triangle' (a favourable environment, a susceptible host and a virulent pathogen) and should be included in any analysis of biological response to climate change. The chemical and physical environment affects plant health and alters plant susceptibility to insect and pathogen attack through increased frequency, duration and severity of drought and reduction in host vigour. The potential effects of climate change and O3 on tree diseases with emphasis on the western United States are discussed. We describe a generalised modelling approach to incorporate the complexities of the 'disease triangle' into dynamic vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Chappelka
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - N E Grulke
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Prineville, OR, USA
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Lü S, Huang Z, Li L. Sources of C₂-C₄ alkenes, the most important ozone nonmethane hydrocarbon precursors in the Pearl River Delta region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 502:236-245. [PMID: 25260169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone is becoming an increasing concern in China's megacities such as the urban centers located in the highly industrialized and densely populated Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, where previous studies suggested that ozone production is sensitive to VOC emissions with alkenes being important precursors. However, little was known about sources of alkenes. Here we present our monitoring of ambient volatile organic compounds at four representative urban, suburban and rural sites in the PRD region during November-December 2009, which experienced frequent ozone episodes. C2-C4 alkenes, whose total mixing ratios were 11-20% of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) quantified, accounted for 38-64% of ozone formation potentials (OFPs) and 30-50% of the total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity by NMHCs. Ethylene was the most abundant alkene, accounting for 8-15% in total mixing ratios of NMHCs and contributed 25-46% of OFPs. Correlations between C2-C4 alkenes and typical source tracers suggested that ethylene might be largely related to vehicle exhausts and industry activities, while propene and butenes were much more LPG-related. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) confirmed that vehicle exhaust and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were two major sources that altogether accounted for 52-62%, 58-77%, 73-83%, 68-79% and 73-84% for ethylene, propene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene and cis-2-butene, respectively. Vehicle exhausts alone contributed 32-49% ethylene and 35-41% propene. Industry activities contributed 13-23% ethylene and 7-20% propene. LPG instead contributed the most to butenes (38-65%) and substantially to propene (23-36%). Extensive tests confirmed high fractions of propene and butenes in LPG then used in Guangzhou and in LPG combustion plumes; therefore, limiting alkene contents in LPG would benefit regional ozone control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sujun Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
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Urban Built-Up Area Extraction from Landsat TM/ETM+ Images Using Spectral Information and Multivariate Texture. REMOTE SENSING 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/rs6087339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bhuyan PK, Bharali C, Pathak B, Kalita G. The role of precursor gases and meteorology on temporal evolution of O₃ at a tropical location in northeast India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6696-6713. [PMID: 24526397 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
South Asia, particularly the Indo-Gangetic Plains and foothills of the Himalayas, has been found to be a major source of pollutant gases and particles affecting the regional as well as the global climate. Inventories of greenhouse gases for the South Asian region, particularly the sub-Himalayan region, have been inadequate. Hence, measurements of the gases are important from effective characterization of the gases and their climate effects. The diurnal, seasonal, and annual variation of surface level O3 measured for the first time in northeast India at Dibrugarh (27.4° N, 94.9° E, 111 m amsl), a sub-Himalayan location in the Brahmaputra basin, from November 2009 to May 2013 is presented. The effect of the precursor gases NO x and CO measured simultaneously during January 2012-May 2013 and the prevailing meteorology on the growth and decay of O3 has been studied. The O3 concentration starts to increase gradually after sunrise attaining a peak level around 1500 hours LT and then decreases from evening till sunrise next day. The highest and lowest monthly maximum concentration of O3 is observed in March (42.9 ± 10.3 ppb) and July (17.3 ± 7.0 ppb), respectively. The peak in O3 concentration is preceded by the peaks in NO x and CO concentrations which maximize during the period November to March with peak values of 25.2 ± 21.0 ppb and 1.0 ± 0.4 ppm, respectively, in January. Significant nonlinear correlation is observed between O3 and NO, NO2, and CO. National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory back-trajectory and concentration weighted trajectory analysis carried out to delineate the possible airmass trajectory and to identify the potential source region of NO x and O3 concentrations show that in post-monsoon and winter, majority of the trajectories are confined locally while in pre-monsoon and monsoon, these are originated at the Indo-Gangetic plains, Bangladesh, and Bay of Bengal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Bhuyan
- Centre for Atmospheric Studies, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, India,
