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Sánchez Vilas J, Hernández-Alonso H, Rozas V, Retuerto R. Differential growth rate, water use efficiency and climate sensitivity between males and females of Ilex aquifolium in north-western Spain. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024:mcae126. [PMID: 39110105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dioecious plant species, i.e., those in which male and female functions are housed in different individuals, are particularly vulnerable to global environmental changes. For long-lived plant species, such as trees, long-term studies are imperative to understand how growth patterns and their sensitivity to climate variability differentially affect the sexes. METHODS Here, we explore long-term intersexual differences in wood traits, namely radial growth rates, water use efficiency quantified as stable carbon isotope abundance of wood cellulose, and their climate sensitivity in Ilex aquifolium trees growing in a natural population in NW Spain. KEY RESULTS We found that sex differences in secondary growth rates were variable over time, with males outperforming females in both radial growth rates and water use efficiency in recent decades. Summer water stress significantly reduced the growth of female trees in the following growing season, while the growth of male trees was primarily favoured by cloudy and rainy conditions the previous fall and winter combined with low cloud cover and warm conditions in summer. Sex-dependent lagged correlations between radial growth and water availability were found, with a strong association between tree growth and cumulative water availability in females at 30 months and in males at 10 months. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results point to greater vulnerability of female tress to increasing drought, which could lead to sex-ratio biases threatening population viability in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sánchez Vilas
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional (Área de Ecoloxía), Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/ Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Héctor Hernández-Alonso
- EiFAB, iuFOR, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Vicente Rozas
- EiFAB, iuFOR, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Rubén Retuerto
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional (Área de Ecoloxía), Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/ Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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2
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Xie Y, Thammavong HT, Berry LG, Huang CH, Park DS. Sex-dependent phenological responses to climate vary across species' ranges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306723120. [PMID: 37956437 PMCID: PMC10691327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306723120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change has significantly altered the flowering times (i.e., phenology) of plants worldwide, affecting their reproduction, survival, and interactions. Recent studies utilizing herbarium specimens have uncovered significant intra- and inter-specific variation in flowering phenology and its response to changes in climate but have mostly been limited to animal-pollinated species. Thus, despite their economic and ecological importance, variation in phenological responses to climate remain largely unexplored among and within wind-pollinated dioecious species and across their sexes. Using both herbarium specimens and volunteer observations of cottonwood (Populus) species, we examined how phenological sensitivity to climate varies across species, their ranges, sexes, and phenophases. The timing of flowering varied significantly across and within species, as did their sensitivity to spring temperature. In particular, male flowering generally happened earlier in the season and was more sensitive to warming than female flowering. Further, the onset of flowering was more sensitive to changes in temperature than leaf out. Increased temporal gaps between male and female flowering time and between the first open flower date and leaf out date were predicted for the future under two climate change scenarios. These shifts will impact the efficacy of sexual reproduction and gene flow among species. Our study demonstrates significant inter- and intra-specific variation in phenology and its responses to environmental cues, across species' ranges, phenophases, and sex, in wind-pollinated species. These variations need to be considered to predict accurately the effects of climate change and assess their ecological and evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY41099
| | - Hanna T. Thammavong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Lily G. Berry
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Chingyan H. Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Daniel S. Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
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3
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Santos MA, Antunes MA, Grandela A, Carromeu-Santos A, Quina AS, Santos M, Matos M, Simões P. Heat-induced female biased sex ratio during development is not mitigated after prolonged thermal selection. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:64. [PMID: 37919666 PMCID: PMC10623787 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity are consistently increasing. Developmental stages are particularly sensitive in many ectotherms. Moreover, sex-specific differences in how organisms cope with thermal stress can produce biased sex ratios upon emergence, with potentially major impacts on population persistence. This is an issue that needs investigation, particularly testing whether thermal selection can alleviate sex ratio distortions in the long-term is a critical but neglected issue. Here, we report an experiment analyzing the sex ratio patterns at different developmental temperatures in Drosophila subobscura populations subjected to long-term experimental evolution (~ 30 generations) under a warming environment. RESULTS We show that exposure to high developmental temperatures consistently promotes sex ratio imbalance upon emergence, with a higher number of female than male offspring. Furthermore, we found that thermal selection resulting from evolution in a warming environment did not alleviate such sex ratio distortions generated by heat stress. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that heat stress during development can lead to clear sex ratio deviations upon emergence likely because of differential survival between sexes. In face of these findings, it is likely that sex ratio deviations of this sort occur in natural populations when facing environmental perturbation. The inability of many insects to avoid thermal shifts during their (more) sessile developmental stages makes this finding particularly troublesome for population subsistence in face of climate warming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta A Antunes
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Afonso Grandela
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Carromeu-Santos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Quina
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mauro Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Margarida Matos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Gissi E, Schiebinger L, Hadly EA, Crowder LB, Santoleri R, Micheli F. Exploring climate-induced sex-based differences in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to mitigate biodiversity loss. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4787. [PMID: 37587108 PMCID: PMC10432542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gissi
- Oceans Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA.
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Science, CNR ISMAR, Arsenale, Tesa 104 - Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy.
- National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy.
| | - Londa Schiebinger
- History of Science, Gendered Innovations in Science, Health & Medicine, Engineering and Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hadly
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
- Stanford Woods Institute for The Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
- Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Larry B Crowder
- Oceans Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
- Stanford Woods Institute for The Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Rosalia Santoleri
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Science, CNR ISMAR, Arsenale, Tesa 104 - Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Oceans Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
- Stanford Woods Institute for The Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
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5
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Thompson JB, Davis KE, Dodd HO, Wills MA, Priest NK. Speciation across the Earth driven by global cooling in terrestrial orchids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2102408120. [PMID: 37428929 PMCID: PMC10629580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102408120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although climate change has been implicated as a major catalyst of diversification, its effects are thought to be inconsistent and much less pervasive than localized climate or the accumulation of species with time. Focused analyses of highly speciose clades are needed in order to disentangle the consequences of climate change, geography, and time. Here, we show that global cooling shapes the biodiversity of terrestrial orchids. Using a phylogeny of 1,475 species of Orchidoideae, the largest terrestrial orchid subfamily, we find that speciation rate is dependent on historic global cooling, not time, tropical distributions, elevation, variation in chromosome number, or other types of historic climate change. Relative to the gradual accumulation of species with time, models specifying speciation driven by historic global cooling are over 700 times more likely. Evidence ratios estimated for 212 other plant and animal groups reveal that terrestrial orchids represent one of the best-supported cases of temperature-spurred speciation yet reported. Employing >2.5 million georeferenced records, we find that global cooling drove contemporaneous diversification in each of the seven major orchid bioregions of the Earth. With current emphasis on understanding and predicting the immediate impacts of global warming, our study provides a clear case study of the long-term impacts of global climate change on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B. Thompson
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E. Davis
- Department of Biology, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Harry O. Dodd
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Wills
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas K. Priest
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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6
