1
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Fu Z, Musolino SF, Qing W, Li H, de Zwart FJ, Zheng Z, Cai M, Gao Y, de Bruin B, Dai X, Wulff JE, Zhang H. Direct Photopatterning of Colloidal Quantum Dots with Electronically Optimized Diazirine Cross-Linkers. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39381921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) with a wide color gamut and high luminescent efficiency are promising for next-generation electronic and photonic devices. However, precise and scalable patterning of QDs without degrading their properties and their integration into commercially relevant devices, such as digitally addressable QD light-emitting diode (QLED) displays, remain challenging. Here, we develop electronically optimized diazirine-based cross-linkers for nondestructive, direct photopatterning of QDs and, ultimately, building the active-matrix QLED displays. The key to the cross-linker design is the introduction of electron-donating substituents that permit the formation of ground-state singlet carbenes for air-stable and benign QD photopatterning. Under ambient conditions, these cross-linkers enable the patterning of heavy metal-free QDs at a resolution of over 13,000 pixels per inch using commercial i-line photolithography. The patterned QD layers fully preserved their optical and optoelectronic properties. Pixelated electroluminescent devices with patterned InP/ZnSe/ZnS QD layers show a peak external quantum efficiency of 15.3% and a maximum luminance of about 40,000 cd m-2, outperforming those made by existing QD patterning approaches. We further show the seamless integration of patterned QLEDs with thin-film transistor circuits and the fabrication of dual-color active-matrix displays. These results underscore the importance of designing photochemistry for QD patterning, and promise the implementation of direct photopatterning methods in manufacturing commercial QLED displays and other integrated QD device platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Stefania F Musolino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- XLYNX Materials, Inc., Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Wenyue Qing
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongjin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Felix J de Zwart
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Xingliang Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Ong WYE, Tan YZD, Lim LJ, Hoang TG, Tan ZK. Crosslinkable Ligands for High-Density Photo-Patterning of Perovskite Nanocrystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2409564. [PMID: 39374000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are promising luminescent materials for electronic color displays due to their high luminescence efficiency, widely-tunable emission wavelengths, and narrow emission linewidth. Their application in emerging display technologies necessitates precise micron-scale patterning while maintaining good optical performance. Although photolithography is a well-established micro-patterning technique in the industry, conventional processes are incompatible with PNCs as the use of polar solvents can damage the ionic PNCs, causing severe luminescence quenching. Here, we report the rational design and synthesis of a new bidentate photo-crosslinkable ligand for the direct photo-patterning of PNCs. Each ligand contains two photosensitive acrylate groups and two carboxylate groups, and is introduced to the PNCs via an entropy-driven ligand exchange process. In a close-packed thin film, the acrylate ligands photo-polymerize and crosslink under ultraviolet light, rendering the PNCs insoluble in developing solvents. A high-density crosslinked PNC film with an optical density of 1.1 is attained at 1.4 µm thickness, surpassing industry requirements on the absorption coefficient. Micron-scale patterning is further demonstrated using direct laser writing, producing well-defined 20 µm features. This study thus offers an effective and versatile approach for micro-patterning PNCs, and may also be broadly applicable to other nanomaterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan Yuann Evon Ong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yong Zheng Daniel Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Li Jun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Truong Giang Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Kuang Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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3
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Wang M, Jiang J, Liang S, Sui C, Wu S. Functional Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400539. [PMID: 39212315 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) have garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in self-healing materials, drug delivery systems, electrolytes, functional membranes, smart gels and, toughing. SIPNs combine the characteristics of physical cross-linking with advantageous chemical properties, offering broad application prospects in materials science and engineering. This perspective introduces the history of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks and their diverse applications. Additionally, the ongoing challenges associated with traditional semi-interpenetrating polymer materials are discussed and provide an outlook on future advancements in novel functional SIPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuofeng Liang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Cong Sui
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Si Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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4
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Zhu D, Jiang S, Liao C, Xu L, Wang Y, Liu D, Bao W, Wang F, Huang H, Weng X, Liu L, Qu J, Wang Y. Ultrafast Laser 3D Nanolithography of Fiber-Integrated Silica Microdevices. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9734-9742. [PMID: 39047072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fiber-integrated micro/nanostructures play a crucial role in modern industry, mainly owing to their compact size, high sensitivity, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. However, the three-dimensional manufacturing of fiber-tip functional structures beyond organic polymers remains challenging. It is essential to construct fiber-integrated inorganic silica with designed functional nanostructures for microsystem applications. Here, we develop a strategy for the 3D nanolithography of fiber-integrated silica from hybrid organic-inorganic materials by ultrafast laser-induced multiphoton absorption. Without silica nanoparticles and polymer additives, the acrylate-functionalized precursors can be locally cross-linked through a nonlinear effect. Followed by annealing at low temperature, the as-printed micro/nanostructures are transformed to high-quality silica with sub-100 nm resolution. Silica microcantilever probes and microtoroid resonators are directly integrated onto the optical fiber, showing strong thermal stability and quality factors. This work provides a promising strategy for fabricating desired fiber-tip silica micro/nanostructures, which is helpful for the development of integrated functional device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shangben Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Changrui Liao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dejun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weijia Bao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Famei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haoqiang Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyu Weng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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5
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Lyu X, Zheng Z, Shiva A, Han M, Dayan CB, Zhang M, Sitti M. Capillary trapping of various nanomaterials on additively manufactured scaffolds for 3D micro-/nanofabrication. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6693. [PMID: 39107326 PMCID: PMC11303746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
High-precision additive manufacturing technologies, such as two-photon polymerization, are mainly limited to photo-curable polymers and currently lacks the possibility to produce multimaterial components. Herein, we report a physically bottom-up assembly strategy that leverages capillary force to trap various nanomaterials and assemble them onto three-dimensional (3D) microscaffolds. This capillary-trapping strategy enables precise and uniform assembly of nanomaterials into versatile 3D microstructures with high uniformity and mass loading. Our approach applies to diverse materials irrespective of their physiochemical properties, including polymers, metals, metal oxides, and others. It can integrate at least four different material types into a single 3D microstructure in a sequential, layer-by-layer manner, opening immense possibilities for tailored functionalities on demand. Furthermore, the 3D microscaffolds are removable, facilitating the creation of pure material-based 3D microstructures. This universal 3D micro-/nanofabrication technique with various nanomaterials enables the creation of advanced miniature devices with potential applications in multifunctional microrobots and smart micromachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Lyu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anitha Shiva
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mertcan Han
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cem Balda Dayan
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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6
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Gungor K, Erdem O, Guzelturk B, Unal E, Jun S, Jang E, Demir HV. Strongly polarized color conversion of isotropic colloidal quantum dots coupled to fano resonances. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39045702 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer high color purity essential to high-quality liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which enables unprecedented levels of color enrichment in LCD-TVs today. However, for LCDs requiring polarized backplane illumination in operation, highly polarized light generation using inherently isotropic QDs remains a fundamental challenge. Here, we show strongly polarized color conversion of isotropic QDs coupled to Fano resonances of v-grooved surfaces compatible with surface-normal LED illumination for next-generation QD-TVs. This architecture overcomes the critically oblique excitation of surface plasmon coupled emission by using v-shapes imprinted on the backlight unit (BLU). With isotropic QDs coated on the proposed v-BLU surface, we experimentally measured a far-field polarization contrast ratio of ∼10. Full electromagnetic solution shows Fano line-shape transmission in transverse magnetic polarization allowing for high transmission as an indication for forward-scattering configuration. Of these QDs coupled to the surface plasmon-polariton modes, we observed strong modifications in their emission kinetics revealed by time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy and via dipole orientations identified by back focal plane imaging. This collection of findings indicates conclusively that these isotropic QDs are forced to radiate in a linearly polarized state from the patterned planar surface under surface-normal excitation. For next-generation QD-TVs, the proposed polarized color-converting isotropic QDs on such v-BLUs can be deployed in bendable electronic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivanc Gungor
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM--Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and the National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
| | - Onur Erdem
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM--Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and the National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
| | - Burak Guzelturk
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM--Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and the National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
| | - Emre Unal
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM--Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and the National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
| | - Shinae Jun
- Inorganic Material Laboratory, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, South Korea
| | - Eunjoo Jang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hilmi Volkan Demir
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM--Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and the National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
- Luminous! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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7
