1
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Coelho CH, Marquez S, Nguemwo Tentokam BC, Berhe AD, Miura K, Rao VN, Long CA, Doumbo OK, Sagara I, Healy S, Kleinstein SH, Duffy PE. Antibody gene features associated with binding and functional activity in malaria vaccine-derived human mAbs. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:144. [PMID: 39127706 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of adjuvants on malaria vaccine-induced antibody repertoire is poorly understood. Here, we characterize the impact of two adjuvants, Alhydrogel® and AS01, on antibody clonotype diversity, binding and function, post malaria vaccination. We expressed 132 recombinant anti-Pfs230D1 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from participants immunized with malaria transmission-blocking vaccine Pfs230D1, formulated with either Alhydrogel® or AS01. Anti-Pfs230D1 mAbs generated by Alhydrogel® formulation showed higher binding frequency to Pfs230D1 compared to AS01 formulation, although the frequency of functional mAbs was similar between adjuvant groups. Overall, the AS01 formulation induced anti-Pfs230D1 functional antibodies from a broader array of germline sequences versus the Alhydrogel® formulation. All mAbs using IGHV1-69 gene from the Alhydrogel® cohort bound to recombinant Pfs230D1, but did not block parasite transmission to mosquitoes, similar to the IGHV1-69 mAbs isolated from the AS01 cohort. These findings may help inform vaccine design and adjuvant selection for immunization with Plasmodium antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- C-VARPP- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Immunology Precision Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susanna Marquez
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Bergeline C Nguemwo Tentokam
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anne D Berhe
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Vishal N Rao
- C-VARPP- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sara Healy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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2
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Dickey TH, McAleese H, Salinas ND, Lambert LE, Tolia NH. Structure-based design of a Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein immunogen focuses the antibody response to functional epitopes. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5095. [PMID: 38988315 PMCID: PMC11237555 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The Duffy-binding protein (DBP) is a promising antigen for a malaria vaccine that would protect against clinical symptoms caused by Plasmodium vivax infection. Region II of DBP (DBP-II) contains the receptor-binding domain that engages host red blood cells, but DBP-II vaccines elicit many non-neutralizing antibodies that bind distal to the receptor-binding surface. Here, we engineered a truncated DBP-II immunogen that focuses the immune response to the receptor-binding surface. This immunogen contains the receptor-binding subdomain S1S2 and lacks the immunodominant subdomain S3. Structure-based computational design of S1S2 identified combinatorial amino acid changes that stabilized the isolated S1S2 without perturbing neutralizing epitopes. This immunogen elicited DBP-II-specific antibodies in immunized mice that were significantly enriched for blocking activity compared to the native DBP-II antigen. This generalizable design process successfully stabilized an integral core fragment of a protein and focused the immune response to desired epitopes to create a promising new antigen for malaria vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
- Animals
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Mice
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne H. Dickey
- Host‐Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Holly McAleese
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Nichole D. Salinas
- Host‐Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Lynn E. Lambert
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Niraj H. Tolia
- Host‐Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
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3
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Martinez FJ, White M, Guillotte-Blisnick M, Huon C, Boucharlat A, Agou F, England P, Popovici J, Hou MM, Silk SE, Barrett JR, Nielsen CM, Reimer JM, Mukherjee P, Chauhan VS, Minassian AM, Draper SJ, Chitnis CE. PvDBPII elicits multiple antibody-mediated mechanisms that reduce growth in a Plasmodium vivax challenge trial. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:10. [PMID: 38184681 PMCID: PMC10771494 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain, region II, of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBPII) binds the Duffy antigen on the reticulocyte surface to mediate invasion. A heterologous vaccine challenge trial recently showed that a delayed dosing regimen with recombinant PvDBPII SalI variant formulated with adjuvant Matrix-MTM reduced the in vivo parasite multiplication rate (PMR) in immunized volunteers challenged with the Thai P. vivax isolate PvW1. Here, we describe extensive analysis of the polyfunctional antibody responses elicited by PvDBPII immunization and identify immune correlates for PMR reduction. A classification algorithm identified antibody features that significantly contribute to PMR reduction. These included antibody titre, receptor-binding inhibitory titre, dissociation constant of the PvDBPII-antibody interaction, complement C1q and Fc gamma receptor binding and specific IgG subclasses. These data suggest that multiple immune mechanisms elicited by PvDBPII immunization are likely to be associated with protection and the immune correlates identified could guide the development of an effective vaccine for P. vivax malaria. Importantly, all the polyfunctional antibody features that correlated with protection cross-reacted with both PvDBPII SalI and PvW1 variants, suggesting that immunization with PvDBPII should protect against diverse P. vivax isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martinez
