1
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Li T, Moreno-Pérez A, Coaker G. Plant Pattern recognition receptors: Exploring their evolution, diversification, and spatiotemporal regulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102631. [PMID: 39303367 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Plant genomes possess hundreds of candidate surface localized receptors capable of recognizing microbial components or modified-self molecules. Surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize proteins, peptides, or structural microbial components as nonself, triggering complex signaling pathways leading to defense. PRRs possess diverse extracellular domains capable of recognizing epitopes, lipids, glycans and polysaccharides. Recent work highlights advances in our understanding of the diversity and evolution of PRRs recognizing pathogen components. We also discuss PRR functional diversification, pathogen strategies to evade detection, and the role of tissue and age-related resistance for effective plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrun Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alba Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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2
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Liu Y, Jackson E, Liu X, Huang X, van der Hoorn RAL, Zhang Y, Li X. Proteolysis in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3099-3115. [PMID: 38723588 PMCID: PMC11371161 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Compared with transcription and translation, protein degradation machineries can act faster and be targeted to different subcellular compartments, enabling immediate regulation of signaling events. It is therefore not surprising that proteolysis has been used extensively to control homeostasis of key regulators in different biological processes and pathways. Over the past decades, numerous studies have shown that proteolysis, where proteins are broken down to peptides or amino acids through ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems and proteases, is a key regulatory mechanism to control plant immunity output. Here, we briefly summarize the roles various proteases play during defence activation, focusing on recent findings. We also update the latest progress of ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems in modulating immunity by targeting plant membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors, intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors, and downstream signaling components. Additionally, we highlight recent studies showcasing the importance of proteolysis in maintaining broad-spectrum resistance without obvious yield reduction, opening new directions for engineering elite crops that are resistant to a wide range of pathogens with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Edan Jackson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xingchuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100, China
| | | | - Yuelin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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3
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Lee Erickson J, Schuster M. Extracellular proteases from microbial plant pathogens as virulence factors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102621. [PMID: 39232347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deploy specialized proteins to aid disease progression, some of these proteins function in the apoplast and constitute proteases. Extracellular virulence proteases have been described to play roles in plant cell wall manipulation and immune evasion. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the hypothesized virulence functions of bacterial, fungal, and oomycete extracellular proteases. We highlight the contrast between the low number of elucidated functions for these proteins and the size of extracellular protease repertoires among pathogens. Finally, we suggest that the refinement of in planta 'omics' approaches, combined with recent advances in modeling and mechanism-based methods for trapping substrates finally make it possible to address this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Schuster
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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4
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Song SJ, Diao HP, Guo YF, Hwang I. Advances in Subcellular Accumulation Design for Recombinant Protein Production in Tobacco. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2024; 6:0047. [PMID: 39206181 PMCID: PMC11350518 DOI: 10.34133/bdr.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants and their use as bioreactors for the generation of recombinant proteins have become one of the hottest topics in the field of Plant Biotechnology and Plant Synthetic Biology. Plant bioreactors offer superior engineering potential compared to other types, particularly in the realm of subcellular accumulation strategies for increasing production yield and quality. This review explores established and emerging strategies for subcellular accumulation of recombinant proteins in tobacco bioreactors, highlighting recent advancements in the field. Additionally, the review provides reference to the crucial initial step of selecting an optimal subcellular localization for the target protein, a design that substantially impacts production outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Song
- Tobacco Research Institute,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy (BLSA), Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ping Diao
- Tobacco Research Institute,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong-Feng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Science,
Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang, Republic of Korea
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5
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Johansen A, Beliveau V, Colliander E, Raval NR, Dam VH, Gillings N, Aznar S, Svarer C, Plavén-Sigray P, Knudsen GM. An In Vivo High-Resolution Human Brain Atlas of Synaptic Density. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1750232024. [PMID: 38997157 PMCID: PMC11326867 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1750-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Synapses are fundamental to the function of the central nervous system and are implicated in a number of brain disorders. Despite their pivotal role, a comprehensive imaging resource detailing the distribution of synapses in the human brain has been lacking until now. Here, we employ high-resolution PET neuroimaging in healthy humans (17F/16M) to create a 3D atlas of the synaptic marker Synaptic Vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). Calibration to absolute density values (pmol/ml) was achieved by leveraging postmortem human brain autoradiography data. The atlas unveils distinctive cortical and subcortical gradients of synapse density that reflect functional topography and hierarchical order from core sensory to higher-order integrative areas-a distribution that diverges from SV2A mRNA patterns. Furthermore, we found a positive association between IQ and SV2A density in several higher-order cortical areas. This new resource will help advance our understanding of brain physiology and the pathogenesis of brain disorders, serving as a pivotal tool for future neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Johansen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Vincent Beliveau
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Emil Colliander
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Nakul Ravi Raval
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Vibeke Høyrup Dam
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Nic Gillings
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Center for Neuroscience and Stereology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Claus Svarer
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Pontus Plavén-Sigray
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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6
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Del Corpo D, Coculo D, Greco M, De Lorenzo G, Lionetti V. Pull the fuzes: Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100931. [PMID: 38689495 PMCID: PMC11371470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Coculo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Zheng K, Lyu JC, Thomas EL, Schuster M, Sanguankiattichai N, Ninck S, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RAL. The proteome of Nicotiana benthamiana is shaped by extensive protein processing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1034-1049. [PMID: 38853453 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Processing by proteases irreversibly regulates the fate of plant proteins and hampers the production of recombinant proteins in plants, yet only few processing events have been described in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana, which has emerged as the main transient protein expression platform in plant science and molecular pharming. Here, we used in-gel digests and mass spectrometry to monitor the migration and topography of 5040 plant proteins within a protein gel. By plotting the peptides over the gel slices, we generated peptographs that reveal where which part of each protein was detected within the protein gel. These data uncovered that 60% of the detected proteins have proteoforms that migrate at lower than predicted molecular weights, implicating extensive proteolytic processing. This analysis confirms the proteolytic removal and degradation of autoinhibitory prodomains of most but not all proteases, and revealed differential processing within pectinemethylesterase and lipase families. This analysis also uncovered intricate processing of glycosidases and uncovered that ectodomain shedding might be common for a diverse range of receptor-like kinases. Transient expression of double-tagged candidate proteins confirmed processing events in vivo. This large proteomic dataset implicates an elaborate proteolytic machinery shaping the proteome of N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Joy C Lyu
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Emma L Thomas
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | | | - Sabrina Ninck
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
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8
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Tripathi A, Pandey VK, Jha AK, Srivastava S, Jakhar S, Vijay, Singh G, Rustagi S, Malik S, Choudhary P. Intricacies of plants' innate immune responses and their dynamic relationship with fungi: A review. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127758. [PMID: 38781787 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of the plant innate immune system in the defense and symbiosis processes becomes integral in a complex network of interactions between plants and fungi. An understanding of the molecular characterization of the plant innate immune system is crucial because it constitutes plants' self-defense shield against harmful fungi, while creating mutualistic relationships with beneficial fungi. Due to the plant-induced awareness and their complexity of interaction with fungi, sufficient assessment of the participation of the plant innate immune system in ecological balance, agriculture, and maintenance of an infinite ecosystem is mandatory. Given the current global challenge, such as the surge of plant-infectious diseases, and pursuit of sustainable forms of agriculture; it is imperative to understand the molecular language of communication between plants and fungi. That knowledge can be practically used in diverse areas, e.g., in agriculture, new tactics may be sought after to try new methods that boost crop receptiveness against fungal pathogens and reduce the dependence on chemical management. Also, it could boost sustainable agricultural practices via enhancing mycorrhizal interactions that promote nutrient absorption and optimum cropping with limited exposure of environmental contamination. Moreover, this review offers insights that go beyond agriculture and can be manipulated to boost plant conservation, environmental restoration, and quality understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Consequently, this specific review paper has offered a comprehensive view of the complex plant innate immune-based responses with fungi and the mechanisms in which they interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Pandey
- Research & Development Cell, Biotechnology Department, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies (Deemed to Be University) Faridabad 121004 Haryana, India.
