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Caohuy H, Eidelman O, Chen T, Mungunsukh O, Yang Q, Walton NI, Pollard BS, Khanal S, Hentschel S, Florez C, Herbert AS, Pollard HB. Inflammation in the COVID-19 airway is due to inhibition of CFTR signaling by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16895. [PMID: 39043712 PMCID: PMC11266487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-contributes to sickness and death in COVID-19 patients partly by inducing a hyper-proinflammatory immune response in the host airway. This hyper-proinflammatory state involves activation of signaling by NFκB, and unexpectedly, ENaC, the epithelial sodium channel. Post-infection inflammation may also contribute to "Long COVID"/PASC. Enhanced signaling by NFκB and ENaC also marks the airway of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, a life-limiting proinflammatory genetic disease due to inactivating mutations in the CFTR gene. We therefore hypothesized that inflammation in the COVID-19 airway might similarly be due to inhibition of CFTR signaling by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and therefore activation of both NFκB and ENaC signaling. We used western blot and electrophysiological techniques, and an organoid model of normal airway epithelia, differentiated on an air-liquid-interface (ALI). We found that CFTR protein expression and CFTR cAMP-activated chloride channel activity were lost when the model epithelium was exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. As hypothesized, the absence of CFTR led to activation of both TNFα/NFκB signaling and α and γ ENaC. We had previously shown that the cardiac glycoside drugs digoxin, digitoxin and ouabain blocked interaction of spike protein and ACE2. Consistently, addition of 30 nM concentrations of the cardiac glycoside drugs, prevented loss of both CFTR protein and CFTR channel activity. ACE2 and CFTR were found to co-immunoprecipitate in both basal cells and differentiated epithelia. Thus spike-dependent CFTR loss might involve ACE2 as a bridge between Spike and CFTR. In addition, spike exposure to the epithelia resulted in failure of endosomal recycling to return CFTR to the plasma membrane. Thus, failure of CFTR recovery from endosomal recycling might be a mechanism for spike-dependent loss of CFTR. Finally, we found that authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus infection induced loss of CFTR protein, which was rescued by the cardiac glycoside drugs digitoxin and ouabain. Based on experiments with this organoid model of small airway epithelia, and comparisons with 16HBE14o- and other cell types expressing normal CFTR, we predict that inflammation in the COVID-19 airway may be mediated by inhibition of CFTR signaling by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thus inducing a cystic fibrosis-like clinical phenotype. To our knowledge this is the first time COVID-19 airway inflammation has been experimentally traced in normal subjects to a contribution from SARS-CoV-2 spike-dependent inhibition of CFTR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Caohuy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program (CHIRP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ofer Eidelman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program (CHIRP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Tinghua Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program (CHIRP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ognoon Mungunsukh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Center for Military Precision Health, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Qingfeng Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress (CSTS), and Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Nathan I Walton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program (CHIRP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | | | - Sara Khanal
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | - Shannon Hentschel
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Catoosa, OK, 74015, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Harvey B Pollard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program (CHIRP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Hong JS, Tindall JM, Tindall SR, Sorscher EJ. Mutation accumulation in H. sapiens F508del CFTR countermands dN/dS type genomic analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305832. [PMID: 39024311 PMCID: PMC11257350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie de novo mutations (DNMs) can be essential for interpreting human evolution, including aspects such as rapidly diverging genes, conservation of non-coding regulatory elements, and somatic DNA adaptation, among others. DNM accumulation in Homo sapiens is often limited to evaluation of human trios or quads across a single generation. Moreover, human SNPs in exons, pseudogenes, or other non-coding elements can be ancient and difficult to date, including polymorphisms attributable to founder effects and identity by descent. In this report, we describe multigenerational evolution of a human coding locus devoid of natural selection, and delineate patterns and principles by which DNMs have accumulated over the past few thousand years. We apply a data set comprising cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) alleles from 2,393 individuals homozygous for the F508del defect. Additional polymorphism on the F508del background diversified subsequent to a single mutational event during recent human history. Because F508del CFTR is without function, SNPs observed on this haplotype are effectively attributable to factors that govern accumulating de novo mutations. We show profound enhancement of transition, synonymous, and positionally repetitive polymorphisms, indicating appearance of DNMs in a manner evolutionarily designed to protect protein coding DNA against mutational attrition while promoting diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong S. Hong
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Janice M. Tindall
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel R. Tindall
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Sorscher
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Lockwood C, Vo AS, Bellafard H, Carter AJR. More evidence for widespread antagonistic pleiotropy in polymorphic disease alleles. Front Genet 2024; 15:1404516. [PMID: 38952711 PMCID: PMC11215129 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1404516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many loci segregate alleles classified as "genetic diseases" due to their deleterious effects on health. However, some disease alleles have been reported to show beneficial effects under certain conditions or in certain populations. The beneficial effects of these antagonistically pleiotropic alleles may explain their continued prevalence, but the degree to which antagonistic pleiotropy is common or rare is unresolved. We surveyed the medical literature to identify examples of antagonistic pleiotropy to help determine whether antagonistic pleiotropy appears to be rare or common. Results We identified ten examples of loci with polymorphisms for which the presence of antagonistic pleiotropy is well supported by detailed genetic or epidemiological information in humans. One additional locus was identified for which the supporting evidence comes from animal studies. These examples complement over 20 others reported in other reviews. Discussion The existence of more than 30 identified antagonistically pleiotropic human disease alleles suggests that this phenomenon may be widespread. This poses important implications for both our understanding of human evolutionary genetics and our approaches to clinical treatment and disease prevention, especially therapies based on genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ashley J. R. Carter
- California State University Long Beach, Department of Biological Sciences, Long Beach, CA, United States
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Aamer W, Al-Maraghi A, Syed N, Gandhi GD, Aliyev E, Al-Kurbi AA, Al-Saei O, Kohailan M, Krishnamoorthy N, Palaniswamy S, Al-Malki K, Abbasi S, Agrebi N, Abbaszadeh F, Akil ASAS, Badii R, Ben-Omran T, Lo B, Mokrab Y, Fakhro KA. Burden of Mendelian disorders in a large Middle Eastern biobank. Genome Med 2024; 16:46. [PMID: 38584274 PMCID: PMC11000384 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome sequencing of large biobanks from under-represented ancestries provides a valuable resource for the interrogation of Mendelian disease burden at world population level, complementing small-scale familial studies. METHODS Here, we interrogate 6045 whole genomes from Qatar-a Middle Eastern population with high consanguinity and understudied mutational burden-enrolled at the national Biobank and phenotyped for 58 clinically-relevant quantitative traits. We examine a curated set of 2648 Mendelian genes from 20 panels, annotating known and novel pathogenic variants and assessing their penetrance and impact on the measured traits. RESULTS We find that 62.5% of participants are carriers of at least 1 known pathogenic variant relating to recessive conditions, with homozygosity observed in 1 in 150 subjects (0.6%) for which Peninsular Arabs are particularly enriched versus other ancestries (5.8-fold). On average, 52.3 loss-of-function variants were found per genome, 6.5 of which affect a known Mendelian gene. Several variants annotated in ClinVar/HGMD as pathogenic appeared at intermediate frequencies in this cohort (1-3%), highlighting Arab founder effect, while others have exceedingly high frequencies (> 5%) prompting reconsideration as benign. Furthermore, cumulative gene burden analysis revealed 56 genes having gene carrier frequency > 1/50, including 5 ACMG Tier 3 panel genes which would be candidates for adding to newborn screening in the country. Additionally, leveraging 58 biobank traits, we systematically assess the impact of novel/rare variants on phenotypes and discover 39 candidate large-effect variants associating with extreme quantitative traits. Furthermore, through rare variant burden testing, we discover 13 genes with high mutational load, including 5 with impact on traits relevant to disease conditions, including metabolic disorder and type 2 diabetes, consistent with the high prevalence of these conditions in the region. CONCLUSIONS This study on the first phase of the growing Qatar Genome Program cohort provides a comprehensive resource from a Middle Eastern population to understand the global mutational burden in Mendelian genes and their impact on traits in seemingly healthy individuals in high consanguinity settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Aamer
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Najeeb Syed
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Elbay Aliyev
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Omayma Al-Saei
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | - Saleha Abbasi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nourhen Agrebi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Ramin Badii
- Diagnostic Genomic Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Section of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pediatric, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Genetic & Genomics Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bernice Lo
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Younes Mokrab
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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5