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Wieser G, Havranek WM, Loidoldt-Nagele M, KronfuG G, Polle A. Responses of Photosynthesis, Carbohydrates and Antioxidants in Needles of Norway Spruce to Slow and Rapid Changes in Ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tzortziou M, Herman JR, Cede A, Abuhassan N. High precision, absolute total column ozone measurements from the Pandora spectrometer system: Comparisons with data from a Brewer double monochromator and Aura OMI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Tian H, Chen G, Zhang C, Liu M, Sun G, Chappelka A, Ren W, Xu X, Lu C, Pan S, Chen H, Hui D, McNulty S, Lockaby G, Vance E. Century-Scale Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Flux to Multiple Environmental Changes in the Southern United States. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gilliland NJ, Chappelka AH, Muntifering RB, Booker FL, Ditchkoff SS. Digestive utilization of ozone-exposed forage by rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 163:281-286. [PMID: 22296918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of common Southern Piedmont (USA) grassland species (Lolium arundinacea, Paspalum dilatatum, Cynodon dactylon and Trifolium repens) was exposed to O(3) [ambient (non-filtered; NF) and twice-ambient (2X) concentrations] and fed to individually caged New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in a digestibility experiment. Forages and feed refusals were analyzed for concentrations of total cell wall constituents, lignin, crude protein, and soluble and hydrolyzable phenolic fractions. Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility by rabbits were significantly lower for 2X than NF forage. Decreased digestibility could not be attributed to lignin concentrations, but was associated with increased concentrations of acid-hydrolyzable and saponifiable phenolics. Exposure of forage to elevated O(3) resulted in decreased digestible dry matter intake by rabbits. Elevated O(3) concentrations could be expected to have a negative impact on forage quality, resulting in decreased nutrient utilization by mammalian herbivores in Southern Piedmont grasslands under projected future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Gilliland
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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David LM, Nair PR. Diurnal and seasonal variability of surface ozone and NOxat a tropical coastal site: Association with mesoscale and synoptic meteorological conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cho K, Tiwari S, Agrawal SB, Torres NL, Agrawal M, Sarkar A, Shibato J, Agrawal GK, Kubo A, Rakwal R. Tropospheric ozone and plants: absorption, responses, and consequences. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 212:61-111. [PMID: 21432055 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8453-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is now considered to be the second most important gaseous pollutant in our environment. The phytotoxic potential of O₃ was first observed on grape foliage by B.L. Richards and coworkers in 1958 (Richards et al. 1958). To date, unsustainable resource utilization has turned this secondary pollutant into a major component of global climate change and a prime threat to agricultural production. The projected levels to which O₃ will increase are critically alarming and have become a major issue of concern for agriculturalists, biologists, environmentalists and others plants are soft targets for O₃. Ozone enters plants through stomata, where it disolves in the apoplastic fluid. O₃ has several potential effects on plants: direct reaction with cell membranes; conversion into ROS and H₂O₂ (which alters cellular function by causing cell death); induction of premature senescence; and induction of and up- or down-regulation of responsive components such as genes , proteins and metabolites. In this review we attempt to present an overview picture of plant O₃ interactions. We summarize the vast number of available reports on plant responses to O₃ at the morphological, physiological, cellular, biochemical levels, and address effects on crop yield, and on genes, proteins and metabolites. it is now clear that the machinery of photosynthesis, thereby decreasing the economic yield of most plants and inducing a common morphological symptom, called the "foliar injury". The "foliar injury" symptoms can be authentically utilized for biomonitoring of O₃ under natural conditions. Elevated O₃ stress has been convincingly demonstrated to trigger an antioxidative defense system in plants. The past several years have seen the development and application of high-throughput omics technologies (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) that are capable of identifying and prolifiling the O₃-responsive components in model and nonmodel plants. Such studies have been carried out ans have generated an inventory of O₃-Responsive components--a great resource to the scientific community. Recently, it has been shown that certain organic chemicals ans elevated CO₂ levels are effective in ameliorating O₃-generated stress. Both targeted and highthroughput approaches have advanced our knowledge concerning what O₃-triggerred signaling and metabolic pathways exist in plants. Moreover, recently generated information, and several biomarkers for O₃, may, in the future, be exploited to better screen and develop O₃-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Abstract
By 2050, the world population is likely to be 9.1 billion, the CO(2) concentration 550 ppm, the ozone concentration 60 ppb and the climate warmer by ca 2 degrees C. In these conditions, what contribution can increased crop yield make to feeding the world? CO(2) enrichment is likely to increase yields of most crops by approximately 13 per cent but leave yields of C4 crops unchanged. It will tend to reduce water consumption by all crops, but this effect will be approximately cancelled out by the effect of the increased temperature on evaporation rates. In many places increased temperature will provide opportunities to manipulate agronomy to improve crop performance. Ozone concentration increases will decrease yields by 5 per cent or more. Plant breeders will probably be able to increase yields considerably in the CO(2)-enriched environment of the future, and most weeds and airborne pests and diseases should remain controllable, so long as policy changes do not remove too many types of crop-protection chemicals. However, soil-borne pathogens are likely to be an increasing problem when warmer weather will increase their multiplication rates; control is likely to need a transgenic approach to breeding for resistance. There is a large gap between achievable yields and those delivered by farmers, even in the most efficient agricultural systems. A gap is inevitable, but there are large differences between farmers, even between those who have used the same resources. If this gap is closed and accompanied by improvements in potential yields then there is a good prospect that crop production will increase by approximately 50 per cent or more by 2050 without extra land. However, the demands for land to produce bio-energy have not been factored into these calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Jaggard
- Rothamsted Research, Broom's Barn Research Centre, Higham, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK.