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Blonder BW, Brodrick PG, Chadwick KD, Carroll E, Cruz-de Hoyos RM, Expósito-Alonso M, Hateley S, Moon M, Ray CA, Tran H, Walton JA. Climate lags and genetics determine phenology in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2313-2328. [PMID: 36856334 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns of phenology may be affected by mosaics of environmental and genetic variation. Environmental drivers may have temporally lagged impacts, but patterns and mechanisms remain poorly known. We combine multiple genomic, remotely sensed, and physically modeled datasets to determine the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of canopy phenology in quaking aspen, a widespread clonal dioecious tree species with diploid and triploid cytotypes. We show that over 391 km2 of southwestern Colorado: greenup date, greendown date, and growing season length vary by weeks and differ across sexes, cytotypes, and genotypes; phenology has high phenotypic plasticity and heritabilities of 31-61% (interquartile range); and snowmelt date, soil moisture, and air temperature predict phenology, at temporal lags of up to 3 yr. Our study shows that lagged environmental effects are needed to explain phenological variation and that the effect of cytotype on phenology is obscured by its correlation with topography. Phenological patterns are consistent with responses to multiyear accumulation of carbon deficit or hydraulic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Blonder
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Philip G Brodrick
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - K Dana Chadwick
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Erin Carroll
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Roxanne M Cruz-de Hoyos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | | | - Shannon Hateley
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Minkyu Moon
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Courtenay A Ray
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Hoang Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - James A Walton
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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7
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Liu M, Wang J, Zhao W, Korpelainen H, Li C. Females face more positive plant-soil feedback and intersexual competition under adequate nitrogen conditions compared to males in Populus cathayana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162479. [PMID: 36858242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) and competition influence plant performance, community structure and functions. However, how nutrient availability affects the interaction of PSF, sexual competition and coexistence in dioecious plants is poorly understood. In this study, the strengths of PSF and sexual competition, and their responses to nutrient availability were assessed in dioecious Populus cathayana using a garden experiment. We found that PSF reduced but did not eliminate the inequal sexual competition at low nitrogen (N) availability. Intersexual competition and nutrient limitation induced more negative PSF, which promoted sexual coexistence. PSF and competition were rather related to sexual dimorphism. Female plants experience more positive PSF and intersexual competition under adequate N conditions compared to males; the contrary was true with low N supply. Furthermore, the stability of root exudate networks and soil nutrient availability reflects the possibility of sexual coexistence regulated by PSF. Intersexual interaction promote more stable root exudate profiles and more saccharide secretion at low N supply. Meanwhile, the increased soil N and P mineralization in females with cultivated males explained the possible coexistence between females and males at low nutrient availability. Thus, these results indicate that soil biota can mitigate differences in sexual competitiveness and improve the stability of root exudate networks, consequently promoting sexual coexistence at low nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Wenting Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chunyang Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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8
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Terletskaya NV, Turzhanova AS, Khapilina ON, Zhumagul MZ, Meduntseva ND, Kudrina NO, Korbozova NK, Kubentayev SA, Kalendar R. Genetic Diversity in Natural Populations of Rhodiola Species of Different Adaptation Strategies. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:794. [PMID: 37107552 PMCID: PMC10137911 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Representatives of the Crassulaceae family's genus Rhodiola are succulents, making them distinctive in a changing environment. One of the most significant tools for analyzing plant resources, including numerous genetic processes in wild populations, is the analysis of molecular genetic polymorphism. This work aimed to look at the polymorphisms of allelic variations of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and auxin response factor (ARF) gene families, as well as the genetic diversity of five Rhodiola species, using the retrotransposons-based fingerprinting approach. The multi-locus exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC-PCR) profiling approach was used to examine allelic variations in the SOD and ARF gene families. We implemented the inter-primer binding site (iPBS) PCR amplification technique for genome profiling, which demonstrated a significant level of polymorphism in the Rhodiola samples studied. Natural populations of Rhodiola species have a great capacity for adaptation to unfavorable environmental influences. The genetic variety of wild populations of Rhodiola species leads to their improved tolerance of opposing environmental circumstances and species evolutionary divergence based on the diversity of reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Terletskaya
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.D.M.); (N.O.K.); (N.K.K.)
| | - Ainur S. Turzhanova
- National Center for Biotechnology, Qorghalzhyn Hwy 13, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.S.T.); (O.N.K.)
| | - Oxana N. Khapilina
- National Center for Biotechnology, Qorghalzhyn Hwy 13, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.S.T.); (O.N.K.)
| | - Moldir Z. Zhumagul
- Astana International University, Kabanbai Batyr 8, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
- Astana Botanical Garden, Orunbur 16, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Nataliya D. Meduntseva
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.D.M.); (N.O.K.); (N.K.K.)
| | - Nataliya O. Kudrina
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.D.M.); (N.O.K.); (N.K.K.)
- National Center for Biotechnology, Qorghalzhyn Hwy 13, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.S.T.); (O.N.K.)
| | - Nazym K. Korbozova
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.D.M.); (N.O.K.); (N.K.K.)
- National Center for Biotechnology, Qorghalzhyn Hwy 13, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.S.T.); (O.N.K.)
| | | | - Ruslan Kalendar
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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He Q, Queenborough SA, Zhang Y, Wang W, Li B, Zhao K, Luo W, Tang H, Lin W, Chu C. Effects of tree sex, maturity, local abiotic, and biotic neighborhoods on the growth of a subtropical dioecious tree species Diospyros morrisiana. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16124. [PMID: 36652334 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Understanding the drivers of the growth in long-lived woody trees is the key to predicting their responses to and maintaining their populations under global change. However, the role of tree sex and differential investment to reproduction are often not considered in models of individual tree growth, despite many gymnosperm and angiosperm species having separate male and female sexes. Thus, better models of tree growth should include tree sex and life stage along with the abiotic and biotic neighborhoods. METHODS We used a sex-specific molecular marker to determine the sex of 2188 individual trees >1 cm DBH of the dioecious tree species Diospyros morrisiana in a 50-ha subtropical forest plot in China. We used long-term census data from about 300,000 trees, together with 625 soil samples and 2352 hemispherical photographs to characterize the spatially explicit biotic and abiotic neighborhoods. RESULTS We found a male-biased effective sex ratio and a female-biased overall population sex ratio of D. morrisiana. No sex spatial segregation was detected for the overall population, mature, or immature trees. Immature trees grew faster than mature trees and females grew slower than males. Further, conspecific neighbors significantly decreased tree growth, while the abiotic neighborhood showed no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that variation in resource allocation patterns within and across individual trees of different sexes and life-history stages should be more widely accounted for in models of tree growth. In addition, our study highlights the importance of sex-specific molecular markers for studying populations of long-lived dioecious tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Simon A Queenborough
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Weitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Buhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Kangning Zhao
- School of Architecture, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chengjin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Gender Effects of Dioecious Plant Populus cathayana on Fungal Community and Mycorrhizal Distribution at Different Arid Zones in Qinghai, China. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020270. [PMID: 36838235 PMCID: PMC9961886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioecious plants have a wide distribution in nature and gender effect may cause significant alterations in rhizosphere fungal community and soil properties. However, little is known regarding changes in response to dioecious plants. This study aimed to investigate the effects that the dioecious plant, Populus cathayana, and regions of different arid levels have on the fungal community, mycorrhizal distribution, soil enzymatic activities, and nutrient contents. This study characterized fungal and soil factors from the rhizosphere of the dioecious plant Populus cathayana located in the semi-humid regions (Chengguan), semi-arid regions (Sining, Haiyan) and arid regions (Ulan, Chaka). Rhizosphere soil was collected from each site and gender, and the total fungal genomic DNA was extracted. DNA amplicons from fungal ITS region were generated and subjected to Illumina Miseq sequencing. A total of 5 phyla, 28 classes, 92 orders, 170 families, and 380 genuses were observed. AMF distribution peaked at Chaka, which did not conform to the trend. Gender had significant effects on fungal communities: there were obvious differences in fungal OTUs between genders. Alpha diversity raised at first and then decreased. RDA results showed available P, available K, pH, ALP activity, ammonium N, EC, water content and catalase activity were the key contributors in sample areas. Our results suggested potential interaction effects between plant gender and fungal community.