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Tang LQ, Fraebel J, Jin S, Winesett SP, Harrell J, Chang WH, Cheng SX. Calcium/calcimimetic via calcium-sensing receptor ameliorates cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:268-279. [PMID: 38314127 PMCID: PMC10835527 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterotoxins produce diarrhea through direct epithelial action and indirectly by activating the enteric nervous system. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) inhibits both actions. The latter has been well documented in vitro but not in vivo. The hypothesis to be tested was that activating CaSR inhibits diarrhea in vivo. AIM To determine whether CaSR agonists ameliorate secretory diarrhea evoked by cholera toxin (CTX) in mice. METHODS CTX was given orally to C57BL/6 mice to induce diarrhea. Calcium and calcimimetic R568 were used to activate CaSR. To maximize their local intestinal actions, calcium was administered luminally via oral rehydration solution (ORS), whereas R568 was applied serosally using an intraperitoneal route. To verify that their actions resulted from the intestine, effects were also examined on Cre-lox intestine-specific CaSR knockouts. Diarrhea outcome was measured biochemically by monitoring changes in fecal Cl- or clinically by assessing stool consistency and weight loss. RESULTS CTX induced secretory diarrhea, as evidenced by increases in fecal Cl-, stool consistency, and weight loss following CTX exposure, but did not alter CaSR, neither in content nor in function. Accordingly, calcium and R568 were each able to ameliorate diarrhea when applied to diseased intestines. Intestinal CaSR involvement is suggested by gene knockout experiments where the anti-diarrheal actions of R568 were lost in intestinal epithelial CaSR knockouts (villinCre/Casrflox/flox) and neuronal CaSR knockouts (nestinCre/Casrflox/flox). CONCLUSION Treatment of acute secretory diarrheas remains a global challenge. Despite advances in diarrhea research, few have been made in the realm of diarrhea therapeutics. ORS therapy has remained the standard of care, although it does not halt the losses of intestinal fluid and ions caused by pathogens. There is no cost-effective therapeutic for diarrhea. This and other studies suggest that adding calcium to ORS or using calcimimetics to activate intestinal CaSR might represent a novel approach for treating secretory diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie-Qi Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Johnathan Fraebel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Steven P Winesett
- Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jane Harrell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Wen-Han Chang
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, United States
| | - Sam Xianjun Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida Shands Children’s Hospital, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
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6
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Tedbury PR, Manfredi C, Degenhardt F, Conway J, Horwath MC, McCracken C, Sorscher AJ, Moreau S, Wright C, Edwards C, Brewer J, Guarner J, de Wit E, Williamson BN, Suthar MS, Ong YT, Roback JD, Alter DN, Holter JC, Karlsen TH, Sacchi N, Romero-Gómez M, Invernizzi P, Fernández J, Buti M, Albillos A, Julià A, Valenti L, Asselta R, Banales JM, Bujanda L, de Cid R, Sarafianos SG, Hong JS, Sorscher EJ, Ehrhardt A. Mechanisms by which the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator may influence SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23220. [PMID: 37801035 PMCID: PMC10760435 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300077r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit pronounced respiratory damage and were initially considered among those at highest risk for serious harm from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Numerous clinical studies have subsequently reported that individuals with CF in North America and Europe-while susceptible to severe COVID-19-are often spared from the highest levels of virus-associated mortality. To understand features that might influence COVID-19 among patients with cystic fibrosis, we studied relationships between SARS-CoV-2 and the gene responsible for CF (i.e., the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR). In contrast to previous reports, we found no association between CFTR carrier status (mutation heterozygosity) and more severe COVID-19 clinical outcomes. We did observe an unexpected trend toward higher mortality among control individuals compared with silent carriers of the common F508del CFTR variant-a finding that will require further study. We next performed experiments to test the influence of homozygous CFTR deficiency on viral propagation and showed that SARS-CoV-2 production in primary airway cells was not altered by the absence of functional CFTR using two independent protocols. On the contrary, experiments performed in vitro strongly indicated that virus proliferation depended on features of the mucosal fluid layer known to be disrupted by absent CFTR in patients with CF, including both low pH and increased viscosity. These results point to the acidic, viscous, and mucus-obstructed airways in patients with cystic fibrosis as unfavorable for the establishment of coronaviral infection. Our findings provide new and important information concerning relationships between the CF clinical phenotype and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Candela Manfredi
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Frauke Degenhardt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joseph Conway
- Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, Georgia, United States
| | - Michael C. Horwath
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Courtney McCracken
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Adam J. Sorscher
- Dartmouth University School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sandy Moreau
- Elliot Hospital, Manchester, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | - Carolina Edwards
- Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, Georgia, United States
| | - Jo Brewer
- Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yee T. Ong
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - David N. Alter
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jan C. Holter
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom H. Karlsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division for Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
- University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Javier Fernández
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Buti
- Liver Unit. Hospital Universitario Valle Hebron and CIBEREHD del Instituto Carlos III. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustin Albillos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, University of Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Julià
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Biological Resorce Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cid
- Genomes for Life-GCAT lab. German Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jeong S. Hong
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Eric J. Sorscher
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Annette Ehrhardt
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Yu C, Kotsimbos T. Respiratory Infection and Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis: A Dynamic Interplay among the Host, Microbes, and Environment for the Ages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044052. [PMID: 36835487 PMCID: PMC9966804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between airway inflammation and infection is now recognized as a major factor in the pathobiology in cystic fibrosis (CF). A proinflammatory environment is seen throughout the CF airway resulting in classic marked and enduring neutrophilic infiltrations, irreversibly damaging the lung. Although this is seen to occur early, independent of infection, respiratory microbes arising at different timepoints in life and the world environment perpetuate this hyperinflammatory state. Several selective pressures have allowed for the CF gene to persist until today despite an early mortality. Comprehensive care systems, which have been a cornerstone of therapy for the past few decades, are now revolutionized by CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR) modulators. The effects of these small-molecule agents cannot be overstated and can be seen as early as in utero. For an understanding of the future, this review looks into CF studies spanning the historical and present period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9076-20000
| | - Tom Kotsimbos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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8
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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Ashwin R, Balakrishnan P, Raju S, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Surrogate Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Human Pegivirus Seropositive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:55-62. [PMID: 36355180 PMCID: PMC10024059 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific observations indicate that an actively prevailing systemic condition could alleviate the pathology of another disease. Human pegivirus (HPgV), a highly ubiquitous flavivirus is believed to be associated with slow human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, and has seldom been linked to hepatic pathology. In this study, we investigated whether HPgV seropositivity had any impact on surrogate markers of HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-infected HPgV seropositive (n = 28) and seronegative (n = 12) individuals who were prospectively evaluated for absolute CD4+ T cell counts, plasma viral load (PVL), liver enzymes, and plasma cytokine levels. The HIV PVL was relatively lower in HPgV seropositive than in HPgV seronegative HIV-infected subjects. Clinical markers of hepatic injury were significantly low among HPgV seropositive HIV-infected participants. HPgV seropositive individuals showed significantly higher levels of interleukin-7 (IL-7), and although not significant, the levels of IL-6 were lower among HPgV seropositive subjects. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the absolute CD4+T cell count was inversely correlated with HIV PVL. Exposure to HPgV appears to have a positive prognostic impact on the levels of surrogate biomarkers of HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean K. Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Virus Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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9
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Baldassarri M, Zguro K, Tomati V, Pastorino C, Fava F, Croci S, Bruttini M, Picchiotti N, Furini S, Pedemonte N, Gabbi C, Renieri A, Fallerini C. Gain- and Loss-of-Function CFTR Alleles Are Associated with COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244096. [PMID: 36552859 PMCID: PMC9776607 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carriers of single pathogenic variants of the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 and 14-day death. The machine learning post-Mendelian model pinpointed CFTR as a bidirectional modulator of COVID-19 outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that the rare complex allele [G576V;R668C] is associated with a milder disease via a gain-of-function mechanism. Conversely, CFTR ultra-rare alleles with reduced function are associated with disease severity either alone (dominant disorder) or with another hypomorphic allele in the second chromosome (recessive disorder) with a global residual CFTR activity between 50 to 91%. Furthermore, we characterized novel CFTR complex alleles, including [A238V;F508del], [R74W;D1270N;V201M], [I1027T;F508del], [I506V;D1168G], and simple alleles, including R347C, F1052V, Y625N, I328V, K68E, A309D, A252T, G542*, V562I, R1066H, I506V, I807M, which lead to a reduced CFTR function and thus, to more severe COVID-19. In conclusion, CFTR genetic analysis is an important tool in identifying patients at risk of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Baldassarri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Kristina Zguro
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Tomati
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Pastorino
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Susanna Croci
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mirella Bruttini
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Picchiotti
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- University of Siena, DIISM-SAILAB, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Furini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta Pedemonte
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (A.R.); Tel.: +39-010-5636-3178 (N.P.); +39-0577-233303 (A.R.); Fax: +39-0577-233325 (A.R.)
| | - Chiara Gabbi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (A.R.); Tel.: +39-010-5636-3178 (N.P.); +39-0577-233303 (A.R.); Fax: +39-0577-233325 (A.R.)