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shivangi Srivastava
- Department of Food Technology, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sourabh Jakhar
- Division of Integrated Farming System, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Vijay
- Department of Fruit Science, Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- Department of chemistry, Guru Nanak College of Pharmaceutical & Paramedical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- Department of Food Technology, School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India; Department of Biotechnology, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD) Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Priyvart Choudhary
- School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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9
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Kopecká R, Černý M. Xylem Sap Proteome Analysis Provides Insight into Root-Shoot Communication in Response to flg22. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1983. [PMID: 39065510 PMCID: PMC11281318 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Xylem sap proteomics provides crucial insights into plant defense and root-to-shoot communication. This study highlights the sensitivity and reproducibility of xylem sap proteome analyses, using a single plant per sample to track over 3000 proteins in two model crop plants, Solanum tuberosum and Hordeum vulgare. By analyzing the flg22 response, we identified immune response components not detectable through root or shoot analyses. Notably, we discovered previously unknown elements of the plant immune system, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases and G-type lectin receptor kinases. Despite similarities in the metabolic pathways identified in the xylem sap of both plants, the flg22 response differed significantly: S. tuberosum exhibited 78 differentially abundant proteins, whereas H. vulgare had over 450. However, an evolutionarily conserved overlap in the flg22 response proteins was evident, particularly in the CAZymes and lipid metabolism pathways, where lipid transfer proteins and lipases showed a similar response to flg22. Additionally, many proteins without conserved signal sequences for extracellular targeting were found, such as members of the HSP70 family. Interestingly, the HSP70 response to flg22 was specific to the xylem sap proteome, suggesting a unique regulatory role in the extracellular space similar to that reported in mammalians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Melotto M, Fochs B, Jaramillo Z, Rodrigues O. Fighting for Survival at the Stomatal Gate. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:551-577. [PMID: 39038249 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-091552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Stomata serve as the battleground between plants and plant pathogens. Plants can perceive pathogens, inducing closure of the stomatal pore, while pathogens can overcome this immune response with their phytotoxins and elicitors. In this review, we summarize new discoveries in stomata-pathogen interactions. Recent studies have shown that stomatal movement continues to occur in a close-open-close-open pattern during bacterium infection, bringing a new understanding of stomatal immunity. Furthermore, the canonical pattern-triggered immunity pathway and ion channel activities seem to be common to plant-pathogen interactions outside of the well-studied Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas pathosystem. These developments can be useful to aid in the goal of crop improvement. New technologies to study intact leaves and advances in available omics data sets provide new methods for understanding the fight at the stomatal gate. Future studies should aim to further investigate the defense-growth trade-off in relation to stomatal immunity, as little is known at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Brianna Fochs
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zachariah Jaramillo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Unité de Recherche Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales, Université de Toulouse, INP-PURPAN, Toulouse, France
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11
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Matsui S, Noda S, Kuwata K, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Arabidopsis SBT5.2 and SBT1.7 subtilases mediate C-terminal cleavage of flg22 epitope from bacterial flagellin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3762. [PMID: 38704378 PMCID: PMC11069567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants initiate specific defense responses by recognizing conserved epitope peptides within the flagellin proteins derived from bacteria. Proteolytic cleavage of epitope peptides from flagellin by plant apoplastic proteases is thought to be crucial for the perception of the epitope by the plant receptor. However, the identity of the plant proteases involved in this process remains unknown. Here, we establish an efficient identification system for the target proteases in Arabidopsis apoplastic fluid; the method employs native two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by an in-gel proteolytic assay using a fluorescence-quenching peptide substrate. We designed a substrate to specifically detect proteolytic activity at the C-terminus of the flg22 epitope in flagellin and identified two plant subtilases, SBT5.2 and SBT1.7, as specific proteases responsible for the C-terminal cleavage of flg22. In the apoplastic fluid of Arabidopsis mutant plants deficient in these two proteases, we observe a decrease in the C-terminal cleavage of the flg22 domain from flagellin, leading to a decrease in the efficiency of flg22 epitope liberation. Consequently, defensive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is delayed in sbt5.2 sbt1.7 double-mutant leaf disks compared to wild type following flagellin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Matsui
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Saki Noda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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12
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Sivaramakrishnan M, Veeraganti Naveen Prakash C, Chandrasekar B. Multifaceted roles of plant glycosyl hydrolases during pathogen infections: more to discover. PLANTA 2024; 259:113. [PMID: 38581452 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed by a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases. Here, we have summarized the roles of various plant defense glycosidases that possess different substrate specificities. We have also highlighted the open questions in this research field. Glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Compared to those of all other sequenced organisms, plant genomes contain a remarkable diversity of glycosidases. Plant glycosidases exhibit activities on various substrates and have been shown to play important roles during pathogen infections. Plant glycosidases from different GH families have been shown to act upon pathogen components, host cell walls, host apoplastic sugars, host secondary metabolites, and host N-glycans to mediate immunity against invading pathogens. We could classify the activities of these plant defense GHs under eleven different mechanisms through which they operate during pathogen infections. Here, we have provided comprehensive information on the catalytic activities, GH family classification, subcellular localization, domain structure, functional roles, and microbial strategies to regulate the activities of defense-related plant GHs. We have also emphasized the research gaps and potential investigations needed to advance this topic of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, 333031, India.