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11
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Sex ratios, damage and distribution of Myrianthus holstii Engl.: a dioecious afromontane forest tree. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Male and female dioecious tropical trees are subjected to distinct demands that may influence their ecology. An example is Myrianthus holstii Engl. that produces persistent fruit eaten by elephants and other large mammals that frequently damage the trees. Myrianthus holstii populations were assessed with 24 2-km transects, spanning an elevation range of 1435–2495 m in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda. Of 1089 stems ≥ 5 cm diameter 449 were female, 383 were male and the rest were non-fertile. We also noted one apparently monoecious individual. Males produced flowers at smaller sizes than did females (minimum recorded diameters 5.5 cm and 6.8 cm, respectively). Both sexes had similar distributions, favouring moderately closed forest and mid-slope locations. Female trees were more frequently damaged and typically slightly shorter than males at large diameters. Seedling densities were positively associated with the presence of larger female trees. Our results are consistent with a life history where both sexes have similar requirements, but fruiting females experience a greater frequency of severe damage.
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Abstract
AbstractClimate change is altering species' habitats, phenology, and behavior. Although sexual behaviors impact population persistence and fitness, climate change's effects on sexual signals are understudied. Climate change can directly alter temperature-dependent sexual signals, cause changes in body size or condition that affect signal production, or alter the selective landscape of sexual signals. We tested whether temperature-dependent mating calls of Mexican spadefoot toads (Spea multiplicata) had changed in concert with climate in the southwestern United States across 22 years. We document increasing air temperatures, decreasing rainfall, and changing seasonal patterns of temperature and rainfall in the spadefoots' habitat. Despite increasing air temperatures, spadefoots' ephemeral breeding ponds have been getting colder at most elevations, and male calls have been slowing as a result. However, temperature-standardized call characters have become faster, and male condition has increased, possibly due to changes in the selective environment. Thus, climate change might generate rapid, complex changes in sexual signals with important evolutionary consequences.
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Liu M, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Korpelainen H, Li C. Stem xylem traits and wood formation affect sex-specific responses to drought and rewatering in Populus cathayana. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1350-1363. [PMID: 35137223 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increased frequency and intensity of drought pose great threats to the survival of trees, especially in dioecious tree species with sexual differences in mortality and biased sex ratios. The sex-specific mechanisms underlying stem xylem anatomy and function and carbon metabolism in drought resistance and recovery were investigated in dioecious Populus cathayana Rehder. The sex-specific drought resistance and subsequent recovery were linked to the xylem anatomy and carbon metabolism. Females had a greater xylem vessel area per vessel, biomass and theoretically hydraulic efficiency under well-watered conditions. Conversely, males had a lower xylem lumen area, but greater vessel numbers, and a higher cell wall thickness, suggesting a theoretically conservative water-use strategy and drought resistance. The recovery of photosynthetic ability after drought in males was largely dependent on the recovery of xylem function and the regulation of the xylem carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, the number of upregulated genes related to xylem cell wall biogenesis was greater in males relative to females under drought stress and subsequent rewatering, which facilitated drought resistance and xylem function restoration in males. These results suggested that sex-specific drought resistance and restoration were related to xylem anatomy and function, carbohydrate metabolism and cell turgor maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 5, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Chunyang Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Williams CT, Chmura HE, Deal CK, Wilsterman K. Sex-differences in Phenology: A Tinbergian Perspective. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:980-997. [PMID: 35587379 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shifts in the timing of cyclic seasonal life-history events are among the most commonly reported responses to climate change, with differences in response rates among interacting species leading to phenological mismatches. Within a species, however, males and females can also exhibit differential sensitivity to environmental cues and may therefore differ in their responsiveness to climate change, potentially leading to phenological mismatches between the sexes. This occurs because males differ from females in when and how energy is allocated to reproduction, resulting in marked sex-differences in life-history timing across the annual cycle. In this review, we take a Tinbergian perspective and examine sex differences in timing of vertebrates from adaptive, ontogenetic, mechanistic, and phylogenetic viewpoints with the goal of informing and motivating more integrative research on sexually dimorphic phenologies. We argue that sexual and natural selection lead to sex-differences in life-history-timing and that understanding the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these differences is critical for connecting climate-driven phenological shifts to population resilience. Ontogeny may influence how and when sex differences in life-history timing arise because the early-life environment can profoundly affect developmental trajectory, rates of reproductive maturation, and seasonal timing. The molecular mechanisms underlying these organismal traits are relevant to identifying the diversity and genetic basis of population- and species-level responses to climate change, and promisingly, the molecular basis of phenology is becoming increasingly well-understood. However, because most studies focus on a single sex, the causes of sex-differences in phenology critical to population resilience often remain unclear. New sequencing tools and analyses informed by phylogeny may help generate hypotheses about mechanism as well as insight into the general "evolvability" of sex differences across phylogenetic scales, especially as trait and genome resources grow. We recommend that greater attention be placed on determining sex-differences in timing mechanisms and monitoring climate change responses in both sexes, and we discuss how new tools may provide key insights into sex-differences in phenology from all four Tinbergian domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory T Williams
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Helen E Chmura
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2140 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.,Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Forest Service, 800 E. Beckwith Ave, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Cole K Deal
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathryn Wilsterman
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Variability in Functional Traits along an Environmental Gradient in the South African Resurrection Plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101332. [PMID: 35631757 PMCID: PMC9143701 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many desiccation-tolerant plants are widely distributed and exposed to substantial environmental variation across their native range. These environmental differences generate site-specific selective pressures that could drive natural variation in desiccation tolerance across populations. If identified, such natural variation can be used to target tolerance-enhancing characteristics and identify trait associations within a common genetic background. Here, we tested for natural variation in desiccation tolerance across wild populations of the South African resurrection plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia. We surveyed a suite of functional traits related to desiccation tolerance, leaf economics, and reproductive allocation in M. flabellifolia to test for trait associations and tradeoffs. Despite considerable environmental variation across the study area, M. flabellifolia plants were extremely desiccation tolerant at all sites, suggesting that tolerance is either maintained by selection or fixed in these populations. However, we detected notable associations between environmental variation, population characteristics, and fitness traits. Relative to mesic sites, plants in xeric sites were more abundant and larger, but were slower growing and less reproductive. The negative association between growth and reproduction with plant size and abundance pointed towards a potential growth–abundance tradeoff. The finding that M. flabellifolia is more common in xeric sites despite reductions in growth rate and reproduction suggests that these plants thrive in extreme aridity.