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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10
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Natural statin derivatives as potential therapy to reduce intestinal fluid loss in cholera. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010989. [PMID: 36490300 PMCID: PMC9770395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old, secretory diarrheas including cholera are characterized by excessive intestinal fluid secretion driven by enterotoxin-induced cAMP-dependent intestinal chloride transport. This study aimed to identify fungal bioactive metabolites possessing anti-secretory effects against cAMP-dependent chloride secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. Using electrophysiological analyses in human intestinal epithelial (T84) cells, five fungus-derived statin derivatives including α,β-dehydrolovastatin (DHLV), α,β-dehydrodihydromonacolin K, lovastatin, mevastatin and simvastatin were found to inhibit the cAMP-dependent chloride secretion with IC50 values of 1.8, 8.9, 11.9, 11.4 and 5 μM, respectively. Being the most potent statin derivatives, DHLV was evaluated for its pharmacological properties including cellular toxicity, mechanism of action, target specificity and in vivo efficacy. DHLV at concentrations up to 20 μM did not affect cell viability and barrier integrity of T84 cells. Electrophysiological analyses indicated that DHLV inhibited cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-dependent apical chloride channel, via mechanisms not involving alteration of intracellular cAMP levels or its negative regulators including AMP-activated protein kinases and protein phosphatases. DHLV had no effect on Na+-K+ ATPase activities but inhibited Ca2+-dependent chloride secretion without affecting intracellular Ca2+ levels. Importantly, intraperitoneal (2 mg/kg) and intraluminal (20 μM) injections of DHLV reduced cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mice by 59% and 65%, respectively without affecting baseline intestinal fluid transport. This study identifies natural statin derivatives as novel natural product-derived CFTR inhibitors, which may be beneficial in the treatment of enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrheas including cholera.
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11
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White C, Bader C, Teter K. The manipulation of cell signaling and host cell biology by cholera toxin. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110489. [PMID: 36216164 PMCID: PMC10082135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine and releases cholera toxin into the extracellular space. The toxin binds to the apical surface of the epithelium, is internalized into the host endomembrane system, and escapes into the cytosol where it activates the stimulatory alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein by ADP-ribosylation. This initiates a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway that stimulates chloride efflux into the gut, with diarrhea resulting from the accompanying osmotic movement of water into the intestinal lumen. G protein signaling is not the only host system manipulated by cholera toxin, however. Other cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways active in the intoxication process include endocytosis through lipid rafts, retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation system for protein delivery to the cytosol, the unfolded protein response, and G protein de-activation through degradation or the function of ADP-ribosyl hydrolases. Although toxin-induced chloride efflux is thought to be an irreversible event, alterations to these processes could facilitate cellular recovery from intoxication. This review will highlight how cholera toxin exploits signaling pathways and other cell biology events to elicit a diarrheal response from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher White
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Carly Bader
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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12
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Grotz S, Schäfer J, Wunderlich KA, Ellederova Z, Auch H, Bähr A, Runa-Vochozkova P, Fadl J, Arnold V, Ardan T, Veith M, Santamaria G, Dhom G, Hitzl W, Kessler B, Eckardt C, Klein J, Brymova A, Linnert J, Kurome M, Zakharchenko V, Fischer A, Blutke A, Döring A, Suchankova S, Popelar J, Rodríguez-Bocanegra E, Dlugaiczyk J, Straka H, May-Simera H, Wang W, Laugwitz KL, Vandenberghe LH, Wolf E, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Peters T, Motlik J, Fischer MD, Wolfrum U, Klymiuk N. Early disruption of photoreceptor cell architecture and loss of vision in a humanized pig model of usher syndromes. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14817. [PMID: 35254721 PMCID: PMC8988205 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of monogenic deaf-blindness. Loss of vision is untreatable and there are no suitable animal models for testing therapeutic strategies of the ocular constituent of USH, so far. By introducing a human mutation into the harmonin-encoding USH1C gene in pigs, we generated the first translational animal model for USH type 1 with characteristic hearing defect, vestibular dysfunction, and visual impairment. Changes in photoreceptor architecture, quantitative motion analysis, and electroretinography were characteristics of the reduced retinal virtue in USH1C pigs. Fibroblasts from USH1C pigs or USH1C patients showed significantly elongated primary cilia, confirming USH as a true and general ciliopathy. Primary cells also proved their capacity for assessing the therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene repair or gene therapy in vitro. AAV-based delivery of harmonin into the eye of USH1C pigs indicated therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Grotz
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Zdenka Ellederova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Hannah Auch
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Runa-Vochozkova
- Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janet Fadl
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Taras Ardan
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Veith
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Gianluca Santamaria
- Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Dhom
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Biostatistics and Data Science, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Eckardt
- Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua Klein
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Brymova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakharchenko
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Döring
- Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stepanka Suchankova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Popelar
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Bocanegra
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Dlugaiczyk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Straka
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Helen May-Simera
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cilia Biology, JGU Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Mass Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luk H Vandenberghe
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Mass Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Peters
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - M Dominik Fischer
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, NDCN, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Lim SH, Snider J, Birimberg‐Schwartz L, Ip W, Serralha JC, Botelho HM, Lopes‐Pacheco M, Pinto MC, Moutaoufik MT, Zilocchi M, Laselva O, Esmaeili M, Kotlyar M, Lyakisheva A, Tang P, López Vázquez L, Akula I, Aboualizadeh F, Wong V, Grozavu I, Opacak‐Bernardi T, Yao Z, Mendoza M, Babu M, Jurisica I, Gonska T, Bear CE, Amaral MD, Stagljar I. CFTR interactome mapping using the mammalian membrane two‐hybrid high‐throughput screening system. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10629. [PMID: 35156780 PMCID: PMC8842165 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a chloride and bicarbonate channel in secretory epithelia with a critical role in maintaining fluid homeostasis. Mutations in CFTR are associated with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasians. While remarkable treatment advances have been made recently in the form of modulator drugs directly rescuing CFTR dysfunction, there is still considerable scope for improvement of therapeutic effectiveness. Here, we report the application of a high‐throughput screening variant of the Mammalian Membrane Two‐Hybrid (MaMTH‐HTS) to map the protein–protein interactions of wild‐type (wt) and mutant CFTR (F508del), in an effort to better understand CF cellular effects and identify new drug targets for patient‐specific treatments. Combined with functional validation in multiple disease models, we have uncovered candidate proteins with potential roles in CFTR function/CF pathophysiology, including Fibrinogen Like 2 (FGL2), which we demonstrate in patient‐derived intestinal organoids has a significant effect on CFTR functional expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Lim
- Donnelly Centre University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jamie Snider
- Donnelly Centre University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Liron Birimberg‐Schwartz
- Programme in Translational Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Wan Ip
- Programme in Translational Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
| | - Joana C Serralha
- Faculty of Sciences BioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute University of Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine School of Bioscience Education King’s College London London UK
| | - Hugo M Botelho
- Faculty of Sciences BioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute University of Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Miquéias Lopes‐Pacheco
- Faculty of Sciences BioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute University of Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Madalena C Pinto
- Faculty of Sciences BioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute University of Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Mohamed Taha Moutaoufik
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre University of Regina Regina SK Canada
| | - Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre University of Regina Regina SK Canada
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- Department of Physiology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mohsen Esmaeili
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Osteoarthritis Research Program Division of Orthopedic Surgery Schroeder Arthritis Institute University Health Network Toronto ON Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto ON Canada
| | | | | | | | - Indira Akula
- Donnelly Centre University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Victoria Wong
- Donnelly Centre University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Ingrid Grozavu
- Donnelly Centre University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Zhong Yao
- Donnelly Centre University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Meg Mendoza
- Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre University of Regina Regina SK Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program Division of Orthopedic Surgery Schroeder Arthritis Institute University Health Network Toronto ON Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto ON Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Tanja Gonska
- Programme in Translational Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Physiology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Margarida D Amaral
- Faculty of Sciences BioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute University of Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences Split Croatia