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Lindroth RL. Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and O3 on Forests: Phytochemistry, Trophic Interactions, and Ecosystem Dynamics. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:2-21. [PMID: 20054619 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Singh S, Kaur D, Agrawal SB, Agrawal M. Responses of two cultivars of Trifolium repens L. to ethylene diurea in relation to ambient ozone. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:1096-1103. [PMID: 21175002 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three ethylene diurea (EDU) concentrations (0, 150 and 300 mg/L) were used to evaluate the negative impact of ozone (O3) on two cultivars of Trifolium repens L. cv. Vardan and Bundel grown under natural field conditions in a suburban area of Varanasi, India. Mean O3 concentrations varied from 30.3 to 46.6 microg/L during the experimental period. Higher photosynthetic pigments and ascorbic acid concentrations were noticed in both EDU-treated cultivars over non-EDU-treated ones, but a reverse trend was found for lipid peroxidation. Growth parameters and biomass also showed increments under EDU treatment of both cultivars. The ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence increased significantly in Vardan but not in Bundel upon EDU treatment. Results revealed that EDU concentration of 300 mg/L was more effective to combat the oxidative stress as well as protecting plants from O3 injury symptoms. The test cultivar Vardan is relatively sensitive to O3, thereby can be used as a bioindicator of O3 pollution in areas having higher O3 concentrations. Results also indicated that Bundel has more efficient antioxidant defense system than Vardan and hence was more tolerant to O3 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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MARTÃNEZ-GHERSA MALEJANDRA, RADOSEVICH STEVENR. Lolium multiflorumdensity responses under ozone and herbicide stress. AUSTRAL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Booker F, Muntifering R, McGrath M, Burkey K, Decoteau D, Fiscus E, Manning W, Krupa S, Chappelka A, Grantz D. The ozone component of global change: potential effects on agricultural and horticultural plant yield, product quality and interactions with invasive species. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:337-51. [PMID: 21452584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The productivity, product quality and competitive ability of important agricultural and horticultural plants in many regions of the world may be adversely affected by current and anticipated concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3). Exposure to elevated O3 typically results in suppressed photosynthesis, accelerated senescence, decreased growth and lower yields. Various approaches used to evaluate O3 effects generally concur that current yield losses range from 5% to 15% among sensitive plants. There is, however, considerable genetic variability in plant responses to O3. To illustrate this, we show that ambient O3 concentrations in the eastern United States cause substantially different levels of damage to otherwise similar snap bean cultivars. Largely undesirable effects of O3 can also occur in seed and fruit chemistry as well as in forage nutritive value, with consequences for animal production. Ozone may alter herbicide efficacy and foster establishment of some invasive species. We conclude that current and projected levels of O3 in many regions worldwide are toxic to sensitive plants of agricultural and horticultural significance. Plant breeding that incorporates O3 sensitivity into selection strategies will be increasingly necessary to achieve sustainable production with changing atmospheric composition, while reductions in O3 precursor emissions will likely benefit world food production and reduce atmospheric concentrations of an important greenhouse gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitzgerald Booker