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13
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Chen C, van der Hoorn RAL, Buscaill P. Releasing hidden MAMPs from precursor proteins in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:428-436. [PMID: 37945394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogens by plants at the cell surface is crucial for activating plant immunity. Plants employ pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, our knowledge of the release of peptide MAMPs from their precursor proteins is very limited. Here, we explore seven protein precursors of well-known MAMP peptides and discuss the likelihood of processing being required for their recognition based on structural models and public knowledge. This analysis indicates the existence of multiple extracellular events that are likely pivotal for pathogen perception but remain to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China; The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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He S, Xu L, Wu W, Zhang J, Hao Z, Lu L, Shi J, Chen J. The Identification and Expression Analysis of the Liriodendron chinense F-Box Gene Family. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:171. [PMID: 38256726 PMCID: PMC10819036 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The F-box gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants, and it plays a crucial role in regulating plant development, reproduction, cellular protein degradation, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite their significance, a comprehensive analysis of the F-box gene family in Liriodendron chinense and other magnoliaceae species has not been reported. In this study, we report for the first time the identification of 144 full-length F-box genes in L. chinense. Based on specific domains and phylogenetic analyses, these genes were divided into 10 distinct subfamilies. We further analyzed their gene structure, conserved domain and chromosome distribution, genome-wide replication events, and collinearity. Additionally, based on GO analysis, we found that F-box genes exhibit functional specificity, with a significant proportion of them being involved in protein binding (GO:0005515), suggesting that F-box genes may play an important role in gene regulation in L. chinense. Transcriptome data and q-PCR results also showed that F-box genes are involved in the development of multiple tissues in L. chinense, regulate the somatic embryogenesis of Liriodendron hybrids, and play a pivotal role in abiotic stress. Altogether, these findings provide a foundation for understanding the biological function of F-box genes in L. chinense and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichan He
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weihuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiaji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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15
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Sueldo DJ, Godson A, Kaschani F, Krahn D, Kessenbrock T, Buscaill P, Schofield CJ, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RAL. Activity-based proteomics uncovers suppressed hydrolases and a neo-functionalised antibacterial enzyme at the plant-pathogen interface. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:394-408. [PMID: 36866975 PMCID: PMC10952330 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular space of plant tissues contains hundreds of hydrolases that might harm colonising microbes. Successful pathogens may suppress these hydrolases to enable disease. Here, we report the dynamics of extracellular hydrolases in Nicotiana benthamiana upon infection with Pseudomonas syringae. Using activity-based proteomics with a cocktail of biotinylated probes, we simultaneously monitored 171 active hydrolases, including 109 serine hydrolases (SHs), 49 glycosidases (GHs) and 13 cysteine proteases (CPs). The activity of 82 of these hydrolases (mostly SHs) increases during infection, while the activity of 60 hydrolases (mostly GHs and CPs) is suppressed during infection. Active β-galactosidase-1 (BGAL1) is amongst the suppressed hydrolases, consistent with production of the BGAL1 inhibitor by P. syringae. One of the other suppressed hydrolases, the pathogenesis-related NbPR3, decreases bacterial growth when transiently overexpressed. This is dependent on its active site, revealing a role for NbPR3 activity in antibacterial immunity. Despite being annotated as a chitinase, NbPR3 does not possess chitinase activity and contains an E112Q active site substitution that is essential for antibacterial activity and is present only in Nicotiana species. This study introduces a powerful approach to reveal novel components of extracellular immunity, exemplified by the discovery of the suppression of neo-functionalised Nicotiana-specific antibacterial NbPR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J. Sueldo
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Alice Godson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Daniel Krahn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Till Kessenbrock
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Markus Kaiser
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
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16
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Hou S, Rodrigues O, Liu Z, Shan L, He P. Small holes, big impact: Stomata in plant-pathogen-climate epic trifecta. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:26-49. [PMID: 38041402 PMCID: PMC10872522 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stomatal aperture opening and closure represents an evolutionary battle between plants and pathogens, characterized by adaptive strategies that influence both plant resistance and pathogen virulence. The ongoing climate change introduces further complexity, affecting pathogen invasion and host immunity. This review delves into recent advances on our understanding of the mechanisms governing immunity-related stomatal movement and patterning with an emphasis on the regulation of stomatal opening and closure dynamics by pathogen patterns and host phytocytokines. In addition, the review explores how climate changes impact plant-pathogen interactions by modulating stomatal behavior. In light of the pressing challenges associated with food security and the unpredictable nature of climate changes, future research in this field, which includes the investigation of spatiotemporal regulation and engineering of stomatal immunity, emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing crop resilience and contributing to climate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261325, China; School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China.
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Unité de Recherche Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INP-PURPAN, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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17
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Abo Ghanima MM, Aljahdali N, Abuljadayel DA, Shafi ME, Qadhi A, Abd El-Hack ME, Mohamed LA. Effects of dietary supplementation of Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts on growth performance, immunity and blood biochemical parameters of broilers. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2156932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Abo Ghanima
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia A. Abuljadayel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E. Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Qadhi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Laila A. Mohamed
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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18
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Wanke A, van Boerdonk S, Mahdi LK, Wawra S, Neidert M, Chandrasekar B, Saake P, Saur IML, Derbyshire P, Holton N, Menke FLH, Brands M, Pauly M, Acosta IF, Zipfel C, Zuccaro A. A GH81-type β-glucan-binding protein enhances colonization by mutualistic fungi in barley. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5071-5084.e7. [PMID: 37977140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are important interfaces of plant-fungal interactions, acting as robust physical and chemical barriers against invaders. Upon fungal colonization, plants deposit phenolics and callose at the sites of fungal penetration to prevent further fungal progression. Alterations in the composition of plant cell walls significantly impact host susceptibility. Furthermore, plants and fungi secrete glycan hydrolases acting on each other's cell walls. These enzymes release various sugar oligomers into the apoplast, some of which activate host immunity via surface receptors. Recent characterization of cell walls from plant-colonizing fungi has emphasized the abundance of β-glucans in different cell wall layers, which makes them suitable targets for recognition. To characterize host components involved in immunity against fungi, we performed a protein pull-down with the biotinylated β-glucan laminarin. Thereby, we identified a plant glycoside hydrolase family 81-type glucan-binding protein (GBP) as a β-glucan interactor. Mutation of GBP1 and its only paralog, GBP2, in barley led to decreased colonization by the beneficial root endophytes Serendipita indica and S. vermifera, as well as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The reduction of colonization was accompanied by enhanced responses at the host cell wall, including an extension of callose-containing cell wall appositions. Moreover, GBP mutation in barley also reduced fungal biomass in roots by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana and inhibited the penetration success of the obligate biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria hordei. These results indicate that GBP1 is involved in the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial fungi-a role that has potentially been appropriated by barley-adapted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah van Boerdonk
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Mahdi
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidert
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivan F Acosta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany.
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19
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Shu LJ, Kahlon PS, Ranf S. The power of patterns: new insights into pattern-triggered immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:960-967. [PMID: 37525301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system features numerous immune receptors localized on the cell surface to monitor the apoplastic space for danger signals from a broad range of plant colonizers. Recent discoveries shed light on the enormous complexity of molecular signals sensed by these receptors, how they are generated and removed to maintain cellular homeostasis and immunocompetence, and how they are shaped by host-imposed evolutionary constraints. Fine-tuning receptor sensing mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and physiological level is critical for maintaining a robust but adaptive host barrier to commensal, pathogenic, and symbiotic colonizers alike. These receptors are at the core of any plant-colonizer interaction and hold great potential for engineering disease resistance and harnessing beneficial microbiota to keep crops healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jie Shu
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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20
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Chakraborty J. Microbiota and the plant immune system work together to defend against pathogens. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:347. [PMID: 37778013 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a myriad of microorganisms, which can range from helpful bacteria to deadly disease-causing pathogens. The ability of plants to distinguish between helpful bacteria and dangerous pathogens allows them to continuously survive under challenging environments. The investigation of the modulation of plant immunity by beneficial microbes is critical to understand how they impact plant growth improvement and defense against invasive pathogens. Beneficial bacterial populations can produce significant impact on plant immune responses, including regulation of immune receptors activity, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) activation, transcription factors, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. To establish themselves, beneficial bacterial populations likely reduce plant immunity. These bacteria help plants to recover from various stresses and resume a regular growth pattern after they have been established. Contrarily, pathogens prevent their colonization by releasing toxins into plant cells, which have the ability to control the local microbiota via as-yet-unidentified processes. Intense competition among microbial communities has been found to be advantageous for plant development, nutrient requirements, and activation of immune signaling. Therefore, to protect themselves from pathogens, plants may rely on the beneficial microbiota in their environment and intercommunity competition amongst microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Chakraborty
- Tel Aviv University, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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21
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Homma F, Huang J, van der Hoorn RAL. AlphaFold-Multimer predicts cross-kingdom interactions at the plant-pathogen interface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6040. [PMID: 37758696 PMCID: PMC10533508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adapted plant pathogens from various microbial kingdoms produce hundreds of unrelated small secreted proteins (SSPs) with elusive roles. Here, we used AlphaFold-Multimer (AFM) to screen 1879 SSPs of seven tomato pathogens for interacting with six defence-related hydrolases of tomato. This screen of 11,274 protein pairs identified 15 non-annotated SSPs that are predicted to obstruct the active site of chitinases and proteases with an intrinsic fold. Four SSPs were experimentally verified to be inhibitors of pathogenesis-related subtilase P69B, including extracellular protein-36 (Ecp36) and secreted-into-xylem-15 (Six15) of the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. Together with a P69B inhibitor from the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas perforans and Kazal-like inhibitors of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, P69B emerges as an effector hub targeted by different microbial kingdoms, consistent with a diversification of P69B orthologs and paralogs. This study demonstrates the power of artificial intelligence to predict cross-kingdom interactions at the plant-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Homma
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Jie Huang
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK.
