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Li L, Chen X. Auxin regulation on crop: from mechanisms to opportunities in soybean breeding. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:16. [PMID: 37313296 PMCID: PMC10248601 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breeding crop varieties with high yield and ideal plant architecture is a desirable goal of agricultural science. The success of "Green Revolution" in cereal crops provides opportunities to incorporate phytohormones in crop breeding. Auxin is a critical phytohormone to determine nearly all the aspects of plant development. Despite the current knowledge regarding auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and auxin signaling have been well characterized in model Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants, how auxin regulates crop architecture is far from being understood, and the introduction of auxin biology in crop breeding stays in the theoretical stage. Here, we give an overview on molecular mechanisms of auxin biology in Arabidopsis, and mainly summarize auxin contributions for crop plant development. Furthermore, we propose potential opportunities to integrate auxin biology in soybean (Glycine max) breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Li
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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Quintas-Nunes F, Brandão PR, Barreto Crespo MT, Glick BR, Nascimento FX. Plant Growth Promotion, Phytohormone Production and Genomics of the Rhizosphere-Associated Microalga, Micractinium rhizosphaerae sp. nov. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:651. [PMID: 36771735 PMCID: PMC9922002 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are important members of the soil and plant microbiomes, playing key roles in the maintenance of soil and plant health as well as in the promotion of plant growth. However, not much is understood regarding the potential of different microalgae strains in augmenting plant growth, or the mechanisms involved in such activities. In this work, the functional and genomic characterization of strain NFX-FRZ, a eukaryotic microalga belonging to the Micractinium genus that was isolated from the rhizosphere of a plant growing in a natural environment in Portugal, is presented and analyzed. The results obtained demonstrate that strain NFX-FRZ (i) belongs to a novel species, termed Micractinium rhizosphaerae sp. nov.; (ii) can effectively bind to tomato plant tissues and promote its growth; (iii) can synthesize a wide range of plant growth-promoting compounds, including phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid; and (iv) contains multiple genes involved in phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling. This study provides new insights regarding the relevance of eukaryotic microalgae as plant growth-promoting agents and helps to build a foundation for future studies regarding the origin and evolution of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, as well as other plant colonization and plant growth-promoting mechanisms in soil/plant-associated Micractinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Quintas-Nunes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro R. Brandão
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Barreto Crespo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Francisco X. Nascimento
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Xu X, Wang R, Liu Y, Huang S, Wei H, Wei Z. Molecular Mechanisms of Diverse Auxin Responses during Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012495. [PMID: 36293351 PMCID: PMC9604407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin acts as a signaling molecule to regulate numerous developmental processes throughout all stages of plant growth. Understanding how auxin regulates various physiological and developmental processes has been a hot topic and an intriguing field. Recent studies have unveiled more molecular details into how diverse auxin responses function in every aspect of plant growth and development. In this review, we systematically summarized and classified the molecular mechanisms of diverse auxin responses, and comprehensively elaborated the characteristics and multilevel regulation mechanisms of the canonical transcriptional auxin response. On this basis, we described the characteristics and differences between different auxin responses. We also presented some auxin response genes that have been genetically modified in plant species and how their changes impact various traits of interest. Finally, we summarized some important aspects and unsolved questions of auxin responses that need to be focused on or addressed in future research. This review will help to gain an overall understanding of and some insights into the diverse molecular mechanisms of auxin responses in plant growth and development that are instrumental in harnessing genetic resources in molecular breeding of extant plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiajie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiuyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Zhigang Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Correspondence: or
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Abstract
The auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) has endured a history of undulating prominence as a candidate receptor for this important phytohormone. Its capacity for binding auxin has not been in doubt, a feature adequately explained by its crystal structure, but any relevance of this to auxin signaling and plant development has been far more demanding to define. Over its research lifetime, it has been associated with many auxin-induced activities, including ion fluxes across the plasma membrane, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and cell shape, and the abundance of PIN proteins at the plasma membrane via control of endocytosis, all of which required its presence in the apoplast. Yet, ABP1 has a KDEL sequence that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum, where most of it remains. This mismatch has been more than adequately compensated for by the need for an auxin receptor to account for responses far too rapid to be executed through transcription and translation and the TIR1/AuxIAA coreceptor system. However, discoveries showing that abp1-null mutants are not compromised for auxin signaling or development, that TIR1 or AFB1 are necessarily involved with very rapid responses at the plasma membrane, and that these rapid responses are mediated with intracellular auxin all suggest that ABP1's auxin-binding capacity is not physiologically relevant. Nevertheless, ABP1 is ubiquitous in higher plants and throughout plant tissues. We need to complete its history by defining its function inside plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AS, United Kingdom
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Hemelíková N, Žukauskaitė A, Pospíšil T, Strnad M, Doležal K, Mik V. Caged Phytohormones: From Chemical Inactivation to Controlled Physiological Response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12111-12125. [PMID: 34610745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones, also called phytohormones, are small signaling molecules regulating a wide range of growth and developmental processes. These unique compounds respond to both external (light, temperature, water, nutrition, or pathogen attack) and internal factors (e.g., age) and mediate signal transduction leading to gene expression with the aim of allowing plants to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. Within the regulation of biological processes, individual groups of phytohormones act mostly through a web of interconnected responses rather than linear pathways, making elucidation of their mode of action in living organisms quite challenging. To further progress with our knowledge, the development of novel tools for phytohormone research is required. Although plenty of small molecules targeting phytohormone metabolic or signaling pathways (agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors) and labeled or tagged (fluorescently, isotopically, or biotinylated) compounds have been produced, the control over them in vivo is lost at the time of their administration. Caged compounds, on the other hand, represent a new approach to the development of small organic substances for phytohormone research. The term "caged compounds" refers to light-sensitive probes with latent biological activity, where the active molecule can be freed using a light beam in a highly spatio/temporal-, amplitude-, or frequency-defined manner. This review summarizes the up-to-date development in the field of caged plant hormones. Research progress is arranged in chronological order for each phytohormone regardless of the cage compound formulation and bacterial/plant/animal cell applications. Several known drawbacks and possible directions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Hemelíková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Mik
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
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Gelová Z, Gallei M, Pernisová M, Brunoud G, Zhang X, Glanc M, Li L, Michalko J, Pavlovičová Z, Verstraeten I, Han H, Hajný J, Hauschild R, Čovanová M, Zwiewka M, Hoermayer L, Fendrych M, Xu T, Vernoux T, Friml J. Developmental roles of Auxin Binding Protein 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110750. [PMID: 33487339 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a major plant growth regulator, but current models on auxin perception and signaling cannot explain the whole plethora of auxin effects, in particular those associated with rapid responses. A possible candidate for a component of additional auxin perception mechanisms is the AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1), whose function in planta remains unclear. Here we combined expression analysis with gain- and loss-of-function approaches to analyze the role of ABP1 in plant development. ABP1 shows a broad expression largely overlapping with, but not regulated by, transcriptional auxin response activity. Furthermore, ABP1 activity is not essential for the transcriptional auxin signaling. Genetic in planta analysis revealed that abp1 loss-of-function mutants show largely normal development with minor defects in bolting. On the other hand, ABP1 gain-of-function alleles show a broad range of growth and developmental defects, including root and hypocotyl growth and bending, lateral root and leaf development, bolting, as well as response to heat stress. At the cellular level, ABP1 gain-of-function leads to impaired auxin effect on PIN polar distribution and affects BFA-sensitive PIN intracellular aggregation. The gain-of-function analysis suggests a broad, but still mechanistically unclear involvement of ABP1 in plant development, possibly masked in abp1 loss-of-function mutants by a functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gelová
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michelle Gallei
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France; Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Géraldine Brunoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lanxin Li
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jaroslav Michalko
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Zlata Pavlovičová
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jakub Hajný
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Milada Čovanová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Hoermayer
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tongda Xu
- FAFU-Joint Centre, Horticulture and Metabolic Biology Centre, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Li M, Yang Y, Raza A, Yin S, Wang H, Zhang Y, Dong J, Wang G, Zhong C, Zhang H, Liu J, Jin W. Heterologous expression of Arabidopsis thaliana rty gene in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) improves drought tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 33478380 PMCID: PMC7818561 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is an important fruit crop worldwide. It was particularly sensitive to drought stress because of their fibrous and shallow root systems. Mutant rty of Arabidopsis thaliana ROOTY (RTY) results in increased endogenous auxin levels, more roots, and shoot growth. It is still unclear whether the rty gene improves stress tolerance in strawberry. RESULTS rty gene was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana and placed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in the pBI121-rty binary vector carrying the selectable marker of neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II). Seven transgenic lines were confirmed by PCR and western blot analysis. Accumulations of IAA and ABA were significantly increased in the transgenic plants. The endogenous IAA contents were 46.5 ng g- 1 and 66.0 ng g- 1in control and transgenic plants respectively. The endogenous ABA contents in the control plant were 236.3 ng g- 1 and in transgenic plants were 543.8 ng g- 1. The production of adventitious roots and trichomes were enhanced in the transgenic plants. Furthermore, transcript levels of the genes including IAA and ABA biosynthetic, and stress-responsive genes, were higher in the transgenic plants than in the control plants under drought conditions. Water use efficiency and a reduced water loss rate were enhanced in the transgenic strawberry plants. Additionally, peroxidase and catalase activities were significantly higher in the transgenic plants than in the control plants. The experiment results revealed a novel function for rty related to ABA and drought responses. CONCLUSIONS The rty gene improved hormone-mediated drought tolerance in transgenic strawberry. The heterologous expression of rty in strawberry improved drought tolerance by promoting auxin and ABA accumulation. These phytohormones together brought about various physiological changes that improved drought tolerance via increased root production, trichome density, and stomatal closure. Our results suggested that a transgenic approach can be used to overcome the inherent trade-off between plant growth and drought tolerance by enhancing water use efficiency and reducing water loss rate under water shortage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofu Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Ali Raza
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Jing Dong
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfei Zhong
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Jiashen Liu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Wanmei Jin
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China.