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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Szantoi Z, Chappelka AH, Muntifering RB, Somers GL. Cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) response to ozone and ethylenediurea (EDU). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:840-846. [PMID: 19084304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) seedlings were placed into open-top chambers in May, 2004 and fumigated for 12 wks. Nine chambers were fumigated with either carbon-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF) or twice-ambient (2x) ozone (O(3)). Ethylenediurea (EDU) was applied as a foliar spray weekly at 0 (control), 200, 400 or 600 ppm. Foliar injury occurred at ambient (30%) and elevated O(3) (100%). Elevated O(3) resulted in significant decreases in biomass and nutritive quality. Ethylenediurea reduced percent of leaves injured, but decreased root and total biomass. Foliar concentrations of cell-wall constituents were not affected by EDU alone; however, EDUxO(3) interactions were observed for total cell-wall constituents and lignocellulose fraction. Our results demonstrated that O(3) altered the physiology and productivity of cutleaf coneflower, and although reducing visible injury EDU may be phytotoxic at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szantoi
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Mishra S, Heckathorn SA, Barua D, Wang D, Joshi P, Hamilton Iii EW, Frantz J. Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and ozone on leaf thermotolerance in field-grown Glycine max. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:1396-405. [PMID: 19017127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Humans are increasing atmospheric CO2, ground-level ozone (O3), and mean and acute high temperatures. Laboratory studies show that elevated CO2 can increase thermotolerance of photosynthesis in C3 plants. O3-related oxidative stress may offset benefits of elevated CO2 during heat-waves. We determined effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf thermotolerance of field-grown Glycine max (soybean, C3). Photosynthetic electron transport (et) was measured in attached leaves heated in situ and detached leaves heated under ambient CO2 and O3. Heating decreased et, which O3 exacerbated. Elevated CO2 prevented O3-related decreases during heating, but only increased et under ambient O3 in the field. Heating decreased chlorophyll and carotenoids, especially under elevated CO2. Neither CO2 nor O3 affected heat-shock proteins. Heating increased catalase (except in high O3) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), but not Mn-SOD; CO2 and O3 decreased catalase but neither SOD. Soluble carbohydrates were unaffected by heating, but increased in elevated CO2. Thus, protection of photosynthesis during heat stress by elevated CO2 occurs in field-grown soybean under ambient O3, as in the lab, and high CO2 limits heat damage under elevated O3, but this protection is likely from decreased photorespiration and stomatal conductance rather than production of heat-stress adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Mishra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
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Bernhardt ES, Band LE, Walsh CJ, Berke PE. Understanding, managing, and minimizing urban impacts on surface water nitrogen loading. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1134:61-96. [PMID: 18566090 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1439.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of materials and energy within cities is an inevitable consequence of dense populations and their per capita requirements for food, fiber, and fuel. As the world population becomes increasingly urban over the coming decades, urban areas will dramatically affect the distribution of nutrients across the face of the planet. In many cities, technological developments and urban planning have been effective at reducing the amount of waste nitrogen that is ultimately exported to downstream surface waters, largely through investments in sanitary sewer infrastructure and wastewater treatment. There are, however, still large cities throughout the developed world that have failed to take advantage of these obvious innovations to reduce their impact on downstream ecosystems. In addition, very few cities have adequately addressed the problems of diffuse nitrogen pollution, instead city infrastructure is often designed to route this N directly into downstream ecosystems. In the developing world, many of these problems are more acute, as rapidly growing urban populations exceed the capacity of limited municipal infrastructure. Reducing urban N pollution of groundwaters and surface waters both locally and globally can only be achieved through cultural and political adaptation in addition to technological innovations. In this review, we will focus on the implications of an increasingly urban world population on local, regional, and global nitrogen cycles and propose a variety of approaches for minimizing and mitigating the impacts of urban N concentration.
