1
|
Gao R, Feng C, Sheng Z, Li F, Wang D. Research progress in Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29638. [PMID: 38682662 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused more than 676 million cases in the global human population with approximately 7 million deaths and vaccination has been proved as the most effective countermeasure in reducing clinical complications and mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people. However, the protective elements and correlation of protection induced by vaccination are still not completely understood. Various antibodies with multiple protective mechanisms can be induced simultaneously by vaccination in vivo, thereby complicating the identification and characterization of individual correlate of protection. Recently, an increasing body of observations suggests that antibody-induced Fc-effector functions play a crucial role in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections, including neutralizing antibodies-escaping variants. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the impact of Fc-effector functions in broadly disarming SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and discuss various efforts in harnessing this conserved antibody function to develop an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that can protect humans against infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ravindran R, Kang H, McReynolds C, Sanghar GK, Chang WLW, Ramasamy S, Kolloli A, Kumar R, Subbian S, Hammock BD, Hartigan-O’Connor DJ, Ikram A, Haczku A, Khan IH. Dynamics of temporal immune responses in nonhuman primates and humans immunized with COVID-19 vaccines. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287377. [PMID: 37856429 PMCID: PMC10586671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the humoral immune responses to a COVID-19 vaccine in a well-controlled rhesus macaque model compared to humans immunized with two mRNA vaccines over several months post-second dose. The plasma IgG levels against seven coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) and antibody subtypes (IgG 1-4 and IgM) against SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated using multiplex assays. The neutralization capacity of plasma antibodies against the original SAR-CoV-2 isolate and nine variants was evaluated in vaccinated humans and non-human primates. Immunization of macaques and humans with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induced a robust neutralizing antibody response. In non-SIV-infected adult macaques immunized with an adenoviral vector expressing S-RBD (n = 7) or N protein (n = 3), elevated levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies were detected 2 weeks post-second dose. Immune responses to the S-RBD vaccine in SIV-infected adult macaques (n = 2) were similar to the non-SIV-infected animals. Adult humans immunized with Pfizer (n = 35) or Moderna (n = 18) vaccines developed IgG and neutralizing antibodies at 4 weeks post-second dose. In both vaccine groups, IgG 1 was the predominant subtype, followed by IgG 3. The IgG levels, including total and IgG 1,2,3 elicited by the Moderna vaccine, were significantly higher than the corresponding levels elicited by the Pfizer vaccine at 4 weeks post-second dose. A significant correlation was observed between the plasma total IgG antibody levels and neutralization titers in both macaques and humans. Furthermore, broad-spectrum neutralization antibodies against several variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the plasma of both macaques and humans after two vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Resmi Ravindran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Harsharonjit Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cindy McReynolds
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gursharan Kaur Sanghar
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - W. L. William Chang
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis J. Hartigan-O’Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institutes of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Imran H. Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Polatoğlu I, Oncu‐Oner T, Dalman I, Ozdogan S. COVID-19 in early 2023: Structure, replication mechanism, variants of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tests, and vaccine & drug development studies. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e228. [PMID: 37041762 PMCID: PMC10082934 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviruses-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus. Most cases of COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, including cough, fever, myalgias, and headache. On the other hand, this coronavirus can lead to severe complications and death in some cases. Therefore, vaccination is the most effective tool to prevent and eradicate COVID-19 disease. Also, rapid and effective diagnostic tests are critical in identifying cases of COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has a dynamic structure on the agenda and contains up-to-date developments. This article has comprehensively discussed the most up-to-date pandemic situation since it first appeared. For the first time, not only the structure, replication mechanism, and variants of SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Omicron, Delta, Epsilon, Kappa, Mu, Eta, Zeta, Theta, lota, Lambda) but also all the details of the pandemic, such as how it came out, how it spread, current cases, what precautions should be taken, prevention strategies, the vaccines produced, the tests developed, and the drugs used are reviewed in every aspect. Herein, the comparison of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of procedure, accuracy, cost, and time has been presented. The mechanism, safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants have been evaluated. Drug studies, therapeutic targets, various immunomodulators, and antiviral molecules applied to patients with COVID-19 have been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Polatoğlu
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| | - Tulay Oncu‐Oner
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| | - Irem Dalman
- Department of BioengineeringEge UniversityBornovaIzmirTurkey
| | - Senanur Ozdogan
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Michelmann J, Schmalz U, Becker A, Stroh F, Behnke S, Hornung M. Influence of COVID-19 on air travel - A scenario study toward future trusted aviation. JOURNAL OF AIR TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT 2023; 106:102325. [PMID: 36340887 PMCID: PMC9618444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper develops three scenarios for the aviation industry's recovery from COVID-19 until 2030 by utilizing the scenario methodology. Besides the short- and mid-term pandemic development, the study takes into account the industry's adaptation to changes in the market environment, e.g., toward sustainability and hygiene requirements. The resulting scenarios include the expected point in time of full air traffic recovery to pre-crisis levels. Subsequent implications suggest that most COVID-19-related hygiene measures along the travel chain disappear after the pandemic is contained. Some measures might serve as a differentiator between airline business models, while others are expected to become a new standard. Implications for environmental awareness and resulting operational and technical measures include changes in society's attitude toward traveling post-pandemic, especially in light of varying levels of environmental awareness. The presented scenarios help to identify the range of plausible development paths, thus building the basis for future model-based research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Axel Becker
- Airbus Operations GmbH, Hamburg, 21129, Germany
| | - Florian Stroh
- Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | | | - Mirko Hornung
- Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Assefa N, Abdullahi YY, Hemler EC, Lankoande B, Wang D, Madzorera I, Millogo O, Abokyi LN, Dasmane D, Dianou K, Chukwu A, Workneh F, Mapendo F, Ismail A, Abubakari SW, Smith E, Oduola A, Soura A, Sie A, Killewo J, Mwanyika-Sando M, Vuai SAH, Baernighausen T, Asante KP, Raji T, Berhane Y, Fawzi WW. Continued disruptions in health care services and mental health among health care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic in five sub-Saharan African countries. J Glob Health 2022; 12:05046. [PMID: 36370415 PMCID: PMC9653208 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.05046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Continuous monitoring of the pandemic's impact on health service provision and mental health, COVID-19 perceptions, and compliance with prevention measures among health care providers (HCPs) can help with mitigating the pandemic's negative effects. Methods A computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) survey was conducted among 1499 HCPs in Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou), Ethiopia (Addis Ababa), Nigeria (Lagos and Ibadan), Tanzania (Dar es Salaam), and Ghana (Kintampo). Self-reported mental health, perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic, and prevention measures available in the workplace were assessed. HCPs' responses to questions regarding the impact of COVID-19 on nine essential health services were summed into a score; high service disruption was defined as a score higher than the total average score across all sites. Modified Poisson regression was used to identify potential factors related to high service disruption. Results Overall, 26.9% of HCPs reported high service disruption, with considerable differences across sites (from 1.6% in Dar es Salaam to 45.0% in Addis Ababa). A considerable proportion of HCPs reported experiencing mild psychological distress (9.4%), anxiety (8.0%), and social avoidance or rejection (13.9%) due to their profession. Participants in Addis Ababa (absolute risk ratio (ARR) = 2.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.59-2.74), Lagos (ARR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.24-2.17), and Kintampo (ARR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.94-3.52) had a higher likelihood of reporting high service disruption compared to those in Ouagadougou. Reporting ever-testing for COVID-19 (ARR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.69-0.97) and the presence of COVID-19 guidelines in the workplace (ARR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.53-0.77) were both associated with lower reported health service disruption among HCPs. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic continues to disrupt essential health services and present a challenge to HCPs' mental health, with important differences across countries and settings; interventions are needed to mitigate these negative effects of the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nega Assefa
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Elena Cori Hemler
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruno Lankoande
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isabel Madzorera
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Livesy Naafoe Abokyi
- Kintampo Health Research Center, Kintampo, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Bono East Region, Ghana
- Department of Health Services, Policy, Planning, Management and Economics, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Dielbeogo Dasmane
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Kassoum Dianou
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Angela Chukwu
- Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Frank Mapendo
- Africa Academy for Public Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Abbas Ismail
- College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Sulemana Watara Abubakari
- Kintampo Health Research Center, Kintampo, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Bono East Region, Ghana
| | - Emily Smith
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ayo Oduola
- University of Ibadan Research Foundation, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abdramane Soura
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Sie
- Nouna Health Research Center, Burkina Faso
| | - Japhet Killewo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Said Ali Hamad Vuai
- College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Till Baernighausen
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Center, Kintampo, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Bono East Region, Ghana
| | - Tajudeen Raji
- Division of Public Health Institutes and Research, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Wafaie Wahib Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lucaci AG, Zehr JD, Shank SD, Bouvier D, Ostrovsky A, Mei H, Nekrutenko A, Martin DP, Kosakovsky Pond SL. RASCL: Rapid Assessment of Selection in CLades through molecular sequence analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275623. [PMID: 36322581 PMCID: PMC9629619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An important unmet need revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic is the near-real-time identification of potentially fitness-altering mutations within rapidly growing SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Although powerful molecular sequence analysis methods are available to detect and characterize patterns of natural selection within modestly sized gene-sequence datasets, the computational complexity of these methods and their sensitivity to sequencing errors render them effectively inapplicable in large-scale genomic surveillance contexts. Motivated by the need to analyze new lineage evolution in near-real time using large numbers of genomes, we developed the Rapid Assessment of Selection within CLades (RASCL) pipeline. RASCL applies state of the art phylogenetic comparative methods to evaluate selective processes acting at individual codon sites and across whole genes. RASCL is scalable and produces automatically updated regular lineage-specific selection analysis reports: even for lineages that include tens or hundreds of thousands of sampled genome sequences. Key to this performance is (i) generation of automatically subsampled high quality datasets of gene/ORF sequences drawn from a selected "query" viral lineage; (ii) contextualization of these query sequences in codon alignments that include high-quality "background" sequences representative of global SARS-CoV-2 diversity; and (iii) the extensive parallelization of a suite of computationally intensive selection analysis tests. Within hours of being deployed to analyze a novel rapidly growing lineage of interest, RASCL will begin yielding JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)-formatted reports that can be either imported into third-party analysis software or explored in standard web-browsers using the premade RASCL interactive data visualization dashboard. By enabling the rapid detection of genome sites evolving under different selective regimes, RASCL is well-suited for near-real-time monitoring of the population-level selective processes that will likely underlie the emergence of future variants of concern in measurably evolving pathogens with extensive genomic surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Lucaci
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jordan D. Zehr
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Shank
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dave Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Alexander Ostrovsky
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Han Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Anton Nekrutenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Darren P. Martin
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qian L, Yang Y, Xu T, Zhang S, Nica V, Tang R, Song W. Fabrication of efficient protein imprinted materials based on pearl necklace-like MOFs bacterial cellulose composites. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119835. [PMID: 35868779 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of efficient protein isolation substances is vital for proteomic research, whereas it's still challenging nowadays. Herein, an elaborately designed protein imprinted material based on a bacterial cellulose@ZIF-67 composite carrier (BC@ZIF-67) is proposed for the first time. In particular, due to the ultrafine fiber diameter and abundant hydroxyl functional groups of the bacterial cellulose, BC@ZIF-67 presented a compact arrangement structure similar to a pearl necklace, which greatly promoted template immobilization and mass transfer resistance in protein imprinting technology. Therefore, the protein-imprinted material (BC@ZIF-67@MIPs) fabricated by surface imprinting technology and template immobilization strategy could exhibit ultrahigh adsorption capacity (1017.0 mg g-1), excellent recognition (IF = 5.98) and rapid adsorption equilibrium time (50 min). In addition, based on the experiment outcomes, our team employed BC@ZIF-67@MIPs to enrich template protein in blended protein solutions and biosamples, identifying them as underlying candidates for isolating and purifying proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Qian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Sufeng Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Valentin Nica