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Bürli S, Pannell JR, Tonnabel J. Environmental variation in sex ratios and sexual dimorphism in three wind‐pollinated dioecious plant species. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bürli
- Dept of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, UNIL‐SORGE, Univ. of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Botanical Garden&Inst. of Plant Sciences of the Univ. of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - John R. Pannell
- Dept of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, UNIL‐SORGE, Univ. of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jeanne Tonnabel
- Dept of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, UNIL‐SORGE, Univ. of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
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17
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Pereira JP, Garbin ML, Carrijo TT, da Silva JA, Bourguignon TP, Cavatte PC. Lack of coordination between stomatal and vein traits provides functional benefits to the dioecious tropical tree Myrsine coriacea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13719. [PMID: 35587454 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will affect the distribution of many tropical plant species. However, the understanding of how dioecious tropical species cope with different environmental conditions is still limited. To address this issue, we investigated how secondary trait attributes in populations of the dioecious tropical tree Myrsine coriacea change along an altitudinal gradient. Eighty individual plants (40 male and 40 female) were selected among seven natural populations. Leaf variation in morphological and stomatal traits, and carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were analyzed. Female plants had greater isotopic leaf carbon composition (δ13 C) and nitrogen content than male plants, increasing their carboxylation capacity. Plants of both sexes had smaller stomata, greater water-use efficiency (greater δ13 C), and greater nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15 N) at higher altitudes. They also showed lower δ15 N and had greater carbon: nitrogen ratios at lower altitudes. There was a lack of coordination between stomatal and vein traits, which was compensated for by variation in specific leaf areas. This mechanism was essential for increasing plant performance under the limiting conditions found by the species at higher altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Priscilla Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Mário Luís Garbin
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Tavares Carrijo
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Josimar Aleixo da Silva
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Tayna Poppe Bourguignon
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Cavatte
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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18
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Seed Quantity or Quality?-Reproductive Responses of Females of Two Dioecious Woody Species to Long-Term Fertilisation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063187. [PMID: 35328608 PMCID: PMC8948795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although seed quality and quantity, as well as reproductive performance are important life history stages of plants, little is known about the reproductive responses of trees to environmental changes such as increased anthropogenic deposition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Dioecious plants are good models with which to test the environmental impact on female or male reproductive responses individually. We analysed effects of different long-term nutritional availability on the reproductive performance of two dioecious species (Taxus baccata L. and Juniperus communis L.) characterised by different life histories. By using pot experiments with vegetatively propagated plants grown in different fertilisation conditions, we observed an increase in plant growth and strobili production but a decrease in seed efficiency. Seeds produced by fertilised plants had greater seed mass. Fertiliser addition did not change C or N content nor the C/N ratio of T. baccata seeds, but increased N content and the N/P ratio; however, it did lower the C/N ratio in J. communis. Fertilisation did not change the metabolite profile in T. baccata but 18 metabolites were changed in J. communis. The study revealed new links between species life history, environmental changes, and reproduction. The findings imply that future environmental conditions may alter both seed productivity, and quality, as well as plant reproductive behaviour.
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19
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Miller TEX, Compagnoni A. Two-sex demography, sexual niche differentiation, and the geographic range limits of Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera). Am Nat 2022; 200:17-31. [DOI: 10.1086/719668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Gunderson AR. FE Spotlight: Sex, heat and phenotypic plasticity. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex R. Gunderson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
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21
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Walsh BS, Mannion NLM, Price TAR, Parratt SR. Sex-specific sterility caused by extreme temperatures is likely to create cryptic changes to the operational sex ratio in Drosophila virilis. Curr Zool 2021; 67:341-343. [PMID: 34616928 PMCID: PMC8489007 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Walsh
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Natasha L M Mannion
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Tom A R Price
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven R Parratt
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
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22
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Muñoz P, Cotado A, Munné-Bosch S. Transient photoinhibition and photo-oxidative stress as an integral part of stress acclimation and plant development in a dioecious tree adapted to Mediterranean ecosystems. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1212-1229. [PMID: 33388772 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mastic trees (Pistacia lentiscus L.) are dioecious perennial plants that are highly adapted to Mediterranean climates but display a high sensitivity to winter periods. In order to understand how sex, leaf phenology and ecological context could condition sensitivity to winter and associated mechanisms to acclimate to these conditions, photoinhibition and photo-oxidative stress markers were examined in mastic trees (P. lentiscus) from a natural population growing in the Garraf Natural Park for a consecutive 12-month period (seasonal study), as well as in three populations naturally growing in the Montseny Natural Park, including the highest altitudes described for this species, during winter (altitudinal study). Results from these studies indicate that both the winter period and higher elevation influenced the degree of photoinhibition, but this was not conditioned by sex. In fact, winter photoinhibition occurred transiently even though it was accompanied by chlorophyll loss and malondialdehyde contents. Stress acclimation was achieved through biochemical adjustments in chloroplasts, characterized by anthocyanin shielding, increased de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle as well as tocopherol accumulation, and phenological adaptations, the latter allowing a complete resetting of the physiological performance of leaves. Moreover, although females showed higher lipid peroxidation than males during the coldest winter months, at the highest elevation and during flowering in spring, this oxidative stress was mild and transient with no negative consequences for the physiology of plants. It is concluded that evergreen mastic trees acclimate to winter conditions and higher elevations by activation of antioxidant defenses together with phenological adjustments, altogether playing a crucial role in plant survival. Sexual dimorphism in mastic trees appears as a relevant factor when considering sensitivity to photo-oxidative stress in winter and altitudinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Cotado
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Block S, Levine JM. How Dispersal Evolution and Local Adaptation Affect the Range Dynamics of Species Lagging Behind Climate Change. Am Nat 2021; 197:E173-E187. [PMID: 33989146 DOI: 10.1086/714130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAs climate changes, species' ability to spatially track suitable climate depends on their spread velocity, a function of their population growth and dispersal capacity. When climate changes faster than species can spread, the climate experienced at species' expanding range edges may ameliorate as conditions become increasingly similar to those of the range core. When this boosts species' growth rates, their spread accelerates. Here, we use simulations of a spreading population with an annual life history to explore how climatic amelioration interacts with dispersal evolution and local adaptation to determine the dynamics of spread. We found that depending on the timing of dispersal evolution, spread velocity can show contrasting trajectories, sometimes transiently exceeding the climate velocity before decelerating. Climatic amelioration can also accelerate the spread of populations composed of genotypes best adapted to local climatic conditions, but the exact dynamics depends on the pattern of climatic adaptation. We conclude that failing to account for demographic variation across climatic gradients can lead to erroneous conclusions about species' capacity to spatially track suitable climate.
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Alatalo JM, Jägerbrand AK, Dai J, Mollazehi MD, Abdel‐Salam AG, Pandey R, Molau U. Effects of ambient climate and three warming treatments on fruit production in an alpine, subarctic meadow community. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:411-422. [PMID: 33792046 PMCID: PMC8251864 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Climate change is having major impacts on alpine and arctic regions, and inter-annual variations in temperature are likely to increase. How increased climate variability will impact plant reproduction is unclear. METHODS In a 4-year study on fruit production by an alpine plant community in northern Sweden, we applied three warming regimes: (1) a static level of warming with open-top chambers (OTC), (2) press warming, a yearly stepwise increase in warming, and (3) pulse warming, a single-year pulse event of higher warming. We analyzed the relationship between fruit production and monthly temperatures during the budding period, fruiting period, and whole fruit production period and the effect of winter and summer precipitation on fruit production. RESULTS Year and treatment had a significant effect on total fruit production by evergreen shrubs, Cassiope tetragona, and Dryas octopetala, with large variations between treatments and years. Year, but not treatment, had a significant effect on deciduous shrubs and graminoids, both of which increased fruit production over the 4 years, while forbs were negatively affected by the press warming, but not by year. Fruit production was influenced by ambient temperature during the previous-year budding period, current-year fruiting period, and whole fruit production period. Minimum and average temperatures were more important than maximum temperature. In general, fruit production was negatively correlated with increased precipitation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that predicted increased climate variability and increased precipitation due to climate change may affect plant reproductive output and long-term community dynamics in alpine meadow communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M. Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
- Environmental Science CenterQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Annika K. Jägerbrand
- Calluna ABHästholmsvägen 28131 30NackaSweden