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Marino E, LaCour RA, Kodger TE. Emergent Properties from Three-Dimensional Assemblies of (Nano)particles in Confined Spaces. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:6060-6080. [PMID: 39044735 PMCID: PMC11261636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The assembly of (nano)particles into compact hierarchical structures yields emergent properties not found in the individual constituents. The formation of these structures relies on a profound knowledge of the nanoscale interactions between (nano)particles, which are often designed by researchers aided by computational studies. These interactions have an effect when the (nano)particles are brought into close proximity, yet relying only on diffusion to reach these closer distances may be inefficient. Recently, physical confinement has emerged as an efficient methodology to increase the volume fraction of (nano)particles, rapidly accelerating the time scale of assembly. Specifically, the high surface area of droplets of one immiscible fluid into another facilitates the controlled removal of the dispersed phase, resulting in spherical, often ordered, (nano)particle assemblies. In this review, we discuss the design strategies, computational approaches, and assembly methods for (nano)particles in confined spaces and the emergent properties therein, such as trigger-directed assembly, lasing behavior, and structural photonic color. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the current challenges, both experimental and computational, and farther afield application possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Marino
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry, Università
degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - R. Allen LaCour
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas E. Kodger
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Zhu Z, Li F, Li J, Chen Q, Li W, Tang Z, Xu W, Shen W, Tao TH, Sun L, Fu Y, Tu M. Direct Optical Patterning of Metal-Organic Frameworks via Photoacid-Induced Etching. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38988308 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials constructed from organic linkers and inorganic building blocks. Coordinative competition labilizes some MOFs under harsh chemical conditions because of their weak bonding. However, instability is not always a negative property of a material. In this study, we demonstrated the use of the acidic lability of MOFs for direct optical patterning. The controllable acid release from the photoacid generator at the exposed area causes bond cleavage between the linkers and metal ions/clusters, leading to solubility changes and pattern formation after development. This process avoids redundant steps and possible contamination in traditional photolithography, while maintaining the original properties of patterned MOFs. The preserved porosity and crystallinity promoted the development of MOFs for gas sensors and solid displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jinwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qiran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tiger H Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai 519031, Guangdong, China
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Translational Research, Shanghai 201107, China
- Neuroxess Co., Ltd. (Jiangxi), Nanchang330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liuyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Lee J, Jo H, Choi M, Park S, Oh J, Lee K, Bae Y, Rhee S, Roh J. Recent Progress on Quantum Dot Patterning Technologies for Commercialization of QD-LEDs: Current Status, Future Prospects, and Exploratory Approaches. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301224. [PMID: 38193264 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are widely regarded as advanced emissive materials with significant potential for display applications owing to their excellent optical properties such as high color purity, near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield, and size-tunable emission color. Building upon these attractive attributes, QDs have successfully garnered attention in the display market as down-conversion luminophores and now venturing into the realm of self-emissive displays, exemplified by QD light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs). However, despite these advancements, there remains a relatively limited body of research on QD patterning technologies, which are crucial prerequisites for the successful commercialization of QD-LEDs. Thus, in this review, an overview of the current status and prospects of QD patterning technologies to accelerate the commercialization of QD-LEDs is provided. Within this review, a comprehensive investigation of three prevailing patterning methods: optical lithography, transfer printing, and inkjet printing are conducted. Furthermore, several exploratory QD patterning techniques that offer distinct advantages are introduced. This study not only paves the way for successful commercialization but also extends the potential application of QD-LEDs into uncharted frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyeop Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeona Jo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungeun Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeyun Bae
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Rhee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkyun Roh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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10
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van Campenhout CT, Bistervels MH, Rietveld J, Schoenmaker H, Kamp M, Noorduin WL. Designing Complex Tapestries with Photography-Inspired Manipulation of Self-Organized Thin-Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401625. [PMID: 38582518 PMCID: PMC11220642 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Thin-films patterned with complex motifs are of fundamental interest because of their advanced optical, mechanical and electronic properties, but fabrication of these materials remains challenging. Self-organization strategies, such as immersion controlled reaction-diffusion patterning, have shown great potential for production of patterned thin-films. However, the autonomous nature of such processes limits controllable pattern customizability and complexity. Here, it is demonstrated that photography inspired manipulation processes can overcome this limitation to create highly-complex tapestries of micropatterned films (MPF's). Inspired by classical photographic processes, MPF's are developed, bleached, exposed, fixed, and contoured into user-defined shapes and photographic toning reactions are used to convert the chemical composition MPF's, while preserving the original stripe patterns. By applying principles of composite photography, highly complex tapestries composed of multiple MPF layers are designed, where each layer can be individually manipulated into a specific shape and composition. By overcoming fundamental limitations, this synergistic approach broadens the design possibilities of reaction-diffusion processes, furthering the potential of self-organization strategies for the development of complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Rietveld
- AMOLFScience Park 104Amsterdam1098XGThe Netherlands
| | | | - M. Kamp
- AMOLFScience Park 104Amsterdam1098XGThe Netherlands
| | - W. L. Noorduin
- AMOLFScience Park 104Amsterdam1098XGThe Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1090 GDThe Netherlands
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11
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Othman DM, Weinstein J, Huang N, Ming W, Lyu Q, Hou B. Solution-processed colloidal quantum dots for internet of things. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10947-10974. [PMID: 38804109 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00203b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have been a hot research topic ever since they were successfully fabricated in 1993 via the hot injection method. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 was awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots. The Internet of Things (IoT) has also attracted a lot of attention due to the technological advancements and digitalisation of the world. This review first aims to give the basics behind QD physics. After that, the history behind CQD synthesis and the different methods used to synthesize most widely researched CQD materials (CdSe, PbS and InP) are revisited. A brief introduction to what IoT is and how it works is also mentioned. Then, the most widely researched CQD devices that can be used for the main IoT components are reviewed, where the history, physics, the figures of merit (FoMs) and the state-of-the-art are discussed. Finally, the challenges and different methods for integrating CQDs into IoT devices are discussed, mentioning the future possibilities that await CQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyar Mousa Othman
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Julia Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | | | - Wenlong Ming
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Quan Lyu
- Cambridge Research Centre, Huawei Technologies Research & Development (UK) Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
| | - Bo Hou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
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12
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Kim J, Roh J, Park M, Lee C. Recent Advances and Challenges of Colloidal Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes for Display Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2212220. [PMID: 36853911 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) exhibit tremendous potential in display technologies owing to their unique optical properties, such as size-tunable emission wavelength, narrow spectral linewidth, and near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield. Significant efforts in academia and industry have achieved dramatic improvements in the performance of quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) over the past decade, primarily owing to the development of high-quality QDs and optimized device architectures. Moreover, sophisticated patterning processes have also been developed for QDs, which is an essential technique for their commercialization. As a result of these achievements, some QD-based display technologies, such as QD enhancement films and QD-organic light-emitting diodes, have been successfully commercialized, confirming the superiority of QDs in display technologies. However, despite these developments, the commercialization of QLEDs is yet to reach a threshold, requiring a leap forward in addressing challenges and related problems. Thus, representative research trends, progress, and challenges of QLEDs in the categories of material synthesis, device engineering, and fabrication method to specify the current status and development direction are reviewed. Furthermore, brief insights into the factors to be considered when conducting research on single-device QLEDs are provided to realize active matrix displays. This review guides the way toward the commercialization of QLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkyun Roh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungjin Park
- Display Research Center, Samsung Display Co., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17113, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Display Research Center, Samsung Display Co., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17113, Republic of Korea
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13
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Tian X, Li F, Tang Z, Wang S, Weng K, Liu D, Lu S, Liu W, Fu Z, Li W, Qiu H, Tu M, Zhang H, Li J. Crosslinking-induced patterning of MOFs by direct photo- and electron-beam lithography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2920. [PMID: 38575569 PMCID: PMC10995132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with diverse chemistry, structures, and properties have emerged as appealing materials for miniaturized solid-state devices. The incorporation of MOF films in these devices, such as the integrated microelectronics and nanophotonics, requires robust patterning methods. However, existing MOF patterning methods suffer from some combinations of limited material adaptability, compromised patterning resolution and scalability, and degraded properties. Here we report a universal, crosslinking-induced patterning approach for various MOFs, termed as CLIP-MOF. Via resist-free, direct photo- and electron-beam (e-beam) lithography, the ligand crosslinking chemistry leads to drastically reduced solubility of colloidal MOFs, permitting selective removal of unexposed MOF films with developer solvents. This enables scalable, micro-/nanoscale (≈70 nm resolution), and multimaterial patterning of MOFs on large-area, rigid or flexible substrates. Patterned MOF films preserve their crystallinity, porosity, and other properties tailored for targeted applications, such as diffractive gas sensors and electrochromic pixels. The combined features of CLIP-MOF create more possibilities in the system-level integration of MOFs in various electronic, photonic, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhenyuan Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wangyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Min Tu
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Institute of Life Science and Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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14