- School of Medicine University of Split Split Croatia
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14
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Malagutti N, Fancello V, Cariani A, Battistini F, Fabbri C, Di Laora A, Valpiani G, Morotti C, Iannini V, Borin M, Ravani A, Bianchini C, Ciorba A, Stomeo F, Pelucchi S. Ion concentrations in nasal airway surface liquid: a prediction model for the identification of cystic fibrosis carriers. Rhinology 2021; 59:470-474. [PMID: 34398939 DOI: 10.4193/rhin21.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) carriers seem to have a higher risk to develop chronic rhino-sinusitis (CRS), although the full underlying mechanisms are unknown. Ion concentrations in nasal airway surface liquid (ASL) may be influenced by the heterozygosity for CF gene mutation, with possible impacts on the development of CRS. METHODS A cheap and feasible standardized technique was designed to measure the ion levels in nasal ASL. With this purpose we collected, under basal conditions, samples from the nasal cavity of 165 adults: 14 homozygous for CF, 83 carriers and 68 healthy controls. Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) concentrations were then evaluated among different groups. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference of Na and Cl values between controls and carriers and between controls and homozygotes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and derived indicators (Youden's index and Area Under the Curve, AUC) were used to further evaluate the diagnostic capability of Na and Cl concentrations to differentiate heterozygotes from controls. ROC curves demonstrated that the optimal diagnostic cut-off value of Na is at 124, and the optimal cut-off value of Cl is at 103,2. CONCLUSION ASL sampling can be considered a new diagnostic tool for providing quantitative information on nasal ion composition. According to our findings, Na and Cl concentrations of nasal ASL could represent a useful tool to assess heterozygotes and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Malagutti
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - V Fancello
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - A Cariani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Battistini
- Cystic Fibrosis Regional Center, Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - C Fabbri
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - A Di Laora
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Valpiani
- Research Innovation Office, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Morotti
- Research Innovation Office, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - V Iannini
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Borin
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - A Ravani
- Unit of Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Bianchini
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - A Ciorba
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Stomeo
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Pelucchi
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Baldassarri M, Fava F, Fallerini C, Daga S, Benetti E, Zguro K, Amitrano S, Valentino F, Doddato G, Giliberti A, Di Sarno L, Palmieri M, Carriero ML, Alaverdian D, Beligni G, Iuso N, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E, Mondelli MU, Miceli R, Frullanti E, Furini S, Mari F, Renieri A, Gabbi C. Severe COVID-19 in Hospitalized Carriers of Single CFTR Pathogenic Variants. J Pers Med 2021; 11:558. [PMID: 34203982 PMCID: PMC8232773 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentation of COVID-19 is extremely heterogeneous, ranging from asymptomatic to severely ill patients. Thus, host genetic factors may be involved in determining disease presentation and progression. Given that carriers of single cystic fibrosis (CF)-causing variants of the CFTR gene-CF-carriers-are more susceptible to respiratory tract infections, our aim was to determine their likelihood of undergoing severe COVID-19. We implemented a cohort study of 874 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, during the first pandemic wave in Italy. Whole exome sequencing was performed and validated CF-causing variants were identified. Forty subjects (16 females and 24 males) were found to be CF-carriers. Among mechanically ventilated patients, CF-carriers were more represented (8.7%) and they were significantly (p < 0.05) younger (mean age 51 years) compared to noncarriers (mean age 61.42 years). Furthermore, in the whole cohort, the age of male CF-carriers was lower, compared to noncarriers (p < 0.05). CF-carriers had a relative risk of presenting an abnormal inflammatory response (CRP ≥ 20 mg/dL) of 1.69 (p < 0.05) and their hazard ratio of death at day 14 was 3.10 (p < 0.05) in a multivariate regression model, adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities. In conclusion, CF-carriers are more susceptible to the severe form of COVID-19, showing also higher risk of 14-day death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Baldassarri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesca Fava
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Sergio Daga
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Elisa Benetti
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Kristina Zguro
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Sara Amitrano
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Floriana Valentino
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Gabriella Doddato
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Annarita Giliberti
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Laura Di Sarno
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Palmieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Miriam Lucia Carriero
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Diana Alaverdian
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Giada Beligni
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Nicola Iuso
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (F.C.); (E.Q.-R.)
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (F.C.); (E.Q.-R.)
| | - Mario Umberto Mondelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosalba Miceli
- Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Elisa Frullanti
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Simone Furini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (F.F.); (C.F.); (S.D.); (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.G.); (L.D.S.); (M.P.); (M.L.C.); (D.A.); (G.B.); (N.I.); (E.F.); (F.M.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (K.Z.); (S.F.)
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
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Abstract
The Epithelial Na+ Channel, ENaC, comprised of 3 subunits (αβγ, or sometimes δβγENaC), plays a critical role in regulating salt and fluid homeostasis in the body. It regulates fluid reabsorption into the blood stream from the kidney to control blood volume and pressure, fluid absorption in the lung to control alveolar fluid clearance at birth and maintenance of normal airway surface liquid throughout life, and fluid absorption in the distal colon and other epithelial tissues. Moreover, recent studies have also revealed a role for sodium movement via ENaC in nonepithelial cells/tissues, such as endothelial cells in blood vessels and neurons. Over the past 25 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of ENaC structure, function, regulation, and role in human disease. These include the recently solved three-dimensional structure of ENaC, ENaC function in various tissues, and mutations in ENaC that cause a hereditary form of hypertension (Liddle syndrome), salt-wasting hypotension (PHA1), or polymorphism in ENaC that contributes to other diseases (such as cystic fibrosis). Moreover, great strides have been made in deciphering the regulation of ENaC by hormones (e.g., the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, glucocorticoids, vasopressin), ions (e.g., Na+ ), proteins (e.g., the ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-2, the kinases SGK1, AKT, AMPK, WNKs & mTORC2, and proteases), and posttranslational modifications [e.g., (de)ubiquitylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, palmitoylation]. Characterization of ENaC structure, function, regulation, and role in human disease, including using animal models, are described in this article, with a special emphasis on recent advances in the field. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-29, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rotin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Clostridioides difficile colonization and infection in a cohort of Australian adults with cystic fibrosis. J Hosp Infect 2021; 113:44-51. [PMID: 33775742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and risk factors for CDI in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults with CF in Western Australia. METHODS Faecal samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were prospectively collected and tested for the presence of C. difficile by toxigenic culture. Ribotyping was performed by established protocols. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyse the risk factors for C. difficile colonization and infection. Extensive environmental sampling was performed within the CF clinic in Perth. RESULTS The prevalence rates of asymptomatic toxigenic and non-toxigenic C. difficile colonization were 30% (14/46 patients) and 24% (11/46 patients), respectively. Fifteen ribotypes (RTs) of C. difficile were identified, of which non-toxigenic RT 039 was the most common. Among the symptomatic patients, the prevalence of toxigenic CDI was 33% (11/33 patients). Impaired glucose tolerance/diabetes mellitus and duration of intravenous antibiotic use in the past 12 months were significantly associated with increased risk of asymptomatic toxigenic C. difficile carriage and CDI. A trend towards higher CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulator treatment was observed in the CDI group. Extensive environmental sampling showed no evidence of toxigenic C. difficile contamination within the CF clinic. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of asymptomatic carriage of toxigenic C. difficile was observed in adults with CF, comparable with that observed in the symptomatic CF population. There was no evidence of direct person-to-person transmission.
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Abundant Monovalent Ions as Environmental Signposts for Pathogens during Host Colonization. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00641-20. [PMID: 33526568 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00641-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host colonization by a pathogen requires proper sensing and response to local environmental cues, to ensure adaptation and continued survival within the host. The ionic milieu represents a critical potential source of environmental cues, and indeed, there has been extensive study of the interplay between host and pathogen in the context of metals such as iron, zinc, and manganese, vital ions that are actively sequestered by the host. The inherent non-uniformity of the ionic milieu also extends, however, to "abundant" ions such as chloride and potassium, whose concentrations vary greatly between tissue and cellular locations, and with the immune response. Despite this, the concept of abundant ions as environmental cues and key players in host-pathogen interactions is only just emerging. Focusing on chloride and potassium, this review brings together studies across multiple bacterial and parasitic species that have begun to define both how these abundant ions are exploited as cues during host infection, and how they can be actively manipulated by pathogens during host colonization. The close links between ion homeostasis and sensing/response to different ionic signals, and the importance of studying pathogen response to cues in combination, are also discussed, while considering the fundamental insight still to be uncovered from further studies in this nascent area of inquiry.