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Wu X, Wang B, Xie F, Zhang L, Gong J, Zhu W, Li X, Feng F, Huang J. QTL mapping and transcriptome analysis identify candidate genes regulating pericarp thickness in sweet corn. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:117. [PMID: 32171234 PMCID: PMC7071591 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the planting area of sweet corn in China has expanded rapidly. Some new varieties with high yields and good adaptabilities have emerged. However, the improvement of edible quality traits, especially through the development of varieties with thin pericarp thickness, has not been achieved to date. Pericarp thickness is a complex trait that is the key factor determining the edible quality of sweet corn. Genetic mapping combined with transcriptome analysis was used to identify candidate genes controlling pericarp thickness. RESULTS To identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pericarp thickness, a sweet corn BC4F3 population of 148 lines was developed using the two sweet corn lines M03 (recurrent parent) and M08 (donor parent). Additionally, a high-density genetic linkage map containing 3876 specific length amplified fragment (SLAF) tags was constructed and used for mapping QTLs for pericarp thickness. Interestingly, 14 QTLs for pericarp thickness were detected, and one stable QTL (qPT10-5) was detected across multiple years, which explained 7.78-35.38% of the phenotypic variation located on chromosome 10 (144,631,242-145,532,401). Forty-two candidate genes were found within the target region of qPT10-5. Moreover, of these 42 genes, five genes (GRMZM2G143402, GRMZM2G143389, GRMZM2G143352, GRMZM6G287947, and AC234202.1_FG004) were differentially expressed between the two parents, as revealed by transcriptome analysis. According to the gene annotation information, three genes might be considered candidates for pericarp thickness. GRMZM2G143352 and GRMZM2G143402 have been annotated as AUX/IAA transcription factor and ZIM transcription factor, respectively, while GRMZM2G143389 has been annotated as FATTY ACID EXPORT 2, chloroplastic. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a major QTL and candidate genes that could accelerate breeding for the thin pericarp thickness variety of sweet corn, and these results established the basis for map-based cloning and further functional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Fugui Xie
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Gong
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Faqiang Feng
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Huang
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
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IBR5 Regulates Leaf Serrations Development via Modulation of the Expression of PIN1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184429. [PMID: 31505781 PMCID: PMC6770195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity in plant shape is mainly attributable to the diversity of leaf shape, which is largely determined by the transient morphogenetic activity of the leaf margin that creates leaf serrations. However, the precise mechanism underlying the establishment of this morphogenetic capacity remains poorly understood. We report here that INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID RESPONSE 5 (IBR5), a dual-specificity phosphatase, is a key component of leaf-serration regulatory machinery. Loss-of-function mutants of IBR5 exhibited pronounced serrations due to increased cell area. IBR5 was localized in the nucleus of leaf epidermis and petiole cells. Introducing a C129S mutation within the highly conserved VxVHCx2GxSRSx5AYLM motif of IBR5 rendered it unable to rescue the leaf-serration defects of the ibr5-3 mutant. In addition, auxin reporters revealed that the distribution of auxin maxima was expanded ectopically in ibr5-3. Furthermore, we found that the distribution of PIN1 on the plasma membrane of the epidermal and cells around the leaf vein was compromised in ibr5-3. We concluded that IBR5 is essential for the establishment of PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1)-directed auxin maxima at the tips of leaf serration, which is vital for the elaborated regulation during its formation.
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E Y, Meng J, Hu H, Cheng D, Zhu C, Chen W. Effects of organic molecules from biochar-extracted liquor on the growth of rice seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:338-345. [PMID: 30544094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There are many reports indicating that biochar can promote growth; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. The aim of this study was to show that organic molecules from biochar-extracted liquor affect the growth of rice seedlings. In this study, rice seedlings were cultured under water. Agronomic traits and growth-related genes and proteins were used as markers to describe more precisely the effects of biochar on specific growth parameters of rice seedlings. Our results demonstrated that the 3% biochar-extracted liquor amendment clearly promoted growth. The growth-related gene auxin binding protein 1 and its encoded protein were up-regulated. Molecular simulations revealed that 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran from biochar-extracted liquor could interact with auxin binding protein 1 in a similar way to indoleacetic acid binding. The growth of rice seedlings was therefore affected by biochar-extracted liquor, which acted on the ABP1 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang E
- Liaoning Biochar Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Jun Meng
- Liaoning Biochar Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Haijun Hu
- Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 863002, PR China
| | - Dengmiao Cheng
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Ultrasonography Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Liaoning Biochar Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China.
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11
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Zhang Y, Wang B, Qi S, Dong M, Wang Z, Li Y, Chen S, Li B, Zhang J. Ploidy and hybridity effects on leaf size, cell size and related genes expression in triploids, diploids and their parents in Populus. PLANTA 2019; 249:635-646. [PMID: 30327883 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell-size enlargement plays a pivotal role in increasing the leaf size of triploid poplar, and polyploidization could change leaf shape. ABP1 was highly expressed in triploid plants and positively related to cell size. In the plant kingdom, the leaf is the most important energy production organ, and polyploidy often exhibits a "Gigas" effect on leaf size, which benefits agriculture and forestry. However, little is known regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the leaf size superiority of polyploid woody plants. In the present study, the leaf area and abaxial epidermal cells of diploid and triploid full-sib groups and their parents were measured at three different positions. We measured the expression of several genes related to cell division and cell expansion. The results showed that the leaf area of triploids was significantly larger than that of diploids, and the triploid group showed transgressive variation compared to their full-sib diploid group. Cell size but not cell number was the main reason for leaf size variation. Cell expansion was in accordance with leaf enlargement. In addition, the leaf shape changes in triploids primarily resulted from a significant decrease in the leaf ratio of length to -width. Auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) was highly expressed in triploids and positively related to leaf size. These results enhanced the current understanding that giant leaf is affected by polyploidy vigor. However, significant heterosis is not exhibited in diploid offspring. Overall, polyploid breeding is an effective strategy to enhance leaf size, and Populus, as an ideal material, plays an important role in studying the leaf morphological variations of polyploid woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuaizheng Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingliang Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bailian Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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12
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Chen G, Cao X, Ma Z, Tang Y, Zeng Y, Chen L, Ye D, Zhang XQ. Overexpression of the nuclear protein gene AtDUF4 increases organ size in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:459-462. [PMID: 30172581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhaoxia Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuejuan Zeng
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liqun Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - De Ye
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue-Qin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Proteomic analysis reveals that auxin homeostasis influences the eighth internode length heterosis in maize (Zea mays). Sci Rep 2018; 8:7159. [PMID: 29739966 PMCID: PMC5940786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ear height is an important maize morphological trait that influences plant lodging resistance in the field, and is based on the number and length of internodes under the ear. To explore the effect of internodes on ear height, the internodes under the ear were analysed in four commercial hybrids (Jinsai6850, Zhengdan958, Xundan20, and Yuyu22) from different heterotic groups in China. The eighth internode, which is the third aboveground extended internode, exhibited high-parent or over high-parent heterosis and contributed considerably to ear height. Thus, the proteome of the eighth internode was examined. Sixty-six protein spots with >1.5-fold differences in accumulation (P < 0.05) among the four hybrids were identified by mass spectrometry and data analyses. Most of the differentially accumulated proteins exhibited additive accumulation patterns, but with epistatic effects on heterosis performance. Proteins involved in phenylpropanoid and benzoxazinoid metabolic pathways were observed to influence indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis and polar auxin transport during internode development. Moreover, indole-3-acetic acid content was positively correlated with the eighth internode length, but negatively correlated with the extent of the heterosis of the eighth internode length.