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Pan JA, Skripka A, Lee C, Qi X, Pham AL, Woods JJ, Abergel RJ, Schuck PJ, Cohen BE, Chan EM. Ligand-Assisted Direct Lithography of Upconverting and Avalanching Nanoparticles for Nonlinear Photonics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7487-7497. [PMID: 38466925 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit unique nonlinear optical properties that can be harnessed in microscopy, sensing, and photonics. However, forming high-resolution nano- and micropatterns of UCNPs with large packing fractions is still challenging. Additionally, there is limited understanding of how nanoparticle patterning chemistries are affected by the particle size. Here, we explore direct patterning chemistries for 6-18 nm Tm3+-, Yb3+/Tm3+-, and Yb3+/Er3+-based UCNPs using ligands that form either new ionic linkages or covalent bonds between UCNPs under ultraviolet (UV), electron-beam (e-beam), and near-infrared (NIR) exposure. We study the effect of UCNP size on these patterning approaches and find that 6 nm UCNPs can be patterned with compact ionic-based ligands. In contrast, patterning larger UCNPs requires long-chain, cross-linkable ligands that provide sufficient interparticle spacing to prevent irreversible aggregation upon film casting. Compared to approaches that use a cross-linkable liquid monomer, our patterning method limits the cross-linking reaction to the ligands bound on UCNPs deposited as a thin film. This highly localized photo-/electron-initiated chemistry enables the fabrication of densely packed UCNP patterns with high resolutions (∼1 μm with UV and NIR exposure; <100 nm with e-beam). Our upconversion NIR lithography approach demonstrates the potential to use inexpensive continuous-wave lasers for high-resolution 2D and 3D lithography of colloidal materials. The deposited UCNP patterns retain their upconverting, avalanching, and photoswitching behaviors, which can be exploited in patterned optical devices for next-generation UCNP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ahn Pan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Artiom Skripka
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Changhwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiao Qi
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anne L Pham
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joshua J Woods
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Bruce E Cohen
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emory M Chan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Liu D, Weng K, Zhao H, Wang S, Qiu H, Luo X, Lu S, Duan L, Bai S, Zhang H, Li J. Nondestructive Direct Optical Patterning of Perovskite Nanocrystals with Carbene-Based Ligand Cross-Linkers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6896-6907. [PMID: 38376996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Microscale patterning of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) is essential for their integration in advanced device platforms, such as high-definition displays. However, perovskite NCs usually show degraded optical and/or electrical properties after patterning with existing approaches, posing a critical challenge for their optoelectronic applications. Here we achieve nondestructive, direct optical patterning of perovskite NCs with rationally designed carbene-based cross-linkers and demonstrate their applications in high-performance light-emitting diodes. We reveal that both the photochemical properties and the electronic structures of cross-linkers need to be carefully tailored to the material properties of perovskite NCs. This method produces high-resolution (∼4000 ppi) NC patterns with preserved photoluminescent quantum efficiencies and charge transport properties. Prototype light-emitting diodes with patterned/cross-linked NC layers show a maximum luminance of over 60000 cd m-2 and a peak external quantum efficiency of 16%, among the highest for patterned perovskite electroluminescent devices. Such a material-adapted patterning method enabled by designs from a photochemistry perspective could foster the applications of perovskite NCs in system-level electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyu Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Bai
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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16
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Yang K, Weng X, Feng J, Yu Y, Xu B, Lin Q, Zhang Q, Zhuang J, Hou W, Yan X, Hu H, Li F. High-Resolution Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Electrohydrodynamic Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9544-9550. [PMID: 38346935 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent electroluminescent properties and compatibility with inkjet printing processes, which show great potential in applications of pixelated displays. However, the relatively low resolution of the inkjet printing technology limits its further development. In this paper, high-resolution QLEDs were successfully fabricated by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing. A pixelated quantum dot (QD) emission layer was formed by printing an insulating Teflon mesh on a spin-coated QD layer. The patterned QLEDs show a high resolution of 2540 pixels per inch (PPI), with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 20.29% and brightness of 35816 cd/m2. To further demonstrate its potential in full-color display, the fabrication process for the QD layer was changed from spin-coating to EHD printing. The as-printed Teflon effectively blocked direct contact between the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer, thus preventing leakage currents. As a result, the device showed a resolution of 1692 PPI with a maximum EQE of 15.40%. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the highest resolution and efficiency of pixelated QLEDs using inkjet printing or EHD printing, which demonstrates its huge potential in the application of high-resolution full-color displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Yang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Xukeng Weng
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahuan Feng
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongshen Yu
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Xu
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxiang Lin
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingkai Zhang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Zhuang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Display, Guangzhou 510525, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Hou
- TCL Research, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Yan
- TCL Research, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Hu
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Fushan Li
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
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17
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Chang S, Koo JH, Yoo J, Kim MS, Choi MK, Kim DH, Song YM. Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:768-859. [PMID: 38241488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the next-generation human-centric optoelectronics. For instance, these deformable devices can be utilized as closely fitted wearable sensors to acquire precise biosignals that are subsequently uploaded to the cloud for immediate examination and diagnosis, and also can be used for vision systems for human-interactive robotics. Their inception was propelled by breakthroughs in novel optoelectronic material technologies and device blueprinting methodologies, endowing flexibility and mechanical resilience to conventional rigid optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the advancements in such soft optoelectronic device technologies, honing in on various materials, manufacturing techniques, and device design strategies. We will first highlight the general approaches for flexible and stretchable device fabrication, including the appropriate material selection for the substrate, electrodes, and insulation layers. We will then focus on the materials for flexible and stretchable light-emitting diodes, their device integration strategies, and representative application examples. Next, we will move on to the materials for flexible and stretchable photodetectors, highlighting the state-of-the-art materials and device fabrication methods, followed by their representative application examples. At the end, a brief summary will be given, and the potential challenges for further development of functional devices will be discussed as a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Semiconductor and System IC, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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18
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Wang Z, Dong S, Yuan W, Li J, Ma X, Liu F, Jiang X. Photo-Modulated Ionic Polymer as an Adaptable Electron Transport Material for Optically Switchable Pixel-Free Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309593. [PMID: 37967857 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to electrically driven organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays that rely on complicated and costly circuits for switching individual pixel illumination, developing a facile approach that structures pixel-free light-emitting displays with exceptional precision and spatial resolution via external photo-modulation holds significant importance for advancing consumer electronics. Here, optically switchable organic light-emitting pixel-free displays (OSPFDs) are presented and fabricated by judiciously combining an adaptive photosensitive ionic polymer as electron transport materials (ETM) with external photo-modulation as the switching mode while ensuring superior illumination performance and seamless imaging capability. By irradiating the solution-processed OSPFDs with light at specific wavelengths, efficient and reversible tuning of both electron transport and electroluminescence is achieved simultaneously. This remarkable control is achieved by altering the energetic matching within OSPFDs, which also exhibits a high level of universality and adjustable flexibility in the three primary color-based light-emitting displays. Moreover, the ease of creating and erasing desired pixel-free emitting patterns through a non-invasive photopatterning process within a single OSPFD is demonstrated, thereby rendering this approach promising for commercial displaying devices and highly precise pixelated illuminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Dong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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19
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Torun I, Huang C, Kalay M, Shim M, Onses MS. pH Tunable Patterning of Quantum Dots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305237. [PMID: 37658505 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Patterning of quantum dots (QDs) is essential for many, especially high-tech, applications. Here, pH tunable assembly of QDs over functional patterns prepared by electrohydrodynamic jet printing of poly(2-vinylpyridine) is presented. The selective adsorption of QDs from water dispersions is mediated by the electrostatic interaction between the ligand composed of 3-mercaptopropionic acid and patterned poly(2-vinylpyridine). The pH of the dispersion provides tunability at two levels. First, the adsorption density of QDs and fluorescence from the patterns can be modulated for pH > ≈4. Second, patterned features show unique type of disintegration resulting in randomly positioned features within areas defined by the printing for pH ≤ ≈4. The first capability is useful for deterministic patterning of QDs, whereas the second one enables hierarchically structured encoding of information by generating stochastic features of QDs within areas defined by the printing. This second capability is exploited for generating addressable security labels based on unclonable features. Through image analysis and feature matching algorithms, it is demonstrated that such patterns are unclonable in nature and provide a suitable platform for anti-counterfeiting applications. Collectively, the presented approach not only enables effective patterning of QDs, but also establishes key guidelines for addressable assembly of colloidal nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Torun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center (ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Conan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mustafa Kalay
- Nanotechnology Research Center (ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
- Department of Electricity and Energy, Kayseri University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Moonsub Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - M Serdar Onses
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center (ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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20