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Hogsett WE, Tingey DT, Lee EH, Beedlow PA, Andersen CP. An approach for evaluating the effectiveness of various ozone air quality standards for protecting trees. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2008; 41:937-948. [PMID: 18157645 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-007-9057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an approach for evaluating the level of protection attained using a variety of forms and levels of past, current, and proposed Air Quality Standards (AQSs). The U.S. Clean Air Act requires the establishment of ambient air quality standards to protect health and public welfare. However, determination of attainment of these standards is based on ambient pollutant concentrations rather than prevention of adverse effects. To determine if a given AQS protected against adverse effects on vegetation, hourly ozone concentrations were adjusted to create exposure levels that "just attain" a given standard. These exposures were used in combination with a physiologically-based tree growth model to account for the interactions of climate and ozone. In the evaluation, we used ozone concentrations from two 6-year time periods from the San Bernardino Mountains in California. There were clear differences in the level of vegetation protection achieved with the various AQSs. Based on modeled plant growth, the most effective standards were the California 8-hr average maximum of 70 ppb and a seasonal, cumulative, concentration-weighted index (SUM06), which if attained, resulted in annual growth reductions of 1% or less. Least effective was the 1-hr maximum of 120 ppb which resulted in a 7% annual reduction. We conclude that combining climate, exposure scenarios, and a process-based plant growth simulator was a useful approach for evaluating effectiveness of current or proposed air quality standards, or evaluating the form and/or level of a standard based on preventing adverse growth effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Hogsett
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Environmental and Health Effects Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA.
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42
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Bergweiler C, Carreras H, Wannaz E, Rodriguez J, Toselli B, Olcese L, Pignata ML. Field surveys for potential ozone bioindicator plant species in Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2008; 138:305-12. [PMID: 17616826 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In Argentina no historical or present programs exist specifically assessing ecosystem health with respect to photochemical air pollution, although phytotoxic concentrations of near-ground ozone have been documented in recent years. Here we report our preliminary findings on field observations of ozone-like injury found in natural plant populations and agroecosystems late in the 2005 growing season in the Southern Hemisphere. Several possible ozone bioindicator plants which have not been previously documented were observed to exhibit foliar symptoms consistent with ozone-induced injury. Based on these results we intend to expand field surveys and complete the screening process for injury confirmation of the plant species described here. For this and future research we will be using controlled chamber studies based in the US. Continuous monitoring of tropospheric ozone does not currently take place in the region of central Argentina. The combined evidence provided by intermittent air quality sampling and the presence of ozone-like injury to vegetation indicates the need to establish air quality and ozone biomonitoring networks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bergweiler
- Environmental Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Chen Z, Wang X, Feng Z, Zheng F, Duan X, Yang W. Effects of elevated ozone on growth and yield of field-grown rice in Yangtze River Delta, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2008; 20:320-325. [PMID: 18595399 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With rapid industrialization and urbanization in the Yangtze Delta, China, the tropospheric ozone concentration has increased to levels that induce crop yield loss. Rice, a widely grown crop in China, was investigated in field-established, open-top chambers. Four treatments were used: charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-charcoal-filtered air (NF), and charcoal-filtered air with two levels of additional ozone (O3-1 and O3-2). The AOT40s (accumulated hourly mean ozone concentration above 40 ppbv) were 0, 0.91, 23.24, and 39.28 ppmv x h for treatment of CF, NF, O3-1, and O3-2, respectively. The rice height and biomass were reduced in the elevated ozone concentration. Less organic matter partitioning to roots under the elevated ozone significantly decreased rice root activity. The yield loss was 14.3% and 20.2% under O3-1 and O3-2 exposure, respectively. This was largely caused by a reduction in grain weight per panicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Chen
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Turner BL, Lambin EF, Reenberg A. The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:20666-71. [PMID: 18093934 PMCID: PMC2409212 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704119104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land change science has emerged as a fundamental component of global environmental change and sustainability research. This interdisciplinary field seeks to understand the dynamics of land cover and land use as a coupled human-environment system to address theory, concepts, models, and applications relevant to environmental and societal problems, including the intersection of the two. The major components and advances in land change are addressed: observation and monitoring; understanding the coupled system-causes, impacts, and consequences; modeling; and synthesis issues. The six articles of the special feature are introduced and situated within these components of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Turner
- Graduate School of Geography and Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA.