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22
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Sivaramakrishnan M, Goel S, Ratnaparkhi N, Chandrasekar B. Chemiluminescence-Based Assay to Monitor Early Oxidative Bursts in Soybean (Glycine max) Lateral Roots. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e869. [PMID: 37625015 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst assay is a valuable tool for studying pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants. During PTI, the interaction between pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) leads to the rapid production of ROS in the apoplastic space. The resultant ROS can be measured using a chemiluminescent approach that involves the usage of horseradish peroxidase and luminol. Although several methods and protocols are available to detect early ROS bursts in leaf tissues, no dedicated method is available for root tissues. Here, we have established a reliable method to measure the PAMP-triggered ROS burst response in soybean lateral roots. In plants, lateral roots are the potential entry and colonization sites for pathogens in the rhizosphere. We have used important PAMPs such as chitohexaose, flagellin 22 peptide fragment, and laminarin to validate our method. In addition, we provide a detailed methodology for the isolation and application of fungal cell wall components to monitor the oxidative burst in soybean lateral roots. Furthermore, we provide methodology for performing ROS burst assays in soybean leaf discs with laminarin and fungal cell walls. This approach could also be applied to leaf and root tissues of other plant species to study the PTI response upon elicitor treatment. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst assay in soybean lateral root tissues Alternate Protocol: ROS burst assay in soybean leaf discs Support Protocol: Isolating fungal cell wall fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sakshi Goel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS Pilani), Pilani, India
| | - Nikhil Ratnaparkhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS Pilani), Pilani, India
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS Pilani), Pilani, India
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23
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Pei Y, Ji P, Si J, Zhao H, Zhang S, Xu R, Qiao H, Duan W, Shen D, Yin Z, Dou D. A Phytophthora receptor-like kinase regulates oospore development and can activate pattern-triggered plant immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4593. [PMID: 37524729 PMCID: PMC10390575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell-surface leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) form dynamic complexes to receive a variety of extracellular signals. LRR-RLKs are also widespread in oomycete pathogens, whereas it remains enigmatic whether plant and oomycete LRR-RLKs could mediate cell-to-cell communications between pathogen and host. Here, we report that an LRR-RLK from the soybean root and stem rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae, PsRLK6, can activate typical pattern-triggered immunity in host soybean and nonhost tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. PsRLK6 homologs are conserved in oomycetes and also exhibit immunity-inducing activity. A small region (LRR5-6) in the extracellular domain of PsRLK6 is sufficient to activate BAK1- and SOBIR1-dependent immune responses, suggesting that PsRLK6 is likely recognized by a plant LRR-RLP. Moreover, PsRLK6 is shown to be up-regulated during oospore maturation and essential for the oospore development of P. sojae. Our data provide a novel type of microbe-associated molecular pattern that functions in the sexual reproduction of oomycete, and a scenario in which a pathogen LRR-RLK could be sensed by a plant LRR-RLP to mount plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jierui Si
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruofei Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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24
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Andrade MDO, da Silva JC, Soprano AS, Shimo HM, Leme AFP, Benedetti CE. Suppression of citrus canker disease mediated by flagellin perception. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:331-345. [PMID: 36691963 PMCID: PMC10013774 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Citrus cancer, caused by strains of Xanthomonas citri (Xc) and Xanthomonas aurantifolii (Xa), is one of the most economically important citrus diseases. Although our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying citrus canker development has advanced remarkably in recent years, exactly how citrus plants fight against these pathogens remains largely unclear. Using a Xa pathotype C strain that infects Mexican lime only and sweet oranges as a pathosystem to study the immune response triggered by this bacterium in these hosts, we herein report that the Xa flagellin C protein (XaFliC) acts as a potent defence elicitor in sweet oranges. Just as Xa blocked canker formation when coinfiltrated with Xc in sweet orange leaves, two polymorphic XaFliC peptides designated flgIII-20 and flgIII-27, not related to flg22 or flgII-28 but found in many Xanthomonas species, were sufficient to protect sweet orange plants from Xc infection. Accordingly, ectopic expression of XaFliC in a Xc FliC-defective mutant completely abolished the ability of this mutant to grow and cause canker in sweet orange but not Mexican lime plants. Because XaFliC and flgIII-27 also specifically induced the expression of several defence-related genes, our data suggest that XaFliC acts as a main immune response determinant in sweet orange plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxuel de Oliveira Andrade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Jaqueline Cristina da Silva
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Adriana Santos Soprano
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Hugo Massayoshi Shimo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Celso Eduardo Benedetti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
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O’Malley MR, Kpenu E, Peck SC, Anderson JC. Plant-exuded chemical signals induce surface attachment of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14862. [PMID: 37009160 PMCID: PMC10062345 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plant pathogenic bacteria suppress host defenses by secreting small molecule toxins or immune-suppressing proteins into host cells, processes that likely require close physical contact between pathogen and host. Yet, in most cases, little is known about whether phytopathogenic bacteria physically attach to host surfaces during infection. Here we report that Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen of tomato and Arabidopsis, attaches to polystyrene and glass surfaces in response to chemical signals exuded from Arabidopsis seedlings and tomato leaves. We characterized the molecular nature of these attachment-inducing signals and discovered that multiple hydrophilic metabolites found in plant exudates, including citric acid, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, are potent inducers of surface attachment. These same compounds were previously identified as inducers of P. syringae genes encoding a type III secretion system (T3SS), indicating that both attachment and T3SS deployment are induced by the same plant signals. To test if surface attachment and T3SS are regulated by the same signaling pathways, we assessed the attachment phenotypes of several previously characterized DC3000 mutants, and found that the T3SS master regulator HrpL was partially required for maximal levels of surface attachment, whereas the response regulator GacA, a negative regulator of T3SS, negatively regulated DC3000 surface attachment. Together, our data indicate that T3SS deployment and surface attachment by P. syringae may be co-regulated by the same host signals during infection, possibly to ensure close contact necessary to facilitate delivery of T3SS effectors into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. O’Malley
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eyram Kpenu
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Peck
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Anderson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Ali S, Tyagi A, Bae H. Plant Microbiome: An Ocean of Possibilities for Improving Disease Resistance in Plants. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020392. [PMID: 36838356 PMCID: PMC9961739 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases pose a serious threat to crop production and the agricultural economy across the globe. Currently, chemical pesticides are frequently employed to combat these infections, which cause environmental toxicity and the emergence of resistant pathogens. Moreover, the genetic manipulation of plant defense pathways and the breeding of resistant genes has attained limited success due to the rapid evolution of pathogen virulence and resistance, together with host range expansion. Additionally, due to climate change and global warming, the occurrence of multiple stresses during disease outbreak has further impacted overall crop growth and productivity, posing a serious threat to food security. In this regard, harnessing the plant beneficial microbiome and its products can provide novel avenues for disease resistance in addition to boosting agricultural output, soil fertility and environmental sustainability. In plant-beneficial microbiome interactions, induced systemic resistance (ISR) has emerged as a key mechanism by which a beneficial microbiome primes the entire plant system for better defense against a wide range of phytopathogens and pests. In this review, we provide the recent developments on the role of plant beneficial microbiomes in disease resistance. We also highlight knowledge gaps and discuss how the plant immune system distinguishes pathogens and beneficial microbiota. Furthermore, we provide an overview on how immune signature hormones, such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), shape plant beneficial microbiome. We also discuss the importance of various high-throughput tools and their integration with synthetic biology to design tailored microbial communities for disease resistance. Finally, we conclude by highlighting important themes that need future attention in order to fill the knowledge gaps regarding the plant immune system and plant-beneficial-microbiome-mediated disease resistance.