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Park H, Choi HY, Chae H, Noe Oo MM, Kang DJ. Electrohydrodynamic Nanopatterning: A Novel Solvent-Assisted Technique for Unconventional Substrates. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11949-11957. [PMID: 38079430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-driven patterning is a pioneering lithographic technique capable of replicating and modifying micro/nanostructures efficiently. However, this process is currently restricted to conventional substrates, as it necessitates a uniform and robust electric field over a large area. Consequently, the use of nontraditional substrates, such as those that are flexible, nonflat, or have high insulation, has been notably limited. In our study, we extend the applicability of EHD-driven patterning by introducing a solvent-assisted capillary peel-and-transfer method that allows the successful removal of diverse EHD-induced structures from their original substrates. Compared with the traditional route, our process boasts a success rate close to 100%. The detached structures can then be efficiently transferred to nonconventional substrates, overcoming the limitations of the traditional EHD process. Our method exhibits significant versatility, as evidenced by successful transfer of structures with engineered wettability and patterned structures composed of metals and metal oxides onto nonconventional substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunje Park
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejoon Chae
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - May Myat Noe Oo
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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21
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Song M, Kim Y, Baek DS, Kim HY, Gu DH, Li H, Cunning BV, Yang SE, Heo SH, Lee S, Kim M, Lim JS, Jeong HY, Yoo JW, Joo SH, Ruoff RS, Kim JY, Son JS. 3D microprinting of inorganic porous materials by chemical linking-induced solidification of nanocrystals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8460. [PMID: 38123571 PMCID: PMC10733400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) microprinting is considered a next-generation manufacturing process for the production of microscale components; however, the narrow range of suitable materials, which include mainly polymers, is a critical issue that limits the application of this process to functional inorganic materials. Herein, we develop a generalised microscale 3D printing method for the production of purely inorganic nanocrystal-based porous materials. Our process is designed to solidify all-inorganic nanocrystals via immediate dispersibility control and surface linking-induced interconnection in the nonsolvent linker bath and thereby creates multibranched gel networks. The process works with various inorganic materials, including metals, semiconductors, magnets, oxides, and multi-materials, not requiring organic binders or stereolithographic equipment. Filaments with a diameter of sub-10 μm are printed into designed complex 3D microarchitectures, which exhibit full nanocrystal functionality and high specific surface areas as well as hierarchical porous structures. This approach provides the platform technology for designing functional inorganics-based porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkyum Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Du San Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Kim
- Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 14-gil 5 Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hwi Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin V Cunning
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Eun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwae Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyuk Kim
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - June Sung Lim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 14-gil 5 Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Sung Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Baek S, Jeong S, Ban HW, Ryu J, Kim Y, Gu DH, Son C, Yoon TS, Lee J, Son JS. Nanoscale Vertical Resolution in Optical Printing of Inorganic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38044586 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct optical printing of functional inorganics shows tremendous potential as it enables the creation of intricate two-dimensional (2D) patterns and affordable design and production of various devices. Although there have been recent advancements in printing processes using short-wavelength light or pulsed lasers, the precise control of the vertical thickness in printed 3D structures has received little attention. This control is vital to the diverse functionalities of inorganic thin films and their devices, as they rely heavily on their thicknesses. This lack of research is attributed to the technical intricacy and complexity involved in the lithographic processes. Herein, we present a generalized optical 3D printing process for inorganic nanoparticles using maskless digital light processing. We develop a range of photocurable inorganic nanoparticle inks encompassing metals, semiconductors, and oxides, combined with photolinkable ligands and photoacid generators, enabling the direct solidification of nanoparticles in the ink medium. Our process creates complex and large-area patterns with a vertical resolution of ∼50 nm, producing 50-nm-thick 2D films and several micrometer-thick 3D architectures with no layer height difference via layer-by-layer deposition. Through fabrication and operation of multilayered switching devices with Au electrodes and Ag-organic resistive layers, the feasibility of our process for cost-effective manufacturing of multilayered devices is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongheon Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggyun Jeong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Woo Ban
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ryu
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkyum Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hwi Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Son
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Yoon
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseok Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37673, Republic of Korea
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23
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Li X, Maki KL, Schertzer MJ. Characterization of Particle Transport and Deposition Due to Heterogeneous Dewetting on Low-Cost Inkjet-Printed Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16843-16853. [PMID: 37962525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the deposition patterns left by evaporating particle-laden droplets on heterogeneous surfaces with spatially varying wettability. Spatial differences in receding contact angles give rise to scalloped-shaped contact lines. During evaporation, the contact line recedes in one location and remains pinned in another. This nonuniform contact line recession results in particle self-assembly above areas where the contact line remains pinned but not where it recedes. This behavior is fairly robust across a variety of particle sizes, concentrations, and device geometries. We hypothesize that particle self-assembly in these cases is due to the competition between particle diffusion and evaporative-driven advective flow. Diffusion appears to be more pronounced in regions where the contact line recedes, while advection appears to be more pronounced near the pinned portion of the contact line. As such, particles appear to diffuse away from receding areas and toward pinned areas, where advection transports them to the contact line. The distribution of particle deposition above the pinned regions was influenced by the particle size and the concentration of particles in the droplet. Similar to homogeneous surfaces, deposition was more prevalent at the pinned portion of the contact line for smaller particles and lower concentrations and more uniformly distributed across the entire pinned region for larger particles and higher concentrations. A better understanding of this process may be beneficial in a wide variety of particle separation applications, such as printing, cell patterning, biosensing, and anti-icing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Kara L Maki
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Michael J Schertzer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
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24
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Zou S, Li Y, Gong Z. Wafer-scale patterning of high-resolution quantum dot films with a thickness over 10 μm for improved color conversion. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18317-18327. [PMID: 37921020 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are promising color conversion materials for efficient full-color micro light-emitting diode (micro-LED) displays owing to their high color purity and wide color gamut. However, achieving high-resolution QD patterns with enough thickness for efficient color conversion is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a facile and compatible approach by combining replicate molding, plasma etching and transfer printing to produce QD patterns with a sufficient thickness over ten micrometers in a wide range of resolutions. Our technique can remarkably simplify the preparation of QD inks and minimize optical damage to QD materials. The pixel resolution and thickness of QD patterns can be controlled by well-defining the microstructures of the molding template and the etching process. The transfer printing process allows QD patterns to be assembled sequentially onto a receiving substrate, which will further improve the original pixel resolution and avoid repetitive optical damage to QDs during the patterning process. Consequently, various QD patterns can be fabricated in this work, including perovskite quantum dot (PQD) patterns with a pixel resolution of up to 669 pixels per inch (ppi) and a maximum thickness of up to 19.74 μm, a wafer-scale high-resolution PQD pattern with sufficient thickness on a flexible substrate, and a dual-color pattern comprising green PQDs and red CdSe QDs. Furthermore, these fabricated QD films with a thickness of over 10 μm show improved color conversion when integrated onto a blue micro-LED, revealing the potential of our technique for full-color micro-LED displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Zou
- Institute of Semiconductors, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, No. 363 Changxing Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yuzhi Li
- Institute of Semiconductors, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, No. 363 Changxing Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Zheng Gong
- Institute of Semiconductors, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, No. 363 Changxing Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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25
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Tao P, Wang Q, Vockenhuber M, Zhu D, Liu T, Wang X, Hu Z, Wang Y, Wang J, Tang Y, Ekinci Y, Xu H, He X. Charge Shielding-Oriented Design of Zinc-Based Nanoparticle Liquids for Controlled Nanofabrication. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23609-23619. [PMID: 37856831 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal-containing nanoparticles possess nanoscale sizes, but the exploitation of their nanofeatures in nanofabrication processes remains challenging. Herein, we report the realization of a class of zinc-based nanoparticle liquids and their potential for applications in controlled nanofabrication. Utilizing the metal-core charge shielding strategy, we prepared nanoparticles that display glass-to-liquid transition behavior with glass transition temperature far below room temperature (down to -50.9 °C). Theoretical calculations suggest the outer surface of these unusual nanoparticles is almost neutral, thus leading to interparticle interactions weak enough to give them liquefaction characteristics. Such features endow them with extraordinarily high dispersibility and excellent film-forming capabilities. Twenty-two types of nanoparticles synthesized by this strategy have all shown good lithographic properties in the mid-ultraviolet, electron beam, or extreme ultraviolet light, and these nanoparticle liquids have achieved controlled top-down nanofabrication with predesigned 18 or 16 nm patterns. This proposed strategy is synthetically scalable and structurally extensible and is expected to inspire the design of entirely new forms of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Tao
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Da Zhu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziyu Hu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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26