- Department of Environmental and BiosciencesRydberg Laboratory of Applied Science (RLAS)School of Business, Engineering and ScienceHalmstad UniversityP.O. Box 823SE‐301 18HalmstadSweden
| | - Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and SimulationInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- China‐Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth SciencesCAS‐HECIslamabad45320Pakistan
| | - Mohammad D. Mollazehi
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and PhysicsCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Abdel‐Salam G. Abdel‐Salam
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and PhysicsCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Rajiv Pandey
- Division of Forestry StatisticsIndian Council of Forestry Research and EducationDehradunIndia
| | - Ulf Molau
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgP.O. Box 461SE‐405 30GothenburgSweden
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Wu X, Liu J, Meng Q, Fang S, Kang J, Guo Q. Differences in carbon and nitrogen metabolism between male and female Populus cathayana in response to deficient nitrogen. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:119-133. [PMID: 32822497 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism occurs regarding carbon and nitrogen metabolic processes in response to nitrogen supply. Differences in fixation and remobilization of carbon and allocation and assimilation of nitrogen between sexes may differ under severe defoliation. The dioecious species Populus cathayana was studied after two defoliation treatments with two N levels. Males had a higher capacity of carbon fixation because of higher gas exchange and fluorescence traits of leaves after severe long-term defoliation under deficient N. Males had higher leaf abscisic acid, stomatal conductance and leaf sucrose phosphate synthase activity increasing transport of sucrose to sinks. Males had a higher carbon sink than females, because under N-deficient conditions, males accumulated >131.10% and 90.65% root starch than males in the control, whereas females accumulated >40.55% and 52.81%, respectively, than females in the control group. Males allocated less non-protein N (NNon-p) to leaves, having higher nitrogen use efficiency (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency), higher glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and higher leaf GDH expression, even after long-term severe defoliation under deficient N. Females had higher leaf jasmonic acid concentration and NNon-p. The present study suggested that females allocated more carbon and nitrogen to defense chemicals than males after long-term severe defoliation under deficient N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiantong Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qiqi Meng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shiyan Fang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jieyu Kang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qingxue Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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26
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Vélez‐Mora D, Ramón P, Vallejo C, Romero A, Duncan D, Quintana‐Ascencio PF. Environmental drivers of femaleness of an inter‐Andean monoecious shrub. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Vélez‐Mora
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Loja Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | - Pablo Ramón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Loja Ecuador
| | - César Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Loja Ecuador
| | - Alex Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Loja Ecuador
| | - David Duncan
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Pedro F. Quintana‐Ascencio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Loja Ecuador
- Department of Biology University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
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27
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Bright Ross JG, Newman C, Buesching CD, Macdonald DW. What lies beneath? Population dynamics conceal pace-of-life and sex ratio variation, with implications for resilience to environmental change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3307-3324. [PMID: 32243650 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Life-history and pace-of-life syndrome theory predict that populations are comprised of individuals exhibiting different reproductive schedules and associated behavioural and physiological traits, optimized to prevailing social and environmental factors. Changing weather and social conditions provide in situ cues altering this life-history optimality; nevertheless, few studies have considered how tactical, sex-specific plasticity over an individual's lifespan varies in wild populations and influences population resilience. We examined the drivers of individual life-history schedules using 31 years of trapping data and 28 years of pedigree for the European badger (Meles meles L.), a long-lived, iteroparous, polygynandrous mammal that exhibits heterochrony in the timing of endocrinological puberty in male cubs. Our top model for the effects of environmental (social and weather) conditions during a badger's first year on pace-of-life explained <10% of variance in the ratio of fertility to age at first reproduction (F/α) and lifetime reproductive success. Conversely, sex ratio (SR) and sex-specific density explained 52.8% (males) and 91.0% (females) of variance in adult F/α ratios relative to the long-term population median F/α. Weather primarily affected the sexes at different life-history stages, with energy constraints limiting the onset of male reproduction but playing a large role in female strategic energy allocation, particularly in relation to ongoing mean temperature increases. Furthermore, the effects of social factors on age of first reproduction and year-to-year reproductive success covaried differently with sex, likely due to sex-specific responses to potential mate availability. For females, low same-sex densities favoured early primiparity; for males, instead, up to 10% of yearlings successfully mated at high same-sex densities. We observed substantial SR dynamism relating to differential mortality of life-history strategists within the population, and propose that shifting ratios of 'fast' and 'slow' life-history strategists contribute substantially to population dynamics and resilience to changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius G Bright Ross
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina D Buesching
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Eberhart-Phillips LJ, Cruz-López M, Lozano-Angulo L, Del Ángel SG, Rojas-Abreu W, Bucio-Pacheco M, Küpper C. CeutaOPEN, individual-based field observations of breeding snowy plovers Charadrius nivosus. Sci Data 2020; 7:149. [PMID: 32433461 PMCID: PMC7239847 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shorebirds (part of the order Charadriiformes) have a global distribution and exhibit remarkable variation in ecological and behavioural traits that are pertinent to many core questions in the fields of evolutionary ecology and conservation biology. Shorebirds are also relatively convenient to study in the wild as they are ground nesting and often occupy open habitats that are tractable to monitor. Here we present a database documenting the reproductive ecology of 1,647 individually marked snowy plovers (Charadrius nivosus) monitored between 2006 and 2016 at Bahía de Ceuta (23°54N, 106°57W) – an important breeding site in north-western Mexico. The database encompasses various morphological, behavioural, and fitness-related traits of males and females along with spatial and temporal population dynamics. This open resource will serve as an important data repository for addressing overarching questions in avian ecology and wetland conservation during an era of big data and global collaborative science. Measurement(s) | morphometric parameter • movement behavioral quality • offspring survival measurement • parental behavior • sexual interaction trait • social behavior | Technology Type(s) | fieldwork | Factor Type(s) | year of data collection • date of data collection • time of data collection • location of data collection • individual identity • sex of individual • family identity • nest initiation date • nest hatch date | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Charadrius nivosus | Sample Characteristic - Environment | saline pan • salt contaminated soil • intermittent saline evaporation pond • saline evaporation pond • saline marsh | Sample Characteristic - Location | Bahía de Ceuta, Sinaloa, Mexico |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12173511
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Eberhart-Phillips
- Research Group Behavioural Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 5, 82319, Seewiesen, Germany.
| | - Medardo Cruz-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lydia Lozano-Angulo
- Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional, General Topete S/N, Col. Los Guayparines, 85760, Álamos, Mexico
| | - Salvador Gómez Del Ángel
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Wendoly Rojas-Abreu
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Carretera Tlaxcala-Puebla Km. 1.5, 90070, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Marcos Bucio-Pacheco
- Departamento de Información y Bibliografia Especializada, Facultad de Biología, Escuela de Biologia, Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, 80013, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Clemens Küpper
- Research Group Behavioural Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 5, 82319, Seewiesen, Germany.
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Alonso-García M, Villarreal A. JC, McFarland K, Goffinet B. Population Genomics and Phylogeography of a Clonal Bryophyte With Spatially Separated Sexes and Extreme Sex Ratios. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:495. [PMID: 32457772 PMCID: PMC7226906 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The southern Appalachian (SA) is one of the most biodiversity-rich areas in North America and has been considered a refugium for many disjunct plant species, from the last glacial period to the present. Our study focuses on the SA clonal hornwort, Nothoceros aenigmaticus J. C. Villarreal & K. D. McFarland. This hornwort was described from North Carolina and is widespread in the SA, growing on rocks near or submerged in streams in six and one watersheds of the Tennessee (TR) and Alabama (AR) Rivers, respectively. Males and female populations occur in different watersheds, except in the Little Tennessee (TN) River where an isolated male population exists ca. 48 km upstream from the female populations. The sex ratio of 1:0 seems extreme in each population. In this study, we use nuclear and organellar microsatellites from 250 individuals from six watersheds (seven populations) in the SA region and two populations from Mexico (23 individuals). We, then, selected 86 individuals from seven populations and used genotyping by sequencing to sample over 600 bi-allelic markers. Our results suggest that the SA N. aenigmaticus and Mexican plants are a nested within a clade of sexual tropical populations. In the US populations, we confirm an extreme sex ratio and only contiguous US watersheds share genotypes. The phylogenetic analysis of SNP data resolves four clusters: Mexican populations, male plants (Little Pigeon and Pigeon river watersheds) and two clusters of female plants; one from the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee Rivers (TR) and the other from the Ocoee (TR) and Coosa (AR) Rivers. All clusters are highly differentiated (Fst values over 0.9). In addition, our individual assignment analyses and PCAs reflect the phylogenetic results grouping the SA samples in three clades and recovering males and female plants with high genetic differentiation (Fst values between 0.5 and 0.9 using microsatellites and bi-allelic markers). Our results point to Pleistocene events shaping the biogeographical pattern seen in US populations. The extreme sex ratio reflects isolation and highlights the high vulnerability of the populations in the SA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Carlos Villarreal A.
