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Lee C, Gwyther REA, Freeley M, Jones D, Palma M. Fabrication and Functionalisation of Nanocarbon-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200282. [PMID: 36193790 PMCID: PMC10092808 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarbon-based field-effect transistor (NC-FET) biosensors are at the forefront of future diagnostic technology. By integrating biological molecules with electrically conducting carbon-based platforms, high sensitivity real-time multiplexed sensing is possible. Combined with their small footprint, portability, ease of use, and label-free sensing mechanisms, NC-FETs are prime candidates for the rapidly expanding areas of point-of-care testing, environmental monitoring and biosensing as a whole. In this review we provide an overview of the basic operational mechanisms behind NC-FETs, synthesis and fabrication of FET devices, and developments in functionalisation strategies for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang‐Seuk Lee
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Rebecca E. A. Gwyther
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Mark Freeley
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Dafydd Jones
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Matteo Palma
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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2
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Lee NK, Wang CPJ, Lim J, Park W, Kwon HK, Kim SN, Kim TH, Park CG. Impact of the conjugation of antibodies to the surfaces of polymer nanoparticles on the immune cell targeting abilities. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:24. [PMID: 34398322 PMCID: PMC8368787 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-021-00274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have been widely used to provide targeting ability and to enhance bioactivity owing to their high specificity, availability, and diversity. Recent advances in biotechnology and nanotechnology permit site-specific engineering of antibodies and their conjugation to the surfaces of nanoparticles (NPs) in various orientations through chemical conjugations and physical adhesions. This study proposes the conjugation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs with antibodies by using two distinct methods, followed by a comparison between the cell-targeting efficiencies of both techniques. Full-length antibodies were conjugated to the PLGA-poly(ethylene glycol)-carboxylic acid (PLGA-PEG-COOH) NPs through the conventional carbodiimide coupling reaction, and f(ab')2 antibody fragments were conjugated to the PLGA-poly(ethylene glycol)-maleimide(PLGA-PEG-Mal) NPs through interactions between the f(ab')2 fragment thiol groups and the maleimide located on the nanoparticle surface. The results demonstrate that the PLGA nanoparticles conjugated with the f(ab')2 antibody fragments had a higher targeting efficiency in vitro and in vivo than that of the PLGA nanoparticles conjugated with the full-length antibodies. The results of this study can be built upon to design a delivery technique for drugs through biocompatible nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kyeong Lee
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Pin James Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Lim
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Na Kim
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Zheng Z, Zhang H, Zhai T, Xia F. Overcome Debye Length Limitations for Biomolecule Sensing Based on Field Effective Transistors
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Fan Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
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4
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Stoops J, Byrd S, Hasegawa H. Russell body inducing threshold depends on the variable domain sequences of individual human IgG clones and the cellular protein homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1643-57. [PMID: 22728328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Russell bodies are intracellular aggregates of immunoglobulins. Although the mechanism of Russell body biogenesis has been extensively studied by using truncated mutant heavy chains, the importance of the variable domain sequences in this process and in immunoglobulin biosynthesis remains largely unknown. Using a panel of structurally and functionally normal human immunoglobulin Gs, we show that individual immunoglobulin G clones possess distinctive Russell body inducing propensities that can surface differently under normal and abnormal cellular conditions. Russell body inducing predisposition unique to each immunoglobulin G clone was corroborated by the intrinsic physicochemical properties encoded in the heavy chain variable domain/light chain variable domain sequence combinations that define each immunoglobulin G clone. While the sequence based intrinsic factors predispose certain immunoglobulin G clones to be more prone to induce Russell bodies, extrinsic factors such as stressful cell culture conditions also play roles in unmasking Russell body propensity from immunoglobulin G clones that are normally refractory to developing Russell bodies. By taking advantage of heterologous expression systems, we dissected the roles of individual subunit chains in Russell body formation and examined the effect of non-cognate subunit chain pair co-expression on Russell body forming propensity. The results suggest that the properties embedded in the variable domain of individual light chain clones and their compatibility with the partnering heavy chain variable domain sequences underscore the efficiency of immunoglobulin G biosynthesis, the threshold for Russell body induction, and the level of immunoglobulin G secretion. We propose that an interplay between the unique properties encoded in variable domain sequences and the state of protein homeostasis determines whether an immunoglobulin G expressing cell will develop the Russell body phenotype in a dynamic cellular setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Stoops
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, USA
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5
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Hu P, Zhang J, Li L, Wang Z, O’Neill W, Estrela P. Carbon nanostructure-based field-effect transistors for label-free chemical/biological sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:5133-59. [PMID: 22399927 PMCID: PMC3292167 DOI: 10.3390/s100505133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, electrical detection of chemical and biological species using novel nanostructure-based devices has attracted significant attention for chemical, genomics, biomedical diagnostics, and drug discovery applications. The use of nanostructured devices in chemical/biological sensors in place of conventional sensing technologies has advantages of high sensitivity, low decreased energy consumption and potentially highly miniaturized integration. Owing to their particular structure, excellent electrical properties and high chemical stability, carbon nanotube and graphene based electrical devices have been widely developed for high performance label-free chemical/biological sensors. Here, we review the latest developments of carbon nanostructure-based transistor sensors in ultrasensitive detection of chemical/biological entities, such as poisonous gases, nucleic acids, proteins and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- PingAn Hu
- Key Lab of Microsystem and Microstructure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China; E-Mail: (Z.W.)