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Park SY, Lee S, Yang J, Kang MS. Patterning Quantum Dots via Photolithography: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300546. [PMID: 36892995 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pixelating patterns of red, green, and blue quantum dots (QDs) is a critical challenge for realizing high-end displays with bright and vivid images for virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. Since QDs must be processed from a solution, their patterning process is completely different from the conventional techniques used in the organic light-emitting diode and liquid crystal display industries. Although innovative QD patterning technologies are being developed, photopatterning based on the light-induced chemical conversion of QD films is considered one of the most promising methods for forming micrometer-scale QD patterns that satisfy the precision and fidelity required for commercialization. Moreover, the practical impact will be significant as it directly exploits mature photolithography technologies and facilities that are widely available in the semiconductor industry. This article reviews recent progress in the effort to form QD patterns via photolithography. The review begins with a general description of the photolithography process. Subsequently, different types of photolithographical methods applicable to QD patterning are introduced, followed by recent achievements using these methods in forming high-resolution QD patterns. The paper also discusses prospects for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Seongjae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeehye Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
- Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
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27
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Li F, Liu SF, Liu W, Hou ZW, Jiang J, Fu Z, Wang S, Si Y, Lu S, Zhou H, Liu D, Tian X, Qiu H, Yang Y, Li Z, Li X, Lin L, Sun HB, Zhang H, Li J. 3D printing of inorganic nanomaterials by photochemically bonding colloidal nanocrystals. Science 2023; 381:1468-1474. [PMID: 37769102 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of inorganic materials with nanoscale resolution offers a different materials processing pathway to explore devices with emergent functionalities. However, existing technologies typically involve photocurable resins that reduce material purity and degrade properties. We develop a general strategy for laser direct printing of inorganic nanomaterials, as exemplified by more than 10 semiconductors, metal oxides, metals, and their mixtures. Colloidal nanocrystals are used as building blocks and photochemically bonded through their native ligands. Without resins, this bonding process produces arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) structures with a large inorganic mass fraction (~90%) and high mechanical strength. The printed materials preserve the intrinsic properties of constituent nanocrystals and create structure-dictated functionalities, such as the broadband chiroptical responses with an anisotropic factor of ~0.24 for semiconducting cadmium chalcogenide nanohelical arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shao-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wangyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaxi Jiang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yilong Si
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengcao Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Institute of Life Science and Technology, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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28
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Pan JA, Cho H, Coropceanu I, Wu H, Talapin DV. Stimuli-Responsive Surface Ligands for Direct Lithography of Functional Inorganic Nanomaterials. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2286-2297. [PMID: 37552212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusColloidal nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as a diverse class of materials with tunable composition, size, shape, and surface chemistry. From their facile syntheses to unique optoelectronic properties, these solution-processed nanomaterials are a promising alternative to materials grown as bulk crystals or by vapor-phase methods. However, the integration of colloidal nanomaterials in real-world devices is held back by challenges in making patterned NC films with the resolution, throughput, and cost demanded by device components and applications. Therefore, suitable approaches to pattern NCs need to be established to aid the transition from individual proof-of-concept NC devices to integrated and multiplexed technological systems.In this Account, we discuss the development of stimuli-sensitive surface ligands that enable NCs to be patterned directly with good pattern fidelity while retaining desirable properties. We focus on rationally selected ligands that enable changes in the NC dispersibility by responding to light, electron beam, and/or heat. First, we summarize the fundamental forces between colloidal NCs and discuss the principles behind NC stabilization/destabilization. These principles are applied to understanding the mechanisms of the NC dispersibility change upon stimuli-induced ligand modifications. Six ligand-based patterning mechanisms are introduced: ligand cross-linking, ligand decomposition, ligand desorption, in situ ligand exchange, ion/ligand binding, and ligand-aided increase of ionic strength. We discuss examples of stimuli-sensitive ligands that fall under each mechanism, including their chemical transformations, and address how these ligands are used to pattern either sterically or electrostatically stabilized colloidal NCs. Following that, we explain the rationale behind the exploration of different types of stimuli, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each stimulus.We then discuss relevant figures-of-merit that should be considered when choosing a particular ligand chemistry or stimulus for patterning NCs. These figures-of-merit pertain to either the pattern quality (e.g., resolution, edge and surface roughness, layer thickness), or to the NC material quality (e.g., photo/electro-luminescence, electrical conductivity, inorganic fraction). We outline the importance of these properties and provide insights on optimizing them. Both the pattern quality and NC quality impact the performance of patterned NC devices such as field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, color-conversion pixels, photodetectors, and diffractive optical elements. We also give examples of proof-of-concept patterned NC devices and evaluate their performance. Finally, we provide an outlook on further expanding the chemistry of stimuli-sensitive ligands, improving the NC pattern quality, progress toward 3D printing, and other potential research directions. Ultimately, we hope that the development of a patterning toolbox for NCs will expedite their implementation in a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ahn Pan
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Himchan Cho
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Haoqi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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van Campenhout CT, Schoenmaker H, van Hecke M, Noorduin WL. Patterning Complex Line Motifs in Thin Films Using Immersion-Controlled Reaction-Diffusion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305191. [PMID: 37471706 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of self-organization principles that enable scalable routes toward complex functional materials has proven to be a persistent challenge. Here, reaction-diffusion driven, immersion-controlled patterning (R-DIP) is introduced, a self-organization strategy using immersion-controlled reaction-diffusion for targeted line patterning in thin films. By modulating immersion speeds, the movement of a reaction-diffusion front over gel films is controlled, which induces precipitation of highly uniform lines at the reaction front. A balance between the immersion speed and diffusion provides both hands-on tunability of the line spacing (d = 10 - 300 μ m $d = 10-300 \; \umu \text{m}$ ) as well as error-correction against defects. This immersion-driven patterning strategy is widely applicable, which is demonstrated by producing line patterns of silver/silver oxide nanoparticles, silver chromate, silver dichromate, and lead carbonate. Through combinatorial stacking of different line patterns, hybrid materials with multi-dimensional patterns such as square-, diamond-, rectangle-, and triangle-shaped motifs are fabricated. The functionality potential and scalability is demonstrated by producing both wafer-scale diffraction gratings with user-defined features as well as an opto-mechanical sensor based on Moiré patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin van Hecke
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098XG, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, CA Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098XG, The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1090 GD, The Netherlands
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30
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Shin S, Kang K, Jang H, Gwak N, Kim S, Kim TA, Oh N. Ligand-Crosslinking Strategy for Efficient Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes via Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300206. [PMID: 37160696 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
While solution-processable colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer cost-effective and large-scale manufacturing, they can be susceptible to subsequent solution processes, making continuous processing challenging. To enable complex and integrated device architectures, robust QD films with subsequent patterning are necessary. Here, we report a facile ligand-crosslinking strategy based on thiol-ene click chemistry. Thiol molecules added to QD films react with UV light to form radicals that crosslink with QD ligands containing carbon double bonds, enabling microscale photo-patterning of QD films and enhancing their solvent resistance. This strategy can also be extended to other ligand-capped nanocrystals. It is found that the swelling of QD films during the process of binding with the thiol molecules placed between the ligands contributes to the improvement of photoluminescence and electroluminescence properties. These results suggest that the thiol-ene crosslinking modifies the optoelectronic properties and enables direct optical patterning, expanding the potential applications of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungki Shin
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwan Kang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Jang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Namyoung Gwak
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongchan Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ann Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Solutions to Electromagnetic Interference in Future-Mobility, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuri Oh
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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31
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Maeng S, Park SJ, Lee J, Lee H, Choi J, Kang JK, Cho H. Direct photocatalytic patterning of colloidal emissive nanomaterials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi6950. [PMID: 37585523 PMCID: PMC10431700 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a universal direct photocatalytic patterning method that can completely preserve the optical properties of perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) and other emissive nanomaterials. Solubility change of PeNCs is achieved mainly by a photoinduced thiol-ene click reaction between specially tailored surface ligands and a dual-role photocatalytic reagent, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PTMP), where the thiol-ene reaction is enabled at a low light intensity dose (~ 30 millijoules per square centimeter) by the strong photocatalytic activity of PeNCs. The photochemical reaction mechanism was investigated using various analyses at each patterning step. The PTMP also acts as a defect passivation agent for the PeNCs and even enhances their photoluminescence quantum yield (by ~5%) and photostability. Multicolor patterns of cesium lead halide (CsPbX3)PeNCs were fabricated with high resolution (<1 micrometer). Our method is widely applicable to other classes of nanomaterials including colloidal cadmium selenide-based and indium phosphide-based quantum dots and light-emitting polymers; this generality provides a nondestructive and simple way to pattern various functional materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaehwan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungdoh Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghui Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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32