- Department of Physics, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Ruihua Tang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shaik RA, Ahmad MS, Alzahrani M, Alzerwi NAN, Alnemare AK, Reyzah M, Albar HM, Alshagrawi S, Elkhalifa AME, Alzahrani R, Alrohaimi Y, Mahfoz TMB, Ahmad RK, Alahmdi RA, Al-baradie NRS. Comprehensive Highlights of the Universal Efforts towards the Development of COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101689. [PMID: 36298554 PMCID: PMC9611897 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The world has taken proactive measures to combat the pandemic since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). These measures range from increasing the production of personal protective equipment (PPE) and highlighting the value of social distancing to the emergency use authorization (EUA) of therapeutic drugs or antibodies and their appropriate use; nonetheless, the disease is still spreading quickly and is ruining people’s social lives, the economy, and public health. As a result, effective vaccines are critical for bringing the pandemic to an end and restoring normalcy in society. Several potential COVID-19 vaccines are now being researched, developed, tested, and reviewed. Since the end of June 2022, several vaccines have been provisionally approved, whereas others are about to be approved. In the upcoming years, a large number of new medications that are presently undergoing clinical testing are anticipated to hit the market. To illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of their technique, to emphasize the additives and delivery methods used in their creation, and to project potential future growth, this study explores these vaccines and the related research endeavors, including conventional and prospective approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riyaz Ahamed Shaik
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammed Shakil Ahmad
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alzahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser A. N. Alzerwi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Ministry of Education, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad K. Alnemare
- Otolaryngology Department, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaed Reyzah
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Ministry of Education, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham M. Albar
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Ministry of Education, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Alshagrawi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti 1158, Sudan
| | - Raed Alzahrani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Alrohaimi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M. Bin Mahfoz
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13317, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ritu Kumar Ahmad
- Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh Ahmed Alahmdi
- Department of Family Medicine, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAAUH), Princess Nourah Bin Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Daher-Nashif S, Al-Anany R, Ali M, Erradi K, Farag E, Abdallah AM, Emara MM. COVID-19 exit strategy during vaccine implementation: a balance between social distancing and herd immunity. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1773-1783. [PMID: 35723757 PMCID: PMC9208258 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Currently, health authorities around the world are struggling to limit the spread of COVID-19. Since the beginning of the pandemic, social distancing has been the most important strategy used by most countries to control disease spread by flattening and elongating the epidemic curve. Another strategy, herd immunity, was also applied by some countries through relaxed control measures that allow the free spread of natural infection to build up solid immunity within the population. In 2021, COVID-19 vaccination was introduced with tremendous effort as a promising strategy for limiting the spread of disease. Therefore, in this review, we present the current knowledge about social distancing, herd immunity strategies, and aspects of their implementation to control the COVID-19 pandemic in the presence of the newly developed vaccines. Finally, we suggest a short-term option for controlling the pandemic during vaccine application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhad Daher-Nashif
- Population Medicine Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rania Al-Anany
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Public Health Department, Health Protection and Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Menatalla Ali
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khadija Erradi
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Public Health Department, Health Protection and Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdallah M Abdallah
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed M Emara
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar A, O Pai M, Badoni G, Singh A, Agrawal A, Ji Omar B. Perspective Chapter: Tracking Trails of SARS CoV-2 - Variants to Therapy. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A virus when replicates itself from one generation to another, tends to change a little bit of its structure. These variations are called mutations. History says that SARS CoV-2 originated from the virus reservoirs of animals, specifically non-human mammals like bats and minks. Since then, there are evolutionary changes in its genome due to recombination in divergent strains of different species. Thus, making the virus more robust and smarter to sustain and evade immune responses in humans. Probably, this has led to the 2019 SARS CoV-2 pandemic. This chapter tracks the evolutionary trails of the virus origin, its pathogenesis in humans, and varying variants with the coming times. Eventually, the chapter overviews the available vaccines and therapies to be followed for SARS CoV-2.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Lobinska G, Feldman M, Dekel E, Nowak MA, Pilpel Y, Pauzner Y, Barzel B, Pauzner A. A spatial vaccination strategy to reduce the risk of vaccine-resistant variants. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010391. [PMID: 35947602 PMCID: PMC9394842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that the process of global vaccination against a novel virus can be a prolonged one. Social distancing measures, that are initially adopted to control the pandemic, are gradually relaxed as vaccination progresses and population immunity increases. The result is a prolonged period of high disease prevalence combined with a fitness advantage for vaccine-resistant variants, which together lead to a considerably increased probability for vaccine escape. A spatial vaccination strategy is proposed that has the potential to dramatically reduce this risk. Rather than dispersing the vaccination effort evenly throughout a country, distinct geographic regions of the country are sequentially vaccinated, quickly bringing each to effective herd immunity. Regions with high vaccination rates will then have low infection rates and vice versa. Since people primarily interact within their own region, spatial vaccination reduces the number of encounters between infected individuals (the source of mutations) and vaccinated individuals (who facilitate the spread of vaccine-resistant strains). Thus, spatial vaccination may help mitigate the global risk of vaccine-resistant variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Zhang
- Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gabriela Lobinska
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | - Michal Feldman
- School of Computer Science and Center for Combating Pandemics, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eddie Dekel
- Department of Economics, Northwestern University, Illinois, United States of America, and School of Economics, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Martin A. Nowak
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yitzhak Pilpel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | | | - Baruch Barzel
- Department of Mathematics and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center Bar-Ilan University, Israel, and Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ady Pauzner
- School of Economics and Center for Combating Pandemics, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cohen-Aharonov LA, Rebibo-Sabbah A, Yaacov A, Granit RZ, Strauss M, Colodner R, Cheshin O, Rosenberg S, Eavri R. High throughput SARS-CoV-2 variant analysis using molecular barcodes coupled with next generation sequencing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0253404. [PMID: 35727806 PMCID: PMC9212143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants across the globe and their implications on the outspread of the pandemic, infection potential and resistance to vaccination, requires modification of the current diagnostic methods to map out viral mutations rapidly and reliably. Here, we demonstrate that integrating DNA barcoding technology, sample pooling and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) provide an applicable solution for large-population viral screening combined with specific variant analysis. Our solution allows high throughput testing by barcoding each sample, followed by pooling of test samples using a multi-step procedure. First, patient-specific barcodes are added to the primers used in a one-step RT-PCR reaction, amplifying three different viral genes and one human housekeeping gene (as internal control). Then, samples are pooled, purified and finally, the generated sequences are read using an Illumina NGS system to identify the positive samples with a sensitivity of 82.5% and a specificity of 97.3%. Using this solution, we were able to identify six known and one unknown SARS-CoV-2 variants in a screen of 960 samples out of which 258 (27%) were positive for the virus. Thus, our diagnostic solution integrates the benefits of large population and epidemiological screening together with sensitive and specific identification of positive samples including variant analysis at a single nucleotide resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adar Yaacov