- Research Centre for Micro/Nanotechnology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Lab of Microsystem and Microstructure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China; E-Mail: (Z.W.)
- Research Centre for Micro/Nanotechnology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Le Li
- Key Lab of Microsystem and Microstructure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China; E-Mail: (Z.W.)
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Key Lab of Microsystem and Microstructure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China; E-Mail: (Z.W.)
- Research Centre for Micro/Nanotechnology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - William O’Neill
- Centre for Industrial Photonics, Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; E-Mail:
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6
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Maehashi K, Matsumoto K. Label-free electrical detection using carbon nanotube-based biosensors. SENSORS 2009; 9:5368-78. [PMID: 22346703 PMCID: PMC3274133 DOI: 10.3390/s90705368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Label-free detections of biomolecules have attracted great attention in a lot of life science fields such as genomics, clinical diagnosis and practical pharmacy. In this article, we reviewed amperometric and potentiometric biosensors based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In amperometric detections, CNT-modified electrodes were used as working electrodes to significantly enhance electroactive surface area. In contrast, the potentiometric biosensors were based on aptamer-modified CNT field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). Since aptamers are artificial oligonucleotides and thus are smaller than the Debye length, proteins can be detected with high sensitivity. In this review, we discussed on the technology, characteristics and developments for commercialization in label-free CNT-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Maehashi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; E-Mail:
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7
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8
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Takayama K, Tadokoro A, Pujals S, Nakase I, Giralt E, Futaki S. Novel System to Achieve One-Pot Modification of Cargo Molecules with Oligoarginine Vectors for Intracellular Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:249-57. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Akiko Tadokoro
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Pujals
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Edmond SK, Grady LT, Outschoorn AS, Rhodes CT. Monoclonal Antibodies as Drugs or Devices: Practicaland Regulatory Aspects. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048609048022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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McKnight ME, Glassy MC. Monthly Update: Biologicals & Immunologicals: The autoimmunity of cancer as applied to drug development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.7.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Glassy MC, McKnight ME. Section Review: The rate-limiting step in obtaining human monoclonal antibody drug pharmaceuticals:Biologicals & Immunologicals. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Lee JO, So HM, Jeon EK, Chang H, Won K, Kim YH. Aptamers as molecular recognition elements for electrical nanobiosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1023-32. [PMID: 17955221 PMCID: PMC2262919 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of nanoscale sensors that outperform conventional biosensors. This review summarizes the nanoscale biosensors that use aptamers as molecular recognition elements. The advantages of aptamers over antibodies as sensors are highlighted. These advantages are especially apparent with electrical sensors such as electrochemical sensors or those using field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-O Lee
- Fusion-Biotechnology Research Center, Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, South Korea.
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13
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Maehashi K, Katsura T, Kerman K, Takamura Y, Matsumoto K, Tamiya E. Label-free protein biosensor based on aptamer-modified carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. Anal Chem 2007; 79:782-7. [PMID: 17222052 DOI: 10.1021/ac060830g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have fabricated label-free protein biosensors based on aptamer-modified carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT-FETs) for the detection of immunoglobulin E (IgE). After the covalent immobilization of 5'-amino-modified 45-mer aptamers on the CNT channels, the electrical properties of the CNT-FETs were monitored in real time. The introduction of target IgE at various concentrations caused a sharp decrease in the source-drain current, and a gradual saturation was observed at lower concentrations. The amount of the net source-drain current before and after IgE introduction on the aptamer-modified CNT-FETs increased as a function of IgE concentration. The detection limit for IgE was determined as 250 pM. We have also prepared CNT-FET biosensors using a monoclonal antibody against IgE (IgE-mAb). The electrical properties of the aptamer- and antibody-modified CNT-FETs were compared. The performance of aptamer-modified CNT-FETs provided better results than the ones obtained using IgE-mAb-modified CNT-FETs under similar conditions. Thus, we suggest that the aptamer-modified CNT-FETs are promising candidates for the development of label-free protein biosensors.
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Bourel D, Teillaud JL. [Monoclonal antibodies: technology around the clock for new therapeutic hopes]. C R Biol 2006; 329:217-27. [PMID: 16644492 PMCID: PMC7105179 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineering monoclonal antibodies, now widely used in the clinic, has made it possible to develop a new generation of antibodies with optimized functional properties. These antibodies should allow a significant improvement of the treatment of diseases where only few drugs are available, if any. However, the cost of treatments with monoclonal antibodies requires further improvements in production and purification technologies, and raises the question of generic antibodies. The present review summarizes some of the technological past and present challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bourel
- Département Recherche, Laboratoire français du fractionnement et des biotechnologies, 3, av. des Tropiques, BP 305, Les Ulis, 91958 Courtabœuf, France
| | - Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Inserm U 255, IFR des Cordeliers, universités Paris-5 et Paris-6, 15, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
- Auteur correspondant.