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Buddington RK, Wong T, Howard SC. Paracellular Filtration Secretion Driven by Mechanical Force Contributes to Small Intestinal Fluid Dynamics. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9010009. [PMID: 33572202 PMCID: PMC7931054 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of fluid secretion by the small intestine are dominated by the coupling with ATP-dependent generation of ion gradients, whereas the contribution of filtration secretion has been overlooked, possibly by the lack of a known mechanistic basis. We measured apical fluid flow and generation of hydrostatic pressure gradients by epithelia of cultured mouse enterocytes, Caco-2 and T-84 cells, and fibroblasts exposed to mechanical force provided by vigorous aeration and in response to ion gradients, inhibitors of ion channels and transporters and in vitro using intact mouse and rat small intestine. We describe herein a paracellular pathway for unidirectional filtration secretion that is driven by mechanical force, requires tight junctions, is independent of ionic and osmotic gradients, generates persistent hydrostatic pressure gradients, and would contribute to the fluid shifts that occur during digestion and diarrhea. Zinc inhibits the flow of fluid and the paracellular marker fluorescein isothyocyanate conjugated dextran (MW = 4 kD) across epithelia of cultured enterocytes (>95%; p < 0.001) and intact small intestine (>40%; p = 0.03). We propose that mechanical force drives fluid secretion through the tight junction complex via a “one-way check valve” that can be regulated. This pathway of filtration secretion complements chloride-coupled fluid secretion during high-volume fluid flow. The role of filtration secretion in the genesis of diarrhea in intact animals needs further study. Our findings may explain a potential linkage between intestinal motility and intestinal fluid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal K. Buddington
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
- Babies Taking Flight, Memphis, TN 38117, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-662-418-2666
| | - Thomas Wong
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Scott C. Howard
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder whose responsible gene - the CFTR gene - was discovered 30 years ago by a positional cloning strategy. This gene, which encodes a chloride channel, contains more than 2,000 mutations including a major one (p.Phe508del). This discovery has led to considerable progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of CF as well as in the management of patients and their families. It has also paved the way for the development of specific therapies for the disease. From an epidemiological point of view, the incidence of CF, which shows loco-regional variations, is now estimated at 1/4,700 live births in France. The face of CF has dramatically changed over the past decades: CF has gradually become a disease of the adult with, today, more than 50% of the patients being 18 years old or more and a median predicted survival age that exceeds 45 years. © 2020 French Society of Pediatrics. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Férec
- Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; CHU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire et d'histocompatibilité, F-29200 Brest, France.
| | - V Scotet
- Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
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Shi Z, Wei J, Na R, Resurreccion WK, Zheng SL, Hulick PJ, Helfand BT, Talamonti MS, Xu J. Cystic fibrosis F508del carriers and cancer risk: Results from the UK Biobank. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:1658-1664. [PMID: 33300603 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) carriers carrying one defective copy of a CFTR germline mutation are common in the general population. A recent study reported associations of CF carriers with risk for cancers of digestive organs and pancreatic cancer. In the current study, we assessed associations of CFTR F508del carriers with the risk for 54 types of cancers in the UK Biobank, a large population-based study. In Caucasians, compared to the carrier rate of 3.15% (12 357/392274) in noncancer subjects, the rate was significantly higher in cancer patients overall (2621/79619 = 3.29%), especially in patients with colorectal cancer (247/6667 = 3.70%), cancers of gallbladder and biliary tract (21/351 = 5.98%), thyroid cancer (30/665 = 4.51%) and unspecified non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (74/1805 = 4.10%), all P ≤ .05. In contrast, the carrier rate in patients with cancers of lung and bronchus was significantly lower (89/3463 = 2.57%), P = .05. The association of CFTR F508del carriers with these types of cancer remained significant after adjusting for respective cancer-specific risk factors. For pancreatic cancer, although a higher carrier rate (38/1004 = 3.78%) was found in patients with this cancer, the difference was not statistically significant (P = .26). This null association was unlikely due to lack of statistical power; the large sample size of our study had >80% power, at a significance level of .05, to detect an association of >1.5-fold increased risk. In conclusion, the identified associations of CFTR F508del carriers with multiple types of cancer may have potential biological and clinical implications if confirmed in independent study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Shi
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Wei
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Rong Na
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - W Kyle Resurreccion
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark S Talamonti
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
As human populations spread across the world, they adapted genetically to local conditions. So too did the resident microorganism communities that everyone carries with them. However, the collective influence of the diverse and dynamic community of resident microbes on host evolution is poorly understood. The taxonomic composition of the microbiota varies among individuals and displays a range of sometimes redundant functions that modify the physicochemical environment of the host and may alter selection pressures. Here we review known human traits and genes for which the microbiota may have contributed or responded to changes in host diet, climate, or pathogen exposure. Integrating host–microbiota interactions in human adaptation could offer new approaches to improve our understanding of human health and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi A. Suzuki
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruth E. Ley
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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de Jonge HR, Ardelean MC, Bijvelds MJC, Vergani P. Strategies for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibition: from molecular mechanisms to treatment for secretory diarrhoeas. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4085-4108. [PMID: 33113586 PMCID: PMC7756540 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an unusual ABC transporter. It acts as an anion‐selective channel that drives osmotic fluid transport across many epithelia. In the gut, CFTR is crucial for maintaining fluid and acid‐base homeostasis, and its activity is tightly controlled by multiple neuro‐endocrine factors. However, microbial toxins can disrupt this intricate control mechanism and trigger protracted activation of CFTR. This results in the massive faecal water loss, metabolic acidosis and dehydration that characterize secretory diarrhoeas, a major cause of malnutrition and death of children under 5 years of age. Compounds that inhibit CFTR could improve emergency treatment of diarrhoeal disease. Drawing on recent structural and functional insight, we discuss how existing CFTR inhibitors function at the molecular and cellular level. We compare their mechanisms of action to those of inhibitors of related ABC transporters, revealing some unexpected features of drug action on CFTR. Although challenges remain, especially relating to the practical effectiveness of currently available CFTR inhibitors, we discuss how recent technological advances might help develop therapies to better address this important global health need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R. de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maria C. Ardelean
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonUK
- Department of Natural SciencesUniversity College LondonUK
| | - Marcel J. C. Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paola Vergani
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonUK
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Inhibition of CFTR-mediated intestinal chloride secretion by a fungus-derived arthropsolide A: Mechanism of action and anti-diarrheal efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abtahi S, Turner JR. Exploiting Alternative Brush Border Trafficking Routes to Treat Microvillous Inclusion Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1233-1235. [PMID: 32777279 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Abtahi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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26
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Martin C, Burgel PR. Carriers of a single CFTR mutation are asymptomatic: an evolving dogma? Eur Respir J 2020; 56:56/3/2002645. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02645-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Engevik AC, Coutts AW, Kaji I, Rodriguez P, Ongaratto F, Saqui-Salces M, Medida RL, Meyer AR, Kolobova E, Engevik MA, Williams JA, Shub MD, Carlson DF, Melkamu T, Goldenring JR. Editing Myosin VB Gene to Create Porcine Model of Microvillus Inclusion Disease, With Microvillus-Lined Inclusions and Alterations in Sodium Transporters. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:2236-2249.e9. [PMID: 32112796 PMCID: PMC7282982 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is caused by inactivating mutations in the myosin VB gene (MYO5B). MVID is a complex disorder characterized by chronic, watery, life-threatening diarrhea that usually begins in the first hours to days of life. We developed a large animal model of MVID to better understand its pathophysiology. METHODS Pigs were cloned by transfer of chromatin from swine primary fetal fibroblasts, which were edited with TALENs and single-strand oligonucleotide to introduce a P663-L663 substitution in the endogenous swine MYO5B (corresponding to the P660L mutation in human MYO5B, associated with MVID) to fertilized oocytes. We analyzed duodenal tissues from patients with MVID (with the MYO5B P660L mutation) and without (controls), and from pigs using immunohistochemistry. Enteroids were generated from pigs with MYO5B(P663L) and without the substitution (control pigs). RESULTS Duodenal tissues from patients with MVID lacked MYO5B at the base of the apical membrane of intestinal cells; instead MYO5B was intracellular. Intestinal tissues and derived enteroids from MYO5B(P663L) piglets had reduced apical levels and diffuse subapical levels of sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 and SGLT1, which regulate transport of sodium, glucose, and water, compared with tissues from control piglets. However, intestinal tissues and derived enteroids from MYO5B(P663L) piglets maintained CFTR on apical membranes, like tissues from control pigs. Liver tissues from MYO5B(P663L) piglets had alterations in bile salt export pump, a transporter that facilitates bile flow, which is normally expressed in the bile canaliculi in the liver. CONCLUSIONS We developed a large animal model of MVID that has many features of the human disease. Studies of this model could provide information about the functions of MYO5B and MVID pathogenesis, and might lead to new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Engevik
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | | | - Izumi Kaji
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Milena Saqui-Salces
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Ramya Lekha Medida
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Anne R Meyer
