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Lee H, Ozturk B, Stringer MS, Koundal S, MacIntosh BJ, Rothman D, Benveniste H. Choroid plexus tissue perfusion and blood to CSF barrier function in rats measured with continuous arterial spin labeling. Neuroimage 2022; 261:119512. [PMID: 35882269 PMCID: PMC9969358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) of the cerebral ventricles is a source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and also plays a key role in immune surveillance at the level of blood-to-CSF-barrier (BCSFB). In this study, we quantify ChP blood perfusion and BCSFB mediated water exchange from arterial blood into ventricular CSF using non-invasive continuous arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging (CASL-MRI). Systemic administration of anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) was used to validate BCSFB water flow as a metric of choroidal CSF secretory function. To further investigate the coupling between ChP blood perfusion and BCSFB water flow, we characterized the effects of two anesthetic regimens known to have large-scale differential effects on cerebral blood flow. For quantification of ChP blood perfusion a multi-compartment perfusion model was employed, and we discovered that partial volume correction improved measurement accuracy. Vasopressin significantly reduced both ChP blood perfusion and BCSFB water flow. ChP blood perfusion was significantly higher with pure isoflurane anesthesia (2-2.5%) when compared to a balanced anesthesia with dexmedetomidine and low-dose isoflurane (1.0 %), and significant correlation between ChP blood perfusion and BCSFB water flow was observed, however there was no significant difference in BCSFB water flow. In summary, here we introduce a non-invasive, robust, and spatially resolved in vivo imaging platform to quantify ChP blood perfusion as well as BCSFB water flow which can be applied to study coupling of these two key parameters in future clinical translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Burhan Ozturk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael S Stringer
- Brain Research Imaging Centre and UK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sunil Koundal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Douglas Rothman
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Travier L, Singh R, Sáenz Fernández D, Deczkowska A. Microbial and immune factors regulate brain maintenance and aging. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102607. [PMID: 35914431 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue aging can be viewed as a loss of normal maintenance; in advanced age, the mechanisms which keep the tissue healthy on daily bases fail to manage the accumulating "wear and tear", leading to gradual loss of function. In the brain, maintenance is provided primarily by three components: the blood-brain barrier, which allows the influx of certain molecules into the brain while excluding others, the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, and the phagocytic function of microglia. Indeed, failure of these systems is associated with cognitive loss and other hallmarks of brain aging. Interestingly, all three mechanisms are regulated not only by internal conditions within the aging brain, but remain highly sensitive to the peripheral signals, such as cytokines or microbiome-derived molecules, present in the systemic circulation. In this article, we discuss the contribution of such peripheral factors to brain maintenance and its loss in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Travier
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Roshani Singh
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Sáenz Fernández
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France; Universitat de Barcelona, S-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Deczkowska
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France.
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Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Froese L, Gomez A, Sainbhi AS, Batson C, Stein K, Alizadeh A, Zeiler FA. Dynamic Temporal Relationship Between Autonomic Function and Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Moderate/Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:837860. [PMID: 36926091 PMCID: PMC10013014 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.837860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been little change in morbidity and mortality in traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the last 25 years. However, literature has emerged linking impaired cerebrovascular reactivity (a surrogate of cerebral autoregulation) with poor outcomes post-injury. Thus, cerebrovascular reactivity (derived through the pressure reactivity index; PRx) is emerging as an important continuous measure. Furthermore, recent literature indicates that autonomic dysfunction may drive impaired cerebrovascular reactivity in moderate/severe TBI. Thus, to improve our understanding of this association, we assessed the physiological relationship between PRx and the autonomic variables of heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) using time-series statistical methodologies. These methodologies include vector autoregressive integrative moving average (VARIMA) impulse response function analysis, Granger causality, and hierarchical clustering. Granger causality testing displayed inconclusive results, where PRx and the autonomic variables had varying bidirectional relationships. Evaluating the temporal profile of the impulse response function plots demonstrated that the autonomic variables of BRS, ratio of low/high frequency of HRV and very low frequency HRV all had a strong relation to PRx, indicating that the sympathetic autonomic response may be more closely linked to cerebrovascular reactivity, then other variables. Finally, BRS was consistently associated with PRx, possibly demonstrating a deeper relationship to PRx than other autonomic measures. Taken together, cerebrovascular reactivity and autonomic response are interlinked, with a bidirectional impact between cerebrovascular reactivity and circulatory autonomics. However, this work is exploratory and preliminary, with further study required to extract and confirm any underlying relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Froese
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alwyn Gomez
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amanjyot Singh Sainbhi
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Carleen Batson
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kevin Stein
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Frederick A. Zeiler
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Mather M. Noradrenaline in the aging brain: Promoting cognitive reserve or accelerating Alzheimer's disease? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:108-124. [PMID: 34099360 PMCID: PMC8292227 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many believe that engaging in novel and mentally challenging activities promotes brain health and prevents Alzheimer's disease in later life. However, mental stimulation may also have risks as well as benefits. As neurons release neurotransmitters, they often also release amyloid peptides and tau proteins into the extracellular space. These by-products of neural activity can aggregate into the tau tangle and amyloid plaque signatures of Alzheimer's disease. Over time, more active brain regions accumulate more pathology. Thus, increasing brain activity can have a cost. But the neuromodulator noradrenaline, released during novel and mentally stimulating events, may have some protective effects-as well as some negative effects. Via its inhibitory and excitatory effects on neurons and microglia, noradrenaline sometimes prevents and sometimes accelerates the production and accumulation of amyloid-β and tau in various brain regions. Both α2A- and β-adrenergic receptors influence amyloid-β production and tau hyperphosphorylation. Adrenergic activity also influences clearance of amyloid-β and tau. Furthermore, some findings suggest that Alzheimer's disease increases noradrenergic activity, at least in its early phases. Because older brains clear the by-products of synaptic activity less effectively, increased synaptic activity in the older brain risks accelerating the accumulation of Alzheimer's pathology more than it does in the younger brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Department of Psychology, & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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Dani N, Herbst RH, McCabe C, Green GS, Kaiser K, Head JP, Cui J, Shipley FB, Jang A, Dionne D, Nguyen L, Rodman C, Riesenfeld SJ, Prochazka J, Prochazkova M, Sedlacek R, Zhang F, Bryja V, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Habib N, Regev A, Lehtinen MK. A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages. Cell 2021; 184:3056-3074.e21. [PMID: 33932339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) in each brain ventricle produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier. Here, we construct a single-cell and spatial atlas of each ChP in the developing, adult, and aged mouse brain. We delineate diverse cell types, subtypes, cell states, and expression programs in epithelial and mesenchymal cells across ages and ventricles. In the developing ChP, we predict a common progenitor pool for epithelial and neuronal cells, validated by lineage tracing. Epithelial and fibroblast cells show regionalized expression by ventricle, starting at embryonic stages and persisting with age, with a dramatic transcriptional shift with maturation, and a smaller shift in each aged cell type. With aging, epithelial cells upregulate host-defense programs, and resident macrophages upregulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling genes. Our atlas reveals cellular diversity, architecture and signaling across ventricles during development, maturation, and aging of the ChP-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca H Herbst
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cristin McCabe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gilad S Green
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua P Head
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christopher Rodman
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha J Riesenfeld
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Naomi Habib
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Direct Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Production in Mice. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108524. [PMID: 33357428 PMCID: PMC8186543 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging interest in brain fluid transport has prompted a need for techniques that provide an understanding of what factors regulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Here, we describe a methodology for direct quantification of CSF production in awake mice. We measure CSF production by placing a catheter in a lateral ventricle, while physically blocking outflow from the 4th ventricle. Using this methodology, we show that CSF production increases during isoflurane anesthesia, and to a lesser extent with ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, relative to the awake state. Aged mice have reduced CSF production, which is even lower in aged mice overexpressing amyloid-β. Unexpectedly, CSF production in young female mice is 30% higher than in age-matched males. Altogether, the present observations imply that a reduction in CSF production might contribute to the age-related risk of proteinopathies but that the rate of CSF production and glymphatic fluid transport are not directly linked. Liu et al. develop a method for direct quantification of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production in awake mice. Using this method, the authors evaluate the effect of brain states, ages, sex, anesthetic types, and amyloid-β burden on CSF production.