- Laboratory for Computational Biology of Cancer, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah – Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Merav Strauss
- Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Raul Colodner
- Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ori Cheshin
- Internal Medicine E, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Shai Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Computational Biology of Cancer, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah – Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Eavri
- Barcode Diagnostics Ltd., Nazareth, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Biswas S, Mahmud S, Mita MA, Afrose S, Hasan MR, Paul GK, Shimu MSS, Uddin MS, Zaman S, Park MN, Siyadatpanah A, Obaidullah AJ, Saleh MA, Simal-Gandara J, Kim B. The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants With a Lower Antibody Response: A Genomic and Clinical Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:825245. [PMID: 35602477 PMCID: PMC9121733 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.825245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of several novel SARS-CoV-2 variants regarded as variants of concern (VOCs) has exacerbated pathogenic and immunologic prominences, as well as reduced diagnostic sensitivity due to phenotype modification-capable mutations. Furthermore, latent and more virulent strains that have arisen as a result of unique mutations with increased evolutionary potential represent a threat to vaccine effectiveness in terms of incoming and existing variants. As a result, resisting natural immunity, which leads to higher reinfection rates, and avoiding vaccination-induced immunization, which leads to a lack of vaccine effectiveness, has become a crucial problem for public health around the world. This study attempts to review the genomic variation and pandemic impact of emerging variations of concern based on clinical characteristics management and immunization effectiveness. The goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of the link between genome level polymorphism, clinical symptom manifestation, and current vaccination in the instance of VOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvro Biswas
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Mohasana Akter Mita
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Afrose
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Robiul Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Gobindo Kumar Paul
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Salah Uddin
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Zaman
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ahmad J. Obaidullah
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Abu Saleh
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Molecular Dynamics and MM-PBSA Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma Variant in Complex with the hACE-2 Receptor. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072370. [PMID: 35408761 PMCID: PMC9000566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, since its appearance in 2019, has caused millions of cases and deaths. To date, there is no effective treatment or a vaccine that is fully protective. Despite the efforts made by governments and health institutions around the globe to control its propagation, the evolution of the virus has accelerated, diverging into hundreds of variants. However, not all of them are variants of concern (VoC’s). VoC’s have appeared in different regions and throughout the two years of the pandemic they have spread around the world. Specifically, in South America, the gamma variant (previously known as P.1) appeared in early 2021, bringing with it a second wave of infections. This variant contains the N501Y, E484K and K417T mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Although these mutations have been described experimentally, there is still no clarity regarding their role in the stabilization of the complex with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2) receptor. In this article we dissect the influence of mutations on the interaction with the hACE-2 receptor using molecular dynamics and estimations of binding affinity through a screened version of the molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) and interaction entropy. Our results indicate that mutations E484K and K417T compensate each other in terms of binding affinity, while the mutation N501Y promotes a more convoluted effect. This effect consists in the adoption of a cis configuration in the backbone of residue Y495 within the RBD, which in turn promotes polar interactions with the hACE-2 receptor. These results not only correlate with experimental observations and complement previous knowledge, but also expose new features associated with the specific contribution of concerned mutations. Additionally, we propose a recipe to assess the residue-specific contribution to the interaction entropy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Design strategies for antiviral coatings and surfaces: A review ☆. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:100224. [PMCID: PMC8865753 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2022.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The routine disinfection and sanitization of surfaces, objects, and textiles has become a time-consuming but necessary task for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, the excessive use of sanitizers and disinfectants promotes the development of antibiotic-resistant microbes. Moreover, that improper disinfection could lead to more virus transfer, which leads to more viral mutations. Recently developed antiviral surface coatings can reduce the reliance on traditional disinfectants. These surfaces remain actively antimicrobial between periods of active cleaning of the surfaces, allowing a much more limited and optimized use of disinfectants. The novel nature of these surfaces has led, however, to many inconsistencies within the rapidly growing literature. Here we provide tools to guide the design and development of antimicrobial and antiviral surfaces and coatings. We describe how engineers can best choose testing options and propose new avenues for antiviral testing. After defining testing protocols, we summarize potential inorganic and organic materials able to serve as antiviral surfaces and present their antiviral mechanisms. We discuss the main limitations to their application, including issues related to toxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental concerns. We propose solutions to counter these limitations and highlight how the context of specific use of an antiviral surface must guide material selection. Finally, we discuss how the use of coatings that combine multiple antimicrobial mechanisms can avoid the development of antibiotic resistance and improve the antiviral properties of these surfaces.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kreps S, Kriner DL. Communication about vaccine efficacy and COVID-19 vaccine choice: Evidence from a survey experiment in the United States. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265011. [PMID: 35353846 PMCID: PMC8967042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While mass vaccination campaigns against COVID-19 have inoculated almost 200 million Americans and billions more worldwide, significant pockets of vaccine hesitancy remain. Research has firmly established that vaccine efficacy is an important driver of public vaccine acceptance and choice. However, current vaccines offer widely varying levels of protection against different adverse health outcomes of COVID-19. This study employs an experiment embedded on a survey of 1,194 US adults in June 2021 to examine how communications about vaccine efficacy affect vaccine choice. The experiment manipulated how vaccine efficacy was defined across four treatments: (1) protection against symptomatic infection; (2) protection against severe illness; (3) protection against hospitalization/death; (4) efficacy data on all three metrics. The control group received no efficacy information. Subjects were asked to choose between a pair of vaccines-a one-dose viral vector vaccine or two-dose mRNA vaccine-whose efficacy data varied across the four experimental treatment groups. Efficacy data for each vaccine on each dimension were adapted from clinical trial data on the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines. Among all respondents, only modest preference gaps between the two vaccines emerged in the control group and when the two vaccines' roughly equivalent efficacy data against hospitalization and death were reported. Strong preferences for a two-dose mRNA vaccine emerged in treatments where its higher efficacy against symptomatic or severe illness was reported, as well as in the treatment where data on all three efficacy criteria were reported. Unvaccinated respondents preferred a one-dose viral vector vaccine when only efficacy data against hospitalization or death was presented. Black and Latino respondents were significantly more likely to choose the one-shot viral vector vaccine in the combined efficacy treatment than were whites. Results speak to the importance of understanding how communications about vaccine efficacy affect public preferences in an era of increasing uncertainty about efficacy against variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kreps