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Elena Kolobova
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Janice A Williams
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mitchell D Shub
- Phoenix Children's Hospital and University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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28
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Fenton RA, Murali SK, Kaji I, Akiba Y, Kaunitz JD, Kristensen TB, Poulsen SB, Dominguez Rieg JA, Rieg T. Adenylyl Cyclase 6 Expression Is Essential for Cholera Toxin-Induced Diarrhea. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1719-1728. [PMID: 30624615 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera toxin (CT)-induced diarrhea is mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated active Cl- secretion via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Although the constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) in response to CT is due to adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of the small G protein α-subunit activating CFTR with consequent secretory diarrhea, the AC isoform(s) involved remain unknown. METHODS We generated intestinal epithelial cell-specific adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) knockout mice to study its role in CT-induced diarrhea. RESULTS AC6 messenger RNA levels were the highest of all 9 membrane-bound AC isoforms in mouse intestinal epithelial cells. Intestinal epithelial-specific AC6 knockout mice (AC6loxloxVillinCre) had undetectable AC6 levels in small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells. No significant differences in fluid and food intake, plasma electrolytes, intestinal/colon anatomy and morphology, or fecal water content were observed between genotypes. Nevertheless, CT-induced fluid accumulation in vivo was completely absent in AC6loxloxVillinCre mice, associated with a lack of forskolin- and CT-induced changes in the short-circuit current (ISC) of the intestinal mucosa, impaired cAMP generation in acutely isolated small intestinal epithelial cells, and significantly impaired apical CFTR levels in response to forskolin. CONCLUSIONS AC6 is a novel target for the treatment of CT-induced diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sathish K Murali
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.,University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
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29
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COVID-19 outcomes and the human genome. Genet Med 2020; 22:1175-1177. [PMID: 32393819 PMCID: PMC8629441 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Bernut A, Dupont C, Ogryzko NV, Neyret A, Herrmann JL, Floto RA, Renshaw SA, Kremer L. CFTR Protects against Mycobacterium abscessus Infection by Fine-Tuning Host Oxidative Defenses. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1828-1840.e4. [PMID: 30759393 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by rapidly growing Mycobacterium abscessus is increasingly prevalent in cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disease caused by a defective CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). However, the potential link between a dysfunctional CFTR and vulnerability to M. abscessus infection remains unknown. Herein, we exploit a CFTR-depleted zebrafish model, recapitulating CF immuno-pathogenesis, to study the contribution of CFTR in innate immunity against M. abscessus infection. Loss of CFTR increases susceptibility to infection through impaired NADPH oxidase-dependent restriction of intracellular growth and reduced neutrophil chemotaxis, which together compromise granuloma formation and integrity. As a consequence, extracellular multiplication of M. abscessus expands rapidly, inducing abscess formation and causing lethal infections. Because these phenotypes are not observed with other mycobacteria, our findings highlight the crucial and specific role of CFTR in the immune control of M. abscessus by mounting effective oxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bernut
- CNRS, UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Christian Dupont
- CNRS, UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nikolay V Ogryzko
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CNRS, UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - R Andres Floto
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laurent Kremer
- CNRS, UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, IRIM, Montpellier, France.
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31
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Waxman D, Overall ADJ. Influence of Dominance and Drift on Lethal Mutations in Human Populations. Front Genet 2020; 11:267. [PMID: 32300356 PMCID: PMC7142268 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider disease-causing mutations that are lethal when homozygous. Lethality involves the very strongest form of negative selection, with the selection coefficient against the disease-carrying homozygote having its maximum value of unity. We determine results for the behavior of the frequency of a lethal allele in an effectively infinite population. This includes an estimate of the time it takes to achieve equilibrium, and a description of transient behavior associated with a sudden change in the fitness of the heterozygote. We determine analogous results for a finite population, showing that a lethal disease-causing allele needs to be described by a modified Wright-Fisher model, which deviates from the standard model, where selection coefficients are assumed small compared with 1. We show that a by-product of the dynamics, resulting from the absence of the disease-allele carrying homozygote in adults, is the general constraint that the frequency of the disease-causing allele cannot exceed1 2 . The results presented in this work should prove useful to a number of areas including analysis of lethal/near lethal mutations in Mendelian disorders and, in particular, for exploring how mutation-selection-drift balance explains the current spectrum of mutation frequencies in humans. While the number of empirical examples of overdominance in lethal genetic disorders is not large, relatively high observed heterozygote frequencies may be a hint of transient heterozygous advantage in nature. For lethal disorders with anomalous frequencies, such as cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs, our analysis lends further support to the role that transitory episodes of weak overdominance may play in the evolution of lethal mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Waxman
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, ISTBI, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew D. J. Overall
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
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32
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Meng X, Clews J, Ciuta AD, Martin ER, Ford RC. CFTR structure, stability, function and regulation. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1359-1370. [PMID: 30738013 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a unique member of the ATP-binding cassette family of proteins because it has evolved into a channel. Mutations in CFTR cause cystic fibrosis, the most common genetic disease in people of European origin. The F508del mutation is found in about 90% of patients and here we present data that suggest its main effect is on CFTR stability rather than on the three-dimensional (3D) folded state. A survey of recent cryo-electron microscopy studies was carried out and this highlighted differences in terms of CFTR conformation despite similarities in experimental conditions. We further studied CFTR structure under various phosphorylation states and with the CFTR-interacting protein NHERF1. The coexistence of outward-facing and inward-facing conformations under a range of experimental conditions was suggested from these data. These results are discussed in terms of structural models for channel gating, and favour the model where the mostly disordered regulatory-region of the protein acts as a channel plug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jack Clews
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anca D Ciuta
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Eleanor R Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robert C Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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33
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Prasad H, Shenoy AR, Visweswariah SS. Cyclic nucleotides, gut physiology and inflammation. FEBS J 2020; 287:1970-1981. [PMID: 31889413 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Misregulation of gut function and homeostasis impinges on the overall well-being of the entire organism. Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age, and globally, 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhea are reported every year. Accompanying diarrheal episodes are a number of secondary effects in gut physiology and structure, such as erosion of the mucosal barrier that lines the gut, facilitating further inflammation of the gut in response to the normal microbiome. Here, we focus on pathogenic bacteria-mediated diarrhea, emphasizing the role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in driving signaling outputs that result in the secretion of water and ions from the epithelial cells of the gut. We also speculate on how this aberrant efflux and influx of ions could modulate inflammasome signaling, and therefore cell survival and maintenance of gut architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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34
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Regulation of CFTR Biogenesis by the Proteostatic Network and Pharmacological Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020452. [PMID: 31936842 PMCID: PMC7013518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal inherited disease among Caucasians in North America and a significant portion of Europe. The disease arises from one of many mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, or CFTR. The most common disease-associated allele, F508del, along with several other mutations affect the folding, transport, and stability of CFTR as it transits from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane, where it functions primarily as a chloride channel. Early data demonstrated that F508del CFTR is selected for ER associated degradation (ERAD), a pathway in which misfolded proteins are recognized by ER-associated molecular chaperones, ubiquitinated, and delivered to the proteasome for degradation. Later studies showed that F508del CFTR that is rescued from ERAD and folds can alternatively be selected for enhanced endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. A number of other disease-causing mutations in CFTR also undergo these events. Fortunately, pharmacological modulators of CFTR biogenesis can repair CFTR, permitting its folding, escape from ERAD, and function at the cell surface. In this article, we review the many cellular checkpoints that monitor CFTR biogenesis, discuss the emergence of effective treatments for CF, and highlight future areas of research on the proteostatic control of CFTR.
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35
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Abstract
CFTR protein malfunction results in thick, copious mucus, causes poor mucociliary clearance and, ultimately, structural lung damage such as bronchiectasis. All of these manifestations of cystic fibrosis contribute to a rich milieu for lower respiratory pathogens in patients affected by the disease. CF patients are, therefore, highly susceptible to chronic colonization with many pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They are also uniquely prone to acute infections with respiratory pathogens, which tend to persist longer and cause more impairment in lung function than in patients without CF. Tailored strategies for managing infectious complications of CF patients include chronic prophylactic antibiotics, use of systemic as well as inhaled antibiotics, mechanical assistance with mucus clearance, and scrupulous infection control measures.