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14
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Liu TJ, Li YP, Zhou JJ, Hu CG, Zhang JZ. Genome-wide genetic variation and comparison of fruit-associated traits between kumquat (Citrus japonica) and Clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:493-507. [PMID: 29480424 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive genetic variation of two citrus species were analyzed at genome and transcriptome level. A total of 1090 differentially expressed genes were found during fruit development by RNA-sequencing. Fruit size (fruit equatorial diameter) and weight (fresh weight) are the two most important components determining yield and consumer acceptability for many horticultural crops. However, little is known about the genetic control of these traits. Here, we performed whole-genome resequencing to reveal the comprehensive genetic variation of the fruit development between kumquat (Citrus japonica) and Clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina). In total, 5,865,235 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 414,447 insertions/deletions (InDels) were identified in the two citrus species. Based on integrative analysis of genome and transcriptome of fruit, 640,801 SNPs and 20,733 InDels were identified. The features, genomic distribution, functional effect, and other characteristics of these genetic variations were explored. RNA-sequencing identified 1090 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during fruit development of kumquat and Clementine mandarin. Gene Ontology revealed that these genes were involved in various molecular functional and biological processes. In addition, the genetic variation of 939 DEGs and 74 multiple fruit development pathway genes from previous reports were also identified. A global survey identified 24,237 specific alternative splicing events in the two citrus species and showed that intron retention is the most prevalent pattern of alternative splicing. These genome variation data provide a foundation for further exploration of citrus diversity and gene-phenotype relationships and for future research on molecular breeding to improve kumquat, Clementine mandarin and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yong-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Chun-Gen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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15
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Li N, Huang B, Tang N, Jian W, Zou J, Chen J, Cao H, Habib S, Dong X, Wei W, Gao Y, Li Z. The MADS-Box Gene SlMBP21 Regulates Sepal Size Mediated by Ethylene and Auxin in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:2241-2256. [PMID: 29069449 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Normal organ size is achieved by successful co-ordination of cell proliferation and cell expansion, which are modulated by multiple factors such as ethylene and auxin. In our work, SlMBP21-RNAi (RNA interference) tomato exhibited longer sepals and improved fruit set. Histological analysis indicated that longer sepals were attributed to cell expansion. To explore how SlMBP21 regulates sepal size, we compared the transcriptomes of sepals between SlMBP21-RNAi and the wild type by RNA sequencing and found that the differentially expressed genes were dominantly related to cell expansion, ethylene and auxin, and photosynthesis. Down-regulation of SlMBP21 affected ethylene production and the free IAA and IAA-Val intensity in sepals. Hormone treatment further indicated that SlMBP21 was involved in the ethylene and auxin pathways. As reported, ethylene and auxin were important factors for cell expansion. Hence, SlMBP21 negatively regulated cell expansion to control sepal size, and ethylene and auxin may mediate this process. Additionally, the contents of Chl and the activity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the key photosynthetic enzyme, were both increased in SlMBP21-RNAi sepals, which indicated that photosynthesis might be enhanced in transgenic longer sepals. Therefore, the longer sepal, with better protection and enhanced photosynthesis, may contribute to improve fruit set. Altogether, these results suggested that SlMBP21 was a novel factor involved in organ size control. Moreover, our study provided potential application value for improving fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Baowen Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing; Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences; Yongchuan 402160, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jian Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Haohao Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Sidra Habib
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xuekui Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wen Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yanqiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
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16
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Mravec J, Kračun SK, Zemlyanskaya E, Rydahl MG, Guo X, Pičmanová M, Sørensen KK, Růžička K, Willats WGT. Click chemistry-based tracking reveals putative cell wall-located auxin binding sites in expanding cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15988. [PMID: 29167548 PMCID: PMC5700113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key plant regulatory molecule, which acts upon a plethora of cellular processes, including those related to cell differentiation and elongation. Despite the stunning progress in all disciplines of auxin research, the mechanisms of auxin-mediated rapid promotion of cell expansion and underlying rearrangement of cell wall components are poorly understood. This is partly due to the limitations of current methodologies for probing auxin. Here we describe a click chemistry-based approach, using an azido derivative of indole-3-propionic acid. This compound is as an active auxin analogue, which can be tagged in situ. Using this new tool, we demonstrate the existence of putative auxin binding sites in the cell walls of expanding/elongating cells. These binding sites are of protein nature but are distinct from those provided by the extensively studied AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1). Using immunohistochemistry, we have shown the apoplastic presence of endogenous auxin epitopes recognised by an anti-IAA antibody. Our results are intriguingly in line with previous observations suggesting some transcription-independent (non-genomic) activity of auxin in cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark.