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Shah BR, Holcomb JM, Davenport EM, Lack CM, McDaniel JM, Imphean DM, Xi Y, Rosenbaum DA, Urban JE, Wagner BC, Powers AK, Whitlow CT, Stitzel JD, Maldjian JA. Prevalence and Incidence of Microhemorrhages in Adolescent Football Players. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:1263-1268. [PMID: 32661051 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE SWI is an advanced imaging modality that is especially useful in cerebral microhemorrhage detection. Such microhemorrhages have been identified in adult contact sport athletes, and the sequelae of these focal bleeds are thought to contribute to neurodegeneration. The purpose of this study was to utilize SWI to determine whether the prevalence and incidence of microhemorrhages in adolescent football players are significantly greater than those of adolescent noncontact athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preseason and postseason SWI was performed and evaluated on 78 adolescent football players. SWI was also performed on 27 adolescent athletes who reported no contact sport history. Two separate one-tailed Fisher exact tests were performed to determine whether the prevalence and incidence of microhemorrhages in adolescent football players are greater than those of noncontact athlete controls. RESULTS Microhemorrhages were observed in 12 football players. No microhemorrhages were observed in any controls. Adolescent football players demonstrated a significantly greater prevalence of microhemorrhages than adolescent noncontact controls (P = .02). Although 2 football players developed new microhemorrhages during the season, microhemorrhage incidence during 1 football season was not statistically greater in the football population than in noncontact control athletes (P = .55). CONCLUSIONS Adolescent football players have a greater prevalence of microhemorrhages compared with adolescent athletes who have never engaged in contact sports. While microhemorrhage incidence during 1 season is not significantly greater in adolescent football players compared to adolescent controls, there is a temporal association between playing football and the appearance of new microhemorrhages.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Shah
- From the Department of Radiology (B.R.S., J.M.H., E.M.D., J.M.M., D.M.I., Y.X., B.C.W., J.A.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - J M Holcomb
- From the Department of Radiology (B.R.S., J.M.H., E.M.D., J.M.M., D.M.I., Y.X., B.C.W., J.A.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - E M Davenport
- From the Department of Radiology (B.R.S., J.M.H., E.M.D., J.M.M., D.M.I., Y.X., B.C.W., J.A.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - C M Lack
- Departments of Radiology (C.M.L., C.T.W.)
| | - J M McDaniel
- From the Department of Radiology (B.R.S., J.M.H., E.M.D., J.M.M., D.M.I., Y.X., B.C.W., J.A.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - D M Imphean
- From the Department of Radiology (B.R.S., J.M.H., E.M.D., J.M.M., D.M.I., Y.X., B.C.W., J.A.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Y Xi
- From the Department of Radiology (B.R.S., J.M.H., E.M.D., J.M.M., D.M.I., Y.X., B.C.W., J.A.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - J E Urban
- Biomedical Engineering (J.E.U., J.D.S.)
| | - B C Wagner
- From the Department of Radiology (B.R.S., J.M.H., E.M.D., J.M.M., D.M.I., Y.X., B.C.W., J.A.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - A K Powers
- Neurosurgery (A.K.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | | | - J A Maldjian
- From the Department of Radiology (B.R.S., J.M.H., E.M.D., J.M.M., D.M.I., Y.X., B.C.W., J.A.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Fame RM, Lehtinen MK. Emergence and Developmental Roles of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System. Dev Cell 2020; 52:261-275. [PMID: 32049038 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We summarize recent work illuminating how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) regulates brain function. More than a protective fluid cushion and sink for waste, the CSF is an integral CNS component with dynamic and diverse roles emerging in parallel with the developing CNS. This review examines the current understanding about early CSF and its maturation and roles during CNS development and discusses open questions in the field. We focus on developmental changes in the ventricular system and CSF sources (including neural progenitors and choroid plexus). We also discuss concepts related to the development of fluid dynamics including flow, perivascular transport, drainage, and barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Kratzer I, Ek J, Stolp H. The molecular anatomy and functions of the choroid plexus in healthy and diseased brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183430. [PMID: 32750317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is located in the ventricular system of the brain (one in each ventricle), and the CP epithelial cells form an important barrier between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Their main function comprises CSF secretion, maintenance of brain homeostasis, signalling, and forming a neuroprotective barrier against harmful external and internal compounds. The CPs mature early and demonstrate expressional changes of barrier-specific genes and proteins related to location and developmental stage of the CP. Important proteins for the barrier function include tight junction proteins, numerous transporters and enzymes. Natural senescence leads to structural changes in the CP cells and reduced or loss of function, while further loss of CP function and changes in immune status may be relevant in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroprotective genes expressed at CPs may be unexplored targets for new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kratzer
- FLUID Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; Friedensgasse 3, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Joakim Ek
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, Box 432, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Helen Stolp
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW0 1TU, UK.