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15
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Siberil S, Dutertre CA, Boix C, Teillaud JL. Anticorps monoclonaux à usage thérapeutique : un peu d'histoire, beaucoup d'ingénierie, et … quelques succès cliniques. Transfus Clin Biol 2005; 12:114-22. [PMID: 15907389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after their discovery by Milstein and Köhler, monoclonal antibodies have now come of age as therapeutics. Nineteen monoclonal antibodies are on the market and/or have got authorization to be used for the treatment of severe diseases. Many technical efforts have been devoted over the last two decades to the generation of second generation mAbs with better affinities, decreased immunogenicity and optimized effector functions. The development of molecular engineering techniques applied to antibody molecules has also made it possible to design bi-specific antibodies and fusion molecules exhibiting different modules with bi-functional activities. The use of proteomics and genomics combined with phage display allows now the rapid selection of antibodies directed against new targets at a high rate. Many efforts are currently focused on the selection of high-responder patients, the optimization of antibody delivery, schemes of infusion, antibody pharmaco-kinetics and bio-distribution, as well as on a better control of the severe side-effects generated by some antibody treatments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Cell Line, Transformed/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- History, 20th Century
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Immunotherapy/history
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Mice
- Peptide Library
- Protein Engineering
- Rats
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- S Siberil
- Unité Inserm 255, université Paris-VI-Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, centre de recherches biomédicales des Cordeliers, France
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16
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McFarland RD, Smith GJ. Novel electrophoretic protocol for collection of mutations in the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell strain. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1995; 15:43-51. [PMID: 7604391 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1770150106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous and chemically induced mutation was examined in the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell strain (T5-1). The hemizygous lambda gene is a unique mutational target gene which codes for a protein that is both expressed on the cell membrane and secreted. Mutations in the lambda gene were detected by analysis of western blots of isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis of T5-1 cell conditioned culture medium. None of 5,841 individual clones established from vehicle-exposed populations had detectable variations in the isoelectric banding pattern of the constitutively secreted lambda immunoglobulin protein. In contrast, 113 of 6,128 clonal populations established from N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-exposed populations exhibited stable variations in expression of the lambda immunoglobulin: isoelectric variants (n = 3) and non-secretors (n = 110). MNNG-induced mutations in the lambda gene, which resulted in lambda immunoglobulin proteins with altered isoelectric points (pIs), occurred at a frequency of no less than 4.9 x 10(-4) mutations/cell, indicating the mature rearranged lambda immunoglobulin gene is comparably sensitive to carcinogen induced mutation as other human autosomal target genes. Approximately one-half of the MNNG-induced non-secretor mutant clones lacked lambda mRNA while one-half maintained constitutive transcription and expression of the lambda immunoglobulin on the cell surface, demonstrating that carcinogen damage interdicted gene function at multiple points.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D McFarland
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7525, USA
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17
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Venn A, Fairbridge D, Mason T, Marbrook J, Murray L, Anders R, Shortman K. Specificity variants in monoclonal antibodies reactive with peptide epitopes of the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite Immunol 1993; 15:455-64. [PMID: 7694223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that repeat sequence antigens of Plasmodium falciparum may serve the parasite in immune evasion by modifying the host antibody response and impairing the development of protective immunity. According to this proposal networks of cross-reactive, repeat sequence malarial antigens have the ability to stimulate a high proportion of all somatically mutated B cells with altered antibody specificity, and thus to hinder the normal process of antibody affinity maturation. To determine the rate at which immunoglobulin mutations produce new reactivities with repeat sequence antigens, hybridoma cell lines specific for the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) were examined for the incidence of specificity variants that arose naturally or as a result of treatment with the chemical mutagen ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS). From one of the cell lines variants were readily isolated having reactivity towards a very closely related repeat sequence epitope within the same RESA antigen. However, the other hybridoma/antigen combinations revealed no variants. In general, mutations giving rise to antibodies with altered specificity for related repetitive antigens were not readily induced and only limited support of the hypothesis was obtained.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cross Reactions
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Ethyl Methanesulfonate
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genetic Variation
- Hybridomas
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptide Mapping
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Venn
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lemieux
- Canadian Red Cross Blood Services, Quebec City Centre
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19
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van Dongen JJ, Wolvers-Tettero IL. Analysis of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes. Part I: Basic and technical aspects. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 198:1-91. [PMID: 1863985 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Dijkzigt/Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Tainer JA, Deal CD, Geysen HM, Roberts VA, Getzoff ED. Defining antibody-antigen recognition: towards engineered antibodies and epitopes. Int Rev Immunol 1991; 7:165-88. [PMID: 1721650 DOI: 10.3109/08830189109061773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Tainer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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21
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Getzoff ED, Tainer JA, Lerner RA, Geysen HM. The chemistry and mechanism of antibody binding to protein antigens. Adv Immunol 1988; 43:1-98. [PMID: 3055852 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E D Getzoff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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22
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Samoilovich SR, Dugan CB, Macario AJ. Hybridoma technology: new developments of practical interest. J Immunol Methods 1987; 101:153-70. [PMID: 3302047 PMCID: PMC7130749 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(87)90147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1987] [Revised: 03/16/1987] [Accepted: 03/16/1987] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Roux KH, Monafo WJ, Davie JM, Greenspan NS. Construction of an extended three-dimensional idiotope map by electron microscopic analysis of idiotope-anti-idiotope complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:4984-8. [PMID: 3496600 PMCID: PMC305231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.14.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A three-dimensional map of the positions of four idiotypic determinants (idiotopes or Ids) and an isotypic determinant was derived by transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained immune complexes. Each complex was composed of a monoclonal Id-expressing IgG and one or two varieties of monoclonal anti-Id (or anti-isotype) Fab fragment or IgG. Data from the various combinations of Id and anti-Id (and anti-isotype) were used to construct a low-resolution three-dimensional model that revealed not only the approximate locations of Ids on the surface of the antibody variable domains but also details of the geometry of Id-anti-Id interactions not otherwise available. The Ids were shown to be dispersed over the variable domains, extending from the complementarity-determining region to near the variable-constant switch region. Thus, immunoelectron microscopy is a useful complement to serologic, biochemical, and genetic strategies for the topographical analysis of immunoglobulin Ids or other epitopes. This same approach should be of broader applicability in the study of epitopes and receptor sites on other macromolecules.