| | - Stjepan K Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | | | - Maja G Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Kamil Růžička
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague, Czechia
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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17
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Abstract
Control of leaf expansion by auxin is not well understood. Evidence from short term exogenous applications and from treatment of excised tissues suggests auxin positively influences growth. Manipulations of endogenous leaf auxin content, however, suggests that, long-term, auxin suppresses leaf expansion. This study attempts to clarify the growth effects of auxin on unifoliate (primary) leaves of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by reexamining the response to auxin treatment of both excised leaf strips and attached leaves. Leaf strips, incubated in culture conditions that promoted steady elongation for up to 48 h, treated with 10 μM NAA responded with an initial surge of elongation growth complete within 10 hours followed by insensitivity. A range of NAA concentrations from 0.1 μM to 300 μM induced increased strip elongation after 24 hours and 48 hours. Increased elongation and epinastic curvature of leaf strips was found specific to active auxins. Expanding attached unifoliates treated once with aqueous auxin α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 1.0 mM showed both an initial surge in growth lasting 4-6 hours followed by growth inhibition sustained at least as long as 24 hours post treatment. Auxin-induced inhibition of leaf expansion was associated with smaller epidermal cell area. Together the results suggest increasing leaf auxin first increases growth then slows growth through inhibition of cell expansion. Excised leaf strips, retain only the initial increased growth response to auxin and not the subsequent growth inhibition, either as a consequence of wounding or of isolation from the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Keller
- Department of Biology, Minot State University, 500 University Avenue West, Minot, North Dakota 58707
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18
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Kuluev B, Mikhaylova E, Berezhneva Z, Nikonorov Y, Postrigan B, Kudoyarova G, Chemeris A. Expression profiles and hormonal regulation of tobacco NtEXGT gene and its involvement in abiotic stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 111:203-215. [PMID: 27940271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the intensive study of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases, their multifaceted role in plant growth regulation in changing environmental conditions is not yet clarified. The functional role of the large number of genes encoding this group of enzymes is also still unclear. NtEXGT gene encodes one of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) of Nicotiana tabacum L. The highest level of NtEXGT gene expression was detected in young flowers and leaves near the shoot apex. Expression of the NtEXGT gene in leaves was induced by cytokinins, auxins, brassinosteroids and gibberellins. NtEXGT gene was also up-regulated by salinity, drought, cold, cadmium and 10 μM abscisic acid treatments and down-regulated in response to 0 °C and 100 μM abscisic acid. Pretreatment of leaves with fluridone contributed to smaller increase in the level of NtEXGT transcripts in response to drought stress. These data suggest that NtEXGT gene is ABA-regulated and probably implicated in ABA-dependent signaling in response to stress factors. 35S::NtEXGT plants of tobacco showed higher rate of root growth under salt-stress conditions, greater frost and heat tolerance as compared with the wild type tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Kuluev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia; Bashkir State University (BSU), Z. Validi str. 32, 450074, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Elena Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia; Bashkir State University (BSU), Z. Validi str. 32, 450074, Ufa, Russia
| | - Zoya Berezhneva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Yuri Nikonorov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Bogdan Postrigan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences (UIB RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Aleksey Chemeris
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
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19
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Liu F, Zhang L, Luo Y, Xu M, Fan Y, Wang L. Interactions of Oryza sativa OsCONTINUOUS VASCULAR RING-LIKE 1 (OsCOLE1) and OsCOLE1-INTERACTING PROTEIN reveal a novel intracellular auxin transport mechanism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:96-107. [PMID: 27265035 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the transport mechanism of intracellular auxin. Here, we report two vacuole-localized proteins, Oryza sativa OsCONTINUOUS VASCULAR RING-LIKE 1 (OsCOLE1) and OsCOLE1-INTERACTING PROTEIN (OsCLIP), that regulate intracellular auxin transport and homoeostasis. Overexpression of OsCOLE1 markedly increased the internode length and auxin content of the stem base, whereas these parameters were decreased in RNA interference (RNAi) plants. OsCOLE1 was localized on the tonoplast and preferentially expressed in mature tissues. We further identified its interacting protein OsCLIP, which was co-localized on the tonoplast. Protein-protein binding assays demonstrated that the N-terminus of OsCOLE1 directly interacted with OsCLIP in yeast cells and the rice protoplast. Furthermore, (3) H-indole-3-acetic acid ((3) H-IAA) transport assays revealed that OsCLIP transported IAA into yeast cells, which was promoted by OsCOLE1. The results indicate that OsCOLE1 affects rice development by regulating intracellular auxin transport through interaction with OsCLIP, which provides a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of intracellular transport of auxin and the roles of vacuoles in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhong Luo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoyun Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yunliu Fan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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20
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes between the curly and normal leaves of Cymbidium goeringii var. longibracteatum. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Strader LC, Zhao Y. Auxin perception and downstream events. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:8-14. [PMID: 27131035 PMCID: PMC5050066 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin responses have been arbitrarily divided into two categories: genomic and non-genomic effects. Genomic effects are largely mediated by SCFTIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA auxin receptor complexes whereas it has been postulated that AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) controls the non-genomic effects. However, the roles of ABP1 in auxin signaling and plant development were recently called into question. In this paper, we present recent progress in understanding the SCFTIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA pathway. In more detail, we discuss the current understanding of ABP1 research and provide an updated view of ABP1-related genetic materials. Further, we propose a model in which auxin efflux carriers may play a role in auxin perception and we briefly describe recent insight on processes downstream of auxin perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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22
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Proteomic Analysis of Silk Viability in Maize Inbred Lines and Their Corresponding Hybrids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144050. [PMID: 26630375 PMCID: PMC4668103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A long period of silk viability is critical for a good seed setting rate in maize (Zea mays L.), especially for inbred lines and hybrids with a long interval between anthesis and silking. To explore the molecular mechanism of silk viability and its heterosis, three inbred lines with different silk viability characteristics (Xun928, Lx9801, and Zong3) and their two hybrids (Xun928×Zong3 and Lx9801×Zong3) were analyzed at different developmental stages by a proteomic method. The differentially accumulated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and classified into metabolism, protein biosynthesis and folding, signal transduction and hormone homeostasis, stress and defense responses, and cellular processes. Proteins involved in nutrient (methionine) and energy (ATP) supply, which support the pollen tube growth in the silk, were important for silk viability and its heterosis. The additive and dominant effects at a single locus, as well as complex epistatic interactions at two or more loci in metabolic pathways, were the primary contributors for mid-parent heterosis of silk viability. Additionally, the proteins involved in the metabolism of anthocyanins, which indirectly negatively regulate local hormone accumulation, were also important for the mid-parent heterosis of silk viability. These results also might imply the developmental dependence of heterosis, because many of the differentially accumulated proteins made distinct contributions to the heterosis of silk viability at specific developmental stages.
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23
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Feng M, Kim JY. Revisiting Apoplastic Auxin Signaling Mediated by AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1. Mol Cells 2015; 38:829-35. [PMID: 26467289 PMCID: PMC4625063 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) functions as an apoplastic auxin receptor, and is known to be involved in the post-transcriptional process, and largely independent of the already well-known SKP-cullin-F-box-transport inhibitor response (TIR1) /auxin signaling F-box (AFB) (SCF(TIR1/AFB)) pathway. In the past 10 years, several key components downstream of ABP1 have been reported. After perceiving the auxin signal, ABP1 interacts, directly or indirectly, with plasma membrane (PM)-localized transmembrane proteins, transmembrane kinase (TMK) or SPIKE1 (SPK1), or other unidentified proteins, which transfer the signal into the cell to the Rho of plants (ROP). ROPs interact with their effectors, such as the ROP interactive CRIB motif-containing protein (RIC), to regulate the endocytosis/exocytosis of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins to mediate polar auxin transport across the PM. Additionally, ABP1 is a negative regulator of the traditional SCF(TIR1/AFB) auxin signaling pathway. However, Gao et al. (2015) very recently reported that ABP1 is not a key component in auxin signaling, and the famous abp1-1 and abp1-5 mutant Arabidopsis lines are being called into question because of possible additional mutantion sites, making it necessary to reevaluate ABP1. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the history of ABP1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Feng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701,
Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701,
Korea
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24
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Chen J, Wang F, Zheng S, Xu T, Yang Z. Pavement cells: a model system for non-transcriptional auxin signalling and crosstalks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4957-70. [PMID: 26047974 PMCID: PMC4598803 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin (indole acetic acid) is a multifunctional phytohormone controlling various developmental patterns, morphogenetic processes, and growth behaviours in plants. The transcription-based pathway activated by the nuclear TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT 1/auxin-related F-box auxin receptors is well established, but the long-sought molecular mechanisms of non-transcriptional auxin signalling remained enigmatic until very recently. Along with the establishment of the Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cell (PC) as an exciting and amenable model system in the past decade, we began to gain insight into non-transcriptional auxin signalling. The puzzle-piece shape of PCs forms from intercalated or interdigitated cell growth, requiring local intra- and inter-cellular coordination of lobe and indent formation. Precise coordination of this interdigitated pattern requires auxin and an extracellular auxin sensing system that activates plasma membrane-associated Rho GTPases from plants and subsequent downstream events regulating cytoskeletal reorganization and PIN polarization. Apart from auxin, mechanical stress and cytokinin have been shown to affect PC interdigitation, possibly by interacting with auxin signals. This review focuses upon signalling mechanisms for cell polarity formation in PCs, with an emphasis on non-transcriptional auxin signalling in polarized cell expansion and pattern formation and how different auxin pathways interplay with each other and with other signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Shiqin Zheng
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Center for Plant Stress Biology, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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25
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Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Differences in auxin distribution within tissues are mediated by the polar auxin transport machinery, and cellular auxin responses occur depending on changes in cellular auxin levels. Multiple receptor systems at the cell surface and in the interior operate to sense and interpret fluctuations in auxin distribution that occur during plant development. Until now, three proteins or protein complexes that can bind auxin have been identified. SCF(TIR1) [a SKP1-cullin-1-F-box complex that contains transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) as the F-box protein] and S-phase-kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) localize to the nucleus, whereas auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1), predominantly associates with the endoplasmic reticulum and cell surface. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we summarize recent discoveries in the field of auxin transport and signaling that have led to the identification of new components of these pathways, as well as their mutual interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, BE-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, BE-9052 Gent, Belgium Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Masaryk University, CEITEC MU, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Transcriptome dynamics of developing maize leaves and genomewide prediction of cis elements and their cognate transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2477-86. [PMID: 25918418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500605112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is a major crop and a model plant for studying C4 photosynthesis and leaf development. However, a genomewide regulatory network of leaf development is not yet available. This knowledge is useful for developing C3 crops to perform C4 photosynthesis for enhanced yields. Here, using 22 transcriptomes of developing maize leaves from dry seeds to 192 h post imbibition, we studied gene up- and down-regulation and functional transition during leaf development and inferred sets of strongly coexpressed genes. More significantly, we developed a method to predict transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and their cognate transcription factors (TFs) using genomic sequence and transcriptomic data. The method requires not only evolutionary conservation of candidate TFBSs and sets of strongly coexpressed genes but also that the genes in a gene set share the same Gene Ontology term so that they are involved in the same biological function. In addition, we developed another method to predict maize TF-TFBS pairs using known TF-TFBS pairs in Arabidopsis or rice. From these efforts, we predicted 1,340 novel TFBSs and 253 new TF-TFBS pairs in the maize genome, far exceeding the 30 TF-TFBS pairs currently known in maize. In most cases studied by both methods, the two methods gave similar predictions. In vitro tests of 12 predicted TF-TFBS interactions showed that our methods perform well. Our study has significantly expanded our knowledge on the regulatory network involved in maize leaf development.