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11
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Erfanizadeh M, Noorafshan A, Namavar MR, Karbalay-Doust S, Talaei-Khozani T. Curcumin prevents neuronal loss and structural changes in the superior cervical (sympathetic) ganglion induced by chronic sleep deprivation, in the rat model. Biol Res 2020; 53:31. [PMID: 32650839 PMCID: PMC7350621 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In modern societies, sleep deprivation is a serious health problem. This problem could be induced by a variety of reasons, including lifestyle habits or neurological disorders. Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) could have complex biological consequences, such as changes in neural autonomic control, increased oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is an important sympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system. CSD can lead to a wide range of neurological consequences in SCG, which mainly supply innervations to circadian system and other structures. As the active component of Curcuma longa, curcumin possesses many therapeutic properties; including neuroprotective. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CSD on the SCG histomorphometrical changes and the protective effect of curcumin in preventing these changes. Methods Thirty-six male rats were randomly assigned to the control, curcumin, CSD, CSD + curcumin, grid floor control, and grid floor + curcumin groups. The CSD was induced by a modified multiple platform apparatus for 21 days and animals were sacrificed at the end of CSD or treatment, and their SCGs removed for stereological and TUNEL evaluations and also spatial arrangement of neurons in this structure. Results Concerning stereological findings, CSD significantly reduced the volume of SCG and its total number of neurons and satellite glial cells in comparison with the control animals (P < 0.05). Treatment of CSD with curcumin prevented these decreases. Furthermore, TUNEL evaluation showed significant apoptosis in the SCG cells in the CSD group, and treatment with curcumin significantly decreased this apoptosis (P < 0.01). This decrease in apoptosis was observed in all control groups that received curcumin. CSD also changed the spatial arrangement of ganglionic neurons into a random pattern, whereas treatment with curcumin preserved its regular pattern. Conclusions CSD could potentially induce neuronal loss and structural changes including random spatial distribution in the SCG neurons. Deleterious effects of sleep deprivation could be prevented by the oral administration of curcumin. Furthermore, the consumption of curcumin in a healthy person might lead to a reduction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Erfanizadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Noorafshan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran. .,Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Saied Karbalay-Doust
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Talaei-Khozani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Norwood JN, Zhang Q, Card D, Craine A, Ryan TM, Drew PJ. Anatomical basis and physiological role of cerebrospinal fluid transport through the murine cribriform plate. eLife 2019; 8:44278. [PMID: 31063132 PMCID: PMC6524970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through the brain, transporting chemical signals and removing waste. CSF production in the brain is balanced by a constant outflow of CSF, the anatomical basis of which is poorly understood. Here, we characterized the anatomy and physiological function of the CSF outflow pathway along the olfactory sensory nerves through the cribriform plate, and into the nasal epithelia. Chemical ablation of olfactory sensory nerves greatly reduced outflow of CSF through the cribriform plate. The reduction in CSF outflow did not cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), consistent with an alteration in the pattern of CSF drainage or production. Our results suggest that damage to olfactory sensory neurons (such as from air pollution) could contribute to altered CSF turnover and flow, providing a potential mechanism for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Norwood
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - David Card
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Amanda Craine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
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13
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Mul Fedele ML, Galiana MD, Golombek DA, Muñoz EM, Plano SA. Alterations in Metabolism and Diurnal Rhythms following Bilateral Surgical Removal of the Superior Cervical Ganglia in Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:370. [PMID: 29375476 PMCID: PMC5767240 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms are controlled by a master pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which is synchronized to the environment by photic and nonphotic stimuli. One of the main functions of the SCN is to regulate peripheral oscillators to set temporal variations in the homeostatic control of physiology and metabolism. In this sense, the SCN coordinate the activity/rest and feeding/fasting rhythms setting the timing of food intake, energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and active and basal metabolism. One of the major time cues to the periphery is the nocturnal melatonin, which is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland. Under SCN control, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT)-the main enzyme regulating melatonin synthesis in vertebrates-is activated at night by sympathetic innervation that includes the superior cervical ganglia (SCG). Bilateral surgical removal of the superior cervical ganglia (SCGx) is considered a reliable procedure to completely prevent the nocturnal AA-NAT activation, irreversibly suppressing melatonin rhythmicity. In the present work, we studied the effects of SCGx on rat metabolic parameters and diurnal rhythms of feeding and locomotor activity. We found a significant difference between SCGx and sham-operated rats in metabolic variables such as an increased body weight/food intake ratio, increased adipose tissue, and decreased glycemia with a normal glucose tolerance. An analysis of locomotor activity and feeding rhythms showed an increased daytime (lights on) activity (including food consumption) in the SCGx group. These alterations suggest that superior cervical ganglia-related feedback mechanisms play a role in SCN-periphery phase coordination and that SCGx is a valid model without brain-invasive surgery to explore how sympathetic innervation affects daily (24 h) patterns of activity, food consumption and, ultimately, its role in metabolism homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena L. Mul Fedele
- Science and Technology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Bernal, Argentina
| | - Maria D. Galiana
- Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM—CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego A. Golombek
- Science and Technology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Bernal, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Diego A. Golombek, ; Estela M. Muñoz, ; Santiago A. Plano,
| | - Estela M. Muñoz
- Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM—CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Diego A. Golombek, ; Estela M. Muñoz, ; Santiago A. Plano,
| | - Santiago A. Plano
- Science and Technology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Bernal, Argentina
- Chronophysiology Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED—CONICET), UCA Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Diego A. Golombek, ; Estela M. Muñoz, ; Santiago A. Plano,
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14
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Huo BX, Greene SE, Drew PJ. Venous cerebral blood volume increase during voluntary locomotion reflects cardiovascular changes. Neuroimage 2015; 118:301-12. [PMID: 26057593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how changes in the cardiovascular system contribute to cerebral blood flow (CBF) and volume (CBV) increases is critical for interpreting hemodynamic signals. Here we investigated how systemic cardiovascular changes affect the cortical hemodynamic response during voluntary locomotion. In the mouse, voluntary locomotion drives an increase in cortical CBF and arterial CBV that is localized to the forelimb/hindlimb representation in the somatosensory cortex, as well as a diffuse venous CBV increase. To determine if the heart rate increases that accompany locomotion contribute to locomotion-induced CBV and CBF increases, we occluded heart rate increases with the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist glycopyrrolate, and reduced heart rate with the β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist atenolol. We quantified the effects of these cardiovascular manipulations on CBV and CBF dynamics by comparing the hemodynamic response functions (HRF) to locomotion across these conditions. Neither the CBF HRF nor the arterial component of the CBV HRF was significantly affected by pharmacological disruption of the heart rate. In contrast, the amplitude and spatial extent of the venous component of the CBV HRF were decreased by atenolol. These results suggest that the increase in venous CBV during locomotion was partially driven by peripheral cardiovascular changes, whereas CBF and arterial CBV increases associated with locomotion reflect central processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Xing Huo
- Center for Neural Engineering Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
| | - Stephanie E Greene
- Center for Neural Engineering Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Center for Neural Engineering Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics; Department of Neurosurgery Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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15