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36
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Lee B, Hong GS, Lee SH, Kim H, Kim A, Hwang EM, Kim J, Lee MG, Yang JY, Kweon MN, Tse CM, Mark D, Oh U. Anoctamin 1/TMEM16A controls intestinal Cl - secretion induced by carbachol and cholera toxin. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-14. [PMID: 31383845 PMCID: PMC6802608 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) mediate numerous physiological functions and are best known for the transport of electrolytes and water in epithelia. In the intestine, CaCC currents are considered necessary for the secretion of fluid to protect the intestinal epithelium. Although genetic ablation of ANO1/TMEM16A, a gene encoding a CaCC, reduces the carbachol-induced secretion of intestinal fluid, its mechanism of action is still unknown. Here, we confirm that ANO1 is essential for the secretion of intestinal fluid. Carbachol-induced transepithelial currents were reduced in the proximal colon of Ano1-deficient mice. Surprisingly, cholera toxin-induced and cAMP-induced fluid secretion, believed to be mediated by CFTR, were also significantly reduced in the intestine of Ano1-deficient mice. ANO1 is largely expressed in the apical membranes of intestines, as predicted for CaCCs. The Ano1-deficient colons became edematous under basal conditions and had a greater susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. However, Ano1 depletion failed to affect tumor development in a model of colorectal cancer. We thus conclude that ANO1 is necessary for cAMP- and carbachol-induced Cl− secretion in the intestine, which is essential for the protection of the intestinal epithelium from colitis. An ion channel, a membrane protein allowing ion transport, that controls the flow of chloride is needed for proper secretion of protective fluids in the intestine. Uhtaek Oh from the Korea Institute of Science & Technology in Seoul, South Korea, and colleagues showed that cells lining the intestinal surface express a calcium-activated chloride channel called anoctamin-1 (ANO1) that regulates fluid secretion in the gut. Compared to control animals, ANO1-deficient mice released less fluid into their intestines following exposure to a diarrhea-inducing toxin or to a chloride transport–stimulating signaling molecule. This fluid secretion was previously thought to be mediated via a different ion channel. The ANO1-deficient mice accumulated fluid within colonic tissues, which increased their susceptibility to colitis. The findings point to ANO1 activation as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongjun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Gyu-Sang Hong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Hyungsup Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Ajung Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Division of Gastroenterois maintained by the opening of plasmalogy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donowitz Mark
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Division of Gastroenterois maintained by the opening of plasmalogy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Uhtaek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea.
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37
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Woods JD, Payton KSE, Sanchez-Lara PA, Au M, Simmons CF, Graham JM. Non-Cystic Fibrosis-Related Meconium Ileus: GUCY2C-Associated Disease Discovered through Rapid Neonatal Whole-Exome Sequencing. J Pediatr 2019; 211:207-210. [PMID: 31079856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Meconium ileus is caused by cystic fibrosis; however, mutations in the GUCY2C gene also cause this disease. We report non-cystic fibrosis meconium ileus in an infant of non-Middle Eastern origin with compound heterozygous mutations in GUCY2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Woods
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Margaret Au
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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38
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Markov AG, Vishnevskaya ON, Okorokova LS, Fedorova AA, Kruglova NM, Rybalchenko OV, Aschenbach JR, Amasheh S. Cholera toxin perturbs the paracellular barrier in the small intestinal epithelium of rats by affecting claudin-2 and tricellulin. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1183-1189. [PMID: 31222489 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholera toxin is commonly known to induce chloride secretion of the intestine. In recent years, effects on epithelial barrier function have been reported, indicating synergistic co-regulation of transporters and tight junction proteins. Our current study focused on the analysis of cholera toxin effects on transepithelial resistance and on tight junction proteins, the latter known as structural correlates of barrier function. Ligated segments of the rat jejunum were injected with buffered solution containing cholera toxin (1 μg/ml) and incubated for 4 h. Subsequently, selfsame tissue specimens were mounted in Ussing chambers, and cholera toxin (1 μg/ml) was added on the apical side. Transepithelial resistance and permeability of sodium fluorescein (376 Da) were analyzed. Subsequently, tissues were removed, expression and localization of claudins were analyzed, and morphological studies were performed employing transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cholera toxin induced a marked decrease in transepithelial resistance in the rat jejunal epithelium and an increase in paracellular permeability for sodium fluorescein. Immunoblotting of tight junction proteins revealed an increase in claudin-2 signals, which was verified by confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy, and a decrease in tricellulin, whereas other tight junction proteins remained unchanged. Transmission electron microscopy showed a reduction in the number of microvilli after incubation with cholera toxin. Moreover, cholera toxin led to a widening of the intercellular space between enterocytes. In accordance with the commonly known prosecretory effect of cholera toxin, our study revealed a complementary effect on small intestinal barrier function and integrity, which might constitute a pathomechanism with high relevance for prevention and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Markov
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 197374, Russia
| | - Olga N Vishnevskaya
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 197374, Russia
| | - Larisa S Okorokova
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 197374, Russia
| | - Arina A Fedorova
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 197374, Russia
| | - Natalia M Kruglova
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 197374, Russia
| | - Oksana V Rybalchenko
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 197374, Russia
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Rao MC. Physiology of Electrolyte Transport in the Gut: Implications for Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:947-1023. [PMID: 31187895 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We now have an increased understanding of the genetics, cell biology, and physiology of electrolyte transport processes in the mammalian intestine, due to the availability of sophisticated methodologies ranging from genome wide association studies to CRISPR-CAS technology, stem cell-derived organoids, 3D microscopy, electron cryomicroscopy, single cell RNA sequencing, transgenic methodologies, and tools to manipulate cellular processes at a molecular level. This knowledge has simultaneously underscored the complexity of biological systems and the interdependence of multiple regulatory systems. In addition to the plethora of mammalian neurohumoral factors and their cross talk, advances in pyrosequencing and metagenomic analyses have highlighted the relevance of the microbiome to intestinal regulation. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of electrolyte transport processes in the small and large intestine, their regulation in health and how dysregulation at multiple levels can result in disease. Intestinal electrolyte transport is a balance of ion secretory and ion absorptive processes, all exquisitely dependent on the basolateral Na+ /K+ ATPase; when this balance goes awry, it can result in diarrhea or in constipation. The key transporters involved in secretion are the apical membrane Cl- channels and the basolateral Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1 and K+ channels. Absorption chiefly involves apical membrane Na+ /H+ exchangers and Cl- /HCO3 - exchangers in the small intestine and proximal colon and Na+ channels in the distal colon. Key examples of our current understanding of infectious, inflammatory, and genetic diarrheal diseases and of constipation are provided. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:947-1023, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini C Rao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Gumer JM. The Wisdom of Germline Editing: An Ethical Analysis of the Use of CRISPR-Cas9 to Edit Human Embryos. New Bioeth 2019; 25:137-152. [PMID: 31130112 DOI: 10.1080/20502877.2019.1606151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With recent reports that a Chinese scientist used CRISPR-Cas9 to heritably edit the genomes of human embryos (i.e., germline editing) brought to term, discussions regarding the ethics of the technology are urgently needed. Although certain applications of germline editing have been endorsed by both the National Academy of Sciences (US) and the Nuffield Council (UK), this paper explores the ethical concerns related even to such therapeutic uses of the technology. Additionally, this paper questions whether the technology could ever feasibly be contained to the therapeutic realm. Consequently, this paper necessarily considers the ethical concerns related to enhancement uses of the technology even if only therapeutic applications are initially considered. In light of the concomitant risks, this paper assesses the technology's countervailing benefits to conclude they do not prevail given that similar outcomes can largely be achieved with existing technologies. Consequently, this paper recommends an international ban on germline editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Gumer
- a Bioethics Department of the School of Professional Studies , Columbia University , New York , USA
- b Institute of Bioethics, Bellarmine College of Arts and Sciences , Loyola Marymount University , Los Angeles , California , USA
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Abstract
Water, essential for the biology of living organisms, is also important for agriculture, for the organization of social life and for culture. In this review we discuss the interrelationship between water availability and human population size. The total population of the globe, 3–5 million people between the years 25,000 and 5000 Before Common Era (BCE), increased about 50-fold in coincidence with the development of agriculture. Later on, after the year 200 Common Era (CE), the number of people did not change appreciably and increased slowly in the period 1000 to 1500 CE. We show that the main cause of this observed slow-down in population growth was the increase in population density, which caused the appearance and spreading of infectious diseases, often due to the use of contaminated water. Population started to increase again when people learned how to use appropriate sanitation and hygienic rules. The management of water resources, including transport of water to the areas where it is needed, separation and depuration of wastewater and production of freshwater by desalination, have become increasingly important. The population level is today very high and will continue to grow, thus causing a further increase in the density of people and an increased risk of contagious diseases. Therefore, more water for sanitation will be needed all over the world.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent diarrhoea (PD), defined as diarrhoeal symptoms for longer than 2 weeks, still forms a substantial disease burden in children under 5 years of age. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge of PD and discusses novel concepts. METHODS A literature search on PD was performed which focused on evidence on epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of the disease. RESULTS The prevalence of PD has potentially decreased over the last decades. Debate remains around the role of specific bacterial, viral and parasitic infections with PD. PD is associated with malnutrition and a compromised immune system, including that caused by HIV infection. Management includes fluid resuscitation and improving nutritional status. There is a lack of evidence on the use of antibiotic therapy for PD. There is increasing interest in nutrient-based interventions, including pre- and/or probiotics that can modify the microbiome and thereby potentially prevent or improve the outcome of PD in children. CONCLUSION As PD remains a significant health burden, multicentre clinical trials are needed to inform future treatment guidelines. ABBREVIATIONS PD, persistent diarrhoea; EED, environmental enteric dysfunction; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; WHO, World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H J Bandsma
