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DiClemente RJ. The Emergence of Adolescents as a Risk Group for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/074355489051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolesceents have only recently been identified as a risk group for human immunodeficiencv, virus inifectioni. Limited data suggest that the prevalence of HIV infection among selected adolescent populatiotns is considerable. These data, however, are not generalizable because of the unrepresentative nature of the adolescent populations studied. Surrogate epidemiologic markers for projecting the potential spread of HIV in the adolescent populationi are idenitified. These markers include the prevalence of contraceptive behavior, rate of untinttetided pregnancy, and the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Adolescetits kniowledge, attitudes, atid clanges in AIDS-preventive behavior are described. Psychosocial factors that may influence the adoption and maintenance of AIDS-prev entitie behav iors are identified and discussed. To increase the potentialfor developing the most effective HIV prevention programs, there is a need for greater understanding of the psxychosocial determinants motivating behavior change among adolescents.
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Silencing sexually transmitted infections: topical siRNA-based interventions for the prevention of HIV and HSV. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2014; 2014:125087. [PMID: 24526828 PMCID: PMC3913465 DOI: 10.1155/2014/125087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The global impact of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is significant. The sexual transmission of viruses such as herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) and the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), has been especially difficult to control. To date, no effective vaccines have been developed to prevent the transmission of these STIs. Although antiretroviral drugs have been remarkably successful in treating the symptoms associated with these viral infections, the feasibility of their widespread use for prevention purposes may be more limited. Microbicides might provide an attractive alternative option to reduce their spread. In particular, topically applied small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) have been shown to not only block transmission of viral STIs to mucosal tissues both in vitro and in vivo, but also confer durable knockdown of target gene expression, thereby circumventing the need to apply a microbicide around the time of sexual encounter, when compliance is mostly difficult. Despite numerous clinical trials currently testing the efficacy of siRNA-based therapeutics, they have yet to be approved for use in the treatment of viral STIs. While several obstacles to their successful implementation in the clinic still exist, promising preclinical studies suggest that siRNAs are a viable modality for the future prevention and treatment of HSV and HIV.
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Sahay S, Mehendale S, Sane S, Brahme R, Brown A, Charron K, Beyrer C, Bollinger R, Paranjape R. Correlates of HIV vaccine trial participation: an Indian perspective. Vaccine 2005; 23:1351-8. [PMID: 15661383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful conduct of HIV vaccine trials in a population of great cultural diversity like India could be a challenge. Concerns, knowledge gaps and willingness to participate in future HIV vaccine trials were studied among 349 patients attending three sexually transmitted infections clinics and one reproductive tract infections clinic. Overall willingness to volunteer for HIV vaccine trials was 48%. Women and men at risk of HIV infection were willing to participate in the HIV vaccine trials. Factors associated with increased willingness to participate in these trials were awareness of current HIV vaccine efforts, realization of importance of vaccine for self, concern about adverse events and altruism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Sahay
- National AIDS Research Institute, G-73, MIDC, Bhosari, PO Box 1895, Pune 411026, India.
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Newman PA, Duan N, Rudy ET, Anton PA. Challenges for HIV vaccine dissemination and clinical trial recruitment: if we build it, will they come? AIDS Patient Care STDS 2004; 18:691-701. [PMID: 15659880 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2004.18.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV vaccine availability does not guarantee uptake. Given suboptimal uptake of highly efficacious and already accessible vaccines in the United States, low vaccine coverage in the developing world, and the expectation that initial HIV vaccines will be only partially efficacious, the public health community will face formidable challenges in disseminating U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HIV vaccines. HIV/AIDS stigma, fear of vaccine- induced HIV infection, social side effects of testing HIV-positive, and mistrust of government and research present additional obstacles to HIV vaccine dissemination. Increased risk behaviors because of HIV vaccine availability can undermine the effectiveness of partially efficacious vaccines in reducing HIV incidence. HIV vaccine efficacy trials also face significant challenges in recruitment of sufficient volunteers and possible increases in risk behaviors due to trial participation. Planning and designing interventions to facilitate successful recruitment for large-scale phase 3 efficacy trials is a vital step towards U.S. FDA-approved HIV vaccines. Rather than despair in the face of momentous HIV vaccine dissemination challenges, or presume unrealistically that vaccine uptake will ensue automatically and that risk behavior increases will not occur, let us deem the estimated 10-year window to an approved HIV vaccine as an opportunity to investigate and confront these challenges. A consumer research agenda founded on social marketing principles is needed to facilitate the design of empirically-based interventions tailored to the unique needs and preferences of specific segments of consumers. Social marketing interventions may increase future HIV vaccine uptake and clinical trial participation, and mitigate increases in HIV risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Newman
- Faculty of Social Work, Centre for Applied Social Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Allen M, Israel H, Rybczyk K, Pugliese MA, Loughran K, Wagner L, Erb S. Trial-related discrimination in HIV vaccine clinical trials. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:667-74. [PMID: 11429107 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750236942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Participants in preventive HIV vaccine trials may experience negative social consequences of trial participation, including problems related to a vaccine-induced positive HIV antibody test, yet few vaccine studies have reported on this issue. From October 1995 through November 1998, 1516 AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (AVEG) volunteers were assessed for reports of trial-related discrimination (TRD). Ninety TRD events were reported by 76 (5%) of 1516 volunteers. The most commonly reported incidents (n = 52, 57.8%) were negative reactions of friends, family, and co-workers to the volunteer. Few incidents (approximately 10%) were reported as linked to HIV testing. The majority of events (n = 47, 52%) were described by volunteers as "resolved" at the time of reporting, 36 (40%) as "not resolved," and for 7 (8%) events volunteers did not report resolution status. Reported incidents were analyzed by logistic regression to determine their association with the volunteer's age, sex, race, sexual orientation, and HIV risk category. There was no association between volunteer characteristics and TRD. Logistic regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze association of trial sites with the number of TRD events reported. After controlling for site variation in data collection and reporting, no significant differences were found between the sites in terms of the number or type of TRD reported. Fears that TRD would be widespread and severe have not been borne out by this analysis. While the results of this study are reassuring, they should be interpreted with caution, as it is unclear whether these results may be extended to phase III trials enrolling large numbers of individuals at higher risk of HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Allen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lambert JS, Keefer M, Mulligan MJ, Schwartz D, Mestecky J, Weinhold K, Smith C, Hsieh R, Moldoveanu Z, Fast P, Forrest B, Koff W. A Phase I safety and immunogenicity trial of UBI microparticulate monovalent HIV-1 MN oral peptide immunogen with parenteral boost in HIV-1 seronegative human subjects. Vaccine 2001; 19:3033-42. [PMID: 11311997 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-three HIV-seronegative adults were recruited into a Phase I safety and immunogenicity HIV-1 vaccine trial. The immunogens were as follows: a synthetic, monovalent, octameric HIV-1 MN V3 peptide in aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant administered by intramuscular delivery; and a similar product encapsulated in biodegradable micro-spheres composed of co-polymers of lactic and glycolic acids, administered by the oral route. These were administered in three sequential oral doses, followed by a parenteral boost. No serious adverse experiences were observed. Oral administration of this vaccine, alone or in combination with parenteral boosting, resulted in no significant humoral, cellular, or mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lambert
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD21201, USA.