- Department of Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Douglas L. Kriner
- Department of Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tao Y, Yue Y, Qiu G, Ji Z, Spillman M, Gai Z, Chen Q, Bielecki M, Huber M, Trkola A, Wang Q, Cao J, Wang J. Comparison of analytical sensitivity and efficiency for SARS-CoV-2 primer sets by TaqMan-based and SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2207-2218. [PMID: 35218386 PMCID: PMC8881549 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to threaten public health. For developing countries where vaccines are still in shortage, cheaper alternative molecular methods for SARS-CoV-2 identification can be crucial to prevent the next wave. Therefore, 14 primer sets recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was evaluated on testing both clinical patient and environmental samples with the gold standard diagnosis method, TaqMan-based RT-qPCR, and a cheaper alternative method, SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR. Using suitable primer sets, such as ORF1ab, 2019_nCoV_N1 and 2019_nCoV_N3, the performance of the SYBR Green approach was comparable or better than the TaqMan approach, even when considering the newly dominating or emerging variants, including Delta, Eta, Kappa, Lambda, Mu, and Omicron. ORF1ab and 2019_nCoV_N3 were the best combination for sensitive and reliable SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnostics due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and broad accessibility. KEY POINTS: • With suitable primer sets, the SYBR Green method performs better than the TaqMan one. • With suitable primer sets, both methods should still detect the new variants well. • ORF1ab and 2019_nCoV_N3 were the best combination for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yile Tao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yang Yue
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Zheng Ji
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Martin Spillman
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qingfa Chen
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Michel Bielecki
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lobinska G, Pauzner A, Traulsen A, Pilpel Y, Nowak MA. Evolution of resistance to COVID-19 vaccination with dynamic social distancing. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:193-206. [PMID: 35210582 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The greatest hope for a return to normalcy following the COVID-19 pandemic is worldwide vaccination. Yet, a relaxation of social distancing that allows increased transmissibility, coupled with selection pressure due to vaccination, will probably lead to the emergence of vaccine resistance. We analyse the evolutionary dynamics of COVID-19 in the presence of dynamic contact reduction and in response to vaccination. We use infection and vaccination data from six different countries. We show that under slow vaccination, resistance is very likely to appear even if social distancing is maintained. Under fast vaccination, the emergence of mutants can be prevented if social distancing is maintained during vaccination. We analyse multiple human factors that affect the evolutionary potential of the virus, including the extent of dynamic social distancing, vaccination campaigns, vaccine design, boosters and vaccine hesitancy. We provide guidelines for policies that aim to minimize the probability of emergence of vaccine-resistant variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lobinska
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ady Pauzner
- Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Germany
| | - Yitzhak Pilpel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Martin A Nowak
- Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lucaci AG, Zehr JD, Shank SD, Bouvier D, Mei H, Nekrutenko A, Martin DP, Kosakovsky Pond SL. RASCL: Rapid Assessment Of SARS-CoV-2 Clades Through Molecular Sequence Analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.01.15.476448. [PMID: 35075458 PMCID: PMC8786235 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.15.476448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An important component of efforts to manage the ongoing COVID19 pandemic is the R apid A ssessment of how natural selection contributes to the emergence and proliferation of potentially dangerous S ARS-CoV-2 lineages and CL ades (RASCL). The RASCL pipeline enables continuous comparative phylogenetics-based selection analyses of rapidly growing clade-focused genome surveillance datasets, such as those produced following the initial detection of potentially dangerous variants. From such datasets RASCL automatically generates down-sampled codon alignments of individual genes/ORFs containing contextualizing background reference sequences, analyzes these with a battery of selection tests, and outputs results as both machine readable JSON files, and interactive notebook-based visualizations. AVAILABILITY RASCL is available from a dedicated repository at https://github.com/veg/RASCL and as a Galaxy workflow https://usegalaxy.eu/u/hyphy/w/rascl . Existing clade/variant analysis results are available here: https://observablehq.com/@aglucaci/rascl . CONTACT Dr. Sergei L Kosakovsky Pond ( spond@temple.edu ). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Lucaci
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordan D Zehr
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen D Shank
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dave Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Han Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Anton Nekrutenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Darren P Martin
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division Of Computational Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Sergei L Kosakovsky Pond
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Appearances of SARS-CoV-2 variants have created havoc and additional challenges for the ongoing vaccination drive against pandemic COVID-19. Interestingly, several vaccine platforms are showing great potential to produce successful vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Billions of COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. Mix-and-Match COVID-19 vaccines involving the mixing of the same platform vaccines and also two different vaccine platforms may provide greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. COVID-19 vaccines have become one of the most important tools to mitigate the ongoing pandemic COVID-19. AREAS COVERED We describe SARS-Cov-2 variants, their impact on the population, COVID-19 vaccines, diverse vaccine platforms, doses of vaccines, the efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, mitigation of the COVID-19 transmission- alternatives to vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Diverse vaccine platforms may safeguard against ongoing, deadly SARS-CoV-2 and its infectious variants. The efficacies of COVID-19 vaccines are significantly high after the administration of the second dose. Further, it protects individuals including vulnerable patients with co-morbidities from SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. The hospitalizations and deaths of the individuals may be prevented by COVID-19 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Chatterjee
- Chemical Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India,CONTACT Bhaswati Chatterjee Chemical Science National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, India
| | - Suman S. Thakur