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24
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Glennie MJ, McBride HM, Stirpe F, Thorpe PE, Worth AT, Stevenson GT. Emergence of immunoglobulin variants following treatment of a B cell leukemia with an immunotoxin composed of antiidiotypic antibody and saporin. J Exp Med 1987; 166:43-62. [PMID: 3110351 PMCID: PMC2188628 DOI: 10.1084/jem.166.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potency and specificity of immunotoxins consisting of monoclonal antiidiotype conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin, have been evaluated in the treatment of guinea pig L2C B lymphocytic leukemia. The immunotoxins were therapeutically much more effective than their parent antibodies. Their specificity reflected that of their antiidiotype component. Although the leukemia emerged eventually in most animals treated with these conjugates, most of the cells showed altered Ig expression, which rendered them resistant to the therapy. Commonly, the emerging cells had lost mu heavy chain production, leaving them negative for intracellular, surface, and secreted IgM, but still positive for lambda light chain production. In addition, a minor group of L2C variants was identified in a protocol designed to detect mutants at very low frequency: here the cells were exposed in vitro to immunotoxin and, while still viable as judged by dye-exclusion, inoculated in large numbers into animals. In tumor that emerged under these circumstances, the majority of cells were again immunoglobulin-negative; however a minority exhibited IgM with an altered idiotype (Idiotope-loss variants), rendering them unreactive with immunotoxin. Immunotherapy with unmodified anti-Id antibody alone does not reveal these variants, and we suggest it is the increased selective force exerted by the highly potent immunotoxins that allow these minor nonreactive populations to emerge.
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25
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Strickland FM, Gleason JT, Cerny J. Serologic and molecular characterization of the T15 idiotype--II. Structural basis of independent idiotope expression on phosphorylcholine-specific monoclonal antibodies. Mol Immunol 1987; 24:637-46. [PMID: 2443840 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(87)90045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the expression of T15 idiotopes (Id) on phosphorylcholine (PC)-binding monoclonal immunoglobulins and defined the structural correlates of these Id. The seven monoclonal anti-Id antibodies used as probes recognize distinct determinants that range from the antigen binding site to the CH1 domain on TEPC15. Competition between a series of PC-specific immunoglobulins and radiolabelled TEPC15 for binding to anti-Id in solid phase revealed a broad spectrum of idiotopic crossreactivity. A strong crossreactivity with TEPC15 was observed only in proteins possessing the VK22 light chain. Each of the seven discrete, overlapping T15 Id may be expressed independently of each other on PC-binding immunoglobulins, indicating a significant idiotopic heterogeneity among T15 B-cell clones. No correlation was found between the public (shared) expression of an Id and its position relative to the antigen-binding site. Variations in the primary sequences of PC-binding immunoglobulins were correlated with their effect on individual Id expression. Regions influencing the expression of three Id were localized on a computer display of the three-dimensional structure of the closely related PC-binding myeloma protein McPC603. These data show that some, but not all individual Id determinants may be influenced by amino acid substitutions in the first and third hypervariable loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Strickland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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26
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Strickland FM, Gleason JT, Cerny J. Serologic and molecular characterization of the T15 idiotype--I. Topologic mapping of idiotopes on TEPC15. Mol Immunol 1987; 24:631-5. [PMID: 2443839 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(87)90044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the minimum number of idiotopic determinants (Id) comprising the T15 idiotype and to construct a topological map of Id on the TEPC15 immunoglobulin molecule. Seven monoclonal anti-Id antibodies were used to map determinants by solid phase competition radioimmunoassay. The binding of some anti-Id to T15 was inhibited by phosphorylcholine-protein conjugates, while other anti-Id were not, suggesting that these anti-Id bind to different portions of T15 relative to the paratope. In addition, Id were mapped relative to one another in reciprocal competition assays between the anti-Id for binding to T15 coated plates. The topologic relationships between six Id were discerned by this method. A seventh binding site was identical or so close that it could not be discriminated. These studies suggest that the T15 idiotype is composed of at least six discrete overlapping Id whose locations range from the antigen binding region to the CH1 domain on TEPC15.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Strickland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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27
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Steele EJ, Pollard JW. Hypothesis: somatic hypermutation by gene conversion via the error prone DNA----RNA----DNA information loop. Mol Immunol 1987; 24:667-73. [PMID: 2443841 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(87)90049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A mechanism to explain somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin variable region genes is proposed employing polynucleotide information transfer through the error prone DNA----RNA----DNA loop. During transcription of the rearranged V-region, the primary transcript undergoes either inappropriate termination, cleavage, or reverse transcriptase priming allowing a V-region specific reverse-transcriptase-integrase complex to synthesize a DNA copy of the rearranged V-region and integrate it, by homologous recombination, back into the normal chromosomal site. Some consequences and predictions of the hypothesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Steele
- Department of Biology, University of Wollongong, N.S.W., Australia
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28
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Allen D, Cumano A, Dildrop R, Kocks C, Rajewsky K, Rajewsky N, Roes J, Sablitzky F, Siekevitz M. Timing, genetic requirements and functional consequences of somatic hypermutation during B-cell development. Immunol Rev 1987; 96:5-22. [PMID: 3298009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1987.tb00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While somatic antibody mutants are rare in the preimmune repertoire and in primary immune responses, they dominate secondary and hyperimmune responses. We present evidence that somatic hypermutation is restricted to a particular pathway of B-cell differentiation in which distinct sets of B-cell clones are driven into the memory compartment. In accord with earlier results of McKean et al. (1984) and Rudikoff et al. (1984), somatic mutation occurs stepwise in the course of clonal expansion, before and after isotype switch, presumably at a rate close to 1 X 10(-3) per base pair per generation. At this rate, both selectable and unselectable mutations accumulate in the rearranged V region genes. The distribution of replacement mutations in the V regions shows that a fraction of the mutations in CDRs is positively selected whereas replacement mutations are counterselected in the FRs. By constructing an antibody mutant through site-specific mutagenesis we show that a point mutation in CDR1 of the heavy chain, found in most secondary anti-NP antibodies, is sufficient to increase NP binding affinity to the level typical for the secondary response. Somatic mutation may contribute to the immune repertoire in a more general sense than merely the diversification of a specific response. We have evidence that clones producing antibodies which no longer bind the immunizing antigen can be kept in the system and remain available for stimulation by a different antigen. Somatic mutations are 10 times less frequent in DJH loci than in either expressed or non-expressed rearranged VDJH or VJ loci. We therefore conclude that a V gene has to be brought into the proximity of the DJH segment in order to fully activate the hypermutational mechanism in these loci.