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7
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Singh M, McGee JP, Li XM, Koff W, Zamb T, Wang CY, O'Hagan DT. Biodegradable microparticles with an entrapped branched octameric peptide as a controlled-release HIV-1 vaccine. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:1229-33. [PMID: 9383731 DOI: 10.1021/js970174n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyactide-co-glycolide microparticles, with an entrapped branched octameric peptide from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), were prepared by a solvent evaporation method. The microparticles were characterized for size distribution, antigen loading level, and integrity. Mice in one group were each immunized with a single dose of a controlled-release microparticle formulation containing 300 micrograms of peptide and the serum IgG responses to the antigen were compared with those of mice from a second group that were immunized at 0, 4, and 26 weeks with 100-microgram doses of the same peptide immunogen adsorbed to alum. The controlled-release microparticles induced an antibody response comparable to that from the alum-immunized group. The subcutaneous and the intramuscular routes of administration were compared in additional groups of mice for the microparticles, and both routes induced similar responses. A suspending vehicle for the microparticles was also evaluated and did not affect the immunogenicity of the controlled-release formulation containing both small and large microparticles, although the immunogenicity of smaller microparticles immunized alone was affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Singh
- United Biomedical, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, USA
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Okuda K, Xin KO, Tsuji T, Bukawa H, Tanaka S, Koff WC, Tani K, Okuda K, Honma K, Kawamoto S, Hamajima K, Fukushima J. DNA vaccination followed by macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccination against HIV-1 induces strong antigen-specific immunity. Vaccine 1997; 15:1049-56. [PMID: 9269046 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The induction of a strong and long-lasting immunity characterized by both a humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) response is one of the most important considerations in developing an effective HIV vaccine. In previous studies, we have independently developed both DNA vaccine and macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccine (VC1) candidates. In the present study, we attempted to optimize the vaccination protocol using mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and Macaca fuscata monkeys. Repeated vaccination with VC1 induced a substantial level of multivalent antibodies which neutralized various HIV-1 strains, as determined using a p24 inhibition assay. On the other hand, repeated immunization with DNA vaccine induced and sustained high levels of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In addition, when DNA vaccination was followed by multicomponent peptide vaccination, levels of both humoral immunity and CMI increased, and this effect continued for at least 10 months. These data clearly demonstrate that for inducing HIV-1 specific immunity, immunization with DNA vaccine followed by VC1 boosting produces better results than immunizing with either vaccine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okuda
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
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9
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de Martino M, Galli L, Guarino Amato A, Vierucci A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, clinical trials and ethics in paediatrics. ACTA PAEDIATRICA (OSLO, NORWAY : 1992). SUPPLEMENT 1997; 421:78-85. [PMID: 9240864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Children are not little adults and questions regarding their treatment must be directly addressed to children. Phase I and II trials should closely follow those in adults, integrated by separate studies in infants. Phase III trials should be carried out in a parallel fashion, flexible enough to be modifiable according to results from larger studies in adults. On condition that study designs are ethically impeccable and are respectful of the intrinsic social weakness of children, as many children as possible should enter clinical trials to offer wide access to drugs and ensure that questions are addressed as rapidly and efficiently as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Martino
- Institute of Paediatrics and Obstetrics, University of Chieti, Italy
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Schultz AM. Changing paradigms for an HIV vaccine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 397:79-90. [PMID: 8718586 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1382-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Schultz
- Vaccine and Prevention Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
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The preparation, characterization and pre-clinical evaluation of an orally administered HIV-I vaccine, consisting of a branched peptide immunogen entrapped in controlled release microparticles. J Control Release 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00052-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Okuda K, Bukawa H, Hamajima K, Kawamoto S, Sekigawa K, Yamada Y, Tanaka S, Ishi N, Aoki I, Nakamura M. Induction of potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following direct injection of DNA encoding the HIV type 1 env and rev gene products. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:933-43. [PMID: 7492440 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have the potential of giving rise to a potent cell-mediated immune response by inducing intracellular synthesis and subsequent antigenic presentation of encoded antigens. We have tested a DNA vaccine specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by the injection of animals with expression plasmids encoding the HIV-1 envelope protein and the Rev regulatory protein. Injection of both plasmids into mice, rabbits, or macaques was found to induce high levels of specific antibodies capable of efficiently inhibiting both HIV-1 infection and envelope-mediated cell fusion. A readily detectable delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response was demonstrable in injected mice and lymphocytes derived from these proliferated in response to an HIV-1 envelope V3 loop-specific peptide. Interestingly, the injected mice or macaques also developed a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against target cells pulsed with the V3 peptide. Taken together, these data demonstrate that injection of HIV-1 gene expression plasmids can induce potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and suggest that DNA vaccines may prove to be significantly beneficial as a means of immunizing against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okuda
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
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Debiaggi M, Bruno R, Carlevari M, Achilli G, Emanuelli B, Cereda PM, Romero E, Filice G. HIV type 1 intraperitoneal infection of rabbits permits early detection of serum antibodies to Gag, Pol, and Env proteins, neutralizing antibodies, and proviral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:287-96. [PMID: 7742042 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is the development of an animal model useful for studying HIV-1 pathogenesis, candidate vaccines, and antiviral drugs. Aseptic thioglycolate peritonitis was induced in six rabbits. After 4 days, four rabbits were infected with 1 ml of HIV-1 stock containing 100 times the MID50. Blood samples were collected every 2 weeks for 8 months. Serum antibodies were tested by ELISA, using as antigen the recombinant protein p24; synthetic peptides of highly conserved regions of p31, gp41, and gp120; and a synthetic peptide of gp120 at the V3 loop region of HIV-1 strains IIIB and MN. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies were tested by a microscale neutralization assay. Proviral DNA was detected by PCR, and virus isolation was performed by a cocultivation technique using primary rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). All infected rabbits produced antibodies to HIV-1 proteins within 2 weeks and up to 8 months after virus infection. Serum antibodies were directed against the Env (gp120 and gp41), Gag (p24), and Pol (p31) proteins and against two synthetic peptides whose sequence corresponds to gp120 at the V3 loop region of HIV-1 strains IIIB and MN. Neutralizing antibodies were also detected in the sera of infected animals. Proviral DNA was detected in PBMCs by PCR within 4 weeks and up to 8 months after HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 was also isolated from PBMCs of infected animals at 30, 60, and 120 days after infection. Results obtained indicate that HIV-1 intraperitoneal infection of the rabbit permits the early detection of serum antibodies to Gag, Pol, and Env proteins, neutralizing antibodies, and proviral DNA sequences from PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Debiaggi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Pavia, Italy