- Proteomics and Cell Signaling, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India,Suman S. Thakur Principal Scientist, Proteomics and Cell Signaling, Lab W110 Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Soy M, Keser G, Atagündüz P. Pathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:372-389. [PMID: 34803441 PMCID: PMC8573840 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2105-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that killed a large number of patients around the world. A hyperinflammatory state resulting in a cytokine storm and adult respiratory distress syndrome seems to be the major cause of the death. Many mechanisms have been suggested in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 associated cytokine storm (COVID-CS). Insufficient viral clearance and persistence of a strong cytokine response despite inadequate antiviral immunity seem to be the main mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis. The diagnosis of COVID-19 is based on relatively constant clinical symptoms, clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging techniques, while the diagnosis of COVID-CS is a rather dynamic process, based on evolving or newly emerging findings during the clinical course. Management of COVID-19 consists of using antiviral agents to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and treating potential complications including the cytokine storm together with general supportive measures. COVID-CS may be treated using appropriate immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs that reduce the level of inappropriate systemic inflammation, which has the potential to cause organ damage. Currently corticosteroids, IL-6 blockers, or IL-1 blockers are most widely used for treating COVID-CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Soy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Altınbaş University, Bahçelievler Medical Park Hospital, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Gökhan Keser
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir Turkey
| | - Pamir Atagündüz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wheeler SE, Shurin GV, Yost M, Anderson A, Pinto L, Wells A, Shurin MR. Differential Antibody Response to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Healthy Subjects. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0034121. [PMID: 34346750 PMCID: PMC8552678 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00341-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about development and duration of virus-specific antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination is important for understanding how to limit the pandemic via vaccination in different populations and societies. However, the clinical utility of postvaccination testing of antibody response and selection of targeted SARS-CoV-2 antigen(s) has not been established. The results of such testing from clinical teams independent from vaccine manufacturers are also limited. Here, we report the initial results of an ongoing clinical study on evaluation of antibody response to four different SARS-CoV-2 antigens after first and second dose of Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines and at later time points. We revealed a peak of antibody induction after the vaccine boosting dose with a gradual decline of antibody levels at later time. Anti-nucleocapsid antibody was not induced by spike protein-encoding vaccines and this may continue to serve as a marker of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. No differences between the two vaccines in terms of antibody response were revealed. Age and gender dependencies were determined to be minimal within the healthy adult (but not aged) population. Our results suggest that postvaccination testing of antibody response is an important and feasible tool for following people after vaccination and selecting individuals who might require a third dose of vaccine at an earlier time point or persons who may not need a second dose due to previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Now that authorized vaccines for COVID-19 have been widely used, it is important to understand how they induce antivirus antibodies, which antigens are targeted, how long antibodies circulate, and how personal health conditions and age may affect this humoral immunity. Here, we report induction and time course of multiple anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in healthy individuals immunized with Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines. We also determined the age and gender dependence of the antibody response and compared antibody levels to responses seen in those who have recovered from COVID-19. Our results suggest the importance of screening for antibody response to multiple antigens after vaccination in order to reveal individuals who require early and late additional boosting and those who may not need second dose due to prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Yost
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Anderson
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Benicia, California, USA
| | - Lisa Pinto
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Benicia, California, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Effectiveness of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Severe and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Controlled Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178956. [PMID: 34501549 PMCID: PMC8430691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients frequently need pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) after hospitalization. However, little is known about the effectiveness of PR in COVID-19 patients. Methods: We compared the performances in the six-min walk test (6MWT), chronic respiratory questionnaire (CRQ), and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) from inpatient PR between 51 COVID-19 patients and 51 other patients with common pneumonia. We used multivariate linear regression controlled for baseline values at entrance, age, sex, and cumulative illness rating scale. The odds ratios (ORs) of non-improvement/improvement in 6MWT (>30-m) and CRQ (>10-point) at discharge were compared between the two groups (Fisher’s exact test). Results: The two groups had similar improvements in 6MWT and CRQ, but the COVID-19 group achieved a 4-point higher FIM (p-value = 0.004). The OR of non-improvement/improvement in 6MWT was 0.30 (p-value = 0.13) between COVID-19 and controls; however, the odds of non-improvement in CRQ tended to be 3.02 times higher (p-value = 0.075) in COVID-19 patients. Severe and critical COVID-19 patients had similar rehabilitation outcomes. Conclusions: Inpatient PR can effectively improve physical functions and life quality in COVID-19 patients, irrespective of disease severity. Whether the relatively low gains in CRQ is an indicator of chronic disease development in COVID-19 patients needs further studies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tai W, Chow MYT, Chang RYK, Tang P, Gonda I, MacArthur RB, Chan HK, Kwok PCL. Nebulised Isotonic Hydroxychloroquine Aerosols for Potential Treatment of COVID-19. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1260. [PMID: 34452220 PMCID: PMC8399722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an unprecedented pandemic that has severely impacted global public health and the economy. Hydroxychloroquine administered orally to COVID-19 patients was ineffective, but its antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions were observed in vitro. The lack of efficacy in vivo could be due to the inefficiency of the oral route in attaining high drug concentration in the lungs. Delivering hydroxychloroquine by inhalation may be a promising alternative for direct targeting with minimal systemic exposure. This paper reports on the characterisation of isotonic, pH-neutral hydroxychloroquine sulphate (HCQS) solutions for nebulisation for COVID-19. They can be prepared, sterilised, and nebulised for testing as an investigational new drug for treating this infection. The 20, 50, and 100 mg/mL HCQS solutions were stable for at least 15 days without refrigeration when stored in darkness. They were atomised from Aerogen Solo Ultra vibrating mesh nebulisers (1 mL of each of the three concentrations and, in addition, 1.5 mL of 100 mg/mL) to form droplets having a median volumetric diameter of 4.3-5.2 µm, with about 50-60% of the aerosol by volume < 5 µm. The aerosol droplet size decreased (from 4.95 to 4.34 µm) with increasing drug concentration (from 20 to 100 mg/mL). As the drug concentration and liquid volume increased, the nebulisation duration increased from 3 to 11 min. The emitted doses ranged from 9.1 to 75.9 mg, depending on the concentration and volume nebulised. The HCQS solutions appear suitable for preclinical and clinical studies for potential COVID-19 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waiting Tai
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Michael Yee Tak Chow
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Patricia Tang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Igor Gonda
- Pulmoquine Therapeutics, Inc., 1155 Camino Del Mar Suite 481, Del Mar, CA 92014, USA; (I.G.); (R.B.M.)