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27
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Lin D, Ren H, Fu Y. ROP GTPase-mediated auxin signaling regulates pavement cell interdigitation in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:31-9. [PMID: 25168157 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular plant organs, cell shape formation depends on molecular switches to transduce developmental or environmental signals and to coordinate cell-to-cell communication. Plants have a specific subfamily of the Rho GTPase family, usually called Rho of Plants (ROP), which serve as a critical signal transducer involved in many cellular processes. In the last decade, important advances in the ROP-mediated regulation of plant cell morphogenesis have been made by using Arabidopsis thaliana leaf and cotyledon pavement cells. Especially, the auxin-ROP signaling networks have been demonstrated to control interdigitated growth of pavement cells to form jigsaw-puzzle shapes. Here, we review findings related to the discovery of this novel auxin-signaling mechanism at the cell surface. This signaling pathway is to a large extent independent of the well-known Transport Inhibitor Response (TIR)-Auxin Signaling F-Box (AFB) pathway, and instead requires Auxin Binding Protein 1 (ABP1) interaction with the plasma membrane-localized, transmembrane kinase (TMK) receptor-like kinase to regulate ROP proteins. Once activated, ROP influences cytoskeletal organization and inhibits endocytosis of the auxin transporter PIN1. The present review focuses on ROP signaling and its self-organizing feature allowing ROP proteins to serve as a bustling signal decoder and integrator for plant cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshu Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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28
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Sokołowska K, Kizińska J, Szewczuk Z, Banasiak A. Auxin conjugated to fluorescent dyes--a tool for the analysis of auxin transport pathways. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:866-77. [PMID: 24397706 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a small molecule involved in most processes related to plant growth and development. Its effect usually depends on the distribution in tissues and the formation of concentration gradients. Until now there has been no tool for the direct tracking of auxin transport at the cellular and tissue level; therefore the majority of studies have been based on various indirect methods. However, due to their various restrictions, relatively little is known about the relationship between various pathways of auxin transport and specific developmental processes. We present a new research tool: fluorescently labelled auxin in the form of a conjugate with two different fluorescent tracers, FITC and RITC, which allows direct observation of auxin transport in plant tissues. Chemical analysis and biological tests have shown that our conjugates have auxin-like biological activity and transport; therefore they can be used in all experimental systems as an alternative to IAA. In addition, the conjugates are a universal tool that can be applied in studies of all plant groups and species. The conjugation procedure presented in this paper can be adapted to other fluorescent dyes, which are constantly being improved. In our opinion, the conjugates greatly expand the possibilities of research concerning the role of auxin and its transport in different developmental processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sokołowska
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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29
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Grandits M, Oostenbrink C. Molecular dynamics simulations of the auxin-binding protein 1 in complex with indole-3-acetic acid and naphthalen-1-acetic acid. Proteins 2014; 82:2744-55. [PMID: 25043515 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) is suggested to be an auxin receptor which plays an important role in several processes in green plants. Maize ABP1 was simulated with the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the synthetic analog naphthalen-1-acetic acid (NAA), to elucidate the role of the KDEL sequence and the helix at the C-terminus. The KDEL sequence weakens the intermolecular interactions between the monomers but stabilizes the C-terminal helix. Conformational changes at the C-terminus occur within the KDEL sequence and are influenced by the binding of the simulated ligands. This observation helps to explain experimental findings on ABP1 interactions with antibodies that are modulated by the presence of auxin, and supports the hypothesis that ABP1 acts as an auxin receptor. Stable hydrogen bonds between the monomers are formed between Glu40 and Glu62, Arg10 and Thr97, Lys39, and Glu62 in all simulations. The amino acids Ile22, Leu25, Trp44, Pro55, Ile130, and Phe149 are located in the binding pocket and are involved in hydrophobic interactions with the ring system of the ligand. Trp151 is stably involved in a face to end interaction with the ligand. The calculated free energy of binding using the linear interaction energy approach showed a higher binding affinity for NAA as compared to IAA. Our simulations confirm the asymmetric behavior of the two monomers, the stronger interaction of NAA than IAA and offers insight into the possible mechanism of ABP1 as an auxin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Grandits
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Ranocha P, Dima O, Nagy R, Felten J, Corratgé-Faillie C, Novák O, Morreel K, Lacombe B, Martinez Y, Pfrunder S, Jin X, Renou JP, Thibaud JB, Ljung K, Fischer U, Martinoia E, Boerjan W, Goffner D. Arabidopsis WAT1 is a vacuolar auxin transport facilitator required for auxin homoeostasis. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2625. [PMID: 24129639 PMCID: PMC3826630 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) has a crucial role in plant development. Its spatiotemporal distribution is controlled by a combination of biosynthetic, metabolic and transport mechanisms. Four families of auxin transporters have been identified that mediate transport across the plasma or endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Here we report the discovery and the functional characterization of the first vacuolar auxin transporter. We demonstrate that WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1), a plant-specific protein that dictates secondary cell wall thickness of wood fibres, facilitates auxin export from isolated Arabidopsis vacuoles in yeast and in Xenopus oocytes. We unambiguously identify IAA and related metabolites in isolated Arabidopsis vacuoles, suggesting a key role for the vacuole in intracellular auxin homoeostasis. Moreover, local auxin application onto wat1 mutant stems restores fibre cell wall thickness. Our study provides new insight into the complexity of auxin transport in plants and a means to dissect auxin function during fibre differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ranocha
- 1] Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; CNRS; UMR5546; Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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31
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Spartz AK, Ren H, Park MY, Grandt KN, Lee SH, Murphy AS, Sussman MR, Overvoorde PJ, Gray WM. SAUR Inhibition of PP2C-D Phosphatases Activates Plasma Membrane H+-ATPases to Promote Cell Expansion in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2129-2142. [PMID: 24858935 PMCID: PMC4079373 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin promotes cell expansion. Forty years ago, the acid growth theory was proposed, whereby auxin promotes proton efflux to acidify the apoplast and facilitate the uptake of solutes and water to drive plant cell expansion. However, the underlying molecular and genetic bases of this process remain unclear. We have previously shown that the SAUR19-24 subfamily of auxin-induced SMALL AUXIN UP-RNA (SAUR) genes promotes cell expansion. Here, we demonstrate that SAUR proteins provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPases) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants overexpressing stabilized SAUR19 fusion proteins exhibit increased PM H+-ATPase activity, and the increased growth phenotypes conferred by SAUR19 overexpression are dependent upon normal PM H+-ATPase function. We find that SAUR19 stimulates PM H+-ATPase activity by promoting phosphorylation of the C-terminal autoinhibitory domain. Additionally, we identify a regulatory mechanism by which SAUR19 modulates PM H+-ATPase phosphorylation status. SAUR19 as well as additional SAUR proteins interact with the PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C protein phosphatases. We demonstrate that these phosphatases are inhibited upon SAUR binding, act antagonistically to SAURs in vivo, can physically interact with PM H+-ATPases, and negatively regulate PM H+-ATPase activity. Our findings provide a molecular framework for elucidating auxin-mediated control of plant cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Spartz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Mee Yeon Park
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Kristin N Grandt
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Michael R Sussman
- Biotechnology Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Paul J Overvoorde
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105
| | - William M Gray
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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32