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Fast PE, Sawyer LA, Wescott SL. Clinical considerations in vaccine trials with special reference to candidate HIV vaccines. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 6:97-134. [PMID: 7551256 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P E Fast
- Vaccine and Prevention Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Pietrobon
- Connaught Laboratories, Inc., Swiftwater, Pennsylvania 18370, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Koff
- United Biomedical, Hauppauge, NY 11790
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McElrath MJ, Rabin M, Hoffman M, Klucking S, Garcia JV, Greenberg PD. Evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses utilizing B-lymphoblastoid cell lines transduced with the CD4 gene and infected with HIV-1. J Virol 1994; 68:5074-83. [PMID: 8035507 PMCID: PMC236450 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.8.5074-5083.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) capable of killing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected targets is essential for elucidating the basis for HIV-1 disease progression and the potential efficacy of candidate vaccines. The use of primary CD4+ T cells with variable infectivity as targets for such studies has significant limitations, and immortal autologous cells with high levels of CD4 expression that can be consistently infected with HIV-1 would be of much greater utility. Therefore, we transduced Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) with a retroviral vector, LT4SN, containing the human CD4 gene. Stable LCL in which more than 95% of cells expressed membrane CD4 were obtained. Aliquots were infected with HIV-1, and, after 4 to 7 days, nearly all of the cells contained cytoplasmic gag and produced high levels of p24 antigen. The ability of major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8+ CTL to lyse such HIV-1-infected CD4-transduced LCL (LCL-CD4HIV-1) was evaluated. These autologous targets were lysed by CTL generated from an HIV-1-uninfected vaccinee over a broad range of effector-to-target ratios. Similarly, the LCL-CD4HIV-1 were efficiently lysed by fresh circulating CTL from HIV-1-infected individuals, as well as by CTL activated by in vitro stimulation. Both HIV-1 env- and gag-specific CTL effectors lysed LCL-CD4HIV-1, consistent with the cellular expression of both HIV-1 genes. The LCL-CD4HIV also functioned as stimulator cells, and thus are capable of amplifying CTL against multiple HIV-1 gene products in HIV-1-infected individuals. The ability to produce HIV-1-susceptible autologous immortalized cell lines that can be employed as target cells should enable a more detailed evaluation of vaccine-induced CTL against both homologous and disparate HIV-1 strains. Furthermore, the use of LCL-CD4HIV-1 should facilitate the analysis of the range of HIV-1 gene products recognized by CTL in seropositive persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McElrath
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
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Cernescu CE. AIDS vaccines and adjuvant formulations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1994; 16:369-79. [PMID: 7927981 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)90023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The AIDS epidemic is too large to continue ignoring prevention programs that appear to work. In this review the promising experimental immunogens and how close they are to the optimal requirements for a preventive vaccine are presented. Adjuvants and adjuvant formulations (mainly mixtures of adjuvants with suitable vehicles) can help in solving some specific problems of AIDS vaccines: overcome the variable nature of HIV subtypes, generate both antibody and T-cell response, induce mucosal immunity, avoid enhancing or autoimmune antibodies and distinguish vaccine-induced seropositivity from natural HIV infection. The following categories of adjuvants are discussed: alum, other mineral and bacterial cell-wall derived adjuvants, cytokines, carriers and vehicles. Although many specific mechanisms of the relative effectiveness of adjuvants have been clarified by recent advances in basic immunology the best adjuvant formulation remains largely empirical. A standardized protocol for preclinical testing of adjuvants for AIDS vaccines is a priority task.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cernescu
- St. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
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Meyers K, Metzger DS, Navaline H, Woody GE, McLellan AT. HIV vaccine trials: will intravenous drug users enroll? Am J Public Health 1994; 84:761-6. [PMID: 8179045 PMCID: PMC1615033 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.84.5.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the willingness of intravenous drug users to participate in a preventive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine efficacy trial. METHODS Of the 347 intravenous drug users in methadone treatment who were approached for participation, 257 completed a battery of self-administered questionnaires assessing risk behaviors, interest in vaccine trials, and other vaccine-related information. Data from 16 known seropositives and 1 inconsistent responder were dropped from analyses (n = 240). RESULTS Fifty-two percent of the subjects expressed a willingness to be one of the first individuals to participate in a preventive HIV vaccine efficacy trial. Subjects who had recently shared needles or works and subjects who trusted the government to ensure vaccine safety were both twice as likely to report interest in participation. Twenty-two percent of subjects reported that they would increase needle sharing if vaccinated. Thirty percent did not know what a vaccine was. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that some in-treatment intravenous drug users would volunteer for a preventive HIV vaccine efficacy trial. Education and counseling will be required to ensure that subjects fully understand the trial's purposes, methods, risks and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Meyers
- Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania/Philadelphia Department of Veterans Affairs 19104
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20
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Letvin NL, Reimann KA, Yasutomi Y, Ringler DJ, Yamamoto H. The SIVmac specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in the acutely infected rhesus monkey. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994; 188:175-84. [PMID: 7924426 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78536-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N L Letvin
- Harvard Medical School, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772-9102
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21
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Neyts J, De Clercq E. Efficacy of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine for the treatment of lethal vaccinia virus infections in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice. J Med Virol 1993; 41:242-6. [PMID: 8263505 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890410312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice inoculated intravenously with vaccinia virus (VV) became sick within 6-8 days and died 10-12 days after infection. Tail lesions developed and the number depended on the virus inoculum. Age-matched immunocompetent NMRI mice similarly infected also developed tail lesions but did not become sick. When the infected SCID mice were treated with the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate HPMPC [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine], either for 5 consecutive days starting on the day of infection or for 5 consecutive days starting on day 2, 4, or 6 post infection, or as a single dose at 7 days or 1 day before infection, VV-associated death was significantly delayed. VV-infected SCID mice that received two doses of 20 mg/kg of HPMPC every week survived the infection for about 130 days. The period during which the mice remained disease-free following HPMPC treatment correlated with the absence of detectable virus in their organs. The VV/SCID mouse model employed here may be useful for determining whether (attenuated) recombinant VV (carrying HIV genes) may have detrimental effects in the immunodeficient host. HPMPC may be considered as a drug candidate for the treatment and prophylaxis of such complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Bollinger RC, Quinn TC, Liu AY, Stanhope PE, Hammond SA, Viveen R, Clements ML, Siliciano RF. Cytokines from vaccine-induced HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes: effects on viral replication. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:1067-77. [PMID: 7906131 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins have been cloned from HIV-1-seronegative human volunteers immunized with HIV-1 gp160-based candidate vaccines. Although vaccine-induced CTLs can potentially contribute to the antiviral response by direct lysis of infected cells, these CTLs may also produce cytokines that alter HIV-1 gene expression in other infected cells present in the microenvironment where CTL-target cell interactions occur. Vaccine-induced CTL clones were therefore examined for production of cytokines that affect HIV-1 gene expression in chronically infected T lymphocytic and promonocytic cell lines. Enhancement of HIV-1 gene expression was observed with supernatants from CD4+ CTL clones and with supernatants from a subset of CD8+ CTL clones. For each clone studied, upregulation of HIV-1 gene expression in chronically infected T cell lines resulted from the antigen-specific release by CTLs of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). CD4+ and CD8+ CTLs that released TNF-alpha on antigen stimulation were also shown to express a biologically active 26-kDa transmembrane form of TNF-alpha, which was sufficient to induce upregulation of HIV-1 gene expression in chronically infected T cells placed in direct contact with the CTLs. Supernatants from antigen-activated, vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ CTLs also caused upregulation of HIV-1 gene expression in chronically infected promonocytic cells. A subset of CD8+ CTL clones also produced a soluble factor(s) that inhibited HIV-1 replication in acutely infected autologous CD4+ blasts. Supernatants from CD4+ CTLs had no effect on HIV-1 replication in acutely infected CD4+ blasts. These results suggest that cytokine production as well as cytolytic activity should be evaluated in the analysis of the potential antiviral effects of vaccine-induced CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Bollinger
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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23
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Reina S, Markham P, Gard E, Rayed F, Reitz M, Gallo RC, Varnier OE. Serological, biological, and molecular characterization of New Zealand white rabbits infected by intraperitoneal inoculation with cell-free human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1993; 67:5367-74. [PMID: 7688823 PMCID: PMC237937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.9.5367-5374.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of a small laboratory animal model suitable for the evaluation of methods for prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection would be a valuable resource for AIDS research. Here we describe the infection of a strain of domestic rabbits by intraperitoneal inoculation with cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Evidence of infection includes the presence of an immune response that has persisted for almost 3 years and the detection of an reisolation of infectious virus from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and other tissues during the first 2 years. Typical viral proteins, DNA and RNA patterns, were observed in rabbit PBMCs and in cells infected by cocultivation with rabbit PBMCs. While a number of possible pathological changes were evaluated in infected rabbits, the presence of changes in lymph node structure similar to those reported in infected humans merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reina
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, School of Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
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24
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Okuda K, Kaneko T, Yamakawa T, Tanaka S, Shigematsu T, Yamamoto A, Hamajima K, Nakajima K, Kawamoto S, Phanuphak P. Strong immunogenicity of a multicomponent peptide vaccine developed with the branched lysine oligopeptide method for human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Mol Recognit 1993; 6:101-9. [PMID: 8060667 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.300060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized one V3 peptide each from HTLV-IIIB, Thai A and Thai B, conjugating them to the T cell epitope of the env region, and we also synthesized a p17 protein peptide of the gag region (HGP-30). These peptides were then coupled to 8-lysine copolymers using N-succinimidyl maleimido carboxylate (M(r) = ca 60,000). We designated this the branched lysine oligopeptide method. The large peptide complexes constructed from these four macromolecular peptides were used with aluminium hydroxide or complete Freund's adjuvant to immunize mice and rabbits four times. ELISA assay showed high titres of anti-peptide antibodies to each V3 loop peptide and the HGP-30 peptide. Strong inhibition of CD4+ dependent cell fusion was obtained with these antisera when IIIB, Thai A and Thai B strains of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were used. Strong anti-fusion inhibition was also observed with two other HIV strains. In addition, an increase of the anti-HIV effect was observed when we used sera obtained by multicomponent vaccine immunization. The same kind of inhibition was also observed in p24 assay systems using these immunized antisera. Activation of IL-2 production in lymphocytes was observed in mice immunized with this vaccine. These results suggest that immunization with macromolecular peptide complexes can result in strong immunogenicity towards HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okuda
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Fukuura, Japan
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25
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Kovacs JA, Vasudevachari MB, Easter M, Davey RT, Falloon J, Polis MA, Metcalf JA, Salzman N, Baseler M, Smith GE. Induction of humoral and cell-mediated anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) responses in HIV sero-negative volunteers by immunization with recombinant gp160. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:919-28. [PMID: 7688766 PMCID: PMC294931 DOI: 10.1172/jci116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine for prevention of infection with HIV would provide an important mechanism for controlling the AIDS epidemic. In the current study, the first clinical trial of a candidate HIV-1 vaccine initiated in the United States, the safety and immunogenicity of escalating doses (10-1,280 micrograms) of recombinant gp160 (rgp160), were evaluated in 138 HIV-negative volunteers. Maximal antibody responses, as evaluated by ELISA, were seen after immunization with three doses of 1,280 micrograms rgp160. Responses to some specific epitopes of HIV gp160, including the second conserved domain and the CD4 binding site, were seen more frequently than after natural infection. Neutralizing antibodies to the homologous HIV strain, but not heterologous strains, were induced by this regimen. Blastogenic responses to rgp160 were seen in most volunteers receiving at least two doses of > or = 20 micrograms. These envelope-specific T cell responses were also seen against heterologous strains of HIV. No major adverse reactions were seen after immunization. Thus, rgp160 is a safe and immunogenic candidate HIV vaccine; further studies are needed to determine if it will provide any clinical benefit in preventing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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26
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Abstract
Development of a preventive immunogen for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a national priority. The complexities associated with HIV host-virus interactions, coupled with the rapid progression of the HIV epidemic worldwide, have necessitated lowering expectations for an HIV vaccine that is 100 percent effective and have raised important scientific and nonscientific issues regarding development and use of preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Haynes
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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27