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael White
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Christèle Huon
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alix Boucharlat
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Molecular Biophysics Facility, CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean Popovici
- Malaria Reasearch Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mimi M Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | | | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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4
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Rajneesh, Tiwari R, Singh VK, Kumar A, Gupta RP, Singh AK, Gautam V, Kumar R. Advancements and Challenges in Developing Malaria Vaccines: Targeting Multiple Stages of the Parasite Life Cycle. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1795-1814. [PMID: 37708228 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium species, remains a major global health concern, causing millions of deaths annually. While the introduction of the RTS,S vaccine has shown promise, there is a pressing need for more effective vaccines due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant vectors. However, the complex life cycle and genetic diversity of the parasite, technical obstacles, limited funding, and the impact of the 2019 pandemic have hindered progress in malaria vaccine development. This review focuses on advancements in malaria vaccine development, particularly the ongoing clinical trials targeting antigens from different stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. Additionally, we discuss the rationale, strategies, and challenges associated with vaccine design, aiming to enhance the immune response and protective efficacy of vaccine candidates. A cost-effective and multistage vaccine could hold the key to controlling and eradicating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vishal K Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rohit P Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh K Singh
- Faculty of Dental Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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5
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Dickey TH, Tolia NH. Designing an effective malaria vaccine targeting Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:850-858. [PMID: 37481347 PMCID: PMC11099547 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria caused by the Plasmodium vivax parasite is a major global health burden. Immunity against blood-stage infection reduces parasitemia and disease severity. Duffy-binding protein (DBP) is the primary parasite protein responsible for the invasion of red blood cells and it is a leading subunit vaccine candidate. An effective vaccine, however, is still lacking despite decades of interest in DBP as a vaccine candidate. This review discusses the reasons for targeting DBP, the challenges associated with developing a vaccine, and modern structural vaccinology methods that could be used to create an effective DBP vaccine. Next-generation DBP vaccines have the potential to elicit a broadly protective immune response and provide durable and potent protection from P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne H Dickey
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
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6
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Martinez FJ, Guillotte-Blisnick M, Huon C, England P, Popovici J, Laude H, Arowas L, Ungeheuer MN, Reimer JM, Carter D, Reed S, Mukherjee P, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE. Immunogenicity of a Plasmodium vivax vaccine based on the duffy binding protein formulated using adjuvants compatible for use in humans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13904. [PMID: 37626150 PMCID: PMC10457348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion of reticulocytes by Plasmodium vivax merozoites is dependent on the interaction of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) with the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC). The N-terminal cysteine-rich region II of PvDBP (PvDBPII), which binds DARC, is a leading P. vivax malaria vaccine candidate. Here, we have evaluated the immunogenicity of recombinant PvDBPII formulated with the adjuvants Matrix-M and GLA-SE in mice. Analysis of the antibody responses revealed comparable ELISA recognition titres as well as similar recognition of native PvDBP in P. vivax schizonts by immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, antibodies elicited by the two adjuvant formulations had similar functional properties such as avidity, isotype profile and inhibition of PvDBPII-DARC binding. Furthermore, the anti-PvDBPII antibodies were able to block the interaction of DARC with the homologous PvDBPII SalI allele as well as the heterologous PvDBPII PvW1 allele from a Thai clinical isolate that is used for controlled human malaria infections (CHMI). The cross-reactivity of these antibodies with PvW1 suggest that immunization with the PvDBPII SalI strain should neutralize reticulocyte invasion by the challenge P. vivax strain PvW1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martinez
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Micheline Guillotte-Blisnick
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Christèle Huon
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Plate-Forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean Popovici
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hélène Laude
- Investigational Clinical Service and Access to Research Bio-Resources (ICAReB), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Arowas
- Investigational Clinical Service and Access to Research Bio-Resources (ICAReB), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Investigational Clinical Service and Access to Research Bio-Resources (ICAReB), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Darrick Carter
- HDT Bio, Seattle, WA, USA
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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7