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama
| | - Kenneth McFarland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Bialic-Murphy L, Heckel CD, McElderry RM, Kalisz S. Deer Indirectly Alter the Reproductive Strategy and Operational Sex Ratio of an Unpalatable Forest Perennial. Am Nat 2019; 195:56-69. [PMID: 31868539 DOI: 10.1086/706253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Environmental conditions impose restrictions and costs on reproduction. Multiple reproductive options exist when increased reproductive costs drive plant populations toward alternative reproductive strategies. Using 4 years of demographic data across a deer impact gradient, where deer alter the abiotic environment, we parameterize a size-dependent integral projection model for a sexually labile and unpalatable forest perennial to investigate the demographic processes driving differentiation in the operational sex ratio (OSR) of local populations. In addition to a relative increase in asexual reproduction, our results illustrate that nontrophic indirect effects by overabundant deer on this perennial result in delayed female sex expression to unsustainably large plant sizes and lead to more pronounced plant shrinkage following female sex expression, effectively increasing the cost of reproduction. Among plants of reproductive age, increased deer impact decreases the size-dependent probability of flowering and reduces reproductive consistency over time. This pattern in sex expression skews populations toward female-biased OSRs at low deer impact sites and male-biased OSRs at intermediate and high deer impact sites. While this shift toward a male-biased OSR may ameliorate pollen limitation, it also decreases the effective population size when coupled with increased asexual reproduction. The divergence of reproductive strategies and reduced lifetime fitness in response to indirect deer impacts illustrate the persistent long-term effects of overabundant herbivores on unpalatable understory perennials.
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Yue X, Hughes AC, Tomlinson KW, Xia S, Li S, Chen J. Body size and diet–related morphological variation of bats over the past 65 years in China. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We examined both historical (1960s) and recent (2017) specimens of an insectivorous bat species (Hipposideros armiger) and a phytophagous bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) from the same latitudinal range to explore phenotypic responses to environmental change in China over the past 65 years. Hipposideros armiger exhibited significant increases in forearm length and three diet-related cranial traits, as well as carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition, suggesting that modern H. armiger must travel farther for food and may now use different food resources. In contrast, R. leschenaultii showed no change in forearm length but displayed significant increases in diet-related cranial traits. This study provides evidence for differential responses to recent environmental changes in bat species with different diets. The changes in diet-related traits of the two species and the forearm length change on the insectivorous bats suggest that recent phenotypic changes may be adaptions to land-use changes rather than to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Shangwen Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Song Li
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
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Liao J, Song H, Tang D, Zhang S. Sexually differential tolerance to water deficiency of Salix paraplesia-A female-biased alpine willow. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8450-8464. [PMID: 31410253 PMCID: PMC6686310 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicaceae plants are dioecious woody plants. Previous studies have shown that male individuals are more tolerant to water deficiency than females for male-biased poplars. However, Salix paraplesia is a female-biased species in nature. It is still unknown whether female willows are more tolerant to drought stress than males. To better understand the sexually different tolerance to water deficiency in willows, a greenhouse experiment combined with a field investigation was conducted, and physiological traits were tested in male and female S. paraplesia under a drought-stressed condition (50% of soil water capacity). Our field investigation showed that S. paraplesia was a species with female-biased sex ratio along altitude gradients (2,400 m, 2,600 m and 2,800 m) in their natural habitats. Our results showed that the height growth, biomass accumulation, total chlorophyll pigment content (TChl), and the net photosynthetic rate were higher in female willows than in males at the low and middle altitudes (2,400 m and 2,600 m) rather than at a high altitude (2,800 m) under well-watered conditions. Under drought-stressed conditions, the growth, biomass, and photosynthesis were greatly inhibited in both sexes, while females showed higher biomass and TChl content and suffered less negative effects than did males. Particularly, females that originated from a high altitude showed lower leaf relative electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, and less disorder of chloroplast ultrastructures but a higher peroxidase activity (POD) than that of males. Therefore, S. paraplesia females exhibited a better drought tolerance and self-protective ability than males from high altitude. There is a reason to speculate that the population structure of S. paraplesia at a high altitude would be likely to further female biases with the increased drought intensity in the alpine regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Haifeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Duoteng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12901-12906. [PMID: 31182600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820096116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How climate change influences the dynamics of plant populations is not well understood, as few plant studies have measured responses of vital rates to climatic variables and modeled the impact on population growth. The present study used 25 y of demographic data to analyze how survival, growth, and fecundity respond to date of spring snowmelt for a subalpine plant. Fecundity was estimated by seed production (over 15 y) and also divided into flower number, fruit set, seeds per fruit, and escape from seed predation. Despite no apparent effects on flower number, plants produced more seeds in years with later snowmelt. Survival and probability of flowering were reduced by early snowmelt in the previous year. Based on demographic models, earlier snowmelt with warming is expected to lead to negative population growth, driven especially by changes in seedling establishment and seed production. These results provide a rare example of how climate change is expected to influence the dynamics of a plant population. They furthermore illustrate the potential for strong population impacts even in the absence of more commonly reported visual signs, such as earlier blooming or reduced floral display in early melting years.