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Bian H, Chin M, Kawa SR, Duncan B, Arellano A, Kasibhatla P. Sensitivity of global CO simulations to uncertainties in biomass burning sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Ren W, Tian H, Liu M, Zhang C, Chen G, Pan S, Felzer B, Xu X. Effects of tropospheric ozone pollution on net primary productivity and carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Szantoi Z, Chappelka AH, Muntifering RB, Somers GL. Use of ethylenediurea (EDU) to ameliorate ozone effects on purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:200-8. [PMID: 17412467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Purple coneflower plants (Echinacea purpurea) were placed into open-top chambers (OTCs) for 6 and 12 weeks in 2003 and 2004, respectively, and exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) or twice-ambient (2x) ozone (O3) in 2003, and to CF, 2x or non-filtered (NF), ambient air in 2004. Plants were treated with ethylenediurea (EDU) weekly as a foliar spray. Foliar symptoms were observed in >95% of the plants in 2x-treated OTCs in both years. Above-ground biomass was not affected by 2x treatments in 2003, but root and total-plant biomass decreased in 2004. As a result of higher concentrations of select cell wall constituents (% ADF, NDF and lignin) nutritive quality was lower for plants exposed to 2x-O3 in 2003 and 2004 (26% and 17%, respectively). Significant EDU x O3 interactions for concentrations of cell wall constituents in 2003 indicated that EDU ameliorated O3 effects on nutritive quality. Interactions observed in 2004 were inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szantoi
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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48
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Churkina G, Trusilova K, Vetter M, Dentener F. Contributions of nitrogen deposition and forest regrowth to terrestrial carbon uptake. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2007; 2:5. [PMID: 17535432 PMCID: PMC1894630 DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amount of reactive nitrogen deposited on land has doubled globally and become at least five-times higher in Europe, Eastern United States, and South East Asia since 1860 mostly because of increases in fertilizer production and fossil fuel burning. Because vegetation growth in the Northern Hemisphere is typically nitrogen-limited, increased nitrogen deposition could have an attenuating effect on rising atmospheric CO2 by stimulating the vegetation productivity and accumulation of carbon in biomass. RESULTS This study shows that elevated nitrogen deposition would not significantly enhance land carbon uptake unless we consider its effects on re-growing forests. Our results suggest that nitrogen enriched land ecosystems sequestered 0.62-2.33 PgC in the 1980s and 0.75-2.21 PgC in the 1990s depending on the proportion and age of re-growing forests. During these two decades land ecosystems are estimated to have absorbed 13-41% of carbon emitted by fossil fuel burning. CONCLUSION Although land ecosystems and especially forests with lifted nitrogen limitations have the potential to decelerate the rise of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, the effect is only significant over a limited period of time. The carbon uptake associated with forest re-growth and amplified by high nitrogen deposition will decrease as soon as the forests reach maturity. Therefore, assessments relying on carbon stored on land from enhanced atmospheric nitrogen deposition to balance fossil fuel emissions may be inaccurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Churkina
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöllstr. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristina Trusilova
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöllstr. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mona Vetter
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöllstr. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Dentener
- European Commission, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
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Wang X, Manning W, Feng Z, Zhu Y. Ground-level ozone in China: distribution and effects on crop yields. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 147:394-400. [PMID: 16973249 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid economic development and an increasing demand for food in China have drawn attention to the role of ozone at pollution levels on crop yields. Some assessments of ozone effects on crop yields have been carried out in China. Determination of ozone distribution by geographical location and resulting crop loss estimations have been made by Chinese investigators and others from abroad. It is evident that surface level ozone levels in China exceed critical levels for occurrence of crop losses. Current levels of information from ozone dose/response studies are limited. Given the size of China, existing ozone monitoring sites are too few to provide enough data to scale ozone distribution to a national level. There are large uncertainties in the database for ozone effects on crop loss and for ozone distribution. Considerable research needs to be done to allow accurate estimation of crop losses caused by ozone in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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50
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McLaughlin SB, Nosal M, Wullschleger SD, Sun G. Interactive effects of ozone and climate on tree growth and water use in a southern Appalachian forest in the USA. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:109-124. [PMID: 17335502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
* A lack of data on responses of mature tree growth and water use to ambient ozone (O(3)) concentrations has been a major limitation in efforts to understand and model responses of forests to current and future changes in climate. * Here, hourly to seasonal patterns of stem growth and sap flow velocity were examined in mature trees from a mixed deciduous forest in eastern Tennessee (USA) to evaluate the effects of variations in ambient O(3) exposure and climate on patterns of stem growth and water use. * Ambient O(3) caused a periodic slowdown in seasonal growth patterns that was attributable in part to amplification of diurnal patterns of water loss in tree stems. This response was mediated by statistically significant increases in O(3)-induced daily sap flow and led to seasonal losses in stem growth of 30-50% for most species in a high-O(3) year. * Decreased growth and increased water use of mature forest trees under episodically high ambient O(3) concentrations suggest that O(3) will amplify the adverse effects of increasing temperatures on forest growth and forest hydrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B McLaughlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - M Nosal
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - S D Wullschleger
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - G Sun
- US Forest Service, Southern Global Change Program, Raleigh, NC, USA
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