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29
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Thompson CB, Neiman PE. Somatic diversification of the chicken immunoglobulin light chain gene is limited to the rearranged variable gene segment. Cell 1987; 48:369-78. [PMID: 3100049 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the chicken lambda immunoglobulin light chain gene undergoes a single rearrangement that results in functional VJ joining of the unique variable (V lambda 1) and joining (J lambda) coding regions. The immunologic repertoire of lambda genes is created through extensive sequence diversification within the rearranged locus during B cell development in the bursa of Fabricius. This sequence diversification was detected only at the rearranged V lambda 1 segment and not within the 5' leader sequence, the J lambda segment, or the unrearranged V lambda 1 segment. The selective diversification of the rearranged V lambda 1 segment was associated with unique DNAase I-hypersensitive sites on the rearranged allele. While probes for V lambda 1 sequences detect multiple homologous V lambda segments, probes for both the 5' leader and J lambda segments fail to detect homologous sequences. Taken together, these results suggest that a highly selective process, possibly gene conversion, operates during B cell ontogeny to generate diversity within the lambda gene.
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30
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Raikhel AS. Monoclonal antibodies as probes for processing of the mosquito yolk protein; a high-resolution immunolocalization of secretory and accumulative pathways. Tissue Cell 1987; 19:515-29. [PMID: 3307021 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(87)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A library of monoclonal antibodies (mAB) directed against yolk polypeptides of the mosquito Aedes aegypti was utilized to visualize the secretory pathway of these polypeptides in the fat body and their accumulative pathway in developing oocytes. Single and double immunolabelling using mABs and colloidal gold of different sizes confirmed biochemical observation that 200 +/- 5 and 65 +/- 3 kDa polypeptides represent subunits of the yolk protein. This immunocytochemical analysis showed that, in trophocytes of the fat body, both the subunits of the yolk protein were routed simultaneously through the Golgi complex into secretory granules and were subsequently secreted. The yolk protein subunits were also directed together through all the steps of the accumulative pathway in the oocyte. Double immunogold labelling revealed that the subunits were present together during their binding to the oocyte membrane, transportation into and accumulation in the transitional yolk body, and, finally, crystallization in the mature yolk body. Electron microscopical immunocytochemistry also confirmed immunofluorescent data and showed that mABs directed against different steps in the biosynthetic processing of the yolk protein in the fat body, as well as in its accumulative pathway in oocytes.
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31
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Waldmann TA. The arrangement of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes in human lymphoproliferative disorders. Adv Immunol 1987; 40:247-321. [PMID: 3109221 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptor genes in their germ-line form are organized as discontinuous DNA elements that are joined by recombinations during lymphocyte development. The analysis of immunoglobulin gene structure and arrangement has been of great value in the study of human lymphoid neoplasms. The analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes has been of value in defining the lineage (T or B cell) of neoplasms that were of controversial origin previously, determining the clonality of abnormal lymphocyte proliferations, diagnosing and monitoring the therapy of lymphoid malignancies, determining the state of maturation and the causes for failure of maturation of cells of the B cell series, and providing major insights into the cause of malignant transformation of B and T lymphoid cells. Thus, the application of this molecular genetic approach has great potential for complementing conventional marker analysis, cytogenetics, and histopathology, thus broadening the scientific basis for the classification, diagnosis, and monitoring of the therapy of lymphoid neoplasia.