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Nelson AS, Symanski CT, Hecking MJ, Mooney KA. Elevational cline in herbivore abundance driven by a monotonic increase in trophic-level sensitivity to aridity. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1406-1416. [PMID: 31135959 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The abiotic environment drives species abundances and distributions both directly and indirectly through effects on multi-trophic species interactions. However, few studies have documented the individual and combined consequences of these direct and indirect effects. We studied an ant-tended aphid along an elevational gradient, where lower elevations were more arid. Hypotheses of stronger species interactions at lower elevations and a greater sensitivity of higher trophic levels to climate led us to predict increased top-down control of aphids by natural enemies (third trophic level) but even stronger protection from mutualist ants (fourth trophic level) with increasing aridity. As a result, we predicted that mutualism strength and aphid abundance would increase with aridity. We documented patterns of aphid abundance and tested for both the direct and multi-trophic indirect effects of aridity on aphid performance. To do so, we used both observational and manipulative methods across two years in replicate high- and low-elevation valleys, where summer temperatures decreased by 3.7°C and precipitation increased by 27 mm/mo from low to high elevations. Aphid colonies were 75% larger in the most (vs. least) arid sites, and this was best explained by changes in interactions with predators and ants. Aphids were unaffected by the direct effects of the abiotic environment or its indirect effects via host plant quality. In contrast, natural enemy effects increased with aridity; under ant exclusion, natural enemies had no effect on aphids in the least arid sites but depressed colony growth by 252% in the most arid sites. Ant activity also increased with aridity, with ants discovering more aphid colonies and experimental baits and allocating more foragers per aphid, although there was no effect of aridity on ant abundance or community composition. Correspondingly, the mutualist services provided by ants increased with aridity; ants provided no benefits to aphids in the least arid sites but doubled colony growth in the most arid sites. In summary, an elevational cline in herbivore abundance was driven by a monotonic increase in trophic-level sensitivity to aridity. These findings illustrate that predicting species responses to climate change will require a multi-trophic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika S Nelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, Riverside, California.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado
| | - Cole T Symanski
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado.,Department of Entomology, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Matthew J Hecking
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado.,School of Natural Sciences, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, Riverside, California.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado
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Jahnke MR, Etterson JR. Autonomous self-fertilization in Linum sulcatum, a native annual with a previously unknown mating system. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:57-67. [PMID: 30554369 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mating systems of wild plant populations have profound effects on their genetic structure and evolution, yet remain unknown or incompletely described for many species. One such species, the herbaceous native annual Linum sulcatum Riddell (Linaceae), is thought to be self-compatible, but there has been no experimental evidence to date to support this claim. To assess the breeding system of this species, seeds were collected from wild populations and reared in a controlled environment. Floral manipulations and controlled pollinations were conducted to determine the degree of self-compatibility of this species and to distinguish between autonomous and facilitated modes of selfing. Additional controlled within- and between-population crosses were conducted to determine the relative degree to which this species can outcross. This study showed that self-fertilization was highly successful and can occur autonomously. In contrast, outcrossing success, both within and between populations, was very limited, suggesting this species may exhibit an extreme degree of cross-incompatibility. A pollen tube growth experiment showed that self-pollination resulted in the formation of more pollen tubes relative to cross-pollination and that complete pollen tube growth can occur less than 2 h following self-pollination. This information is relevant to the future persistence of this species, as much of its remaining habitat is distributed among small, highly fragmented patches subjected to current and future environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Jahnke
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
| | - Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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Ansaldi BH, Franks SJ, Weber JJ. The influence of environmental factors on breeding system allocation at large spatial scales. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply069. [PMID: 30568764 PMCID: PMC6294598 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeding systems can vary widely among populations, yet few studies have investigated abiotic factors contributing to variation across a broad geographic range. Here we investigate variation in reproductive traits of Triodanis perfoliata (Campanulaceae), a species that exhibits dimorphic cleistogamy, a condition in which individual plants have both closed (selfing: cleistogamous: CL) and open (selfing or outcrossing: chasmogamous: CH) flowers. Chasmogamous production is theorized to be more costly because CH flowers have a larger exposed surface area and thus are more likely to lose more water than CL flowers. We examine relationships between abiotic conditions (temperature, precipitation and soil characteristics) and variation in breeding systems across 14 widespread populations using ordinary least squares models. We found that a large proportion of breeding system variation was described by climate and soil variables (R 2 = 0.65-0.92). These results support the hypothesis that variation in the environment drives variation in breeding system allocation. Our broad geographic analyses provide a framework for mechanistic studies of cleistogamy, and employ a novel approach for examining reproductive traits and environmental variation at large scales. Given that two major components of our models were temperature and precipitation, our study further emphasizes the potential for ongoing climate change to alter plant breeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth H Ansaldi
- Department of Biology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Jennifer J Weber
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, USA
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Nelson AS, Pratt RT, Pratt JD, Smith RA, Symanski CT, Prenot C, Mooney KA. Progressive sensitivity of trophic levels to warming underlies an elevational gradient in ant–aphid mutualism strength. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika S. Nelson
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Riley T. Pratt
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- California State Parks San Clemente CA USA
| | - Jessica D. Pratt
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Richard Alexander Smith
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Dept of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Cole T. Symanski
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Dept of Entomology, Univ. of California at Riverside Riverside CA USA
| | - Cathrine Prenot
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Estacado High School Lubbock TX USA
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697 USA
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Mizuki I, Ishida K, Chiwa M, Uehara Y, Shinozuka K, Kume A. Nutrient deficiency promotes male-biased apparent sex ratios at the ramet level in the dioecious plant Myrica gale var. tomentosa in oligotrophic environments in bogs. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:973-985. [PMID: 30008133 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In populations of dioecious plants, the differences in the cost of reproduction between male and female plants can promote a male-biased sex ratio. In this study, we examine the macronutrient levels in tissues of the dioecious wetland shrub Myrica gale to identify the cost of reproduction for male and female plants and to examine the effect of nutrients on the apparent sex ratio at the ramet level. We examined plants across 12 populations of M. gale inhabiting bogs and fens in Japan. For each population, we used line transects to estimate the apparent sex ratio and measured the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the leaves sampled from male and female plants and in the fruits from female plants. For five of the populations, we calculated the flowering frequency, mortality, and the recruitment rate (as the rate of clonal propagation). We found that the proportion of females was positively affected, and the male bias of sex ratios reduced, by increases in P concentration in leaves sampled from female plants. Neither mortality nor recruitment was affected by sex or by the nutrient concentration (P, K). The flowering frequency was not affected by sex or by K concentration, but decreased with decreases in the P concentration measured in leaves. This study confirmed that reproduction in M. gale is P-limited. We found no distinct differences in the flowering frequency, mortality, or recruitment rate between the male and female plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inoue Mizuki
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Ishida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Masaaki Chiwa
- Kyushu University Forest, Kyushu University, 394 Tsubakuro, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, 811-2415, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Uehara
- Research Institute for Human and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
| | - Ken'ichi Shinozuka
- Environmetnal Science Institute, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajirohigashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kume
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Walas Ł, Mandryk W, Thomas PA, Tyrała-Wierucka Ż, Iszkuło G. Sexual systems in gymnosperms: A review. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Eberhart-Phillips LJ, Küpper C, Carmona-Isunza MC, Vincze O, Zefania S, Cruz-López M, Kosztolányi A, Miller TEX, Barta Z, Cuthill IC, Burke T, Székely T, Hoffman JI, Krüger O. Demographic causes of adult sex ratio variation and their consequences for parental cooperation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1651. [PMID: 29695803 PMCID: PMC5917032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult sex ratio (ASR) is a fundamental concept in population biology, sexual selection, and social evolution. However, it remains unclear which demographic processes generate ASR variation and how biases in ASR in turn affect social behaviour. Here, we evaluate the demographic mechanisms shaping ASR and their potential consequences for parental cooperation using detailed survival, fecundity, and behavioural data on 6119 individuals from six wild shorebird populations exhibiting flexible parental strategies. We show that these closely related populations express strikingly different ASRs, despite having similar ecologies and life histories, and that ASR variation is largely driven by sex differences in the apparent survival of juveniles. Furthermore, families in populations with biased ASRs were predominantly tended by a single parent, suggesting that parental cooperation breaks down with unbalanced sex ratios. Taken together, our results indicate that sex biases emerging during early life have profound consequences for social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Eberhart-Phillips
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany. .,Research Group Behavioural Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 5, 82319, Seewiesen, Germany.