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Luo C, Zheng Z, Ding Y, Ren Z, Shi H, Ji H, Zhou X, Chen Y. High-Resolution, Highly Transparent, and Efficient Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303329. [PMID: 37335765 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at next-generation displays, high-resolution quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) with high efficiency and transparency are highly desired. However, there is limited study involving the improvements of QLED pixel resolution, efficiency, and transparency simultaneously, which undoubtedly restricts the practical applications of QLED for next-generation displays. Here, the strategy of electrostatic force-induced deposition (EF-ID) is proposed by introducing alternating polyethyleneimine (PEI) and fluorosilane patterns to synergistically improve the pixel accuracy and transmittance of QD patterns. More importantly, the leakage current induced by the void spaces between pixels that is usually reported for high-resolution QLEDs is greatly suppressed by substrate-assisted insulating fluorosilane patterns. Finally, high-performance QLEDs with high resolution ranging from 1104 to 3031 pixels per inch (PPI) and a high efficiency of 15.6% are achieved, among the best performances of high resolution QLEDs. Notably, the high resolution QD pixels greatly enhance the transmittance of the QD patterns, thus prompting an impressive transmittance of 90.7% for the transparent QLEDs (2116 PPI), which represents the highest transmittance of transparent QLED devices. Consequently, this work contributes an effective and general approach for high-resolution QLEDs with high efficiency and transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhao Luo
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhishuai Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Ding
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenwei Ren
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Hengfei Shi
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Huifeng Ji
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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33
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Ko T, Kumar S, Shin S, Seo D, Seo S. Colloidal Quantum Dot Nanolithography: Direct Patterning via Electron Beam Lithography. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2111. [PMID: 37513122 PMCID: PMC10384559 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nano patterns based on quantum dots (QDs) are of great interest for applications ranging from electronics to photonics to sensing devices for biomedical purposes. Several patterning methods have been developed, but all lack the precision and reproducibility required to fabricate precise, complex patterns of less than one micrometer in size, or require specialized crosslinking ligands, limiting their application. In this study, we present a novel approach to directly pattern QD nanopatterns by electron beam lithography using commercially available colloidal QDs without additional modifications. We have successfully generated reliable dot and line QD patterns with dimensions as small as 140 nm. In addition, we have shown that using a 10 nm SiO2 spacer layer on a 50 nm Au layer substrate can double the fluorescence intensity compared to QDs on the Au layer without SiO2. This method takes advantage of traditional nanolithography without the need for a resist layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Ko
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Samir Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Seo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyu Seo
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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34
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Antolini F. Direct Optical Patterning of Quantum Dots: One Strategy, Different Chemical Processes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2008. [PMID: 37446523 DOI: 10.3390/nano13132008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Patterning, stability, and dispersion of the semiconductor quantum dots (scQDs) are three issues strictly interconnected for successful device manufacturing. Recently, several authors adopted direct optical patterning (DOP) as a step forward in photolithography to position the scQDs in a selected area. However, the chemistry behind the stability, dispersion, and patterning has to be carefully integrated to obtain a functional commercial device. This review describes different chemical strategies suitable to stabilize the scQDs both at a single level and as an ensemble. Special attention is paid to those strategies compatible with direct optical patterning (DOP). With the same purpose, the scQDs' dispersion in a matrix was described in terms of the scQD surface ligands' interactions with the matrix itself. The chemical processes behind the DOP are illustrated and discussed for five different approaches, all together considering stability, dispersion, and the patterning itself of the scQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Antolini
- Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, Physical Technology for Safety and Health Division, ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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35
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Yoon SE, Kim Y, Kim H, Kwon HG, Kim U, Lee SY, Park JH, Seo H, Kwak SK, Kim SW, Kim JH. Remarkable Electrical Conductivity Increase and Pure Metallic Properties from Semiconducting Colloidal Nanocrystals by Cation Exchange for Solution-Processable Optoelectronic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207511. [PMID: 36916693 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The authors report a strategic approach to achieve metallic properties from semiconducting CuFeS colloidal nanocrystal (NC) solids through cation exchange method. An unprecedentedly high electrical conductivity is realized by the efficient generation of charge carriers onto a semiconducting CuS NC template via minimal Fe exchange. An electrical conductivity exceeding 10 500 S cm-1 (13 400 S cm-1 at 2 K) and a sheet resistance of 17 Ω/sq at room temperature, which are among the highest values for solution-processable semiconducting NCs, are achieved successfully from bornite-phase CuFeS NC films possessing 10% Fe atom. The temperature dependence of the corresponding films exhibits pure metallic characteristics. Highly conducting NCs are demonstrated for a thermoelectric layer exhibiting a high power factor over 1.2 mW m-1 K-2 at room temperature, electrical wires for switching on light emitting diods (LEDs), and source-drain electrodes for p- and n-type organic field-effect transistors. Ambient stability, eco-friendly composition, and solution-processability further validate their sustainable and practical applicability. The present study provides a simple but very effective method for significantly increasing charge carrier concentrations in semiconducting colloidal NCs to achieve metallic properties, which is applicable to various optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Yongjin Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Hyeongjun Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Geun Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Unjeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sang Yeon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Hyungtak Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jong H Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
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36
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Roy P, Virmani M, Pillai PP. Blue-emitting InP quantum dots participate in an efficient resonance energy transfer process in water. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5167-5176. [PMID: 37206393 PMCID: PMC10189856 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of stable blue-emitting materials has always been a challenging task because of the necessity of high crystal quality and good optical properties. We have developed a highly efficient blue-emitter, based on environmentally friendly indium phosphide/zinc sulphide quantum dots (InP/ZnS QDs) in water, by controlling the growth kinetics of the core as well as the shell. A rational combination of less-reactive metal-halides, phosphorus, and sulphur precursors is the key for achieving the uniform growth of the InP core and ZnS shell. The InP/ZnS QDs showed long-term stable photoluminescence (PL) in the pure-blue region (∼462 nm), with an absolute PL quantum yield of ∼50% and a colour purity of ∼80% in water. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that the cells can withstand up to ∼2 micromolar concentration of pure-blue emitting InP/ZnS QDs (∼120 μg mL-1). Multicolour imaging studies show that the PL of InP/ZnS QDs was well-retained inside the cells as well, without interfering with the fluorescence signal of commercially available biomarkers. Moreover, the ability of InP based pure-blue emitters to participate in an efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process is demonstrated. Installing a favorable electrostatic interaction turned out to be crucial in achieving an efficient FRET process (E ∼75%) from blue-emitting InP/ZnS QDs to rhodamine B dye (Rh B) in water. The quenching dynamics fits well with the Perrin formalism and the distance-dependent quenching (DDQ) model, which confirms an electrostatically driven multi-layer assembly of Rh B acceptor molecules around the InP/ZnS QD donor. Furthermore, the process of FRET was successfully translated into the solid state, proving their suitability for device-level studies as well. In short, our study expands the spectrum of aqueous QDs based on InP towards the blue region for future biological and light harvesting studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyut Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (Pune) Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune - 411008 India
| | - Mishika Virmani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (Pune) Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune - 411008 India
| | - Pramod P Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (Pune) Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune - 411008 India
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37
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Li K, Liu Y, Lou B, Tan Y, Chen L, Liu Z. DNA-Guided Metallization of Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093922. [PMID: 37175332 PMCID: PMC10180097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise control of the structure of metallic nanomaterials is critical for the advancement of nanobiotechnology. As DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) can readily modify various moieties, such as sulfhydryl, carboxyl, and amino groups, using DNA as a directing ligand to modulate the morphology of nanomaterials is a promising strategy. In this review, we focus on the use of DNA as a template to control the morphology of metallic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications, discuss the use of DNA for the metallization of gold and silver, explore the factors that influence the process, and outline its biomedical applications. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the DNA-guided growth of nanomaterials. The challenges and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Beibei Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yifu Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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38
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Meng Y, Li X, Kang X, Li W, Wang W, Lai Z, Wang W, Quan Q, Bu X, Yip S, Xie P, Chen D, Li D, Wang F, Yeung CF, Lan C, Liu C, Shen L, Lu Y, Chen F, Wong CY, Ho JC. Van der Waals nanomesh electronics on arbitrary surfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2431. [PMID: 37105992 PMCID: PMC10140039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical bonds, including covalent and ionic bonds, endow semiconductors with stable electronic configurations but also impose constraints on their synthesis and lattice-mismatched heteroepitaxy. Here, the unique multi-scale van der Waals (vdWs) interactions are explored in one-dimensional tellurium (Te) systems to overcome these restrictions, enabled by the vdWs bonds between Te atomic chains and the spontaneous misfit relaxation at quasi-vdWs interfaces. Wafer-scale Te vdWs nanomeshes composed of self-welding Te nanowires are laterally vapor grown on arbitrary surfaces at a low temperature of 100 °C, bringing greater integration freedoms for enhanced device functionality and broad applicability. The prepared Te vdWs nanomeshes can be patterned at the microscale and exhibit high field-effect hole mobility of 145 cm2/Vs, ultrafast photoresponse below 3 μs in paper-based infrared photodetectors, as well as controllable electronic structure in mixed-dimensional heterojunctions. All these device metrics of Te vdWs nanomesh electronics are promising to meet emerging technological demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaocui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaolin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wanpeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhengxun Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Quan Quan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiuming Bu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - SenPo Yip
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Pengshan Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Dengji Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Chi-Fung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Changyong Lan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China
| | - Lifan Shen
- College of Microelectronics and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Furong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chun-Yuen Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR.