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Vitu C, Russo P, Vignoni M. [Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: trial of an adjuvant vaccine preparation. II. Study of the antibody response]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 16:137-44. [PMID: 8391412 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(93)90006-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In an experiment of vaccination against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), the antibody response in three groups of young goats was followed by AGIDT, ELISA, seroneutralization, western blot. Goats of group I, inoculated with inactivated virus mixed with adjuvant, showed a few weeks after vaccination a high antibody response, clearly enhanced after infectious intraarticular challenge. These antibodies did not protect against arthritis, which appeared more severe in this group. In the other groups (group II, control adjuvant, with the weakest clinical expression, group III, control tissue culture medium), the levels of circulating antibodies appeared much lower. No neutralizing antibodies could be detected during the whole experiment. A western blot analysis revealed mainly in group I a high antibody response against gp 135 antigen. The important immune reaction might be involved in enhancement of viral infectivity in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vitu
- CNEVA, Laboratoire de Pathologie des Petits Ruminants et des Abeilles, Biot, France
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28
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Mosier DE, Gulizia RJ, MacIsaac PD, Corey L, Greenberg PD. Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection of SCID mice reconstituted with peripheral blood leukocytes from donors vaccinated with vaccinia gp160 and recombinant gp160. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:2443-7. [PMID: 8460155 PMCID: PMC46103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.6.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SCID mice reconstituted with adult human peripheral blood leukocytes (hu-PBL-SCID mice) make antigen-specific human antibody responses following secondary immunization and can be infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), suggesting that they might prove useful for evaluating protective immunity to HIV-1 following vaccination of PBL donors. HIV-seronegative volunteers were immunized with vaccinia expressing HIV-1LAV-1/Bru 160-kDa envelope glycoprotein (vaccinia gp160) and subsequently given booster injections of recombinant gp160 protein (rgp160). Their PBLs were used at intervals of 4-72 weeks after booster injections to construct hu-PBL-SCID mice, which were then challenged with 10(2)-10(3) minimal animal infectious doses of highly homologous HIV-1IIIB. Control hu-PBL-SCID mice were constructed from donors receiving vaccinia, alum, or hepatitis B vaccine. Protection against virus infection was defined as the absence of HIV-1 by culture and no detection of proviral genomes following PCR amplification. Control animals were highly susceptible to HIV infection. By contrast, hu-PBL-SCID mice reconstituted with cells from three of four donors immunized with vaccinia gp160 and recently injected with rgp160 showed no evidence of HIV-1 infection by culture or PCR assays. With increasing time after rgp160 injection, the ability of vaccine-derived hu-PBL-SCID mice to resist HIV-1 infection diminished. These results demonstrate that a potentially protective human immune response was stimulated by this HIV gp160 immunization protocol and show the utility of the hu-PBL-SCID model in the rapid evaluation of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Mosier
- Division of Immunology, Medical Biology Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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29
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Yasutomi Y, Reimann KA, Lord CI, Miller MD, Letvin NL. Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ lymphocyte response in acutely infected rhesus monkeys. J Virol 1993; 67:1707-11. [PMID: 8437240 PMCID: PMC237548 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.3.1707-1711.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the possible role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in containing the spread of human immunodeficiency virus in acutely infected individuals, the temporal evolution of the virus-specific CD8+ lymphocyte response was defined in simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac)-infected rhesus monkeys. A brief period of SIVmac plasma antigenemia was seen 9 to 16 days following intravenous infection with SIVmac, ending as the absolute number of CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) increased. In a prospective assessment of the ability of CD8+ lymphocytes of these monkeys to suppress SIVmac replication in autologous PBLs, inhibitory activity was detected as early as 4 days, with a more pronounced effect 12 to 16 days following infection. SIVmac Gag- and Nef-specific CD8+ effector cell activities were demonstrable in PBLs of animals by 2 weeks following virus inoculation. In fact, SIVmac-specific CTL precursors were documented in the PBLs of rhesus monkeys 4 to 6 days after SIVmac infection. These studies indicate that AIDS virus-specific CD8+ CTLs are present in PBLs within days of infection and may play an important role in containing the early spread of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yasutomi
- Harvard Medical School, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102
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30
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Shafferman A, Lewis MG, McCutchan FE, Benveniste RE, Jahrling PB, Burke DS, Eddy GA. Prevention of transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus from vaccinated macaques that developed transient virus infection following challenge. Vaccine 1993; 11:848-52. [PMID: 8356845 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90360-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Macaque immunization with a mixture of four SIV peptides from conserved hydrophilic envelope regions has been shown to prevent virus persistence following challenge with SIVmne/E11s. Data shown here demonstrate that lymph node cells from all vaccinated monkeys and peripheral blood lymphocytes from one of the vaccinees were positive in a SIV-pol 'nested' polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification analysis. However, by 37 months after infection, all immunized monkeys were healthy while two of three controls had died and the remaining animal was virus culture-positive and had declining CD4+ lymphocytes. Viable lymph node cells and peripheral lymphoid cells in blood were transferred from the three immunized macaques to individual susceptible macaques. As a control for the transfer, one of the vaccine experiment controls that was actively producing virus in its peripheral blood was used. None of the recipients of cells from the vaccinated macaques seroconverted and all were virus coculture- and PCR-negative 25 weeks post-transfer (p.t.). The recipient of cells from the control infected macaque became positive in these tests by 2-3 weeks p.t. These results suggest that, while peptide-vaccinated macaques permitted some level of SIV replication following challenge, the vaccine prevented disease progression and virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shafferman
- Department of Biochemistry, Israel Institute of Biological Research
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31
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Shimizu N, Takeuchi Y, Naruse T, Inagaki M, Moriyama E, Gojobori T, Hoshino H. Six strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolated in Japan and their molecular phylogeny. J Mol Evol 1992; 35:329-36. [PMID: 1404418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00161170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Five strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were isolated from five Japanese hemophilia patients. Two isolates, HIV-1[GUN-1] and HIV-1[GUN-2], were from brother patients with hemophilia B and the other three isolates, HIV-1[GUN-3], HIV-1[GUN-4], and HIV-1[GUN-5], were from hemophilia A patients. Another HIV-1 strain, HIV-1[GUN-6], was isolated from a Canadian male homosexual with AIDS. The restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of the proviral genomes of these six HIV-1 strains revealed that they were apparently different from each other. The phylogenetic trees constructed using restriction maps and nucleotide sequences were quite similar, indicating that phylogenetic analyses of Japanese HIV-1 isolates can be done using restriction maps of the proviruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that they were more closely related to HIV-1s which had been reported to be isolated from homosexual patients in the United States than those isolated from African patients. In particular, GUN-1 and GUN-2 isolates were on the branch of a San Francisco isolate, ARV2, while GUN-5 and GUN-6 isolates were on the branch of HTLV-IIIB-related isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shimizu
- Department of Hygiene, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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32