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Prasongchean W, Vernay B, Asgarian Z, Jannatul N, Ferretti P. The neural milieu of the developing choroid plexus: neural stem cells, neurons and innervation. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:103. [PMID: 25873856 PMCID: PMC4379892 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid and plays an important role in brain homeostasis both pre and postnatally. In vitro studies have suggested that cells from adult choroid plexus have stem/progenitor cell-like properties. Our initial aim was to investigate whether such a cell population is present in vivo during development of the choroid plexus, focusing mainly on the chick choroid plexus. Cells expressing neural markers were indeed present in the choroid plexus of chick and also those of rodent and human embryos, both within their epithelium and mesenchyme. ß3-tubulin-positive cells with neuronal morphology could be detected as early as at E8 in chick choroid plexus and their morphological complexity increased with development. Whole mount immunochemistry demonstrated the presence of neurons throughout choroid plexus development and they appeared to be mainly catecholaminergic, as indicated by tyrosine-hydroxylase reactivity. The presence of cells co-labeling for BrdU and the neuroblast marker, doublecortin, in organotypic choroid plexus cultures supported the hypothesis that neurogenesis can occur from neural precursors within the developing choroid plexus. Furthermore, we found that extrinsic innervation is present in the developing choroid plexus, unlike previously suggested. Altogether, our data are consistent with the presence of neural progenitors within the choroid plexus, suggest that at least some of the choroid plexus neurons are born locally, and show for the first time that choroid plexus innervation occurs prenatally. Hence, we propose the existence of a complex neural regulatory network within the developing choroid plexus that may play a crucial role in modulating its function during development as well as throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerapong Prasongchean
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK ; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK
| | - Zeinab Asgarian
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK
| | - Nahin Jannatul
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK
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16
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Narita K, Takeda S. Cilia in the choroid plexus: their roles in hydrocephalus and beyond. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:39. [PMID: 25729351 PMCID: PMC4325912 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are whip-like projections that are widely conserved in eukaryotes and function as a motile propeller and/or sensory platform to detect various extracellular stimuli. In vertebrates, cilia are ubiquitously found in most cells, showing structural and functional diversities depending on the cell type. In this review, we focus on the structure and function of cilia in choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs). CPECs form one or two dozen non-motile 9+0 cilia, which display transient acquisition of motility during development. Genetic malfunction of cilia can lead to failure of multiple organs including the brain. Especially, several groups have demonstrated that the defects in CPEC cilia cause the communicating form of hydrocephalus. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hydrocephalus, we have previously demonstrated that the cilia possess an NPFF receptor for autocrine signaling to regulate transepithelial fluid transport. In this perspective, we also discuss the potential involvement of cilia in the other aspects of choroid plexus functions, such as the regulation of brain development and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Narita
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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18
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Abstract
The importance of adult neurogenesis has only recently been accepted, resulting in a completely new field of investigation within stem cell biology. The regulation and functional significance of adult neurogenesis is currently an area of highly active research. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as potential modulators of adult neurogenesis. GPCRs represent a class of proteins with significant clinical importance, because approximately 30% of all modern therapeutic treatments target these receptors. GPCRs bind to a large class of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Besides their typical role in cellular communication, GPCRs are expressed on adult neural stem cells and their progenitors that relay specific signals to regulate the neurogenic process. This review summarizes the field of adult neurogenesis and its methods and specifies the roles of various GPCRs and their signal transduction pathways that are involved in the regulation of adult neural stem cells and their progenitors. Current evidence supporting adult neurogenesis as a model for self-repair in neuropathologic conditions, adult neural stem cell therapeutic strategies, and potential avenues for GPCR-based therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van A Doze
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, NB50, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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19
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Imtaiyaz Hassan M, Shajee B, Waheed A, Ahmad F, Sly WS. Structure, function and applications of carbonic anhydrase isozymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:1570-82. [PMID: 22607884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases enzymes (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc containing metalloproteins, which efficiently catalyse the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and release proton. These enzymes are essentially important for biological system and play several important physiological and patho-physiological functions. There are 16 different alpha-carbonic anhydrase isoforms studied, differing widely in their cellular localization and biophysical properties. The catalytic domains of all CAs possess a conserved tertiary structure fold, with predominately β-strands. We performed an extensive analysis of all 16 mammalian CAs for its structure and function in order to establish a structure-function relationship. CAs have been a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. Sulfonamides are considered as a strong and specific inhibitor of CA, and are being used as diuretics, anti-glaucoma, anti-epileptic, anti-ulcer agents. Currently CA inhibitors are widely used as a drug for the treatment of neurological disorders, anti-glaucoma drugs, anti-cancer, or anti-obesity agents. Here we tried to emphasize how CAs can be used for drug discovery, design and screening. Furthermore, we discussed the role of CA in carbon capture, carbon sensor and metabolon. We hope this review provide many useful information on structure, function, mechanism, and applications of CAs in various discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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20
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Johanson C, Stopa E, Baird A, Sharma H. Traumatic brain injury and recovery mechanisms: peptide modulation of periventricular neurogenic regions by the choroid plexus-CSF nexus. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:115-33. [PMID: 20936524 PMCID: PMC3026679 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In traumatic brain injury (TBI), severe disruptions occur in the choroid plexus (CP)-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nexus that destabilize the nearby hippocampal and subventricular neurogenic regions. Following invasive and non-invasive injuries to cortex, several adverse sequelae harm the brain interior: (i) structural damage to CP epithelium that opens the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) to protein, (ii) altered CSF dynamics and intracranial pressure (ICP), (iii) augmentation of leukocyte traffic across CP into the CSF-brain, (iv) reduction in CSF sink action and clearance of debris from ventricles, and (v) less efficient provision of micronutritional and hormonal support for the CNS. However, gradual post-TBI restitution of the injured CP epithelium and ependyma, and CSF homeostatic mechanisms, help to restore subventricular/subgranular neurogenesis and the cognitive abilities diminished by CNS damage. Recovery from TBI is facilitated by upregulated choroidal/ependymal growth factors and neurotrophins, and their secretion into ventricular CSF. There, by an endocrine-like mechanism, CSF bulk flow convects the neuropeptides to target cells in injured cortex for aiding repair processes; and to neurogenic niches for enhancing conversion of stem cells to new neurons. In the recovery from TBI and associated ischemia, the modulating neuropeptides include FGF2, EGF, VEGF, NGF, IGF, GDNF, BDNF, and PACAP. Homeostatic correction of TBI-induced neuropathology can be accelerated or amplified by exogenously boosting the CSF concentration of these growth factors and neurotrophins. Such intraventricular supplementation via the CSF route promotes neural restoration through enhanced neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and neuroprotective effects. CSF translational research presents opportunities that involve CP and ependymal manipulations to expedite recovery from TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Johanson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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22