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Xu T, Dai N, Chen J, Nagawa S, Cao M, Li H, Zhou Z, Chen X, De Rycke R, Rakusová H, Wang W, Jones AM, Friml J, Patterson SE, Bleecker AB, Yang Z. Cell surface ABP1-TMK auxin-sensing complex activates ROP GTPase signaling. Science 2014; 343:1025-8. [PMID: 24578577 DOI: 10.1126/science.1245125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) was discovered nearly 40 years ago and was shown to be essential for plant development and morphogenesis, but its mode of action remains unclear. Here, we report that the plasma membrane-localized transmembrane kinase (TMK) receptor-like kinases interact with ABP1 and transduce auxin signal to activate plasma membrane-associated ROPs [Rho-like guanosine triphosphatases (GTPase) from plants], leading to changes in the cytoskeleton and the shape of leaf pavement cells in Arabidopsis. The interaction between ABP1 and TMK at the cell surface is induced by auxin and requires ABP1 sensing of auxin. These findings show that TMK proteins and ABP1 form a cell surface auxin perception complex that activates ROP signaling pathways, regulating nontranscriptional cytoplasmic responses and associated fundamental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongda Xu
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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33
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Kirpichnikova AA, Rudashevskaya EL, Yemelyanov VV, Shishova MF. Ca(2+)-Transport through Plasma Membrane as a Test of Auxin Sensitivity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:209-22. [PMID: 27135501 PMCID: PMC4844295 DOI: 10.3390/plants3020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is one of the crucial regulators of plant growth and development. The discovered auxin cytosolic receptor (TIR1) is not involved in the perception of the hormone signal at the plasma membrane. Instead, another receptor, related to the ABP1, auxin binding protein1, is supposed to be responsible for the perception at the plasma membrane. One of the fast and sensitive auxin-induced reactions is an increase of Ca(2+) cytosolic concentration, which is suggested to be dependent on the activation of Ca(2+) influx through the plasma membrane. This investigation was carried out with a plasmalemma enriched vesicle fraction, obtained from etiolated maize coleoptiles. The magnitude of Ca(2+) efflux through the membrane vesicles was estimated according to the shift of potential dependent fluorescent dye diS-C₃-(5). The obtained results showed that during coleoptiles ageing (3rd, 4th and 5th days of seedling etiolated growth) the magnitude of Ca(2+) efflux from inside-out vesicles was decreased. Addition of ABP1 led to a recovery of Ca(2+) efflux to the level of the youngest and most sensitive cells. Moreover, the efflux was more sensitive, responding from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M 1-NAA, in vesicles containing ABP1, whereas native vesicles showed the highest efflux at 10(-6) M 1-NAA. We suggest that auxin increases plasma membrane permeability to Ca(2+) and that ABP1 is involved in modulation of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A. Kirpichnikova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
| | - Elena L. Rudashevskaya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
| | - Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
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34
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Paque S, Mouille G, Grandont L, Alabadí D, Gaertner C, Goyallon A, Muller P, Primard-Brisset C, Sormani R, Blázquez MA, Perrot-Rechenmann C. AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 links cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and cell expansion in arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:280-95. [PMID: 24424095 PMCID: PMC3963575 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell expansion is an increase in cell size and thus plays an essential role in plant growth and development. Phytohormones and the primary plant cell wall play major roles in the complex process of cell expansion. In shoot tissues, cell expansion requires the auxin receptor AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1), but the mechanism by which ABP1 affects expansion remains unknown. We analyzed the effect of functional inactivation of ABP1 on transcriptomic changes in dark-grown hypocotyls and investigated the consequences of gene expression on cell wall composition and cell expansion. Molecular and genetic evidence indicates that ABP1 affects the expression of a broad range of cell wall-related genes, especially cell wall remodeling genes, mainly via an SCF(TIR/AFB)-dependent pathway. ABP1 also functions in the modulation of hemicellulose xyloglucan structure. Furthermore, fucosidase-mediated defucosylation of xyloglucan, but not biosynthesis of nonfucosylated xyloglucan, rescued dark-grown hypocotyl lengthening of ABP1 knockdown seedlings. In muro remodeling of xyloglucan side chains via an ABP1-dependent pathway appears to be of critical importance for temporal and spatial control of cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Paque
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Laurie Grandont
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Goyallon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Muller
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Primard-Brisset
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Catherine Perrot-Rechenmann
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Effendi Y, Jones AM, Scherer GFE. AUXIN-BINDING-PROTEIN1 (ABP1) in phytochrome-B-controlled responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5065-74. [PMID: 24052532 PMCID: PMC3830486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The auxin receptor ABP1 directly regulates plasma membrane activities including the number of PIN-formed (PIN) proteins and auxin efflux transport. Red light (R) mediated by phytochromes regulates the steady-state level of ABP1 and auxin-inducible growth capacity in etiolated tissues but, until now, there has been no genetic proof that ABP1 and phytochrome regulation of elongation share a common mechanism for organ elongation. In far red (FR)-enriched light, hypocotyl lengths were larger in the abp1-5 and abp1/ABP1 mutants, but not in tir1-1, a null mutant of the TRANSPORT-INHIBITOR-RESPONSE1 auxin receptor. The polar auxin transport inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) decreased elongation in the low R:FR light-enriched white light (WL) condition more strongly than in the high red:FR light-enriched condition WL suggesting that auxin transport is an important condition for FR-induced elongation. The addition of NPA to hypocotyls grown in R- and FR-enriched light inhibited hypocotyl gravitropism to a greater extent in both abp1 mutants and in phyB-9 and phyA-211 than the wild-type hypocotyl, arguing for decreased phytochrome action in conjunction with auxin transport in abp1 mutants. Transcription of FR-enriched light-induced genes, including several genes regulated by auxin and shade, was reduced 3-5-fold in abp1-5 compared with Col and was very low in abp1/ABP1. In the phyB-9 mutant the expression of these reporter genes was 5-15-fold lower than in Col. In tir1-1 and the phyA-211 mutants shade-induced gene expression was greatly attenuated. Thus, ABP1 directly or indirectly participates in auxin and light signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Effendi
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Zierpflanzenbau und Gehölzforschung, Abt. Molekulare Ertragsphysiologie, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Departments of Biology and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Günther F. E. Scherer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Zierpflanzenbau und Gehölzforschung, Abt. Molekulare Ertragsphysiologie, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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Auxin-Binding Protein 1 is a negative regulator of the SCFTIR1/AFB pathway. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2496. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Turner M, Nizampatnam NR, Baron M, Coppin S, Damodaran S, Adhikari S, Arunachalam SP, Yu O, Subramanian S. Ectopic expression of miR160 results in auxin hypersensitivity, cytokinin hyposensitivity, and inhibition of symbiotic nodule development in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:2042-55. [PMID: 23796794 PMCID: PMC3729781 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic root nodules in leguminous plants result from interaction between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria. There are two major types of legume nodules, determinate and indeterminate. Determinate nodules do not have a persistent meristem, while indeterminate nodules have a persistent meristem. Auxin is thought to play a role in the development of both these types of nodules. However, inhibition of rootward auxin transport at the site of nodule initiation is crucial for the development of indeterminate nodules but not determinate nodules. Using the synthetic auxin-responsive DR5 promoter in soybean (Glycine max), we show that there is relatively low auxin activity during determinate nodule initiation and that it is restricted to the nodule periphery subsequently during development. To examine if and what role auxin plays in determinate nodule development, we generated soybean composite plants with altered sensitivity to auxin. We overexpressed microRNA393 to silence the auxin receptor gene family, and these roots were hyposensitive to auxin. These roots nodulated normally, suggesting that only minimal/reduced auxin signaling is required for determinate nodule development. We overexpressed microRNA160 to silence a set of repressor auxin response factor transcription factors, and these roots were hypersensitive to auxin. These roots were not impaired in epidermal responses to rhizobia but had significantly reduced nodule primordium formation, suggesting that auxin hypersensitivity inhibits nodule development. These roots were also hyposensitive to cytokinin and had attenuated expression of key nodulation-associated transcription factors known to be regulated by cytokinin. We propose a regulatory feedback loop involving auxin and cytokinin during nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Baron
- Department of Plant Science (M.T., N.R.N., M.B., S.C., S.D., S.A., S.P.A., S.S.) and Department of Biology and Microbiology (S.S.), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, BP32607 Auzeville-Tolosane, France (M.B., S.C.); and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (O.Y.)