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Canada.,b Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Canada.,c Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Canada.,d Department of Nutrition Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Kamran Sadiq
- e Department of Paediatrics and Child Health , Aga Khan University , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- c Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Canada.,d Department of Nutrition Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,e Department of Paediatrics and Child Health , Aga Khan University , Karachi , Pakistan
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Dey I, Bradbury NA. Physiology of the Gut: Experimental Models for Investigating Intestinal Fluid and Electrolyte Transport. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:337-381. [PMID: 30243437 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Once thought to be exclusively an absorptive tissue, the intestine is now recognized as an important secretory tissue, playing a key role in body ion and fluid homeostasis. Given the intestine's role in fluid homeostasis, it is not surprising that important clinical pathologies arise from imbalances in fluid absorption and secretion. Perhaps the most important examples of this can be seen in enterotoxigenic secretory diarrheas with extreme fluid secretion, and Cystic Fibrosis with little or no fluid secretion. A mechanistic understanding of the cellular pathways regulating ion and fluid transport has been obtained from a variety of approaches and model systems. These have ranged from the intact intestine to a single intestinal epithelial cell type. Although for many years a reductionist approach has held sway for investigating intestinal transport, the growing realization that physiologic processes should really be examined within a physiological context has seen a marked increase in studies using models that are essentially mini-intestines in a dish. The aim of this chapter is to provide a historical context for our understanding of intestinal ion and fluid transport, and to highlight the model systems that have been used to acquire this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Dey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Neil A Bradbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
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Abstract
The intestinal consequences of cholera enterotoxin are caused by activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel through the actions of an as-yet-unknown adenylate cyclase. A new study hunts down this elusive enzyme, showing that mouse and human intestinal epithelium functionally and structurally pair adenylate cyclase isoform 6 (AC6) with CFTR. These findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the robust pathological activation of CFTR activity and promise new opportunities to treat cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph O Randak
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and the Lung Biology and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center of the Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
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Lusman SS, Grand R. Approach to chronic abdominal pain in Cystic Fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 16 Suppl 2:S24-S31. [PMID: 28986021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal pain in individuals with CF is challenging for the patient as well as the physician, as the differential diagnosis can be complex. Most gastrointestinal manifestations of CF present with regional abdominal pain. Pain localization, which requires knowledge of gut development and innervation, is crucial to understanding the pathophysiology of abdominal pain in CF. The location of the pain, together with the clinical presentation, shapes the differential diagnosis and thus guides the evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Grand
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Thomas A, Ramananda Y, Mun K, Naren AP, Arora K. AC6 is the major adenylate cyclase forming a diarrheagenic protein complex with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in cholera. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12949-12959. [PMID: 29903911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization(WHO) has reported a worldwide surge in cases of cholera caused by the intestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae, and, combined, such surges have claimed several million lives, mostly in early childhood. Elevated cAMP production in intestinal epithelial cells challenged with cholera toxin (CTX) results in diarrhea due to chloride transport by a cAMP-activated channel, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). However, the identity of the main cAMP-producing proteins that regulate CFTR in the intestine and may be relevant for secretory diarrhea is unclear. Here, using RNA-Seq to identify the predominant AC isoform in mouse and human cells and extensive biochemical analyses for further characterization, we found that the cAMP-generating enzyme adenylate cyclase 6 (AC6) physically and functionally associates with CFTR at the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells. We generated epithelium-specific AC6 knockout mice and demonstrated that CFTR-dependent fluid secretion is nearly abolished in AC6 knockout mice upon CTX challenge in ligated ileal loops. Furthermore, loss of AC6 function dramatically impaired CTX-induced CFTR activation in human and mouse intestinal spheroids. Our finding that the CFTR-AC6 protein complex is the key mediator of CTX-associated diarrhea may facilitate development of antidiarrheal agents to manage cholera symptoms and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thomas
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Yashaswini Ramananda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - KyuShik Mun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.
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ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins as vaccine adjuvants. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:42-51. [PMID: 29702466 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most infections are caused by pathogens that access the body at mucosal sites. Hence, development of mucosal vaccines to prevent local infection or invasion of pathogens appears highly warranted, especially since only mucosal immunization will stimulate strong local IgA responses and tissue resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. The most significant obstacle to developing such vaccines is the lack of approved adjuvants that can effectively and safely enhance relevant mucosal and systemic immune responses. The most potent mucosal adjuvants known today are the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylating bacterial enterotoxins cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxins (LTs). Unfortunately, these molecules are also very toxic, which precludes their clinical use. However, much effort has been devoted to developing derivatives of these enterotoxins with low or no toxicity and retained adjuvant activity. Although it is fair to say that we know more about how these toxins affect the immune system than ever before, we still lack a detailed understanding of how and why these toxins are effective adjuvants. In the present review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the mechanism of action of the holotoxins and the strategies used for improving the toxin-based adjuvants.
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Tang L, Jiang L, McIntyre ME, Petrova E, Cheng SX. Calcimimetic acts on enteric neuronal CaSR to reverse cholera toxin-induced intestinal electrolyte secretion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7851. [PMID: 29777154 PMCID: PMC5959902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute secretory diarrheal illnesses remains a global challenge. Enterotoxins produce secretion through direct epithelial action and indirectly by activating enteric nervous system (ENS). Using a microperfused colonic crypt technique, we have previously shown that R568, a calcimimetic that activates the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), can act on intestinal epithelium and reverse cholera toxin-induced fluid secretion. In the present study, using the Ussing chamber technique in conjunction with a tissue-specific knockout approach, we show that the effects of cholera toxin and CaSR agonists on electrolyte secretion by the intestine can also be attributed to opposing actions of the toxin and CaSR on the activity of the ENS. Our results suggest that targeting intestinal CaSR might represent a previously undescribed new approach for treating secretory diarrheal diseases and other conditions with ENS over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieqi Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Megan E McIntyre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ekaterina Petrova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sam X Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Koumangoye R, Omer S, Delpire E. Mistargeting of a truncated Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C258-C276. [PMID: 29719172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00130.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported the case of a young patient with multisystem failure carrying a de novo mutation in SLC12A2, the gene encoding the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter-1 (NKCC1). Heterologous expression studies in nonepithelial cells failed to demonstrate dominant-negative effects. In this study, we examined expression of the mutant cotransporter in epithelial cells. Using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells grown on glass coverslips, permeabilized support, and Matrigel, we show that the fluorescently tagged mutant cotransporter is expressed in cytoplasm and at the apical membrane and affects epithelium integrity. Expression of the mutant transporter at the apical membrane also results in the mislocalization of some of the wild-type transporter to the apical membrane. This mistargeting is specific to NKCC1 as the Na+-K+-ATPase remains localized on the basolateral membrane. To assess transporter localization in vivo, we created a mouse model using CRISPR/cas9 that reproduces the 11 bp deletion in exon 22 of Slc12a2. Although the mice do not display an overt phenotype, we show that the colon and salivary gland expresses wild-type NKCC1 abundantly at the apical pole, confirming the data obtained in cultured epithelial cells. Enough cotransporter must remain, however, on the basolateral membrane to participate in saliva secretion, as no significant decrease in saliva production was observed in the mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainelli Koumangoye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Salma Omer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
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50
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Molinski SV, Shahani VM, Subramanian AS, MacKinnon SS, Woollard G, Laforet M, Laselva O, Morayniss LD, Bear CE, Windemuth A. Comprehensive mapping of cystic fibrosis mutations to CFTR protein identifies mutation clusters and molecular docking predicts corrector binding site. Proteins 2018; 86:833-843. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Onofrio Laselva
- Programme in Molecular Structure and Function; Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada
| | | | - Christine E. Bear
- Programme in Molecular Structure and Function; Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada
- Department of Physiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
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