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27
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Lin WT, How SC, Lin WZ, Chen FH, Liao WC, Ma IC, Wang SSS, Hou SY. Using flow cytometry to develop a competitive assay for the detection of biotin. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Wright AT, Hudson LA, Garcia WL. Activity‐Based Protein Profiling – Enabling Phenotyping of Host‐Associated and Environmental Microbiomes. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Wright
- Department of Biology Baylor University Waco Texas 76798 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco Texas 76798 USA
| | - LaRae A. Hudson
- Department of Biology Baylor University Waco Texas 76798 USA
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Liao W, Nie W, Ahmad I, Chen G, Zhu B. The occurrence, characteristics, and adaptation of A-to-I RNA editing in bacteria: A review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1143929. [PMID: 36960293 PMCID: PMC10027721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1143929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A-to-I RNA editing is a very important post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification that creates isoforms and increases the diversity of proteins. In this process, adenosine (A) in RNA molecules is hydrolyzed and deaminated into inosine (I). It is well known that ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA)-dependent A-to-I mRNA editing is widespread in animals. Next, the discovery of A-to-I mRNA editing was mediated by TadA (tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase) in Escherichia coli which is ADAR-independent event. Previously, the editing event S128P on the flagellar structural protein FliC enhanced the bacterial tolerance to oxidative stress in Xoc. In addition, the editing events T408A on the enterobactin iron receptor protein XfeA act as switches by controlling the uptake of Fe3+ in response to the concentration of iron in the environment. Even though bacteria have fewer editing events, the great majority of those that are currently preserved have adaptive benefits. Interestingly, it was found that a TadA-independent A-to-I RNA editing event T408A occurred on xfeA, indicating that there may be other new enzymes that perform a function like TadA. Here, we review recent advances in the characteristics, functions, and adaptations of editing in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixue Liao
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhan Nie
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhan Nie,
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Gongyou Chen
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Bo Zhu,
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30
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Effector-Dependent and -Independent Molecular Mechanisms of Soybean-Microbe Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214184. [PMID: 36430663 PMCID: PMC9695568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a pivotal staple crop worldwide, supplying the main food and feed plant proteins in some countries. In addition to interacting with mutualistic microbes, soybean also needs to protect itself against pathogens. However, to grow inside plant tissues, plant defense mechanisms ranging from passive barriers to induced defense reactions have to be overcome. Pathogenic but also symbiotic micro-organisms effectors can be delivered into the host cell by secretion systems and can interfere with the immunity system and disrupt cellular processes. This review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of the interaction between secreted effectors and soybean feedback mechanism and uncovers the conserved and special signaling pathway induced by pathogenic soybean cyst nematode, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas as well as by symbiotic rhizobium.
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31
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Lü P, Liu Y, Yu X, Shi CL, Liu X. The right microbe-associated molecular patterns for effective recognition by plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019069. [PMID: 36225366 PMCID: PMC9549324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to diverse microbes and thus develop a sophisticated perceive system to distinguish non-self from self and identify non-self as friends or foes. Plants can detect microbes in apoplast via recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface to activate appropriate signaling in response to microbes. MAMPs are highly conserved but essential molecules of microbes and often buried in microbes’ complex structure. Mature MAMPs are released from microbes by invasion-induced hydrolytic enzymes in apoplast and accumulate in proximity of plasma membrane-localized PRRs to be perceived as ligands to activate downstream signaling. In response, microbes developed strategies to counteract these processing. Here, we review how the form, the concentration, and the size of mature MAMPs affect the PRR-mediated immune signaling. In particular, we describe some potential applications and explore potential open questions in the fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Lü
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xixi Yu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | | | - Xiaokun Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaokun Liu,
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32
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Cardoso JLS, Souza AA, Vieira MLC. Molecular basis for host responses to Xanthomonas infection. PLANTA 2022; 256:84. [PMID: 36114308 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the most relevant and recent updated information available on the defense responses of selected hosts against Xanthomonas spp. Xanthomonas is one of the most important genera of Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria, severely affecting the productivity of economically important crops worldwide, colonizing either the vascular system or the mesophyll tissue of the host. Due to its rapid propagation, Xanthomonas poses an enormous challenge to farmers, because it is usually controlled using huge quantities of copper-based chemicals, adversely impacting the environment. Thus, developing new ways of preventing colonization by these bacteria has become essential. Advances in genomic and transcriptomic technologies have significantly elucidated at molecular level interactions between various crops and Xanthomonas species. Understanding how these hosts respond to the infection is crucial if we are to exploit potential approaches for improving crop breeding and cutting productivity losses. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the defense response mechanisms in agricultural crops after Xanthomonas infection. We describe the molecular basis of host-bacterium interactions over a broad spectrum with the aim of improving our fundamental understanding of which genes are involved and how they work in this interaction, providing information that can help to speed up plant breeding programs, namely using gene editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica L S Cardoso
- Genetics Department, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A Souza
- Citrus Research Center "Sylvio Moreira", Agronomic Institute (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia C Vieira
- Genetics Department, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
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33
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Apoplastic and vascular defences. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:595-605. [PMID: 36062526 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space between cell membranes, includes the xylem, and extends to the rhizoplane and the outer surfaces of the plant. The apoplast plays roles in different biological processes including plant immunity. This highly specialised space is often the first place where pathogen recognition occurs, and this then triggers the immune response. The immune response in the apoplast involves different mechanisms that restrict pathogen infection. Among these responses, secretion of different molecules like proteases, proteins related to immunity, small RNAs and secondary metabolites play important and often additive or synergistic roles. In addition, production of reactive oxygen species occurs to cause direct deleterious effects on the pathogen as well as reinforce the plant's immune response by triggering modifications to cell wall composition and providing additional defence signalling capabilities. The pool of available sugar in the apoplast also plays a role in immunity. These sugars can be manipulated by both interactors, pathogens gaining access to nutrients whilst the plant's responses restrict the pathogen's access to nutrients. In this review, we describe the latest findings in the field to highlight the importance of the apoplast in plant-pathogen interactions and plant immunity. We also indicate where new discoveries are needed.