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Coelho CH, Marquez S, Tentokam BCN, Berhe AD, Miura K, Long CA, Sagara I, Healy S, Kleinstein SH, Duffy PE. Antibody gene features associated with binding and functional activity in vaccine-derived human mAbs targeting malaria parasites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551554. [PMID: 37781572 PMCID: PMC10541113 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants have been essential to malaria vaccine development, but their impact on the vaccine-induced antibody repertoire is poorly understood. Here, we used cDNA sequences from antigen-specific single memory B cells to express 132 recombinant human anti-Pfs230 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Alhydrogel®-induced mAbs demonstrated higher binding to Pfs230D1, although functional activity was similar between adjuvants. All Alhydrogel® mAbs using IGHV1-69 gene bound to recombinant Pfs230D1, but none blocked parasite transmission to mosquitoes; similarly, no AS01 mAb using IGHV1-69 blocked transmission. Functional mAbs from both Alhydrogel® and AS01 vaccines used IGHV3-21 and IGHV3-30 genes. Antibodies with the longest CDR3 sequences were associated with binding but not functional activity. This study assesses adjuvant effects on antibody clonotype diversity during malaria vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H. Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY
| | - Susanna Marquez
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bergeline C. Nguemwo Tentokam
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne D. Berhe
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sara Healy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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da Veiga GTS, Moriggi MR, Vettorazzi JF, Müller-Santos M, Albrecht L. Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go? Front Immunol 2023; 13:910236. [PMID: 36726991 PMCID: PMC9885200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most devastating human infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium spp. parasites. A search for an effective and safe vaccine is the main challenge for its eradication. Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent Plasmodium species and the most geographically distributed parasite and has been neglected for decades. This has a massive gap in knowledge and consequently in the development of vaccines. The most significant difficulties in obtaining a vaccine against P. vivax are the high genetic diversity and the extremely complex life cycle. Due to its complexity, studies have evaluated P. vivax antigens from different stages as potential targets for an effective vaccine. Therefore, the main vaccine candidates are grouped into preerythrocytic stage vaccines, blood-stage vaccines, and transmission-blocking vaccines. This review aims to support future investigations by presenting the main findings of vivax malaria vaccines to date. There are only a few P. vivax vaccines in clinical trials, and thus far, the best protective efficacy was a vaccine formulated with synthetic peptide from a circumsporozoite protein and Montanide ISA-51 as an adjuvant with 54.5% efficacy in a phase IIa study. In addition, the majority of P. vivax antigen candidates are polymorphic, induce strain-specific and heterogeneous immunity and provide only partial protection. Nevertheless, immunization with recombinant proteins and multiantigen vaccines have shown promising results and have emerged as excellent strategies. However, more studies are necessary to assess the ideal vaccine combination and test it in clinical trials. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against vivax malaria is essential for controlling and eliminating the disease. Therefore, it is necessary to determine what is already known to propose and identify new candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Tatiane Soares da Veiga
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Parasites Research, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil,Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Müller-Santos
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Parasites Research, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil,*Correspondence: Letusa Albrecht,
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9
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Cheng L, Tang X, He Y, Ju B, Wang H. A Δ42PD1 fusion-expressing DNA vaccine elicits enhanced adaptive immune response to HIV-1: the key role of TLR4. Virol J 2022; 19:174. [PMID: 36320043 PMCID: PMC9628179 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in the 1990s, the DNA vaccine has been of great interest because of its ability to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses while showing relative advantages regarding producibility, stability and storage. However, when applied to human subjects, inadequate immunogenicity remains as the greatest challenge for the practical use of DNA vaccines. In this study, we generated a DNA vaccine Δ42PD1-P24 encoding a fusion protein comprised of the HIV-1 Gag p24 antigen and the extracellular domain of murine Δ42PD1, a novel endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist. Using a mouse model, we found that Δ42PD1-P24 DNA vaccine elicited a higher antibody response and an increased number of IFN-γ-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells. Moreover, mice with Δ42PD1-P24 DNA vaccination were protected from a subcutaneous challenge with murine mesothelioma cells expressing the HIV-1 p24 antigen. Importantly, the Δ42PD1-mediated enhancement of immune responses was not observed in TLR4 knockout mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccines could be improved by the fusion of the extracellular domain of Δ42PD1 to target the immunogen to dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong Province, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xian Tang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Ju
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong Province, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong Province, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong Province, China.