| | - Clemens Küpper
- Research Group Behavioural Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 5, 82319, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - María Cristina Carmona-Isunza
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Orsolya Vincze
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, RO-400006, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Sama Zefania
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Toliara, PO Box 185, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Medardo Cruz-López
- Posgrado de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - András Kosztolányi
- Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Tom E X Miller
- Department of BioSciences, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, MS-170, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Innes C Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Terry Burke
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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41
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Roslin T, Hardwick B, Novotny V, Petry WK, Andrew NR, Asmus A, Barrio IC, Basset Y, Boesing AL, Bonebrake TC, Cameron EK, Dáttilo W, Donoso DA, Drozd P, Gray CL, Hik DS, Hill SJ, Hopkins T, Huang S, Koane B, Laird-Hopkins B, Laukkanen L, Lewis OT, Milne S, Mwesige I, Nakamura A, Nell CS, Nichols E, Prokurat A, Sam K, Schmidt NM, Slade A, Slade V, Suchanková A, Teder T, van Nouhuys S, Vandvik V, Weissflog A, Zhukovich V, Slade EM. Higher predation risk for insect prey at low latitudes and elevations. Science 2018; 356:742-744. [PMID: 28522532 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biotic interactions underlie ecosystem structure and function, but predicting interaction outcomes is difficult. We tested the hypothesis that biotic interaction strength increases toward the equator, using a global experiment with model caterpillars to measure predation risk. Across an 11,660-kilometer latitudinal gradient spanning six continents, we found increasing predation toward the equator, with a parallel pattern of increasing predation toward lower elevations. Patterns across both latitude and elevation were driven by arthropod predators, with no systematic trend in attack rates by birds or mammals. These matching gradients at global and regional scales suggest consistent drivers of biotic interaction strength, a finding that needs to be integrated into general theories of herbivory, community organization, and life-history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Roslin
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bess Hardwick
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,The New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Post Office Box 604, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - William K Petry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.,Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nigel R Andrew
- Insect Ecology Lab, Centre of Excellence for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, University of New England, NSW, Australia, 2351, Australia
| | - Ashley Asmus
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Isabel C Barrio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada.,Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7 IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yves Basset
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Andrea Larissa Boesing
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, T-14, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Timothy C Bonebrake
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Rd, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Erin K Cameron
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Post Office Box 65, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Change, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, København, Denmark
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, CP 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - David A Donoso
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pavel Drozd
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science-Department of Biology and Ecology, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Slezská Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia L Gray
- Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) of Existence, Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - David S Hik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah J Hill
- Insect Ecology Lab, Centre of Excellence for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, University of New England, NSW, Australia, 2351, Australia
| | - Tapani Hopkins
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Shuyin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303 Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonny Koane
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Post Office Box 604, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Benita Laird-Hopkins
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Sol Milne
- University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Isaiah Mwesige
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Post Office Box 409, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303 Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Colleen S Nell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nichols
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, T-14, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Alena Prokurat
- State Institution of Education, Zditovo High School, Zditovo, Belarus
| | - Katerina Sam
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Niels M Schmidt
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Alison Slade
- 40 Town End Lane, Lepton, Huddersfield, HD8 ONA, UK
| | - Victor Slade
- 40 Town End Lane, Lepton, Huddersfield, HD8 ONA, UK
| | - Alžběta Suchanková
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science-Department of Biology and Ecology, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Slezská Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tiit Teder
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Post Office Box 65, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Post Office Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anita Weissflog
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Vital Zhukovich
- State Institution of Education, Zditovo High School, Zditovo, Belarus
| | - Eleanor M Slade
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.,Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
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42
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Translating MC2 DGVM Results into Ecosystem Services for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. CLIMATE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cli6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Compagnoni A, Steigman K, Miller TEX. Can't live with them, can't live without them? Balancing mating and competition in two-sex populations. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171999. [PMID: 29070729 PMCID: PMC5666111 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-sex populations are usually studied through frequency-dependent models that describe how sex ratio affects mating, recruitment and population growth. However, in two-sex populations, mating and recruitment should also be affected by density and by its interactions with the sex ratio. Density may have positive effects on mating (Allee effects) but negative effects on other demographic processes. In this study, we quantified how positive and negative inter-sexual interactions balance in two-sex populations. Using a dioecious grass (Poa arachnifera), we established experimental field populations that varied in density and sex ratio. We then quantified mating success (seed fertilization) and non-mating demographic performance, and integrated these responses to project population-level recruitment. Female mating success was positively density-dependent, especially at female-biased sex ratios. Other demographic processes were negatively density-dependent and, in some cases, frequency-dependent. Integrating our experimental results showed that mate-finding Allee effects dominated other types of density-dependence, giving rise to recruitment that increased with increasing density and peaked at intermediate sex ratios, reflecting tension between seed initiation (greater with more females) and seed viability (greater with more males). Our results reveal, for the first time, the balance of positive and negative inter-sexual interactions in sex-structured populations. Models that account for both density- and sex ratio dependence, particularly in mating, may be necessary for understanding and predicting two-sex population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Compagnoni
- Department of BioSciences, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-170, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kenneth Steigman
- Institute of Applied Science, University of North Texas, Lewisville Lake Environmental Learning Area, 1801 North Mill Street, Suite A, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA
| | - Tom E X Miller
- Department of BioSciences, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-170, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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44
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Kettenbach JA, Miller-Struttmann N, Moffett Z, Galen C. How shrub encroachment under climate change could threaten pollination services for alpine wildflowers: A case study using the alpine skypilot, Polemonium viscosum. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6963-6971. [PMID: 28904775 PMCID: PMC5587488 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Under climate change, shrubs encroaching into high altitude plant communities disrupt ecosystem processes. Yet effects of encroachment on pollination mutualisms are poorly understood. Here, we probe potential fitness impacts of interference from encroaching Salix (willows) on pollination quality of the alpine skypilot, Polemonium viscosum. Overlap in flowering time of Salix and Polemonium is a precondition for interference and was surveyed in four extant and 25 historic contact zones. Pollinator sharing was ascertained from observations of willow pollen on bumble bees visiting Polemonium flowers and on Polemonium pistils. We probed fitness effects of pollinator sharing by measuring the correlation between Salix pollen contamination and seed set in naturally pollinated Polemonium. To ascertain whether Salix interference occurred during or after pollination, we compared seed set under natural pollination, conspecific pollen addition, and Salix pollen addition. In current and past contact zones Polemonium and Salix overlapped in flowering time. After accounting for variance in flowering date due to latitude, Salix and Polemonium showed similar advances in flowering under warmer summers. This trend supports the idea that sensitivity to temperature promotes reproductive synchrony in both species. Salix pollen is carried by bumble bees when visiting Polemonium flowers and accounts for up to 25% of the grains on Polemonium pistils. Salix contamination correlates with reduced seed set in nature and when applied experimentally. Postpollination processes likely mediate these deleterious effects as seed set in nature was not limited by pollen delivery. SYNTHESIS As willows move higher with climate change, we predict that they will drive postpollination interference, reducing the fitness benefits of pollinator visitation for Polemonium and selecting for traits that reduce pollinator sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoë Moffett
- Department of Biology Colorado College Colorado Springs CO USA
| | - Candace Galen
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
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45
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McKown AD, Klápště J, Guy RD, Soolanayakanahally RY, La Mantia J, Porth I, Skyba O, Unda F, Douglas CJ, El-Kassaby YA, Hamelin RC, Mansfield SD, Cronk QCB. Sexual homomorphism in dioecious trees: extensive tests fail to detect sexual dimorphism in Populus †. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1831. [PMID: 28500332 PMCID: PMC5431824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sexual dimorphism and expansion of sex chromosomes are both driven through sexual conflict, arising from differing fitness optima between males and females. Here, we pair work in poplar (Populus) describing one of the smallest sex-determining regions known thus far in complex eukaryotes (~100 kbp) with comprehensive tests for sexual dimorphism using >1300 individuals from two Populus species and assessing 96 non-reproductive functional traits. Against expectation, we found sexual homomorphism (no non-reproductive trait differences between the sexes), suggesting that gender is functionally neutral with respect to non-reproductive features that affect plant survival and fitness. Combined with a small sex-determining region, we infer that sexual conflict may be effectively stymied or non-existent within these taxa. Both sexual homomorphism and the small sex-determining region occur against a background of strong environmental selection and local adaptation in Populus. This presents a powerful hypothesis for the evolution of dioecious species. Here, we suggest that environmental selection may be sufficient to suppress and stymy sexual conflict if it acts orthogonal to sexual selection, thereby placing limitations on the evolution of sexual dimorphism and genomic expansion of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jaroslav Klápště
- Department of Dendrology and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, 165 21, Czech Republic.,Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Jonathan La Mantia
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Corn and Soybean Research, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Ilga Porth
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Skyba
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quentin C B Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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46
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Connallon T, Hall MD. Genetic correlations and sex‐specific adaptation in changing environments. Evolution 2016; 70:2186-2198. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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48
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Warming shifts plant sex ratio. Nature 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/535011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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