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Johnny C Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR.
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR.
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan.
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39
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Wang X, Dai X, Wang H, Wang J, Chen Q, Chen F, Yi Q, Tang R, Gao L, Ma L, Wang C, Wang X, He G, Fei Y, Guan Y, Zhang B, Dai Y, Tu X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zou G. All-Water Etching-Free Electron Beam Lithography for On-Chip Nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4933-4941. [PMID: 36802505 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electron beam lithography uses an accelerated electron beam to fabricate patterning on an electron-beam-sensitive resist but requires complex dry etching or lift-off processes to transfer the pattern to the substrate or film on the substrate. In this study, etching-free electron beam lithography is developed to directly write a pattern of various materials in all-water processes, achieving the desired semiconductor nanopatterns on a silicon wafer. Introduced sugars are copolymerized with metal ions-coordinated polyethylenimine under the action of electron beams. The all-water process and thermal treatment result in nanomaterials with satisfactory electronic properties, indicating that diverse on-chip semiconductors (e.g., metal oxides, sulfides, and nitrides) can be directly printed on-chip by an aqueous solution system. As a demonstration, zinc oxide patterns can be achieved with a line width of 18 nm and a mobility of 3.94 cm2 V-1 s-1. This etching-free electron beam lithography strategy provides an efficient alternative for micro/nanofabrication and chip manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Dai
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Suzhou City University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiong Wang
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengnan Chen
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Qinghua Yi
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Rujun Tang
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Liang Ma
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiangyi Wang
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Guanglong He
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Fei
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanqiu Guan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuecou Tu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Labao Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guifu Zou
- School of Energy, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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40
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Fu Z, Zhou L, Yin Y, Weng K, Li F, Lu S, Liu D, Liu W, Wu L, Yang Y, Li H, Duan L, Xiao H, Zhang H, Li J. Direct Photo-Patterning of Efficient and Stable Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes via Light-Triggered, Carbocation-Enabled Ligand Stripping. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2000-2008. [PMID: 36826387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Next generation displays based on quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) require robust patterning methods for quantum dot layers. However, existing patterning methods mostly yield QLEDs with performance far inferior to the state-of-the-art individual devices. Here, we report a light-triggered, carbocation-enabled ligand stripping (CELS) approach to pattern QLEDs with high efficiency and stability. During CELS, photogenerated carbocations from triphenylmethyl chlorides remove native ligands of quantum dots, thereby producing patterns at microscale precision. Chloride anions passivate surface defects and endow patterned quantum dots with preserved photoluminescent quantum yields. It works for both cadmium-based and heavy-metal-free quantum dots. CELS-patterned QLEDs show remarkable external quantum efficiencies (19.1%, 17.5%, 12.0% for red, green, blue, respectively) and a long operation lifetime (T95 at 1000 nits up to 8700 h). Both are among the highest for patterned QLEDs and approach the records for nonpatterned devices, which makes CELS promising for building high-performance QLED displays and related integrated devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Likuan Zhou
- TCL Research, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenyong Liu
- TCL Research, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
| | - Longjia Wu
- TCL Research, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
| | - Yixing Yang
- TCL Research, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
| | - Haifang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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41
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Nam TW, Choi MJ, Jung YS. Ultrahigh-resolution quantum dot patterning for advanced optoelectronic devices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2697-2710. [PMID: 36751869 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05874j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots have attracted significant scientific interest owing to their optoelectronic properties, which are distinct from their bulk counterparts. In order to fully utilize quantum dots for next generation devices with advanced functionalities, it is important to fabricate quantum dot colloids into dry patterns with desired feature sizes and shapes with respect to target applications. In this review, recent progress in ultrahigh-resolution quantum dot patterning technologies will be discussed, with emphasis on the characteristic advantages as well as the limitations of diverse technologies. This will provide guidelines for selecting suitable tools to handle quantum dot colloids throughout the fabrication of quantum dot based solid-state devices. Additionally, epitaxially fabricated single-particle level quantum dot arrays are discussed. These are extreme in terms of pattern resolution, and expand the potential application of quantum dots to quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Won Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Jae Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Wang K, Liu J, Liu P, Wang D, Han T, Tang BZ. Multifunctional Fluorescent Main-Chain Charged Polyelectrolytes Synthesized by Cascade C-H Activation/Annulation Polymerizations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4208-4220. [PMID: 36763076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent polyelectrolytes have attracted enormous attention as functional polymer materials. In contrast with the widely studied conjugated polyelectrolytes with ionic groups in side chains, fluorescent main-chain charged polyelectrolytes (MCCPs) have rarely been explored due to the large synthetic difficulty. Herein, we develop a facile and atom-economical N-heterocyclic carbene-directed cascade C-H activation/annulation polymerization strategy that can transform readily available imidazolium substrates and internal diynes into multifunctional fluorescent MCCPs with complex structures and high molecular weights (absolute Mn up to 135 600) in nearly quantitative yields. The presence of multisubstituted polycyclic N-heteroaromatic cations in polymer backbones endow the obtained MCCPs with excellent solution processability, high thermal stability, and dual-state efficient fluorescence in both solution and aggregate states. Benefiting from the strong electron-withdrawing capability of the cationic heterocycles in main chains, multicolored aggregate-state fluorescence can be readily achieved by modifying the substituents around the cationic ring-fused core. Taking advantage of the good photosensitivity of the fluorescent MCCP thin films, multiscale and high-resolution fluorescent photopatterns with different colors can be facilely prepared with potential applications in optical display devices and anticounterfeiting systems. Moreover, the strong electrostatic interactions of these cationic MCCPs with anionic polyelectrolytes enable them to form multicolored fluorescent interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation microfibers with directly visualized internal structures. Such flexible microfibers can be further made into diversified forms of fiber-based macroscopic patterns or painting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junkai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Peiying Liu
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ting Han
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
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43
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Ozdemir R, Van Avermaet H, Erdem O, Schiettecatte P, Hens Z, Aubert T. Quantum Dot Patterning and Encapsulation by Maskless Lithography for Display Technologies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9629-9637. [PMID: 36759961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For their unique optical properties, quantum dots (QDs) have been extensively used as light emitters in a number of photonic and optoelectronic applications. They even met commercialization success through their implementation in high-end displays with unmatched brightness and color rendering. For such applications, however, QDs must be shielded from oxygen and water vapor, which are known to degrade their optical properties over time. Even with highly qualitative QDs, this can only be achieved through their encapsulation between barrier layers. With the emergence of mini- and microLED for higher contrast and miniaturized displays, new strategies must be found for the concomitant patterning and encapsulation of QDs, with sub-millimeter resolution. To this end, we developed a new approach for the direct patterning of QDs through maskless lithography. By combining QDs in photopolymerizable resins with digital light processing (DLP) projectors, we developed a versatile and massively parallel fabrication process for the additive manufacturing of functional structures that we refer to as QD pockets. These 3D heterostructures are designed to provide isotropic encapsulation of the QDs, and hence prevent edge ingress from the lateral sides of QD films, which remains a shortcoming of the current technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resul Ozdemir
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Van Avermaet
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Onur Erdem
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Zeger Hens
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Tangi Aubert
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
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44
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Wang Q, Cui H, Wang X, Hu Z, Tao P, Li M, Wang J, Tang Y, Xu H, He X. Exceptional Light Sensitivity by Thiol-Ene Click Lithography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3064-3074. [PMID: 36625511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithographic patterning, which utilizes the solubility switch of photoresists to convert optical signals into nanostructures on the substrate, is the primary top-down approach for nanoscale fabrication. However, the low light/electron-energy conversion efficiency severely limits the throughput of lithography. Thiol-ene reaction, as a photoinitiated radical addition reaction, is widely known as click reaction in the field of chemistry due to its extremely high efficiency. Here, we introduce a click lithography strategy utilizing the rapid thiol-ene click reaction to realize ultraefficient nanofabrication. This novel approach facilitated by the implementation of ultrahigh-functionality material designs enables high-contrast patterning of metal-containing nanoclusters under an extremely low deep-ultraviolet exposure dose, e.g., 7.5 mJ cm-2, which is 10-20 times lower than the dose used in the photoacid generator-based photoresist system. Meanwhile, 45 nm dense patterns were also achieved at a low dose using electron beam lithography, revealing the great potential of this approach in high-resolution patterning. Our results demonstrated the high-sensitivity and high-resolution features of click lithography, providing inspiration for future lithography design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Ziyu Hu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Peipei Tao
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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45