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Spouge JL. Statistical analysis of sparse infection data and its implications for retroviral treatment trials in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:7581-5. [PMID: 1323844 PMCID: PMC49754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports on retroviral primate trials rarely publish any statistical analysis. Present statistical methodology lacks appropriate tests for these trials and effectively discourages quantitative assessment. This paper describes the theory behind VACMAN, a user-friendly computer program that calculates statistics for in vitro and in vivo infectivity data. VACMAN's analysis applies to many retroviral trials using i.v. challenges and is valid whenever the viral dose-response curve has a particular shape. Statistics from actual i.v. retroviral trials illustrate some unappreciated principles of effective animal use: dilutions other than 1:10 can improve titration accuracy; infecting titration animals at the lowest doses possible can lower challenge doses; and finally, challenging test animals in small trials with more virus than controls safeguards against false successes, "reuses" animals, and strengthens experimental conclusions. The theory presented also explains the important concept of viral saturation, a phenomenon that may cause in vitro and in vivo titrations to agree for some retroviral strains and disagree for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Spouge
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894
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33
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Siliciano RF, Bollinger RC, Callahan KM, Hammond SA, Liu AY, Miskovsky EP, Rowell JF, Stanhope PE. Clonal analysis of T-cell responses to the HIV-1 envelope proteins in AIDS vaccine recipients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:1349-52. [PMID: 1361352 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both CD4+ and CD8+ CTL responses specific for the HIV-1 envelope proteins can be elicited in seronegative humans by candidate AIDS vaccines. The phenotype of the responding CTL depends upon the nature of the vaccine, with CD8+ CTL being found exclusively in recipients of live virus vaccines. Both types of CTL are active against HIV-1-infected cells in vitro. However, the potential efficacy of vaccine-induced CTL in preventing infection in vaccinated individuals exposed to HIV-1 is unknown and is likely to be dependent upon complex factors including lytic activity against divergent strains, cytokines produced, and the lysis of noninfected CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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34
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Ugen KE, Goedert JJ, Boyer J, Refaeli Y, Frank I, Williams WV, Willoughby A, Landesman S, Mendez H, Rubinstein A. Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Reactivity of maternal sera with glycoprotein 120 and 41 peptides from HIV type 1. J Clin Invest 1992; 89:1923-30. [PMID: 1601999 PMCID: PMC295892 DOI: 10.1172/jci115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that approximately 70% of HIV-infected pregnant women do not transmit infection vertically suggests that antibody therapy may be effective in the prevention of transmission of HIV infection from mother to child. Currently, there is an incomplete understanding of the processes involved in vertical transmission of HIV infection. The elucidation of the serological basis of maternal immunity as it relates to protection from vertical transmission is the goal of this study. We have screened 20 maternal sera from HIV+ individuals of known vertical transmission status for reactivity with 31 peptides spanning the entire envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1. Of interest was reactivity to regions outside of the V3 loop of gp120. The findings have been examined in relationship to transmission status, as well as to in vitro anti-HIV-1 biological activity. Our results indicate that lack of vertical transmission is correlated with high viral neutralization activity, but not with antisyncytial activity nor with binding to the V3 peptides examined in this study. Also, the transmission group bound to fewer gp41 peptides when compared with the nontransmission group, suggesting that immune responses to gp41 may be important in preventing transmission. These findings may provide insights into the design of passive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Ugen
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Pennsylvania
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35
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Posner MR, Elboim HS, Cannon T, Cavacini L, Hideshima T. Functional activity of an HIV-1 neutralizing IgG human monoclonal antibody: ADCC and complement-mediated lysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:553-8. [PMID: 1381201 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The IgG1 kappa, human monoclonal antibody (HMAb), F105, was studied for functional activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). F105 reacts with a discontinuous epitope on the CD4 binding site of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, expressed on the surfaces of infected cells and neutralizes diverse viral strains at antibody concentrations readily achievable in humans. Neither F105 nor serum (diluted 1:50) from HIV seropositive donors mediate CDC against an SF2-infected cell line with rabbit or human sera as a source of complement. F105 and HIV-1 sera mediate ADCC against the SF2 strain. Normal human serum reduced spontaneous lysis of SF2 by peripheral blood monocytes (PBM). Although mixing of F105 with normal human serum reduced the lysis observed (36 +/- 8 vs. 42 +/- 8%), this still was significantly greater than lysis in media (30 +/- 5%) or normal human serum (23 +/- 6%) (p less than .05). A murine antibody to CD16 significantly reduced spontaneous lysis observed with media (30 +/- 5 vs. 18 +/- 3%) while normal mouse serum had no effect (31 +/- 7%). ADCC mediated by F105 is completely abrogated by the anti-CD16 antibody (42 +/- 8 vs. 22 +/- 4%), while only a fraction of ADCC mediated by HIV sera is inhibited by anti-CD16 (60 +/- 9 vs. 46 +/- 6%), suggesting that several populations of effector cells function in ADCC mediated by the polyclonal sera. Thus, F105, as opposed to polyclonal sera, mediates ADCC through a CD16+ PBM population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Posner
- Department of Medicine, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA
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36
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Phillips NC. Impaired stimulation of anti-bovine serum albumin IgG antibodies by vaccine adjuvants in murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY 1992; 4:209-18. [PMID: 1599706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of three adjuvants - alum, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), and liposomes - on the IgG antibody isotype response to bovine serum albumin (BSA), was determined in normal and LP-BM5 retrovirus infected C57BL/6 mice. Alum and MDP induced comparable levels of IgG antibodies in normal mice (predominantly IgG1 (greater than 90%)), whereas liposomes induced IgG1 (60%), IgG2a/b (30%) and IgG3 (10%) antibodies. IgG antibody levels using liposomes as adjuvant were five-fold higher than those observed with alum or MDP. Immunization after LP-BM5 infection significantly reduced the effectiveness of alum and MDP, IgG antibody levels being reduced by 80 and 90% at 3 or 7 weeks respectively. The adjuvant activity of liposomes was reduced by 55 and 65% when immunization was started 3 or 7 weeks post LP-BM5 infection. Boosting of pre-immune mice with BSA and alum, MDP or liposomes 3 weeks after LP-BM5 infection showed that, while the magnitude of the antibody response and isotype distribution was not affected, the persistence of the response was severely diminished compared to control, non-infected mice. The reduced immunoadjuvant activity correlated with a reduction in the frequency of splenic Thy1.2+/CD4+ T cells. These results demonstrated that liposomes were more effective than alum or MDP in inducing IgG antibodies, and that immunoadjuvant activity for prophylactic or therapeutic immunization for all 3 adjuvants was significantly impaired by retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Phillips
- Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Quebec, Canada
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37