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Friedman DI. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension With Dan and Beyond: The 2010 Jacobson Lecture. J Neuroophthalmol 2010; 30:380-5. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0b013e3181fe1fd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The choroid plexus is a specialized tissue that lines subdomains within the four ventricles of the brain where most of the cerebrospinal fluid is produced. Maintenance of an equilibrium in volume and composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is vital for a normal brain function, ensuring an optimal environment for the neurons. The necessarily high water permeability of the choroid plexus barrier is made possible by the abundant expression of a water channel, Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), on the apical side of the membrane from early stages of development through adulthood. Data from studies of AQP1 suggest that it also can contribute as a gated ion channel, and suggest that the AQP1-mediated ionic conductance has physiological significance for the regulation of cerebrospinal fluid secretion. The regulation of AQP1 ion channels could be one of several transport mechanisms that contribute to the decreased CSF secretion in response to endogenous signaling molecules such as atrial natriuretic peptide. Numerous classes of ion channels and transporters are targeted specifically to each side of the cellular membrane, and they all work in concert to secrete CSF. Several signaling cascades have a direct effect on transporters and ion channels present in the choroid plexus epithelium, altering their transport activity and therefore modulating the net transcellular movement of solutes and water. Several neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and growth factors can influence CSF secretion by direct effect on transport mechanisms of the epithelium. The mammalian choroid plexus receives innervation from noradrenergic sympathetic fibers, cholinergic and peptidergic fibers that modulate CSF secretion. Water imbalance in the brain can have life-threatening consequences resulting from altered excitability and neurodegeneration, disruption of the supply of nutrients, loss of signaling molecules, and the accumulation of unwanted toxins and metabolites. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the modulation of CSF secretion is of fundamental importance. An appreciation of AQP1 as an ion channel in addition to its role as a water channel should offer new targets for therapeutic strategies in diseases involving water imbalance in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boassa
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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24
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Owman C. Characterization of adrenergic receptors, with examples from some sympathetically innervated structures. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 2009; 44 Suppl 2:5-16. [PMID: 41400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1979.tb03227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dietrich P, Shanmugasundaram R, Shuyu E, Dragatsis I. Congenital hydrocephalus associated with abnormal subcommissural organ in mice lacking huntingtin in Wnt1 cell lineages. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 18:142-50. [PMID: 18838463 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin (htt) is a 350 kDa protein of unknown function, with no homologies with other known proteins. Expansion of a polyglutamine stretch at the N-terminus of htt causes Huntington's disease (HD), a dominant neurodegenerative disorder. Although it is generally accepted that HD is caused primarily by a gain-of-function mechanism, recent studies suggest that loss-of-function may also be part of HD pathogenesis. Huntingtin is an essential protein in the mouse since inactivation of the mouse HD homolog (Hdh) gene results in early embryonic lethality. Huntingtin is widely expressed in embryogenesis, and associated with a number of interacting proteins suggesting that htt may be involved in several processes including morphogenesis, neurogenesis and neuronal survival. To further investigate the role of htt in these processes, we have inactivated the Hdh gene in Wnt1 cell lineages using the Cre-loxP system of recombination. Here we show that conditional inactivation of the Hdh gene in Wnt1 cell lineages results in congenital hydrocephalus, implicating huntingtin for the first time in the regulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. Our results show that hydrocephalus in mice lacking htt in Wnt1 cell lineages is associated with increase in CSF production by the choroid plexus, and abnormal subcommissural organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dietrich
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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26
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Levine BD, Zhang R. Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Sympathetic activity does/does not influence cerebral blood flow. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1373. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.zdg-8199.pcpcomm.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Jørgensen OS. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and prealbumin in cerebrospinal fluid from depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2007; 345:29-37. [PMID: 3067538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The size of the soluble form of the human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM-sol, was by gel permeation chromatography estimated to 160-250 kDa. Within the CSF the concentration of NCAM-sol was found about 15-25% increased in lumbar fluid and 25% increased in ventricular fluid, both compared to cisternal fluid. Whereas prealbumin was found evenly distributed in CSF, albumin was relatively enriched in lumbar fluid. The concentrations of NCAM-sol and prealbumin were measured in lumbar CSF from psychiatric patients. Prealbumin was increased 7.2% and NCAM-sol was decreased 15.1% in depressed patients. The changes were partially normalized during recovery from the depression. The findings can be explained by hypothesizing that endogenous depression is associated with an increased choroid plexus activity and CSF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Jørgensen
- Psychochemistry Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Duvernoy HM, Risold PY. The circumventricular organs: an atlas of comparative anatomy and vascularization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:119-47. [PMID: 17659349 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The circumventricular organs are small sized structures lining the cavity of the third ventricle (neurohypophysis, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, pineal gland and subcommissural organ) and of the fourth ventricle (area postrema). Their particular location in relation to the ventricular cavities is to be noted: the subfornical organ, the subcommissural organ and the area postrema are situated at the confluence between ventricles while the neurohypophysis, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis and the pineal gland line ventricular recesses. The main object of this work is to study the specific characteristics of the vascular architecture of these organs: their capillaries have a wall devoid of blood-brain barrier, as opposed to central capillaries. This particular arrangement allows direct exchange between the blood and the nervous tissue of these organs. This work is based on a unique set of histological preparations from 12 species of mammals and 5 species of birds, and is taking the form of an atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri M Duvernoy
- Université de Franche-Comté, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 12 Chemin des Relançons, 25000 Besançon, France.
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Fernández-Llebrez P, Grondona JM, Pérez J, López-Aranda MF, Estivill-Torrús G, Llebrez-Zayas PF, Soriano E, Ramos C, Lallemand Y, Bach A, Robert B. Msx1-Deficient Mice Fail to Form Prosomere 1 Derivatives, Subcommissural Organ, and Posterior Commissure and Develop Hydrocephalus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:574-86. [PMID: 15217086 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.6.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Msx1 is a regulatory gene involved in epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in limb formation and organogenesis. In the embryonic CNS, the Msx1 gene is expressed along the dorsal midline. Msx1 mutant mice have been obtained by insertion of the nlacZ gene in the Msx1 homeodomain. The most important features of homozygous mutants that we observed were the absence or malformation of the posterior commissure (PC) and of the subcommissural organ (SCO), the collapse of the cerebral aqueduct, and the development of hydrocephalus. Heterozygous mutants developed abnormal PC and reduced SCO, as revealed by specific antibodies against SCO secretory glycoproteins. About one third of the heterozygous mutants also showed hydrocephalus. Other defects displayed by homozygous mutants were ependymal denudation, subventricular cavitations and edema, and underdevelopment of the pineal gland and subfornical organ. Some homozygous mutants developed both SCO and PC, probably as a consequence of genetic redundancy with Msx2. However, these mutants did not show SCO-immunoreactive glycoproteins and displayed obstructive hydrocephalus. This suggests that Msx1 is necessary for the synthesis of SCO glycoproteins, which would then be required for the maintenance of an open aqueduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fernández-Llebrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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Abstract
Pseudotumor cerebri is a perplexing syndrome of increased intra-cranial pressure without a space-occupying lesion. The terminology for the disorder has changed over the years and the diagnostic criteria revised to reflect advances in diagnostic technology and insights into the disease process. The classification and nomenclature depend on the presence or absence of an underlying cause. When the diagnostic criteria are followed, a secondary etiology is unlikely. When no secondary cause is identified, the syndrome is termed "idiopathic intracranial hypertension."