| | - Stéphanie Coppin
- Department of Plant Science (M.T., N.R.N., M.B., S.C., S.D., S.A., S.P.A., S.S.) and Department of Biology and Microbiology (S.S.), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, BP32607 Auzeville-Tolosane, France (M.B., S.C.); and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (O.Y.)
| | - Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Plant Science (M.T., N.R.N., M.B., S.C., S.D., S.A., S.P.A., S.S.) and Department of Biology and Microbiology (S.S.), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, BP32607 Auzeville-Tolosane, France (M.B., S.C.); and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (O.Y.)
| | - Sajag Adhikari
- Department of Plant Science (M.T., N.R.N., M.B., S.C., S.D., S.A., S.P.A., S.S.) and Department of Biology and Microbiology (S.S.), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, BP32607 Auzeville-Tolosane, France (M.B., S.C.); and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (O.Y.)
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Čovanová M, Sauer M, Rychtář J, Friml J, Petrášek J, Zažímalová E. Overexpression of the auxin binding protein1 modulates PIN-dependent auxin transport in tobacco cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70050. [PMID: 23894588 PMCID: PMC3720949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) is a putative auxin receptor and its function is indispensable for plant growth and development. ABP1 has been shown to be involved in auxin-dependent regulation of cell division and expansion, in plasma-membrane-related processes such as changes in transmembrane potential, and in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. However, the ABP1-regulated downstream pathway remains elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using auxin transport assays and quantitative analysis of cellular morphology we show that ABP1 regulates auxin efflux from tobacco BY-2 cells. The overexpression of ABP1can counterbalance increased auxin efflux and auxin starvation phenotypes caused by the overexpression of PIN auxin efflux carrier. Relevant mechanism involves the ABP1-controlled vesicle trafficking processes, including positive regulation of endocytosis of PIN auxin efflux carriers, as indicated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and pharmacological manipulations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The findings indicate the involvement of ABP1 in control of rate of auxin transport across plasma membrane emphasizing the role of ABP1 in regulation of PIN activity at the plasma membrane, and highlighting the relevance of ABP1 for the formation of developmentally important, PIN-dependent auxin gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Čovanová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie), Ghent, Belgium
- Departamento Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
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Dai N, Wang W, Patterson SE, Bleecker AB. The TMK subfamily of receptor-like kinases in Arabidopsis display an essential role in growth and a reduced sensitivity to auxin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60990. [PMID: 23613767 PMCID: PMC3628703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that govern the size of plant organs are not well understood but believed to involve both sensing and signaling at the cellular level. We have isolated loss-of-function mutations in the four genes comprising the transmembrane kinase TMK subfamily of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in Arabidopsis. These TMKs have an extracellular leucine-rich-repeat motif, a single transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic kinase domain. While single mutants do not display discernable phenotypes, unique double and triple mutant combinations result in a severe reduction in organ size and a substantial retardation in growth. The quadruple mutant displays even greater severity of all phenotypes and is infertile. The kinematic studies of root, hypocotyl, and stamen filament growth reveal that the TMKs specifically control cell expansion. In leaves, TMKs control both cell expansion and cell proliferation. In addition, in the tmk double mutants, roots and hypocotyls show reduced sensitivity to applied auxin, lateral root induction and activation of the auxin response reporter DR5: GUS. Thus, taken together with the structural and biochemical evidence, TMKs appear to orchestrate plant growth by regulation of both cell expansion and cell proliferation, and as a component of auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- Department of Botany and Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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Guo X, Lu W, Ma Y, Qin Q, Hou S. The BIG gene is required for auxin-mediated organ growth in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2013; 237:1135-1147. [PMID: 23288076 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Control of organ size by cell expansion and cell proliferation is a fundamental process during development, but the importance of BIG in this process is still poorly understood. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new allele mutant of BIG in Arabidopsis: big-j588. The mutant displayed small aerial organs that were characterized by reduced cell size in the epidermis and short roots with decreased cell numbers. The big-j588 axr1 double and big-j588 arf7 arf19 triple mutants displayed more severe defects in leaf expansion and root elongation than their parents, implying BIG is involved in auxin-dependent organ growth. Genetic analysis suggests that BIG may act synergistically with PIN1 to affect leaf growth. The PIN1 protein level decreased in both the root cells and the tips of leaf pavement cell lobes of big-j588. Further analysis showed that the auxin maxima in the roots and the leaves of big-j588 decreased. Therefore, we concluded that the small leaves and the short roots of big-j588 were associated with reduction of auxin maxima. Overall, our study suggested that BIG is required for Arabidopsis organ growth via auxin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaola Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Pérez-Henríquez P, Raikhel NV, Norambuena L. Endocytic trafficking towards the vacuole plays a key role in the auxin receptor SCF(TIR)-independent mechanism of lateral root formation in A. thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:1195-1209. [PMID: 22848095 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants' developmental plasticity plays a pivotal role in responding to environmental conditions. One of the most plastic plant organs is the root system. Different environmental stimuli such as nutrients and water deficiency may induce lateral root formation to compensate for a low level of water and/or nutrients. It has been shown that the hormone auxin tunes lateral root development and components for its signaling pathway have been identified. Using chemical biology, we discovered an Arabidopsis thaliana lateral root formation mechanism that is independent of the auxin receptor SCF(TIR). The bioactive compound Sortin2 increased lateral root occurrence by acting upstream from the morphological marker of lateral root primordium formation, the mitotic activity. The compound did not display auxin activity. At the cellular level, Sortin2 accelerated endosomal trafficking, resulting in increased trafficking of plasma membrane recycling proteins to the vacuole. Sortin2 affected Late endosome/PVC/MVB trafficking and morphology. Combining Sortin2 with well-known drugs showed that endocytic trafficking of Late E/PVC/MVB towards the vacuole is pivotal for Sortin2-induced SCF(TIR)-independent lateral root initiation. Our results revealed a distinctive role for endosomal trafficking in the promotion of lateral root formation via a process that does not rely on the auxin receptor complex SCF(TIR).