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32
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Cairns E, Komar R, Bell DA. Cytoskeletal binding of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies derived from tonsillar lymphoid cells of a normal subject. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1986; 29:1351-8. [PMID: 3535810 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780291107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of monoclonal IgM anti-DNA autoantibodies derived from normal human lymphoid cells to bind to cellular constituents of human epithelial cells (HEp-2) was examined by immunofluorescence. Hybridoma supernatants from 10 different clones were studied. Four of them gave a strong fibrillar cytoplasmic staining that resembled cytoskeletal staining, 1 showed strong nuclear staining only, 3 showed weak nucleolar staining only, and 2 showed no staining. The hybridoma supernatants that reacted with HEp-2 cytoskeleton were either polyspecific for various nucleic acid antigens, such as single-stranded DNA, DNA, poly(dA:dT), poly(dG).poly(dC), RNA, and cardiolipin, or were restricted to cardiolipin. Cytoskeletal staining identical to the hybridoma supernatant staining was also seen with mouse monoclonal anti-vimentin antibody B11.5.1. Inhibition of the cytoskeletal staining was accomplished in 3 of the 4 hybridoma supernatants by preabsorption of these hybridoma supernatants with cardiolipin and/or single-stranded DNA, or by preincubation of the HEp-2 cells with the mouse monoclonal anti-vimentin antibody.
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33
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Carroll WL, Lowder JN, Streifer R, Warnke R, Levy S, Levy R. Idiotype variant cell populations in patients with B cell lymphoma. J Exp Med 1986; 164:1566-80. [PMID: 3490533 PMCID: PMC2188459 DOI: 10.1084/jem.164.5.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using isolated idiotype (Id) protein we generated panels of antibodies in two patients with follicular lymphoma, one of whom had never received prior chemo-or radiotherapy. Flow cytometry and frozen section tissue staining of tumor with these monoclonal antibodies (mAb) revealed multiple subpopulations within each tumor. Individual mAb stained between 7% and 83% of surface Ig+ cells in the tumor samples. These subpopulations were overlapping and no single antibody recognized all the tumor cells. However, combinations of antibodies seemed to capture total tumor in both cases. In some instances, the percentage of tumor stained by a single mAb varied over time, and differed between lymph nodes sampled at the same time. Because a single species of Id protein was used to generate mAb in each case, it appears that the antibodies were directed against idiotopes variably shared by different populations within each tumor, and this was confirmed by crossblocking studies. Tumor cells from one patient were fused to a nonsecreting heteromyeloma line K6H6/B5, and most of the resulting hybrids secreted Id protein. Four mAb were used to screen the Id proteins secreted by these hybrids, and 11 different variants (16 maximal) were found. Southern blot analysis of rearranged Ig genes was done in two hybrids and biopsy material. Identically rearranged light-chain genes were seen but it appeared as though extensive somatic variation had occurred in heavy chain genes. These studies indicate that: striking Id variation can exist at diagnosis in untreated patients, the percentage of tumor represented by an individual variant may change with time and may differ between tumor sampled from different anatomical locations, and somatic variation appears to be responsible for the observed heterogeneity. Although this degree of variation makes anti-Id antibody therapy more difficult, appropriate combinations of mAb should be more efficacious than single antibodies in such cases.
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34
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Braun J, Citri Y, Baltimore D, Forouzanpour F, King L, Teheranizadeh K, Bray M, Kliewer S. B-Ly1 cells: immortal Ly-1+ B lymphocyte cell lines spontaneously arising in murine splenic cultures. Immunol Rev 1986; 93:5-21. [PMID: 3491038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have surveyed the molecular and functional properties of B-Ly1 cells, spontaneously occurring Ly-1+ cell tissue cultures lines established from murine spleen. Several features are surprising when compared to the conventional understanding of B cell physiology: In contrast to the major B cell subpopulation, these cells establish stable in vitro lines in the absence of nominal growth factors. This outgrowth is consistently accompanied by c-myc amplification and deregulation, and resistance to the effects of an autoregulatory IgM species which normally curtails the growth of B cells. These properties may be relevant to the disproportionate occurrence of Ly-1+ B cell malignancies in vivo. B-Ly1 cell lines consistently delete immunoglobulin constant region genes, and uniformly express lambda light chains, a rare murine isotype. These features may be causally related, and may reflect a novel recombinational activity (see this volume). Immunoglobulin expression can be modulated by conventional stimuli. However, the response is transient, and includes production of mature heavy chain isotypes ("class switching") without apparent switch deletion. Moreover, unstimulated B-Ly1 cells show transcriptional activity throughout the heavy chain locus, and a novel hypermutation activity affecting the immunoglobulin variable region. The mechanisms underlying this surprising pattern of immunoglobulin expression are unknown. However, one wonders whether this expression pattern, if common to Ly-1+ B cell in vivo, might provide modes to escape idiotypic or isotypic immunoregulation. If so, this may be relevant to the prevalence of autoantibody production by this subpopulation. Thus, we are hopeful that some of these unique properties, if confirmed in the Ly-1+ B cells in vivo, will provide more definitive markers for this subpopulation, and disclose mechanisms accounting for their distinctive physiology and pathophysiology.
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35
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Scharff MD, DePinho RA, Behar S, Beychok C, Shin SU, French D. The role of monoclonal antibodies and the recombinant DNA technology in studying autoantibody production. Cell Immunol 1986; 99:29-37. [PMID: 3093101 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(86)90212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hybridoma technology has made it possible to sample the B-cell repertoire and to generate monoclonal antibodies which can be analyzed for their specificity and idiotypy. Using the recombinant DNA technology, the structure of the genes which encode those antibodies can be analyzed. The knowledge gained from the application of these techniques has made it possible to pose specific questions about the origins of autoantibodies.