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10
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Xu S, Carpenter MC, Spreng RL, Neidich SD, Sarkar S, Tenney D, Goodman D, Sawant S, Jha S, Dunn B, Juliana McElrath M, Bekker V, Mudrak SV, Flinko R, Lewis GK, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Ackerman ME. Impact of adjuvants on the biophysical and functional characteristics of HIV vaccine-elicited antibodies in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:90. [PMID: 35927399 PMCID: PMC9352797 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants can alter the magnitude, characteristics, and persistence of the humoral response to protein vaccination. HIV vaccination might benefit from tailored adjuvant choice as raising a durable and protective response to vaccination has been exceptionally challenging. Analysis of trials of partially effective HIV vaccines have identified features of the immune response that correlate with decreased risk, including high titers of V1V2-binding IgG and IgG3 responses with low titers of V1V2-binding IgA responses and enhanced Fc effector functions, notably antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). However, there has been limited opportunity to compare the effect of different adjuvants on these activities in humans. Here, samples from the AVEG015 study, a phase 1 trial in which participants (n = 112) were immunized with gp120SF-2 and one of six different adjuvants or combinations thereof were assessed for antibody titer, biophysical features, and diverse effector functions. Three adjuvants, MF59 + MTP-PE, SAF/2, and SAF/2 + MDP, increased the peak magnitude and durability of antigen-specific IgG3, IgA, FcγR-binding responses and ADCP activity, as compared to alum. While multiple adjuvants increased the titer of IgG, IgG3, and IgA responses, none consistently altered the balance of IgG to IgA or IgG3 to IgA. Linear regression analysis identified biophysical features including gp120-specific IgG and FcγR-binding responses that could predict functional activity, and network analysis identified coordinated aspects of the humoral response. These analyses reveal the ability of adjuvants to drive the character and function of the humoral response despite limitations of small sample size and immune variability in this human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Rachel L Spreng
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott D Neidich
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - DeAnna Tenney
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brooke Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valerie Bekker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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11
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Turley JL, Lavelle EC. Resolving adjuvant mode of action to enhance vaccine efficacy. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102229. [PMID: 35779364 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are a miscellaneous range of molecules and materials that can enhance the magnitude, functionality, breadth and durability of immune responses. Despite the multiplicity of compounds with adjuvant properties, less than a dozen are in clinical use in vaccines against infectious diseases. While many factors have contributed to their slow development, among the major challenges are the high safety and efficacy standards set by current adjuvants in human vaccines and our limited understanding of how adjuvants mediate their effects. This review outlines why it is so difficult to elucidate their mechanism of action, highlights areas that require in-depth research and discusses recent advancements that are revitalising adjuvant development. It is hoped that a fuller understanding of adjuvant sensing, signalling and function will facilitate the design of vaccines that promote sustained protective immunity against challenging bacterial and viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Turley
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02R590, Ireland.
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02R590, Ireland.