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34
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Chen R, Sun P, Zhong G, Wang W, Tang D. The RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN53 immune complex associates with LLG1 to positively regulate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1833-1846. [PMID: 35796320 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense ligands in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Plant PRRs include numerous receptor-like proteins (RLPs), but many RLPs remain functionally uncharacterized. Here, we examine an Arabidopsis thaliana RLP, RLP53, which positively regulates immune signaling. Our forward genetic screen for suppressors of enhanced disease resistance1 (edr1) identified a point mutation in RLP53 that fully suppresses disease resistance and mildew-induced cell death in edr1 mutants. The rlp53 mutants showed enhanced susceptibility to virulent pathogens, including fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria, indicating that RLP53 is important for plant immunity. The ectodomain of RLP53 contains leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs. RLP53 constitutively associates with the LRR receptor-like kinase SUPPRESSOR OF BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE (BAK1)-INTERACTING RECEPTOR KINASE1 (SOBIR1) and interacts with the co-receptor BAK1 in a pathogen-induced manner. The double mutation sobir1-12 bak1-5 suppresses edr1-mediated disease resistance, suggesting that EDR1 negatively regulates PTI modulated by the RLP53-SOBIR1-BAK1 complex. Moreover, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein LORELEI-LIKE GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN1 (LLG1) interacts with RLP53 and mediates RLP53 accumulation in the plasma membrane. We thus uncovered the role of a novel RLP and its associated immune complex in plant defense responses and revealed a potential new mechanism underlying regulation of RLP immune function by a GPI-anchored protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Pengwei Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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35
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Sanguankiattichai N, Buscaill P, Preston GM. How bacteria overcome flagellin pattern recognition in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102224. [PMID: 35533494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient plant immune responses depend on the ability to recognise an invading microbe. The 22-amino acids in the N-terminal domain and the 28-amino acids in the central region of the bacterial flagellin, called flg22 and flgII-28, respectively, are important elicitors of plant immunity. Plant immunity is activated after flg22 or flgII-28 recognition by the plant transmembrane receptors FLS2 or FLS3, respectively. There is strong selective pressure on many plant pathogenic and endophytic bacteria to overcome flagellin-triggered immunity. Here we provide an overview of recent developments in our understanding of the evasion and suppression of flagellin pattern recognition by plant-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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36
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Stegmann M, Zecua-Ramirez P, Ludwig C, Lee HS, Peterson B, Nimchuk ZL, Belkhadir Y, Hückelhoven R. RGI-GOLVEN signaling promotes cell surface immune receptor abundance to regulate plant immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53281. [PMID: 35229426 PMCID: PMC9066070 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immune responses must be tightly controlled for proper allocation of resources for growth and development. In plants, endogenous signaling peptides regulate developmental and growth‐related processes. Recent research indicates that some of these peptides also have regulatory functions in the control of plant immune responses. This classifies these peptides as phytocytokines as they show analogies with metazoan cytokines. However, the mechanistic basis for phytocytokine‐mediated regulation of plant immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we identify GOLVEN2 (GLV2) peptides as phytocytokines in Arabidopsis thaliana. GLV2 signaling enhances sensitivity of plants to elicitation with immunogenic bacterial elicitors and contributes to resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens. GLV2 is perceived by ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors. RGI mutants show reduced elicitor sensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. RGI3 forms ligand‐induced complexes with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2), suggesting that RGIs are part of PRR signaling platforms. GLV2‐RGI signaling promotes PRR abundance independent of transcriptional regulation and controls plant immunity via a previously undescribed mechanism of phytocytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Patricia Zecua-Ramirez
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brenda Peterson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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37
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Stegmann M, Zecua-Ramirez P, Ludwig C, Lee HS, Peterson B, Nimchuk ZL, Belkhadir Y, Hückelhoven R. RGI-GOLVEN signaling promotes cell surface immune receptor abundance to regulate plant immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53281. [PMID: 35229426 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.29.428839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immune responses must be tightly controlled for proper allocation of resources for growth and development. In plants, endogenous signaling peptides regulate developmental and growth-related processes. Recent research indicates that some of these peptides also have regulatory functions in the control of plant immune responses. This classifies these peptides as phytocytokines as they show analogies with metazoan cytokines. However, the mechanistic basis for phytocytokine-mediated regulation of plant immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we identify GOLVEN2 (GLV2) peptides as phytocytokines in Arabidopsis thaliana. GLV2 signaling enhances sensitivity of plants to elicitation with immunogenic bacterial elicitors and contributes to resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens. GLV2 is perceived by ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors. RGI mutants show reduced elicitor sensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. RGI3 forms ligand-induced complexes with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2), suggesting that RGIs are part of PRR signaling platforms. GLV2-RGI signaling promotes PRR abundance independent of transcriptional regulation and controls plant immunity via a previously undescribed mechanism of phytocytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Patricia Zecua-Ramirez
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brenda Peterson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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38
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van der Kaaij A, van Noort K, Nibbering P, Wilbers RHP, Schots A. Glyco-Engineering Plants to Produce Helminth Glycoproteins as Prospective Biopharmaceuticals: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882835. [PMID: 35574113 PMCID: PMC9100689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins are the dominant category among approved biopharmaceuticals, indicating their importance as therapeutic proteins. Glycoproteins are decorated with carbohydrate structures (or glycans) in a process called glycosylation. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is present in all kingdoms of life, albeit with differences in core modifications, terminal glycan structures, and incorporation of different sugar residues. Glycans play pivotal roles in many biological processes and can impact the efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. The majority of biopharmaceuticals are based on human glycoproteins, but non-human glycoproteins, originating from for instance parasitic worms (helminths), form an untapped pool of potential therapeutics for immune-related diseases and vaccine candidates. The production of sufficient quantities of correctly glycosylated putative therapeutic helminth proteins is often challenging and requires extensive engineering of the glycosylation pathway. Therefore, a flexible glycoprotein production system is required that allows straightforward introduction of heterologous glycosylation machinery composed of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases to obtain desired glycan structures. The glycome of plants creates an ideal starting point for N- and O-glyco-engineering of helminth glycans. Plants are also tolerant toward the introduction of heterologous glycosylation enzymes as well as the obtained glycans. Thus, a potent production platform emerges that enables the production of recombinant helminth proteins with unusual glycans. In this review, we discuss recent advances in plant glyco-engineering of potentially therapeutic helminth glycoproteins, challenges and their future prospects.