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36
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Cleary ML, Meeker TC, Levy S, Lee E, Trela M, Sklar J, Levy R. Clustering of extensive somatic mutations in the variable region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain gene from a human B cell lymphoma. Cell 1986; 44:97-106. [PMID: 3079673 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Following treatment of a human B cell lymphoma with an anti-idiotype antibody, a subpopulation of tumor cells remained that had lost the tumor-specific heavy chain idiotypic determinant. Nucleotide sequence analyses of eight independent heavy chain variable region isolates showed extensive point mutations, so that no two sequences were identical. Comparison of pretreatment and posttreatment sequences implicated an amino acid in CDR2 as being involved in the idiotypic determinant. Apparently the malignant B cells escaped the therapeutic effects of the anti-idiotype antibody through an ongoing process of somatic mutation in their immunoglobulin genes. Non-random clustering of amino acid replacements in CDR2 suggested that growth of the tumor may have been influenced by endogenous selective forces interacting with the tumor cell-surface immunoglobulin.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibody Diversity
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/therapy
- Mutation
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
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37
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Meeker T, Lowder J, Cleary ML, Stewart S, Warnke R, Sklar J, Levy R. Emergence of idiotype variants during treatment of B-cell lymphoma with anti-idiotype antibodies. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1658-65. [PMID: 3923352 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198506273122602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied two patients with malignant B-cell lymphoma that manifested resistance to the therapeutic effects of anti-idiotype antibody because of the emergence of subclones with changes in their immunoglobulin idiotypes. In both patients, tumor-cell populations arose that were unreactive with anti-idiotype antibody but that retained surface immunoglobulin. One of the patients had an additional subpopulation of tumor cells that had switched from mu to gamma heavy-chain expression. Study of the immunoglobulin genes in the tumors confirmed that the subpopulations were derived from the same original clone of neoplastic B cells in each patient. The available data suggest that the idiotypic variation observed was the result of somatic mutation in the variable region of the active immunoglobulin genes. The fact that such mutations became evident over a short time and in the context of a partial tumor response suggests that the antibody therapy exerted a strong selective force against tumor cells that expressed the idiotype determinant. Multiple anti-idiotype antibodies may therefore be needed to identify all cells of a malignant clone, and some patients may require treatment with more than one monoclonal antibody.
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38
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Raffeld M, Neckers L, Longo DL, Cossman J. Spontaneous alteration of idiotype in a monoclonal B-cell lymphoma. Escape from detection by anti-idiotype. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1653-8. [PMID: 3923351 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198506273122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface immunoglobulin of B-cell neoplasms provides a specific point of attack for potential antibody therapy. The capacity of anti-idiotype antibody to home to the target neoplasm requires that the idiotype be unique and that it be expressed by every cell in the neoplastic clone. We describe the evolution of an altered idiotype in a follicular lymphoma that resulted in escape from laboratory detection by monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody. This was not due to the emergence of a second (biclonal) lymphoma, since all the neoplastic cells were otherwise identical both phenotypically and genotypically, as determined by flow cytometry and genomic DNA (Southern blot) hybridization, respectively. All cells expressed the same B-cell immunotype and bore a constant amount of IgMk. The demonstration of a single configuration of immunoglobulin-gene DNA confirmed monoclonality and established that the change in idiotype was not a result of new gene rearrangements but was more likely due to somatic mutation of the variable region--a process presumed to occur naturally in B cells. These data demonstrate the lability of idiotype expression and define a mechanism by which B-cell neoplasms may become unresponsive to anti-idiotype therapy.
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39
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Linhardt RJ. Monoclonal antibodies and immobilized antibodies. Patents and literature. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1985; 11:233-48. [PMID: 3901916 DOI: 10.1007/bf02798479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Spira G, Pollock RR, Bargellesi A, Scharff MD. Monoclonal antibodies: a potentially powerful tool in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1985; 4:251-6. [PMID: 2410264 DOI: 10.1007/bf02013647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Siegelman MH, Cleary ML, Warnke R, Sklar J. Frequent biclonality and Ig gene alterations among B cell lymphomas that show multiple histologic forms. J Exp Med 1985; 161:850-63. [PMID: 2984307 PMCID: PMC2189062 DOI: 10.1084/jem.161.4.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Configurations of Ig gene DNA were examined in multiple biopsy specimens from seven cases of human B cell lymphoma that showed histologic differences among the specimens within each case. Analysis by Southern blot hybridizations with DNA probes for each of the three Ig loci revealed that the configurations of DNA within these loci were identical among the specimens in two of the cases. This result indicated the monoclonality of these lymphomas, despite differences in histology between biopsy specimens. In contrast, no common nongermline configurations of Ig gene DNA were detected among multiple biopsies in each of three other cases. Therefore, different histologies correlated with separate clones of proliferating B cells in these cases. In the last two cases, the configurations of light chain gene DNA were the same among biopsies in each case, consistent with a monoclonal origin in both lymphomas. However, differences were detected in the configuration of the heavy chain gene DNA. Analysis with a series of DNA probes of the mu heavy chain region indicated that the differences in the DNA configurations of the heavy chain genes from the biopsies probably arose from postrearrangement deletions of either the switch or constant regions of the mu gene. These studies indicate that, contrary to the conventional belief, individual tumors that contain different histologic types of lymphoma within the same patient frequently arise from separate clones of neoplastic cells. Furthermore, the heavy chain genes of monoclonal tumors may show postrearrangement deletions, often resulting from instability of DNA sequences within or around the mu switch region.