| | - Robert B. MacArthur
- Pulmoquine Therapeutics, Inc., 1155 Camino Del Mar Suite 481, Del Mar, CA 92014, USA; (I.G.); (R.B.M.)
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shalash AO, Hussein WM, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Key Considerations for the Development of Safe and Effective SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine: A Peptide-Based Vaccine Alternative. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100985. [PMID: 34176237 PMCID: PMC8373118 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is disastrous to global health and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits similar clinical symptoms and immunopathological sequelae to SARS-CoV infection. Therefore, much of the developmental progress on SARS-CoV vaccines can be utilized for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Careful antigen selection during development is always of utmost importance for the production of effective vaccines that do not compromise recipient safety. This holds especially true for SARS-CoV vaccines, as several immunopathological disorders are associated with the activity of structural and nonstructural proteins encoded in the virus's genetic material. Whole viral protein and RNA-encoding full-length proteins contain both protective and "dangerous" sequences, unless pathological fragments are deleted. In light of recent advances, peptide vaccines may present a very safe and effective alternative. Peptide vaccines can avoid immunopathological pro-inflammatory sequences, focus immune responses on neutralizing immunogenic epitopes, avoid off-target antigen loss, combine antigens with different protective roles or mechanisms, even from different viral proteins, and avoid mutant escape by employing highly conserved cryptic epitopes. In this review, an attempt is made to exploit the similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in vaccine antigen screening, with particular attention to the pathological and immunogenic properties of SARS proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Shalash
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
- School of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLD4102Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tauzin A, Nayrac M, Benlarbi M, Gong SY, Gasser R, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Brassard N, Laumaea A, Vézina D, Prévost J, Anand SP, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Niessl J, Tastet O, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Stamatatos L, McGuire AT, Larochelle C, Uchil P, Lu M, Mothes W, De Serres G, Moreira S, Roger M, Richard J, Martel-Laferrière V, Duerr R, Tremblay C, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. A single dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 elicits Fc-mediated antibody effector functions and T cell responses. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1137-1150.e6. [PMID: 34133950 PMCID: PMC8175625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the standard regimen of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 includes two doses administered 3 weeks apart, some public health authorities are spacing these doses, raising concerns about efficacy. However, data indicate that a single dose can be up to 90% effective starting 14 days post-administration. To assess the mechanisms contributing to protection, we analyzed humoral and T cell responses three weeks after a single BNT162b2 dose. We observed weak neutralizing activity elicited in SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals but strong anti-receptor binding domain and spike antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions and cellular CD4+ T cell responses. In previously infected individuals, a single dose boosted all humoral and T cell responses, with strong correlations between T helper and antibody immunity. Our results highlight the potential role of Fc-mediated effector functions and T cell responses in vaccine efficacy. They also provide support for spacing doses to vaccinate more individuals in conditions of vaccine scarcity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2BA, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2BA, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département des Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pradeep Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, QC, H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Sandrine Moreira
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2BA, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zella D, Giovanetti M, Benedetti F, Unali F, Spoto S, Guarino M, Angeletti S, Ciccozzi M. The variants question: What is the problem? J Med Virol 2021; 93:6479-6485. [PMID: 34255352 PMCID: PMC8426965 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China in early December 2019 has rapidly widespread worldwide. Over the course of the pandemic, due to the advance of whole-genome sequencing technologies, an unprecedented number of genomes have been generated, providing both invaluable insights into the ongoing evolution and epidemiology of the virus and allowing the identification of hundreds of circulating genetic variants during the pandemic. In recent months variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have an increased number of mutations on the Spike protein have brought concern all over the world. These have been called "variants of concerns" (VOCs), and/or "variants of interests" (VOIs) as it has been suggested that their genome mutations might impact transmission, immune control, and virulence. Tracking the spread of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is crucial to inform public health efforts and control the ongoing pandemic. In this review, a concise characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 mutational patterns of the main VOCs and VOIs circulating and cocirculating worldwide has been presented to determine the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2 threat to better understand the virus genetic diversity and its potential impact on vaccination strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zella
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francesca Benedetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Francesco Unali
- Area Comunicazione e Brand Management, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Spoto
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Guarino