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Pang Z, Mao X, Xia Y, Xiao J, Wang X, Xu P, Liu G. Multiomics Reveals the Effect of Root Rot on Polygonati Rhizome and Identifies Pathogens and Biocontrol Strain. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0238521. [PMID: 35225655 PMCID: PMC9045327 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02385-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Root (rhizome) rot of Polygonatum plants has received substantial attention because it threatens yield and sustainable utilization in the polygonati rhizome industry. However, the potential pathogens that cause rhizome rot as well as the direct and indirect (via root-associated microbes) strategies by which Polygonatum defends against pathogens remain largely unknown. Herein, we used integrated multiomics of plant-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics, microbiome, and culture-based methods to systematically investigate the interactions between the Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua root-associated microbiota and pathogens. We found that root rot inhibited P. cyrtonema rhizome growth and that the fresh weight significantly decreased (P < 0.001). The transcriptomic and metabonomic results showed that the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to specialized metabolic and systemic resistance pathways, such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis, cycloartenol synthase activity (related to saponin synthesis), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and plant hormone signal transduction, was particularly increased in diseased rhizomes. Consistently, the contents of lactose, d-fructose, sarsasapogenin, asperulosidic acid, botulin, myricadoil, and other saponins, which are functional medicinal compounds present in P. cyrtonema rhizomes, were also increased in diseased plants infected with rhizome rot. The microbiome sequencing and culture results showed that root rot disrupted the P. cyrtonema bacterial and fungal communities and reduced the microbial diversity in the rhizomes and rhizosphere soil. We further found that a clear enrichment of Streptomyces violascens XTBG45 (HJB-XTBG45) in the healthy rhizosphere could control the root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum spaethianum. Taken together, our results indicate that P. cyrtonema can modulate the plant immune system and metabolic processes and enrich beneficial root microbiota to defend against pathogens. IMPORTANCE Root (rhizome or tuber) reproduction is the main method for the agricultural cultivation of many important cash crops, and infected crop plants rot, exhibit retarded growth, and experience yield losses. While many studies have investigated medicinal plants and their functional medicinal compounds, the occurrence of root (rhizome) rot of plant and soil microbiota has received little attention. Therefore, we used integrated multiomics and culture-based methods to systematically study rhizome rot on the famous Chinese medicine Polygonatum cyrtonema and identify pathogens and beneficial microbiota of rhizome rot. Rhizome rot disrupted the Polygonatum-associated microbiota and reduced microbial diversity, and rhizome transcription and metabolic processes significantly changed. Our work provides evidence that rhizome rot not only changes rhizome transcription and functional metabolite contents but also impacts the microbial community diversity, assembly, and function of the rhizome and rhizosphere. This study provides a new friendly strategy for medicinal plant breeding and agricultural utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Pang
- Crops Conservation and Breeding Base, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Xinyu Mao
- Crops Conservation and Breeding Base, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinxian Xiao
- School of Biological and Chemical Science, Pu’er University, Puer, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Key Laboratory for Crop Breeding of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Crops Conservation and Breeding Base, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Guizhou Liu
- Crops Conservation and Breeding Base, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
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40
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Knowing me, knowing you: Self and non-self recognition in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:447-458. [PMID: 35383834 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perception of non-self molecules known as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pathogen infections often trigger the release of modified-self molecules, termed damage- or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which modulate MAMP-triggered signaling to shape the frontline of plant immune responses against infections. In the context of advances in identifying MAMPs and DAMPs, cognate receptors, and their signaling, here, we focus on the most recent breakthroughs in understanding the perception and role of non-self and modified-self patterns. We highlight the commonalities and differences of MAMPs from diverse microbes, insects, and parasitic plants, as well as the production and perception of DAMPs upon infections. We discuss the interplay between MAMPs and DAMPs for emerging themes of the mutual potentiation and attenuation of PTI signaling upon MAMP and DAMP perception during infections.
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Wang Y, Pruitt RN, Nürnberger T, Wang Y. Evasion of plant immunity by microbial pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:449-464. [PMID: 35296800 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes cause destructive diseases in natural habitats and agricultural settings, thereby threatening plant biodiversity and global food security. The capability of plants to sense and respond to microbial infection determines the outcome of plant-microorganism interactions. Host-adapted microbial pathogens exploit various infection strategies to evade or counter plant immunity and eventually establish a replicative niche. Evasion of plant immunity through dampening host recognition or the subsequent immune signalling and defence execution is a crucial infection strategy used by different microbial pathogens to cause diseases, underpinning a substantial obstacle for efficient deployment of host genetic resistance genes for sustainable disease control. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge of the varied strategies microbial pathogens use to evade the complicated network of plant immunity for successful infection. In addition, we discuss how to exploit this knowledge to engineer crop resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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42
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Yang B, Yang S, Zheng W, Wang Y. Plant immunity inducers: from discovery to agricultural application. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:5. [PMID: 37676359 PMCID: PMC10442025 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
While conventional chemical fungicides directly eliminate pathogens, plant immunity inducers activate or prime plant immunity. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of immune regulation in plants. The development and application of plant immunity inducers based on the principles of plant immunity represent a new field in plant protection research. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of plant immunity inducers in terms of plant immune system activation, summarize the various classes of reported plant immunity inducers (proteins, oligosaccharides, chemicals, and lipids), and review methods for the identification or synthesis of plant immunity inducers. The current situation, new strategies, and future prospects in the development and application of plant immunity inducers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Stintzi A, Stührwohldt N, Royek S, Schaller A. Identification of Cognate Protease/Substrate Pairs by Use of Class-Specific Inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2447:67-81. [PMID: 35583773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2079-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins are regulated post-translationally by proteolytic processing. This includes plant signaling peptides that are proteolytically released from larger precursor proteins. The proteases involved in the biogenesis of signaling peptides and in regulation of other proteins by limited proteolysis are largely unknown. Here we describe how protease inhibitors that are specific for a certain class of proteases can be employed for the identification of proteases that are responsible for the processing of a given target protein. After having identified the protease family to which the processing enzyme belongs, candidate proteases and the GFP-tagged target protein are agro-infiltrated for transient expression in N. benthamiana leaves. Cleavage products are analyzed on immuno-blots and specificity of cleavage is confirmed by co-expression of class-specific inhibitors. For the identification of processing sites within the target protein, cleavage product(s) are purified by immunoprecipitation followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nils Stührwohldt
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Royek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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44
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Dissection of the Complex Transcription and Metabolism Regulation Networks Associated with Maize Resistance to Ustilago maydis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111789. [PMID: 34828395 PMCID: PMC8619255 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes common smut in maize, forming tumors on all aerial organs, especially on reproductive organs, leading to significant reduction in yield and quality defects. Resistance to U. maydis is thought to be a quantitative trait, likely controlled by many minor gene effects. However, the genes and the underlying complex mechanisms for maize resistance to U. maydis remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptome and metabolome study using a pair of maize lines with contrast resistance to U. maydis post-infection. WGCNA of transcriptome profiling reveals that defense response, photosynthesis, and cell cycle are critical processes in maize response to U. maydis, and metabolism regulation of glycolysis, amino acids, phenylpropanoid, and reactive oxygen species are closely correlated with defense response. Metabolomic analysis supported that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis was induced upon U. maydis infection, and an obviously higher content of shikimic acid, a key compound in glycolysis and aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathways, was detected in resistant samples. Thus, we propose that complex gene co-expression and metabolism networks related to amino acids and ROS metabolism might contribute to the resistance to corn smut.