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah I Friedman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted continuously, although this secretion undergoes circadian variations. Mechanisms operating at the vascular side of the choroidal cells involve a sympathetic and a cholinergic innervation, with the former inhibiting and the latter stimulating CSF secretion. There are also regulatory mechanisms operating at the ventricular side of the choroidal cells, where receptors for monoamines such as dopamine, serotonin, and melatonin, and for neuropeptides such as vasopressin, atrial natriuretic hormone, and angiotensin II, have been identified. These compounds, that are normally present in the CSF, participate in the regulation of CSF secretion. Although the mechanisms responsible for the CSF circulation are not fully understood, several factors are known to play a role. There is evidence that the subcommissural organ (SCO)--Reissner's fiber (RF) complex is one of the factors involved in the CSF circulation. In mammals, the predominant route of escape of CSF into blood is through the arachnoid villi. In lower vertebrates, the dilatation of the distal end of the central canal, known as terminal ventricle or ampulla caudalis, represents the main site of CSF escape into blood. Both the function and the ultrastructural arrangement of the ampulla caudalis suggest that it may be the ancestor structure of the mammalian arachnoid villi. RF-glycoproteins reaching the ampulla caudalis might play a role in the formation and maintenance of the route communicating the CSF and blood compartments. The SCO-RF complex may participate, under physiological conditions, in the circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Under pathological conditions, the SCO appears to be involved in the pathogeneses of congenital hydrocephalus. Changes in the SCO have been described in all species developing congenital hydrocephalus. In these reports, the important question whether the changes occurring in the SCO precede hydrocephalus, or are a consequence of the hydrocephalic state, has not been clarified. Recently, evidence has been obtained indicating that a primary defect of the SCO-RF complex may lead to hydrocephalus. Thus, a primary and selective immunoneutralization of the SCO-RF complex during the fetal and early postnatal life leads to absence of RF, aqueductal stenosis, increased CSF concentration of monoamines, and a moderate but sustained hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pérez-Fígares
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Aberger K, Chitravanshi VC, Sapru HN. Cardiovascular responses to microinjections of nicotine into the caudal ventrolateral medulla of the rat. Brain Res 2001; 892:138-46. [PMID: 11172759 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the role of nicotinic receptors located in the caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor area (CVLM) in regulating/modulating cardiovascular function. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored by standard techniques in urethane-anesthetized, artificially ventilated, adult male Wistar rats. Multi-barreled glass-micropipettes (tip size 20-40 microm) were used to make microinjections (100 nl) into the CVLM. Concentrations of nicotine ranging from 250 micromto 10 mM were microinjected unilaterally into the CVLM. The maximum depressor and bradycardic responses were elicited by a 1 mM concentration of nicotine. Sequential microinjections of mecamylamine (1 mM), an antagonist for nicotinic receptors containing alpha3beta4 subunits, then alpha-bungarotoxin (1 microm), an antagonist for nicotinic receptors containing alpha-7 subunits, were made into the CVLM. Microinjecting a combination of a nicotinic receptor blocker and toxin resulted in the complete blockade of the cardiovascular responses induced by nicotine (1 mM, 100 nl). These results indicate that: (1) nicotinic receptors are present in the CVLM; (2) activation of these receptors results in depressor and bradycardic responses; (3) for a complete blockade of nicotine-induced cardiovascular responses, it is necessary to use a combination of mecamylamine and alpha-bungarotoxin; (4) since mecamylamine and alpha-bungarotoxin are known to block nicotinic receptors containing alpha3beta4 and alpha-7 subunits, respectively, two different subtypes of nicotinic receptors (one which contains a combination of alpha3beta4 subunits, and one which contains alpha-7 subunits) must be present in the CVLM; and (5) it is not clear whether these two subtypes of nicotinic receptor are located on the same or different populations of CVLM-neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, MSB H-586, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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33
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Mignini F, Bronzetti E, Felici L, Ricci A, Sabbatini M, Tayebati SK, Amenta F. Dopamine receptor immunohistochemistry in the rat choroid plexus. JOURNAL OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY 2000; 20:325-32. [PMID: 11350498 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2680.2000.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Earlier studies have demonstrated a high density of dopamine D1-like receptor binding in the choroid plexus by light microscope autoradiography, but the dopaminergic specificity of this binding was questioned. 2. In this study the localization of dopamine receptor subtypes was investigated in the rat choroid plexus by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry using antibodies raised against dopamine D1-D5 receptor protein. 3. Western blot analysis revealed reactivity with immune bands of approximately 50 and 51 KDa corresponding to dopamine D1 and D5 receptors, respectively. Dopamine D1-like (D1 and D5) receptor protein immunoreactivity insensitive to superior cervical ganglionectomy was located in smooth muscle of choroid arteries and to a larger extent within choroid plexus epithelium. 4. Western blot analysis revealed reactivity with immune bands of approximately 53 KDa and 40-42 KDa corresponding to dopamine D2 and D4 receptors, respectively, and no dopamine D3 receptor reactivity. Dopamine D2-like receptor protein immunoreactivity displayed a distribution similar to that of tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive sympathetic fibres and disappeared after superior cervical ganglionectomy. It consisted in the expression of dopamine D2 and to a lesser extent of D4 receptor protein immunoreactivity perivascularly and associated with choroid epithelium. No D3 receptor protein immunoreactivity was found in rat choroid plexus. 5. The above results indicate that rat choroid plexus expresses dopamine receptor protein, being dopamine D1-like receptors predominant in epithelium and arterial smooth muscle and D2-like receptors in sympathetic nerve fibres supplying choroid plexus epithelium and vasculature. 6. These findings suggests that dopamine receptors with a different anatomical localization may modulate production of cerebrospinal fluid.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Choroid Plexus/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Molecular Weight
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine/chemistry
- Receptors, Dopamine/classification
- Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D3
- Receptors, Dopamine D4
- Receptors, Dopamine D5
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mignini
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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34
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35
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Lockerman LZ. Whiplash and TMD. A second opinion... J Am Dent Assoc 1999; 130:164, 166; author reply 168, 170. [PMID: 10036839 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1999.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Suzuki M, Tetsuka M, Endo M. GABA(B) receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii modulate the carotid chemoreceptor reflex in rats. Neurosci Lett 1999; 260:21-4. [PMID: 10027690 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In urethane-chloralose anesthetized rats, the role of GABA(B) receptor in the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii (commNTS) on the carotid chemoreceptor reflex was investigated. Microinjection of a GABA(B) agonist baclofen into the commNTS did not have any effects on arterial blood pressure (BP) or respiration (RP), while it attenuated the increases in BP and RP elicited by carotid chemoreceptor stimulation. These effects were blocked by microinjection of a GABA(B) antagonist 2-OH-saclofen into the same site. Prior microinjection of 2-OH-saclofen did not have any effects on the chemoreflex or on resting BP or RP, while the effects of baclofen on the chemoreflex were completely blocked. These results suggest that GABAB receptors are present in the carotid chemoreceptor reflex pathway in commNTS and modulate the chemoreceptor reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Saitama Medical School, Iruma-gun, Japan.