- Department of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Medical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, University of Biomedical Campus, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Crafa A, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Mongioì LM, Barbagallo F, Aversa A, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. Influence of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol levels on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 37:100967. [PMID: 34179737 PMCID: PMC8215557 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), a respiratory infection that, starting from December 2019, has spread around the world in a few months, becoming a pandemic. The lack of initial knowledge on its management has led to a great effort in developing vaccines and in finding therapeutic weapons capable of improving the clinical outcome of the affected patients. In particular, the possible role of vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19 has been widely analysed, resulting in a great amount of data. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess whether hypovitaminosis D is a risk factor for developing SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether it affects the worsening of the clinical course of COVID-19. METHODS Data were extracted through extensive searches in the Pubmed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Academic One Files, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from December 2019 to January 2021, using the keywords: "Vitamin D", "25 hydroxy Vitamin D", "25 hydroxycholecalciferol", "cholecalciferol", "COVID 19″, "SARS-CoV-2″. We included observational cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies that evaluated differences in serum levels of 25‑hydroxy-cholecalciferol [25(OH)D] in patients who were positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2, in patients with mild or severe forms of COVID-19, and in patients who died or were discharged from the hospital. Finally, studies that evaluated the risk of developing severe illness or death in patients with vitamin D deficiency (VDD), defined as levels of 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml, were also included. We calculated the mean difference (MD) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for quantitative variables such as 25(OH)D levels in patients with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection, in those with mild vs. severe COVID-19, or those who have died vs. those who have been discharged. Instead, we calculated odds ratios and 95% CI for qualitative ones, such as the number of patients with severe illness/death in the presence of VDD vs. those with normal serum 25(OH)D levels. A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021241473). FINDINGS Out of 662 records, 30 articles met inclusion criteria and, therefore, were included in the meta-analysis. We found that the serum levels of 25(OH)D were significantly lower in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection than in negative ones [MD -3.99 (-5.34, -2.64); p <0.00001; I2= 95%]. Furthermore, its levels were significantly lower in patients with severe disease [MD -6.88 (-9.74, -4.03); p <0.00001; I2=98%] and in those who died of COVID-19 [MD -8.01 (-12.50, -3.51); p = 0.0005; I2=86%]. Finally, patients with VDD had an increased risk of developing severe disease [OR 4.58 (2.24, 9.35); p <0.0001; I2=84%] but not a fatal outcome [OR 4.92 (0.83, 29.31); p = 0.08; I2=94%]. INTERPRETATION This meta-analysis revealed a large heterogeneity of the studies included due to the different enrolment criteria of patient samples (age, body mass index, ethnicity, comorbidities), the country where they live, all factors influencing serum 25(OH)D levels, and the different criteria used to define the severity of COVID-19. Furthermore, the observational nature of these studies does not allow to establish a cause-effect relationship, even taking into account that 25(OH)D represents a marker of acute inflammation. Treatment with vitamin D might be considered for the primary prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the management of patients with COVID-19. However, further intervention studies are needed to prove this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crafa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Rosita A. Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Laura M. Mongioì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Aldo E. Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Acharya A, Pandey K, Thurman M, Klug E, Trivedi J, Lorson CL, Singh K, Byrareddy SN. Discovery and in-vitro evaluation of potent SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33821265 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.02.438204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection initiates with the attachment of spike protein to the ACE2 receptor. While vaccines have been developed, no SARS-CoV-2 specific small molecule inhibitors have been approved. Herein, utilizing the crystal structure of the ACE2/Spike receptor binding domain (S-RBD) complex in computer-aided drug design (CADD) approach, we docked ∼8 million compounds within the pockets residing at S-RBD/ACE2 interface. Five best hits depending on the docking score, were selected and tested for their in vitro efficacy to block SARS-CoV-2 replication. Of these, two compounds (MU-UNMC-1 and MU-UNMC-2) blocked SARS-CoV-2 replication at sub-micromolar IC 50 in human bronchial epithelial cells (UNCN1T) and Vero cells. Furthermore, MU-UNMC-2 was highly potent in blocking the virus entry by using pseudoviral particles expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike. Finally, we found that MU-UNMC-2 is highly synergistic with remdesivir (RDV), suggesting that minimal amounts are needed when used in combination with RDV, and has the potential to develop as a potential entry inhibitor for COVID-19.
Collapse
|
31
|
Tauzin A, Nayrac M, Benlarbi M, Gong SY, Gasser R, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Brassard N, Laumaea A, Vézina D, Prévost J, Anand SP, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Niessl J, Tastet O, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Stamatatos L, McGuire AT, Larochelle C, Uchil P, Lu M, Mothes W, Serres GD, Moreira S, Roger M, Richard J, Martel-Laferrière V, Duerr R, Tremblay C, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. A single BNT162b2 mRNA dose elicits antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions and boost pre-existing humoral and T cell responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33758857 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.18.435972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The standard dosing of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine validated in clinical trials includes two doses administered three weeks apart. While the decision by some public health authorities to space the doses because of limiting supply has raised concerns about vaccine efficacy, data indicate that a single dose is up to 90% effective starting 14 days after its administration. We analyzed humoral and T cells responses three weeks after a single dose of this mRNA vaccine. Despite the proven efficacy of the vaccine at this time point, no neutralizing activity were elicited in SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals. However, we detected strong anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) and Spike antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions and cellular responses dominated by the CD4 + T cell component. A single dose of this mRNA vaccine to individuals previously infected by SARS-CoV-2 boosted all humoral and T cell responses measured, with strong correlations between T helper and antibody immunity. Neutralizing responses were increased in both potency and breadth, with distinctive capacity to neutralize emerging variant strains. Our results highlight the importance of vaccinating uninfected and previously-infected individuals and shed new light into the potential role of Fc-mediated effector functions and T cell responses in vaccine efficacy. They also provide support to spacing the doses of two-vaccine regimens to vaccinate a larger pool of the population in the context of vaccine scarcity against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|