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45
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High-Throughput Mutagenesis and Cross-Complementation Experiments Reveal Substrate Preference and Critical Residues of the Capsule Transporters in Streptococcus pneumoniae. mBio 2021; 12:e0261521. [PMID: 34724815 PMCID: PMC8561386 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02615-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MOP (Multidrug/Oligosaccharidyl-lipid/Polysaccharide) family transporters are found in almost all life forms. They are responsible for transporting lipid-linked precursors across the cell membrane to support the synthesis of various glycoconjugates. While significant progress has been made in elucidating their transport mechanism, how these transporters select their substrates remains unclear. Here, we systematically tested the MOP transporters in the Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule pathway for their ability to translocate noncognate capsule precursors. Sequence similarity cannot predict whether these transporters are interchangeable. We showed that subtle changes in the central aqueous cavity of the transporter are sufficient to accommodate a different cargo. These changes can occur naturally, suggesting a potential mechanism of expanding substrate selectivity. A directed evolution experiment was performed to identify gain-of-function variants that translocate a noncognate cargo. Coupled with a high-throughput mutagenesis and sequencing (Mut-seq) experiment, residues that are functionally important for the capsule transporter were revealed. Lastly, we showed that the expression of a flippase that can transport unfinished precursors resulted in an increased susceptibility to bacitracin and mild cell shape defects, which may be a driving force to maintain transporter specificity. IMPORTANCE All licensed pneumococcal vaccines target the capsular polysaccharide (CPS). This layer is highly variable and is important for virulence in many bacterial pathogens. Most of the CPSs are produced by the Wzx/Wzy mechanism. In this pathway, CPS repeating units are synthesized in the cytoplasm, which must be flipped across the cytoplasmic membrane before polymerization. This step is mediated by the widely conserved MOP (Multidrug/Oligosaccharidyl-lipid/Polysaccharide) family transporters. Here, we systematically evaluated the interchangeability of these transporters and identified the residues important for substrate specificity and function. Understanding how CPS is synthesized will inform glycoengineering, vaccine development, and antimicrobial discovery.
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Elmore JM, Griffin BD, Walley JW. Advances in functional proteomics to study plant-pathogen interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102061. [PMID: 34102449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection triggers complex signaling networks in plant cells that ultimately result in either susceptibility or resistance. We have made substantial progress in dissecting many of these signaling events, and it is becoming clear that changes in proteome composition and protein activity are major drivers of plant-microbe interactions. Here, we highlight different approaches to analyze the functional proteomes of hosts and pathogens and discuss how they have been used to further our understanding of plant disease. Global proteome profiling can quantify the dynamics of proteins, posttranslational modifications, and biological pathways that contribute to immune-related outcomes. In addition, emerging techniques such as enzyme activity-based profiling, proximity labeling, and kinase-substrate profiling are being used to dissect biochemical events that operate during infection. Finally, we discuss how these functional approaches can be integrated with other profiling data to gain a mechanistic, systems-level view of plant and pathogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA.
| | - Brianna D Griffin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA.
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Jutras PV, Soldan R, Dodds I, Schuster M, Preston GM, van der Hoorn RAL. AgroLux: bioluminescent Agrobacterium to improve molecular pharming and study plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:600-612. [PMID: 34369027 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agroinfiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used to transiently express heterologous proteins in plants. However, the state of Agrobacterium itself is not well studied in agroinfiltrated tissues, despite frequent studies of immunity genes conducted through agroinfiltration. Here, we generated a bioluminescent strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 to monitor the luminescence of Agrobacterium during agroinfiltration. By integrating a single copy of the lux operon into the genome, we generated a stable 'AgroLux' strain, which is bioluminescent without affecting Agrobacterium growth in vitro and in planta. To illustrate its versatility, we used AgroLux to demonstrate that high light intensity post infiltration suppresses both Agrobacterium luminescence and protein expression. We also discovered that AgroLux can detect Avr/Cf-induced immune responses before tissue collapse, establishing a robust and rapid quantitative assay for the hypersensitive response (HR). Thus, AgroLux provides a non-destructive, versatile and easy-to-use imaging tool to monitor both Agrobacterium and plant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Jutras
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Riccardo Soldan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Isobel Dodds
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Schellenberger R, Crouzet J, Nickzad A, Shu LJ, Kutschera A, Gerster T, Borie N, Dawid C, Cloutier M, Villaume S, Dhondt-Cordelier S, Hubert J, Cordelier S, Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre F, Schmid C, Ongena M, Renault JH, Haudrechy A, Hofmann T, Baillieul F, Clément C, Zipfel C, Gauthier C, Déziel E, Ranf S, Dorey S. Bacterial rhamnolipids and their 3-hydroxyalkanoate precursors activate Arabidopsis innate immunity through two independent mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101366118. [PMID: 34561304 PMCID: PMC8488661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101366118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant innate immunity is activated upon perception of invasion pattern molecules by plant cell-surface immune receptors. Several bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia produce rhamnolipids (RLs) from l-rhamnose and (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate precursors (HAAs). RL and HAA secretion is required to modulate bacterial surface motility, biofilm development, and thus successful colonization of hosts. Here, we show that the lipidic secretome from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mainly comprising RLs and HAAs, stimulates Arabidopsis immunity. We demonstrate that HAAs are sensed by the bulb-type lectin receptor kinase LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION/S-DOMAIN-1-29 (LORE/SD1-29), which also mediates medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid (mc-3-OH-FA) perception, in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana HAA sensing induces canonical immune signaling and local resistance to plant pathogenic Pseudomonas infection. By contrast, RLs trigger an atypical immune response and resistance to Pseudomonas infection independent of LORE. Thus, the glycosyl moieties of RLs, although abolishing sensing by LORE, do not impair their ability to trigger plant defense. Moreover, our results show that the immune response triggered by RLs is affected by the sphingolipid composition of the plasma membrane. In conclusion, RLs and their precursors released by bacteria can both be perceived by plants but through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Schellenberger
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Arvin Nickzad
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Alexander Kutschera
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Tim Gerster
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Nicolas Borie
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7312, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Maude Cloutier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Sandra Villaume
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Jane Hubert
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7312, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Florence Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Christian Schmid
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Laboratory, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Jean-Hugues Renault
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7312, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Arnaud Haudrechy
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7312, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Eric Déziel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany;
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France;
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Li L, Weigel D. One Hundred Years of Hybrid Necrosis: Hybrid Autoimmunity as a Window into the Mechanisms and Evolution of Plant-Pathogen Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:213-237. [PMID: 33945695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid necrosis in plants refers to a genetic autoimmunity syndrome in the progeny of interspecific or intraspecific crosses. Although the phenomenon was first documented in 1920, it has been unequivocally linked to autoimmunity only recently, with the discovery of the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms. The most common causal loci encode immune receptors, which are known to differ within and between species. One mechanism can be explained by the guard hypothesis, in which a guard protein, often a nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat protein, is activated by interaction with a plant protein that mimics standard guardees modified by pathogen effector proteins. Another surprising mechanism is the formation of inappropriately active immune receptor complexes. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of hybrid necrosis and discuss how its study is not only informing the understanding of immune gene evolution but also revealing new aspects of plant immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
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Liu W, Triplett L, Chen XL. Emerging Roles of Posttranslational Modifications in Plant-Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:99-124. [PMID: 33909479 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021320-010948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play crucial roles in regulating protein function and thereby control many cellular processes and biological phenotypes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several recent studies illustrate how plant fungal and bacterial pathogens use these PTMs to facilitate development, stress response, and host infection. In this review, we discuss PTMs that have key roles in the biological and infection processes of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The emerging roles of PTMs during pathogen-plant interactions are highlighted. We also summarize traditional tools and emerging proteomics approaches for PTM research. These discoveries open new avenues for investigating the fundamental infection mechanisms of plant pathogens and the discovery of novel strategies for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Lindsay Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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