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Cho W, Zhou Z, Lin R, Ondry JC, Talapin DV. Synthesis of Colloidal GaN and AlN Nanocrystals in Biphasic Molten Salt/Organic Solvent Mixtures under High-Pressure Ammonia. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1315-1326. [PMID: 36621974 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Group III nitrides are of great technological importance for electronic devices. These materials have been widely manufactured via high-temperature methods such as physical vapor transport (PVT), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The preparation of group III nitrides by colloidal synthesis methods would provide significant advantages in the form of optical tunability via size and shape control and enable cost reductions through scalable solution-based device integration. Solution syntheses of III-nitride nanocrystals, however, have been scarce, and the quality of the synthesized products has been unsatisfactory for practical use. Here, we report that incorporating a molten salt phase in solution synthesis can provide a viable option for producing crystalline III-nitride nanomaterials. Crystalline GaN and AlN nanomaterials can be grown in a biphasic molten-salt/organic-solvent mixture under an ammonia atmosphere at moderate temperatures (less than 300 °C) and stabilized under ambient conditions by postsynthetic treatment with organic surface ligands. We suggest that microscopic reversibility of monomer attachment, which is essential for crystalline growth, can be achieved in molten salt during the nucleation and the growth of the III-nitride nanocrystals. We also show that increased ammonia pressure increases the size of the GaN nanocrystals produced. This work demonstrates that use of molten salt and high-pressure reactants significantly expands the chemical scope of solution synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooje Cho
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Zirui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ruiming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60517, United States
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46
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Xiao P, Zhang Z, Ge J, Deng Y, Chen X, Zhang JR, Deng Z, Kambe Y, Talapin DV, Wang Y. Surface passivation of intensely luminescent all-inorganic nanocrystals and their direct optical patterning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:49. [PMID: 36599825 PMCID: PMC9813348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All-inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) are of great importance in a range of electronic devices. However, current all-inorganic NCs suffer from limitations in their optical properties, such as low fluorescence efficiencies. Here, we develop a general surface treatment strategy to obtain intensely luminescent all-inorganic NCs (ILANs) by using designed metal salts with noncoordinating anions that play a dual role in the surface treatment process: (i) removing the original organic ligands and (ii) binding to unpassivated Lewis basic sites to preserve the photoluminescent (PL) properties of the NCs. The absolute photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of red-emitting CdSe/ZnS NCs, green-emitting CdSe/CdZnSeS/ZnS NCs and blue-emitting CdZnS/ZnS NCs in polar solvents are 97%, 80% and 72%, respectively. Further study reveals that the passivated Lewis basic sites of ILANs by metal cations boost the efficiency of radiative recombination of electron-hole pairs. While the passivation of Lewis basic sites leads to a high PLQY of ILANs, the exposed Lewis acidic sites provide the possibility for in situ tuning of the functions of NCs, creating opportunities for direct optical patterning of functional NCs with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xiao
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhoufan Zhang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Junjun Ge
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yalei Deng
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Rong Zhang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengtao Deng
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XCollege of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Kambe
- NanoPattern Technologies, Inc., Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Dmitri V. Talapin
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
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47
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Baek GW, Kim YJ, Lee M, Kwon Y, Chun B, Park G, Seo H, Yang H, Kwak J. Progress in the Development of Active-Matrix Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Driven by Non-Si Thin-Film Transistors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15238511. [PMID: 36500003 PMCID: PMC9736594 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to discuss the key accomplishments and further prospects of active-matrix (AM) quantum-dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) display. We present an overview and state-of-the-art of QLEDs as a frontplane and non-Si-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) as a backplane to meet the requirements for the next-generation displays, such as flexibility, transparency, low power consumption, fast response, high efficiency, and operational reliability. After a brief introduction, we first review the research on non-Si-based TFTs using metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, and semiconducting carbon nanotubes as the driving unit of display devices. Next, QLED technologies are analyzed in terms of the device structure, device engineering, and QD patterning technique to realize high-performance, full-color AM-QLEDs. Lastly, recent research on the monolithic integration of TFT-QLED is examined, which proposes a new perspective on the integrated device. We anticipate that this review will help the readership understand the fundamentals, current state, and issues on TFTs and QLEDs for future AM-QLED displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Woo Baek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeunwoo Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomsoo Chun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganghyun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Direct in situ photolithography of perovskite quantum dots based on photocatalysis of lead bromide complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6713. [PMID: 36344550 PMCID: PMC9640639 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolithography has shown great potential in patterning solution-processed nanomaterials for integration into advanced optoelectronic devices. However, photolithography of perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) has so far been hindered by the incompatibility of perovskite with traditional optical lithography processes where lots of solvents and high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light exposure are required. Herein, we report a direct in situ photolithography technique to pattern PQDs based on the photopolymerization catalyzed by lead bromide complexes. By combining direct photolithography with in situ fabrication of PQDs, this method allows to directly photolithograph perovskite precursors, avoiding the complicated lift-off processes and the destruction of PQDs by solvents or high-energy UV light, as PQDs are produced after lithography exposure. We further demonstrate that the thiol-ene free-radical photopolymerization is catalyzed by lead bromide complexes in the perovskite precursor solution, while no external initiators or catalysts are needed. Using direct in situ photolithography, PQD patterns with high resolution up to 2450 pixels per inch (PPI), excellent fluorescence uniformity, and good stability, are successfully demonstrated. This work opens an avenue for non-destructive direct photolithography of high-efficiency light-emitting PQDs, and potentially expands their application in various integrated optoelectronic devices. Perovskite nanomaterials may suffer degradation during conventional photolithography. Here, the authors report a non-destructive method for patterning perovskite quantum dots based on direct photopolymerization catalyzed by lead bromide complexes.
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Srivastava S, Lee KE, Fitzgerald EA, Pennycook SJ, Gradečak S. Freestanding High-Resolution Quantum Dot Color Converters with Small Pixel Sizes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48995-49002. [PMID: 36274221 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Designing the next generation of high-resolution displays requires high pixel density per area and small pixel sizes without compromising the optical quality. Quantum dots (QDs) have been demonstrated as a promising material system for down-conversion of blue emission as they provide pure colors on the wide color gamut. However, for high color-conversion efficiency, the required QD film thickness has not been compatible with small pixel sizes. In this work, we develop a new type of freestanding QD-based color converter for efficient optical down-conversion from inorganic blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in a color-by-blue configuration. CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs in a UV-curable polymer matrix are encapsulated within cavities formed by patterning and bonding a pair of patterned quartz substrates. By controlling the required QD thickness and the pixel size independently, we demonstrate freestanding monochrome red and green converters with small pixel sizes down to 5 × 5 μm2 and a high resolution of >3600 ppi. The optical studies show that the QD film thickness required for efficient color conversion can be successfully realized even for the small pixel sizes. We further combine green and red pixels in a single converter to achieve white emission when combined with blue LED emission. The QD color converter design and processing are decoupled from the LED fabrication and can be easily scaled to wafer-size integration with arbitrary pixel sizes for QD-based RGB displays with ultrahigh resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Srivastava
- Low Energy Electronic Systems (LEES), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore
| | - Kenneth E Lee
- Low Energy Electronic Systems (LEES), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Eugene A Fitzgerald
- Low Energy Electronic Systems (LEES), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Stephen J Pennycook
- Low Energy Electronic Systems (LEES), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575 Singapore
| | - Silvija Gradečak
- Low Energy Electronic Systems (LEES), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575 Singapore
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Song KM, Kim M, Cho H, Shin H, Kim GY, Yim S, Nam TW, Jung YS. Noninvasive and Direct Patterning of High-Resolution Full-Color Quantum Dot Arrays by Programmed Microwetting. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16598-16607. [PMID: 36130159 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the commercialization of electroluminescent quantum-dot (QD) displays essentially demands multicolor patterning of QDs with sufficient scalability and uniformity, the implementation of QD patterning in a light-emitting diode device is highly challenging, mainly due to the innate vulnerability of QDs and charge-transport layers. Here, we introduce a noninvasive surface-wetting approach for patterning full-color QD arrays on a photoprogrammed hole-transport layer (HTL). To achieve noninvasiveness of QD patterning, surface-specific modification of HTLs was performed without degrading their performance. Moreover, engineering the solvent evaporation kinetics allows area-selective wetting of QD patterns with a uniform thickness profile. Finally, multicolor QD patterning was enabled by preventing cross-contamination between different QD colloids via partial fluoro-encapsulation of earlier-patterned QDs. Throughout the overall QD patterning process, the optoelectronic properties of QDs and hole-transport layers are well preserved, and prototype electroluminescent quantum dot light-emitting diode arrays with high current efficiency and brightness were realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Min Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moohyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjoo Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Yeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Yim
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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