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37
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Dai CF, Kanoh N. Cytochemical localization of ouabain-sensitive, K+-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in the choroid plexus of normal and reserpinized guinea pigs. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:975-6. [PMID: 9671448 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High doses of reserpine induce depletion of biogenic amines. The K-NPPase activity of choroid plexus was determined after one-shot reserpine administration using cerium-based cytochemistry. In normal untreated animals, reaction product was found on the microvilli of the choroidal epithelium but was almost undetectable 3 and 7 days after reserpinization. At 20 days after reserpinization, however, it was detectable. These findings suggested that reserpine decreased the choroidal Na,K-ATPase activity, and that catecholamines might be essential to maintain normal choroidal Na,K-ATPase activity. (J Histochem Cytochem 46: 975-976, 1998)
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Dai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Chodobski A, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Johanson CE. Vasopressin mediates the inhibitory effect of central angiotensin II on cerebrospinal fluid formation. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 347:205-9. [PMID: 9653883 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II infused at low doses into the cerebral ventricles decreases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Since central angiotensin II also activates the sympathetic nervous system and promotes vasopressin release, the roles of these two factors in mediating the inhibitory effect of angiotensin II on CSF formation were studied. CSF production was measured in rats by the ventriculocisternal perfusion method. During central angiotensin II infusion (5 pg min(-1)), the following adrenoceptor antagonists were administered intravenously (i.v.): phentolamine (alpha1/alpha2, 2 mg/kg per h), prazosin (alpha1, 1 mg/kg per h), and propranolol (beta, 1 mg/kg per h). None of these agents affected the inhibitory effect of angiotensin II on CSF formation. In comparison, in animals administered i.v., the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)Arg-vasopressin (10 microg/kg per h), the angiotensin II-induced decrease in CSF production was abolished. Our observations indicate, therefore, that vasopressin mediates the inhibitory effect of central angiotensin II on CSF formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chodobski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA.
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39
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Na+,K+-ATPase Phosphorylation in the Choroid Plexus: Synergistic Regulation by Serotonin/Protein Kinase C and Isoproterenol/cAMP-PK/PP-1 Pathways. Mol Med 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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40
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Lenkei Z, Palkovits M, Corvol P, Llorens-Cortes C. Distribution of angiotensin type-1 receptor messenger RNA expression in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 1998; 82:827-41. [PMID: 9483539 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II and angiotensin III in the brain exert their various effects by acting on two pharmacologically well-defined receptors, the type-1 (AT1) and the type-2 (AT2) receptors. Receptor binding autoradiography has revealed the dominant presence of AT1 in brain nuclei involved in cardiovascular, body fluid and neuroendocrine control. The cloning of the AT1 complementary DNA has revealed the existence of two receptor subtypes in rodents, AT1A and AT1B. Using specific riboprobes for in situ hybridization, we have previously shown that the AT1A messenger RNA is predominantly expressed in the rat forebrain; in contrast the AT1B subtype predominates in the anterior pituitary. Using a similar technical approach, the aim of the present study was to establish the precise anatomical localization of cells synthetising the AT1A receptor in the adult rat brain. High AT1A messenger RNA expression was found in the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, the median preoptic nucleus, the subfornical organ, the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus, the parvocellular parts of the paraventricular nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the area postrema, in agreement with previous autoradiographic studies, describing a high density of AT1 binding sites in these nuclei. In addition, AT1A messenger RNA expression was detected in several brain areas, where no AT1 binding was reported previously. Thus, we identify strong expression of AT1A messenger RNA expression in scattered cells of the lateral parts of the preoptic region, the lateral hypothalamus and several brainstem nuclei. In none of these structures was the AT1B messenger RNA detectable at the microscopic level. In conclusion, it is suggested that angiotensins may exert their central effects on body fluid and cardiovascular homeostasis mainly via the AT1A receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lenkei
- INSERM U36, Collège de France, Paris, France
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Goldstein
- Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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42
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Barbara M, Modesti A. Nerve fibres of the endolymphatic sac: electronmicroscopic findings in the Mongolian gerbil. Hear Res 1995; 86:63-7. [PMID: 8567422 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5955(95)00054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of separate bundles of nerve fibres in the gerbilline endolymphatic sac (ES) is described, paying particular attention to their ultrastructure and localization. One bundle, localized in the area of the subepithelium which separates the sigmoid sinus from the ES, is composed only of myelinated fascicles which, moreover, seem to have an isolated contact with the ES area. Other two single nerve fibres, much smaller in caliber, are localized in the ES subepithelium and laterally to the ES area, still close to the sigmoid sinus. These fibres, composed of myelinated and unmyelinated fascicles, seem to have a rather longitudinal orientation and, moreover, contract close relationships with the rich vascular network of the ES subepithelial tissue. As far as the course is concerned, the serial sectioning technique would suggest that the nerve fibres get very close to the ES epithelial cell layer, going proximal to distal. Speculations on the origin of this nerve contingent in the ES are proposed and discussed in view of possible new theories for pathogenesis and therapy of some inner ear diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barbara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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43
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Fisone G, Snyder GL, Fryckstedt J, Caplan MJ, Aperia A, Greengard P. Na+,K(+)-ATPase in the choroid plexus. Regulation by serotonin/protein kinase C pathway. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:2427-30. [PMID: 7852300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.6.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the choroid plexus, the ion pump Na+,K(+)-ATPase regulates the production of cerebrospinal fluid. We now report that incubation of choroid plexus with an activator of protein kinase C, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, strongly stimulates the phosphorylation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase and inhibits its activity. Similar effects were obtained with serotonin, which in the choroid plexus stimulates phosphoinositide turnover, thereby activating protein kinase C. Serotonin (10 microM) increased by about 10-fold the amount of phosphorylated Na+,K(+)-ATPase and significantly reduced its activity. Two-dimensional peptide mapping showed comigration of Na+,K(+)-ATPase phosphorylated by either phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate or serotonin in intact cells and by protein kinase C in vitro. These results demonstrate that first messengers can regulate the activity of Na+,K(+)-ATPase through a mechanism involving protein phosphorylation. Moreover, they provide a plausible mechanism for the demonstrated ability of serotonin to decrease cerebrospinal fluid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fisone
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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44
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Blay P, Nilsson C, Hansson S, Owman C, Aldred AR, Schreiber G. An in vivo study of the effect of 5-HT and sympathetic nerves on transferrin and transthyretin mRNA expression in rat choroid plexus and meninges. Brain Res 1994; 662:148-54. [PMID: 7859068 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Brain expression of transferrin (Tf) and transthyretin (TTR) mRNA has been demonstrated in different species, TTR being found only in the choroid plexus. We report here that both these mRNAs are also expressed in the meninges. In vitro studies have shown that Tf secretion by the rat choroid plexus is stimulated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) while sympathetic nerves regulate different transport functions in the same tissue. We have used various in vivo models to study the neuroendocrine regulation of Tf and TTR mRNA expression in the choroid plexus and meninges. Destruction of the serotonergic nerves in the brain by either raphe nuclei lesion or intraventricular injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), which both decreased brain 5-HT levels significantly, did not affect Tf or TTR mRNA levels in choroid plexus and meninges, but increased TTR mRNA in liver. Intraventricular injection of 10 or 100 pmol 5-HT did not change the expression of these proteins in any of the tissues studied. Removal of the sympathetic innervation to the choroid plexus by cervical sympathectomy did not affect Tf or TTR mRNA levels in choroid plexus and liver, nor the incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein in various parts of the brain. In conclusion, our results do not support a regulatory role in vivo for neuronally derived 5-HT or sympathetic nerve activity on Tf and TTR mRNA expression in rat choroid plexus and meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Blay
- Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Sweden
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45
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Samuelson SD, Winokur G, Pitts AF. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein in men with unipolar or bipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35:539-44. [PMID: 8038297 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)90100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied a large sample of rigorously diagnosed, generally unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder (n = 179), bipolar affective disorder (n = 102), or schizophrenia (n = 125) to determine if increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein is associated with a particular diagnosis or gender. Men had a higher mean CSF protein level than women across all diagnoses (p < 0.001). There were no differences across diagnosis among the female patients. Men with unipolar depression had a higher mean CSF protein content than other male patients (n = 0.029), but depressed bipolar males had an equivalently elevated mean level. Considered apart from unipolar or bipolar diagnosis, the depressive syndrome was strongly associated with increased CSF protein in men (p = 0.004); again, there was no difference across type of illness (depression versus mania) among women. Elevated CSF protein content seems to be associated with illness syndrome rather than diagnosis, and may represent an important finding among men with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Samuelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Kansas City Veterans Administration Medical Center 64128
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46
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Kotera T, Brown PD. Cl- current activation in choroid plexus epithelial cells involves a G protein and protein kinase A. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 266:C536-40. [PMID: 8141268 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.2.c536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) in the regulation of the Cl- conductance in rat choroid plexus epithelial cells was investigated, using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. Intracellular application of a nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue, guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S; 0.1-0.2 mM), evoked a transient increase in the Cl- conductance. The activated Cl- current exhibited inward rectification and was independent of time at hyperpolarizing or depolarizing voltage pulses. The effect of GTP gamma S was inhibited by a nonhydrolyzable GDP analogue, guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (2 mM), and by an inhibitor of protein kinase A, H-89, but was not affected by chelation of cytosolic Ca2+ with 5 mM 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. GTP gamma S failed to activate the current when ATP was omitted from the pipette solution. Intracellular application of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP; 0.25 mM) or the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A activated a similar Cl- current. These results suggest that G proteins activate Cl- channels via a cAMP-dependent pathway in rat choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kotera
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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47
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Sharma RP, Javaid JI, Faull K, Davis JM, Janicak PG. CSF and plasma MHPG, and CSF MHPG index: pretreatment levels in diagnostic groups and response to somatic treatments. Psychiatry Res 1994; 51:51-60. [PMID: 7910975 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(94)90046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The authors report a significant positive correlation between levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma in drug-free affective disorder patients (major depression, mania, and schizoaffective disorder), but not in schizophrenia. Recent kinetic studies on the relationship between plasma and CSF MHPG discourage the interpretation of independent CSF MHPG levels without correction for the diffusion of MHPG across the blood-brain barrier. The authors therefore examine pretreatment CSF and plasma MHPG levels, and the CSF MHPG index (CSF MHPG corrected for by using simultaneously obtained plasma MHPG according to the method of Kopin et al. [1983]). No significant differences were found in these pretreatment MHPG measures among the four diagnostic groups. Changes in these MHPG indices, and their correlations with behavioral rating scores, are also examined with respect to response to the four major somatic therapies (neuroleptics, lithium, antidepressants, and electroconvulsive therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
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48
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Matsumoto M, Togashi H, Yoshioka M, Hirokami M, Tochihara M, Ikeda T, Smith CB, Saito H. Inhibitory effects of clonidine on serotonergic neuronal activity as measured by cerebrospinal fluid serotonin and its metabolite in anesthetized rats. Life Sci 1993; 53:615-20. [PMID: 8102468 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90270-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Clonidine-induced changes in the serotonergic neuronal activity of the central nervous system were estimated by measuring the concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of anesthetized rats. Clonidine (30 and 300 micrograms/kg, i.v.) led to 74% and 60% reductions in the concentration of 5-HT in the CSF 60 min after administration. CSF 5-HIAA concentrations were also decreased to 77% and 66%, respectively. Clonidine-induced (30 micrograms/kg, i.v.) decreases in CSF 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations were attenuated by pretreatment with idazoxan (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Idazoxan by itself did not alter the CSF 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations. Decreased CSF 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations after i.v. administration of clonidine (30 micrograms/kg) were abolished by noradrenergic denervation after pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (200 micrograms/rat, i.c.v.). These results suggest the possibility that clonidine acts to inhibit the serotonergic neuronal activity, which is mediated via the alpha 2-adrenoceptors. It indicates, moreover, that noradrenergic nervous systems are involved in the clonidine-induced inhibition of serotonergic neuronal activity. Therefore, noradrenergic neurons play a significant role in mediating the actions of clonidine on serotonergic neuronal activity in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsumoto
- First Department of Pharmacology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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49
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Hozawa K, Takasaka T. Sympathetic and CGRP-positive nerve supply to the endolymphatic sac of guinea pig. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1993; 506:14-7. [PMID: 7903018 DOI: 10.3109/00016489309130232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of sympathetic fibers and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)-positive fibers was examined in the endolymphatic sac of 10 guinea pigs by using immunohistochemical techniques to demonstrate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and CGRP. A meshwork of TH-positive fibers, found around the sigmoid sinus, sent branches to the distal and the intermediate parts of the endolymphatic sac. In these areas. TH-positive fibers traveled freely from blood vessels and formed a loose plexus beneath the lining epithelium. Such fibers were rare in proximal portion of the endolymphatic sac and in the endolymphatic duct. Seven days after elimination of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, some of the TH-positive fibers were gone, however, there were still a few fibers in the endolymphatic sac as well as around the sigmoid sinus, thus their origin remains obscure. CGRP-positive fibers also branched from the fibers around the sigmoid sinus, and were distributed throughout the endolymphatic sac, some occasionally extending to the endolymphatic duct. They not only formed a dense plexus in the sublining space, but also spread through the lining cell layer. Elimination of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion did not affect the distribution of CGRP-positive fibers, indicating that they are probably not sympathetic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hozawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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50
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Keep RF, Xiang J, Betz AL. Potassium transport at the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 331:43-54. [PMID: 8392782 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2920-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Figure 5 gives a summary of K transporters at the BBB based on the available evidence. It appears that the cerebral endothelial cells have an array of potassium channels, although the degree to which each is open under physiological conditions is uncertain. Different channels are present on the luminal and abluminal membranes, and the opening and closing of these channels may allow modulation of the brain K influx and efflux rates and play a role in brain K homeostasis. These channels may also play a role in hyperosmotic brain volume regulation by increasing the entry rate of potassium into brain and may be involved in volume regulation of the endothelial cell itself. The nature of fluid transport at the BBB remains to be fully elucidated, with the presence of a Na/K/2Cl co-transporter being uncertain. The abluminal inwardly-rectifying channel may act as a leak pathway to allow modulation of fluid secretion by the Na/K ATPase without altering the K concentration of that fluid. Finally, there is some evidence that K transport at the BBB is under hormonal and neuronal control. The cerebral capillaries possess receptors for many of the hormones present in blood and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Keep
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0532
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