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Diamond B, Chien N, Scharff M. Somatic mutation alters affinity and specificity. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. IMMUNOLOGIE 1985; 136C:267-71. [PMID: 3890686 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2625(85)80057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Hybridoma antibodies are powerful tools. Their impact is already apparent in many areas of basic and applied research. In contrast, their impact is just beginning to be felt in enzymology. The existing literature on monoclonal antibodies to enzymes and isozymes, reviewed in this article, is as yet largely descriptive. However, the potential applications discussed herein promise to revolutionize existing strategies of unraveling the basic biochemistry, immunochemistry, and developmental, somatic cell, and molecular genetics of enzymes and isozymes. At a clinical level, monoclonal antibodies to enzymes promise to radically improve the current modalities of diagnosis and therapy in clinical enzymology and oncology. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the future applications of hybridoma antibodies to enzymes and isozymes appear to be limited only by our imagination.
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Griffiths GM, Berek C, Kaartinen M, Milstein C. Somatic mutation and the maturation of immune response to 2-phenyl oxazolone. Nature 1984; 312:271-5. [PMID: 6504141 DOI: 10.1038/312271a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the development of the immune response suggest that the repertoire of expressed antibody specificities is strongly influenced by antigen (reviewed in ref. 1). One way in which this influence is manifested is by a progressive increase in the affinity of antibody for antigen with time after immunization. This phenomenon, termed the 'maturation' of the immune response, must be due to a change in the structure of the antibody being synthesized. However, the precise nature of the changes involved and the genetic mechanisms used to produce them have not been clearly defined. We have now investigated the maturation of the immune response to the hapten 2-phenyloxazolone by mRNA sequencing of specific hybridomas. We conclude that somatic mutation of germ-line encoded genes plays a major role in the generation of antibodies with increased affinity for oxazolone with time after immunization.
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Satoh J, Essani K, McClintock PR, Notkins AL. Human multiple organ-reactive monoclonal autoantibody recognizes growth hormone and a 35,000-molecular weight protein. J Clin Invest 1984; 74:1526-31. [PMID: 6384271 PMCID: PMC425323 DOI: 10.1172/jci111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
By fusing peripheral leukocytes from a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes with mouse myeloma cells, a heterohybridoma was isolated that, for over one year, has secreted a human monoclonal autoantibody, designated MOR-h1 (multiple organ-reactive human 1). This antibody reacts with antigens in several endocrine organs including the pituitary, thyroid, stomach, and pancreas. By double immunofluorescence, MOR-h1 was found to react specifically with growth hormone (GH)-containing cells in the anterior pituitary and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, MOR-h1 was shown to react with both natural and biosynthetic GH. Absorption experiments revealed that GH could remove the capacity of MOR-h1 to react not only with cells in the anterior pituitary, but also with cells in the thyroid, stomach, and pancreas. The demonstration with hyperimmune serum that these organs do not contain GH indicated that MOR-h1 was reacting with a different molecule(s) in these organs. By passing extracts of pituitary, thyroid, and stomach through an MOR-h1 affinity column and analyzing the eluted antigens by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a 35,000-mol wt polypeptide was isolated from each of these organs. In addition, a 21,500-mol wt polypeptide with an electrophoretic mobility identical to purified human GH was isolated from the pituitary, but not the other organs. It is concluded that MOR-h1 reacts with a 35,000-mol wt polypeptide present in the pituitary, thyroid, and stomach and that this antibody also recognizes a determinant on GH.
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Desaymard C, Giusti AM, Scharff MD. Rat anti-T15 monoclonal antibodies with specificity for VH- and VH-VL epitopes. Mol Immunol 1984; 21:961-7. [PMID: 6209566 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(84)90154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BALB/c mice immunized with phosphorylcholine (PC) produce antibodies which are predominantly of the T15 idiotype. Monoclonal anti-T15 antibodies have been generated in a number of laboratories by allogenic or syngenic immunization. Most of these mouse monoclonal antibodies react with idiotopes that are in or near the PC-binding site and require the presence of both T15 heavy and T15 light chain variable regions. By immunizing rats with T15 immunoglobulins, we have obtained monoclonal antibodies that recognize idiotopes that are not near the antigen-binding site. Four of these rat anti-T15 monoclonal antibodies react with free T15 heavy chains and with T15 heavy chains associated with irrelevant light chains while four other rat monoclonal antibodies require the presence of both T15 heavy and T15 light chains. This battery of rat anti-T15 monoclonal antibodies is useful in searching for heterogeneity within the T15 antibodies and in following the expression of the T15 heavy chain variable region in different strains of mice.
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Diamond B, Scharff MD. Somatic mutation of the T15 heavy chain gives rise to an antibody with autoantibody specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:5841-4. [PMID: 6435121 PMCID: PMC391807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The S107 IgA kappa-chain myeloma cell line makes an antiphosphocholine antibody of the T15 idiotype. A somatic mutant of this line, U4, makes an immunoglobulin with a single amino acid substitution of an alanine for a glutamic acid at residue 35. This single amino acid change results in a loss of phosphocholine binding activity. However, the U4 immunoglobulin has acquired reactivity with a variety of phosphorylated macromolecules, including double-stranded DNA, protamine, and cardiolipin. Thus, a single amino acid change in the T15 heavy chain can transform an antibacterial antibody into an antibody that resembles the autoantibodies seen in mice and man with autoimmune disease.
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Bankert RB. Development and use of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer. CANCER DRUG DELIVERY 1984; 1:251-67. [PMID: 6399860 DOI: 10.1089/cdd.1984.1.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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