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El-Sharkawy I, Sherif S, Mahboob A, Abubaker K, Bouzayen M, Jayasankar S. Expression of auxin-binding protein1 during plum fruit ontogeny supports the potential role of auxin in initiating and enhancing climacteric ripening. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1911-1921. [PMID: 22739723 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Auxin-binding protein1 (ABP1) is an active element involved in auxin signaling and plays critical roles in auxin-mediated plant development. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a putative sequence from Prunus salicina L., designated PslABP1. The expected protein exhibits a similar molecular structure to that of well-characterized maize-ABP1; however, PslABP1 displays more sequence polarity in the active-binding site due to substitution of some crucial amino-acid residues predicted to be involved in auxin-binding. Further, PslABP1 expression was assessed throughout fruit ontogeny to determine its role in fruit development. Comparing the expression data with the physiological aspects that characterize fruit-development stages indicates that PslABP1 up-regulation is usually associated with the signature events that are triggered in an auxin-dependent manner such as floral induction, fruit initiation, embryogenesis, and cell division and elongation. However, the diversity in PslABP1 expression profile during the ripening process of early and late plum cultivars seems to be due to the variability of endogenous auxin levels among the two cultivars, which consequently can change the levels of autocatalytic ethylene available for the fruit to co-ordinate ripening. The effect of auxin on stimulating ethylene production and in regulating PslABP1 was investigated. Our data suggest that auxin is involved in the transition of the mature green fruit into the ripening phase and in enhancing the ripening process in both auxin- and ethylene-dependent manners thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- I El-Sharkawy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 4890 Victoria Av. N, P.O. Box 7000, Vineland Station, ON, L0R 2E0, Canada
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Finet C, Jaillais Y. Auxology: when auxin meets plant evo-devo. Dev Biol 2012; 369:19-31. [PMID: 22687750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is implicated throughout plant growth and development. Although the effects of this plant hormone have been recognized for more than a century, it is only in the past two decades that light has been shed on the molecular mechanisms that regulate auxin homeostasis, signaling, transport, crosstalk with other hormonal pathways as well as its roles in plant development. These discoveries established a molecular framework to study the role of auxin in land plant evolution. Here, we review recent advances in auxin biology and their implications in both micro- and macro-evolution of plant morphology. By analogy to the term 'hoxology', which refers to the critical role of HOX genes in metazoan evolution, we propose to introduce the term 'auxology' to take into account the crucial role of auxin in plant evo-devo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Finet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Hayashi KI. The interaction and integration of auxin signaling components. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:965-75. [PMID: 22433459 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
IAA, a naturally occurring auxin, is a simple signaling molecule that regulates many diverse steps of plant development. Auxin essentially coordinates plant development through transcriptional regulation. Auxin binds to TIR1/AFB nuclear receptors, which are F-box subunits of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. The auxin signal is then modulated by the quantitative and qualitative responses of the Aux/IAA repressors and the auxin response factor (ARF) transcription factors. The specificity of the auxin-regulated gene expression profile is defined by several factors, such as the expression of these regulatory proteins, their post-transcriptional regulation, their stability and the affinity between these regulatory proteins. Auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) is a candidate protein for an auxin receptor that is implicated in non-transcriptional auxin signaling. ABP1 also affects TIR1/AFB-mediated auxin-responsive gene expression, implying that both the ABP1 and TIR1/AFB signaling machineries coordinately control auxin-mediated physiological events. Systematic approaches using the comprehensive mapping of the expression and interaction of signaling modules and computational modeling would be valuable for integrating our knowledge of auxin signals and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005 Japan.
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Chen D, Deng Y, Zhao J. Distribution and change patterns of free IAA, ABP 1 and PM H⁺-ATPase during ovary and ovule development of Nicotiana tabacum L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:127-36. [PMID: 22070974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays key roles in flower induction, embryogenesis, seed formation and seedling development, but little is known about whether auxin regulates the development of ovaries and ovules before pollination. In the present report, we measured the content of free indole-3-acetic (IAA) in ovaries of Nicotiana tabacum L., and localized free IAA, auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) and plasma membrane (PM) H⁺-ATPase in the ovaries and ovules. The level of free IAA in the developmental ovaries increased gradually from the stages of ovular primordium to the functional megaspore, but slightly decreased when the embryo sacs formed. Immunoenzyme labeling clearly showed that both IAA and ABP1 were distributed in the ovules, the edge of the placenta, vascular tissues and the ovary wall, while PM H⁺-ATPase was mainly localized in the ovules. By using immunogold labeling, the subcellular distributions of IAA, ABP1 and PM H⁺-ATPase in the ovules were also shown. The results suggest that IAA, ABP1 and PM H⁺-ATPase may play roles in the ovary and ovule initiation, formation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Modulation of AUXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 1 gene expression in maize and the teosintes by transposon insertions in its promoter. Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 287:143-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Keller CP, Grundstad ML, Evanoff MA, Keith JD, Lentz DS, Wagner SL, Culler AH, Cohen JD. Auxin-induced leaf blade expansion in Arabidopsis requires both wounding and detachment. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1997-2007. [PMID: 22101347 PMCID: PMC3337194 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.12.18026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of leaf auxin (indole-3-acetic acid; IAA) levels in intact plants has been consistently found to inhibit leaf expansion whereas excised leaf strips grow faster when treated with IAA. Here we test two hypothetical explanations for this difference in growth sensitivity to IAA by expanding leaf tissues in vivo versus in vitro. We asked if, in Arabidopsis, IAA-induced growth of excised leaf strips results from the wounding required to excise tissue and/or results from detachment from the plant and thus loss of some shoot or root derived growth controlling factors. We tested the effect of a range of exogenous IAA concentrations on the growth of intact attached, wounded attached, detached intact, detached wounded as well as excised leaf strips. After 24 h, the growth of intact attached, wounded attached, and detached intact leaves was inhibited by IAA concentrations as little as 1 µM in some experiments. Growth of detached wounded leaves and leaf strips was induced by IAA concentrations as low as 10 µM. Stress, in the form of high light, increased the growth response to IAA by leaf strips and reduced growth inhibition response by intact detached leaves. Endogenous free IAA content of intact attached leaves and excised leaf strips was found not to change over the course of 24 h. Together these results indicate growth induction of Arabidopsis leaf blade tissue by IAA requires both substantial wounding as well as detachment from the plant and suggests in vivo that IAA induces parallel pathways leading to growth inhibition.
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Wabnik K, Kleine-Vehn J, Govaerts W, Friml J. Prototype cell-to-cell auxin transport mechanism by intracellular auxin compartmentalization. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:468-75. [PMID: 21665516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carrier-dependent, intercellular auxin transport is central to the developmental patterning of higher plants (tracheophytes). The evolution of this polar auxin transport might be linked to the translocation of some PIN auxin efflux carriers from their presumably ancestral localization at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the polar domains at the plasma membrane. Here we propose an eventually ancient mechanism of intercellular auxin distribution by ER-localized auxin transporters involving intracellular auxin retention and switch-like release from the ER. The proposed model integrates feedback circuits utilizing the conserved nuclear auxin signaling for the regulation of PIN transcription and a hypothetical ER-based signaling for the regulation of PIN-dependent transport activity at the ER. Computer simulations of the model revealed its plausibility for generating auxin channels and localized auxin maxima highlighting the possibility of this alternative mechanism for polar auxin transport.
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Abstract
AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) has long been proposed as an auxin receptor to regulate cell expansion. The embryo lethality of ABP1-null mutants demonstrates its fundamental role in plant development, but also hinders investigation of its involvement in post-embryonic processes and its mode of action. By taking advantage of weak alleles and inducible systems, several recent studies have revealed a role for ABP1 in organ development, cell polarization, and shape formation. In addition to its role in the regulation of auxin-induced gene expression, ABP1 has now been shown to modulate non-transcriptional auxin responses. ABP1 is required for activating two antagonizing ROP GTPase signaling pathways involved in cytoskeletal reorganization and cell shape formation, and participates in the regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis to subsequently affect PIN protein distribution. These exciting discoveries provide indisputable evidence for the auxin-induced signaling pathways that are downstream of ABP1 function, and suggest intriguing mechanisms for ABP1-mediated polar cell expansion and spatial coordination in response to auxin.
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Carvalho RF, Campos ML, Pino LE, Crestana SL, Zsögön A, Lima JE, Benedito VA, Peres LEP. Convergence of developmental mutants into a single tomato model system: 'Micro-Tom' as an effective toolkit for plant development research. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:18. [PMID: 21714900 PMCID: PMC3146949 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant is both an economically important food crop and an ideal dicot model to investigate various physiological phenomena not possible in Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to the great diversity of tomato cultivars used by the research community, it is often difficult to reliably compare phenotypes. The lack of tomato developmental mutants in a single genetic background prevents the stacking of mutations to facilitate analysis of double and multiple mutants, often required for elucidating developmental pathways. RESULTS We took advantage of the small size and rapid life cycle of the tomato cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) to create near-isogenic lines (NILs) by introgressing a suite of hormonal and photomorphogenetic mutations (altered sensitivity or endogenous levels of auxin, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and light response) into this genetic background. To demonstrate the usefulness of this collection, we compared developmental traits between the produced NILs. All expected mutant phenotypes were expressed in the NILs. We also created NILs harboring the wild type alleles for dwarf, self-pruning and uniform fruit, which are mutations characteristic of MT. This amplified both the applications of the mutant collection presented here and of MT as a genetic model system. CONCLUSIONS The community resource presented here is a useful toolkit for plant research, particularly for future studies in plant development, which will require the simultaneous observation of the effect of various hormones, signaling pathways and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério F Carvalho
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Campos
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian E Pino
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), USP, Av. Centenário, 303, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone L Crestana
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Joni E Lima
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), USP, Av. Centenário, 303, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, Plant and Soil Sciences Division, West Virginia University, 2090 Agricultural Sciences Building, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Lázaro EP Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
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