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Karzon DT, Bolognesi DP, Koff WC. Development of a vaccine for the prevention of AIDS, a critical appraisal. Vaccine 1992; 10:1039-52. [PMID: 1281948 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and clinical expression of HIV-1 infection in humans is considered in terms of classical pathogenetic studies of viral infections for which successful vaccines have been produced. The unique features of HIV pathogenesis are defined, and gaps in knowledge identified as a framework for considering designs for immune intervention. Envelope-derived candidate vaccines have been used in immunization and challenge experiments in SIV/macaque or HIV/chimpanzee models, presented either as vaccinia recombinant vectors or as subunits, singly or in sequence. These studies have been paralleled by clinical trials for safety and immunogenicity in seronegative individuals. Data generated will permit comparison of immune responses to specific antigens and delivery systems in animal models and in humans. In limited studies conducted under optimized conditions, non-human primates have been protected against virus challenge when immunized with some candidate vaccines or following passive transfer of high-titred antibody. Consideration of current information suggests that in order to prevent HIV infection it may be necessary to devise new strategies capable of inducing and maintaining high threshold titres of biologically relevant antibody as well as persistence of active cytotoxic T cells recognizing multiple epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Karzon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232
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38
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Layne SP, Dembo M. The auto-regulation model: a unified concept of how HIV regulates its infectivity, pathogenesis and persistence. Int Rev Immunol 1992; 8:1-32. [PMID: 1573317 DOI: 10.3109/08830189209056638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of HIV can be divided into two distinct stages: intracellular and extracellular. The prevailing view is that the intracellular stage provides the only locus for regulating the virus in response to physiologic stimuli. Such regulation is accomplished by modulating the rates of transcription, translation and viral assembly. The extracellular stage consists of physical processes such as diffusion, adhesion and penetration of cells by viral particles. These latter processes are commonly thought to be "automatic" and not subject to regulation. For the past several years, we have developed means of more carefully measuring and characterizing the extracellular stage of HIV infection, and we have obtained evidence indicating that novel regulatory processes do, in fact, take place during this extracellular stage. We believe that this extracellular regulation permits HIV to adapt to a wide range of physiologic cell densities, to maintain persistent but slow growing infection, and to defeat the protective activity of humoral blockers. The overall purpose of this review is to consider our evidence for this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Layne
- Theoretical Division, University of California, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545
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39
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Carelli C, Halbreich A, Bernard J, Bizzini B, Achour A, Zagury JF, Lebon P, Polliotti B, Folghera S, Laaroubi K. Immunogenicity of combined anti-HIV and anti-suppressive vaccine preparations. Biomed Pharmacother 1992; 46:149-53. [PMID: 1421046 DOI: 10.1016/0753-3322(92)90022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 antigens generate in man both a humoral and cellular immune reaction. However, in ARC/AIDS patients, the cellular response is inhibited by HIV-1 which induces an antiproliferative (suppressive) effect on activated T cells. To overcome this inhibition and up-regulate the cellular response, we designed a new vaccine strategy directed both against HIV-1 and immunosuppression and we used an immunizing preparation composed of HIV-1 antigens combined with immunoregulatory peptides prepared in a biologically inactivated but immunogenic form. In mice, this preparation induced anti-HIV-1 antibodies and a cell-mediated cytotoxicity directed against H2 restricted cells carrying HIV-1 antigens.
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40
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Picard O, Bernard J, Lachgar A, Fall L, Carlotti M, Achour A, Carelli C, Salaun JJ, Mbika JP, Lurhuma Z. Removal of gp160 induced bio-hazards for a safe AIDS vaccine candidate. Biomed Pharmacother 1992; 46:353-7. [PMID: 1292645 DOI: 10.1016/0753-3322(92)90303-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the first AIDS vaccine trial, immunizing preparations were based on HIV-1 Env protein (gp160). Immunogenic properties of gp160 which trigger both a humoral and cellular immune response have since justified its use in various vaccine programs, both past and present. Many reports however have underlined deleterious effects on the immune system--anti-HIV-1 enhanced antibodies, anti-CD4 autoantibodies, and inhibition of T cell activation by HIV-1--particularly associated with the Env protein. The present study shows that gp160 presented in a biologically inactivated but immunogenic form, as used in our trial, could avoid these complications. Bio-hazards associated with gp160 which indeed could be removed by appropriate treatment of the native protein, should be taken into consideration in AIDS vaccine programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Picard
- Hôpital St Antoine (Service du Prof Inbert), Paris
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41
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Wang CY, Looney DJ, Li ML, Walfield AM, Ye J, Hosein B, Tam JP, Wong-Staal F. Long-term high-titer neutralizing activity induced by octameric synthetic HIV-1 antigen. Science 1991; 254:285-8. [PMID: 1925584 DOI: 10.1126/science.254.5029.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A titer for homologous viral neutralization activity (greater than 1:19,683) was observed after a 3.5-year immunization period with an octameric, branching peptide representing the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1IIIB envelope protein. Booster immunizations elicited persistent and potent antibodies in guinea pigs, exceeding responses produced by a conventional bovine serum albumin conjugate by 100-fold. Peptide length, central presentation of a conserved sequence, and inclusion of an upstream sequence contributed to immunogenicity. Titers (greater than 1:1,000) of heterotypic neutralizing antibodies also developed. Octameric PND peptides are a promising approach for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Wang
- United Biomedical, Inc., Lake Success, NY 11042
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42
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Wang C, Looney D, Li M, Walfield A, Ye J, Hosein B, Tam J, Wong-Staal F. Long-term high-titer neutralizing activity induced by octameric synthetic HIV-1 antigen. Science 1991. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1925584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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43
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Louie SG, Jaresko GS. Biological Agents in Infectious Diseases. J Pharm Pract 1991. [DOI: 10.1177/089719009100400505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the use of classical as well as novel immunological agents to augment the immune system. Strategies to prevent infectious disease using vaccines to prime the immune system are discussed. A prospective overview of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine development provides insights into the possible agents that may be developed in the near future. The rationale for the use of intravenous immunoglobulin and colony stimulating factors in selected clinical situations is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan G. Louie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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44
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Metlas R, Veljkovic V, Paladini RD, Pongor S. Protein and DNA-sequence homologies between the V3-loop of human immunodeficiency virus type I envelope protein gp120 and immunoglobulin variable regions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179:1056-62. [PMID: 1898386 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We found that a common amino acid sequence motif exists between the V3-loop region of the human immunodeficiency virus type I envelope protein HIV gp120 and the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions of subclass III (Ig VH-III). In the Ig VH-III sequences, the common motif overlaps with framework-1, complementarity-determining-region-1 and framework-2. In the homologous regions, the two groups of sequences also have a similar distribution of residue variability. On the DNA sequence level, the homology includes the conserved rearrangement signals of the VH-III genes, which lends support to the speculation that the V3 region of gp120 also may be involved in rearrangement processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Metlas
- Boris Kidric Institute, Beograd, Yugoslavia
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45
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Abstract
The epidemiology of AIDS reflects interactions among biological, psychological and social factors. The immune response to the infectious agent is relatively ineffectual; the course of the disease it produces is chronic. The long interval between HIV infection and the appearance of clinical disease maximizes "silent" transmission. The infection is transmitted behaviourally; that is, primarily via specific sexual acts and contaminated paraphernalia employed by IV drug users. The virus entered human populations in an era when such behaviours had become very much more prevalent in response to social change. The public health response to the epidemic was seriously compromised by the stigma attached to the persons victimized by the disease; thus, the mobilization of adequate resources was markedly delayed. Irrational fears of contamination led to proposals for mandatory population-wide screening, in utter disregard of the high false to true positive ratio in screening tests when prevalence is low. Welcome as a vaccine to prevent HIV infection would be, it is not likely to be available, if it can be produced at all, before the end of the century. Control of the epidemic demands that stigma be vigorously combated and that all groups of the population be educated about ways to minimize the likelihood of becoming infected and of transmitting the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eisenberg
- Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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46
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Kurth R, Binninger D, Ennen J, Denner J, Hartung S, Norley S. The quest for an AIDS vaccine: the state of the art and current challenges. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:425-33. [PMID: 1873078 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense efforts worldwide, using state-of-the-art methods and techniques and despite ever-increasing knowledge about the molecular and structural make-up of HIV, a practical vaccine against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has yet to be developed. The increasing use of recombinant DNA techniques and synthetic peptide technology has allowed many groups to identify at the epitope level the regions of HIV proteins which act as targets for (and stimulate) the immune response. Epitopes which stimulate and bind neutralizing antibodies have been examined in detail and an ever-increasing number of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes are being defined, as are potentially harmful (immunosuppressive or enhancing) domains. It still is not clear which of the different immune responses (or combinations thereof) it will be necessary to stimulate in order to protect from infection. Infected humans develop neutralizing antibodies, ADCC-inducing antibodies and CTL responses against a variety of viral proteins but it is not known which of these can control or prevent infection in vivo. The extensive knowledge of HIV and the immune response it elicits is being used to design and produce a wide variety of putative vaccines, ranging from whole inactivated virus, through recombinant organisms/proteins, to synthetic peptides although each has its inherent advantages and disadvantages. The very nature of HIV makes vaccine development difficult at best. However, recent successes using whole inactivated virus or virus-infected cells in the macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) model system at least show that protection against lethal lentivirus infection can be achieved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kurth
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Federal Republic of Germany
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47
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Shen L, Chen ZW, Miller MD, Stallard V, Mazzara GP, Panicali DL, Letvin NL. Recombinant virus vaccine-induced SIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Science 1991; 252:440-3. [PMID: 1708168 DOI: 10.1126/science.1708168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may be important in containing the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the infected host. Although the use of recombinant viruses has been proposed as an approach to elicit protective immunity against HIV, the ability of recombinant viral constructs to elicit CD8+ CTL responses in higher primates has never been demonstrated. A live recombinant virus, vaccinia-simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac), was used to determine whether such a genetically restricted, T lymphocyte-mediated antiviral response could be generated in a primate. Vaccinia-SIVmac vaccination elicited an SIVmac Gag-specific, CD8+ CTL response in rhesus monkeys. These CTLs recognized a peptide fragment that spans residues 171 to 195 of the Gag protein. The rhesus monkey major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene product restricting this CTL response was defined. Both the vaccinated and SIVmac-infected monkeys that shared this MHC class I gene product developed CTLs with the same Gag epitope specificity. These findings support the use of recombinant virus vaccines for the prevention of HIV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772
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48
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Abstract
Several vaccine strategies against HIV are under study in phase 1 clinical trials. Many involve recombinant subunit preparations, and the question is which of these components of the virus may be immunogenic. Immune effectors and mediators that protect against HIV are also undefined. Vaccines may ultimately be used to treat as well as prevent AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Koff
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Md
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49
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Enel P, Charrel J, Larher MP, Reviron D, Manuel C, San Marco JL. Ethical problems raised by anti-HIV vaccination. Eur J Epidemiol 1991; 7:147-53. [PMID: 2044711 DOI: 10.1007/bf00237358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
At present questions are being asked world-wide about the risk of the AIDS epidemic. The discovery of an anti-HIV vaccine has become an urgent priority, but it also raises a number of sensitive questions. Ethical problems in this field are particularly delicate, since the perspectives of individual health and public health do not seem to coincide. Our research team conducted a review of more than 400 articles on the ethical problems raised by AIDS. We concentrated particularly on the ethical and legal issues raised by research on anti-HIV vaccine. These problems fall into three main categories: therapeutic assays, which must be controlled by a strict agreement defined by international norms; manufacture of the future vaccine, raising legal difficulties which must be faced and solved now; distribution of the vaccine to the population, which should be conducted on a general basis, i.e. it should be offered to all individuals and not only to risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Enel
- Public Health Department, Faculté de Medecine, Marseille, France
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50
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Naylor PH, Sztein MB, Wada S, Maurer S, Holterman D, Kirkley JE, Naylor CW, Zook BC, Hitzelberg RA, Gibbs CJ. Preclinical and clinical studies on immunogenicity and safety of the HIV-1 p17-based synthetic peptide AIDS vaccine--HGP-30-KLH. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1991; 13 Suppl 1:117-27. [PMID: 1823903 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(91)90133-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with a synthetic HIV-1 p17 peptide analog (HGP-30; aa 85-115 of HIV p17), coupled to a carrier protein (KLH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin) given with alum as the adjuvant induces antibodies which cross-react with both HGP-30 and HIV p17 and clones of cytotoxic and helper T-cells which recognize HGP-30 and HIV p17. Proliferation of lymphocytes in response to HGP-30 has been observed in mice, in HIV-infected individuals and in healthy HIV-seronegative volunteers vaccinated with the p17-based synthetic peptide construct. Cytotoxic T-cell responses against EBV transformed, recombinant p17 pulsed targets were observed using antigen-expanded PBLs from HGP-30-KLH immunized individuals. These results are consistent with predictions that the HGP-30 domain of HIV p17 contains both T- and B-cell epitopes that are recognized by animals and humans. In preclinical toxicology studies in animals and in initial clinical trials in humans the synthetic peptide construct (HGP-30-KLH/alum) has been shown to be safe. This paper summarizes the preclinical immunogenicity and safety data for HGP-30-KLH and presents the initial results from the first Phase 1 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Naylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037
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