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12
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White M, Chitnis CE. Potential role of vaccines in elimination of Plasmodium vivax. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102592. [PMID: 35489701 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The unique biology of Plasmodium vivax, with its ability to form latent hypnozoites in the liver stage and the early appearance of gametocytes during blood stage infection, makes it difficult to target for elimination with standard malaria control tools. Here, we use modelling studies to demonstrate that vaccines that target different stages of P. vivax could greatly assist efforts to eliminate P. vivax. Combination of vaccines that target different P. vivax life cycle stages may be required to achieve high efficacy. Our simulations demonstrate that repeated rounds of mass vaccination with multi-stage vaccines can help achieve pre-elimination levels of P. vivax in both low and high transmission settings. We review the status of global efforts to develop vaccines for P. vivax malaria. We describe the status of the leading P. vivax vaccine candidates and share some thoughts on the prospects for availability of an effective vaccine for P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael White
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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13
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Janitzek CM, Carlsen PHR, Thrane S, Khanna VM, Jakob V, Barnier-Quer C, Collin N, Theander TG, Salanti A, Nielsen MA, Sander AF. The Immunogenicity of Capsid-Like Particle Vaccines in Combination with Different Adjuvants Using Different Routes of Administration. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020131. [PMID: 33562114 PMCID: PMC7915698 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid-like particle (CLP) displays can be used to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens, but a better understanding of how CLP vaccines are best formulated and delivered is needed. This study compared the humoral immune responses in mice elicited against two different vaccine antigens (a bacterial protein and a viral peptide) delivered on an AP205 CLP platform using six different adjuvant formulations. In comparison to antibody responses obtained after immunization with the unadjuvanted CLP vaccine, three of the adjuvant systems (neutral liposomes/monophosphoryl lipid A/quillaja saponaria 21, squalene-in-water emulsion, and monophosphoryl lipid A) caused significantly increased antibody levels, whereas formulation with the three other adjuvants (aluminum hydroxide, cationic liposomes, and cationic microparticles) resulted in similar or even decreased antibody responses. When delivering the soluble bacterial protein in a squalene-in-water emulsion, 4-log lower IgG levels were obtained compared to when the protein was delivered on CLPs without the adjuvant. The AP205 CLP platform promoted induction of both IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses, which could be skewed towards a higher production of IgG1 (aluminum hydroxide). Compared to other routes, intramuscular administration elicited the highest IgG levels. These results indicate that the effect of the external adjuvant does not always synergize with the adjuvant effect of the CLP display, which underscores the need for empirical testing of different extrinsic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M. Janitzek
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip H. R. Carlsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Thrane
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vijansh M. Khanna
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Plan-Les-Ouates, 1228 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (C.B.-Q.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (C.B.-Q.); (N.C.)
| | - Thor G. Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten A. Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam F. Sander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-30111529
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14
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Cookenham T, Lanzer KG, Gage E, Lorenzo EC, Carter D, Coler RN, Baldwin SL, Haynes L, Reiley WW, Blackman MA. Vaccination of aged mice with adjuvanted recombinant influenza nucleoprotein enhances protective immunity. Vaccine 2020; 38:5256-5267. [PMID: 32540272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elderly individuals are highly susceptible to influenza virus (IAV) infection and respond poorly to influenza vaccines. Although the generally accepted correlate of protection following influenza vaccination is neutralizing antibody titers, cytotoxic T cell activity has been found to be a better correlate in the elderly. This suggests that vaccines designed to protect against influenza in the elderly should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. The co-induction of T cell immunity is additionally advantageous, as virus-specific T cells are frequently cross-reactive against different strains of IAV. Here, we tested the capacity of a synthetic TLR-4 adjuvant, SLA-SE (second-generation lipid adjuvant formulated in a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion) to elicit T cell immunity to a recombinant influenza nucleoprotein (rNP), in both young and aged mice. IAV challenge of vaccinated mice resulted in a modest increase in the numbers of NP-specific CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in the spleen, but did not increase numbers of memory phenotype CD8 T cells generated following viral clearance (compared to control vaccinated mice). Cytotoxic activity of CD8, but not CD4 T cells was increased. In addition, SLA-SE adjuvanted vaccination specifically enhanced the production of NP-specific IgG2c antibodies in both young and aged mice. Although NP-specific antibodies are not neutralizing, they can cooperate with CD8 T cells and antigen-presenting cells to enhance protective immunity. Importantly, SLA-SE adjuvanted rNP-vaccination of aged mice resulted in significantly enhanced viral clearance. In addition, vaccination of aged mice resulted in enhanced survival after lethal challenge compared to control vaccination, that approached statistical significance. These data demonstrate the potential of SLA-SE adjuvanted rNP vaccines to (i) generate both cellular and humoral immunity to relatively conserved IAV proteins and (ii) elicit protective immunity to IAV in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Gage
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica C Lorenzo
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Laura Haynes
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, USA
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15
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Phad GE, Pushparaj P, Tran K, Dubrovskaya V, Àdori M, Martinez-Murillo P, Vázquez Bernat N, Singh S, Dionne G, O’Dell S, Bhullar K, Narang S, Sorini C, Villablanca EJ, Sundling C, Murrell B, Mascola JR, Shapiro L, Pancera M, Martin M, Corcoran M, Wyatt RT, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Extensive dissemination and intraclonal maturation of HIV Env vaccine-induced B cell responses. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20191155. [PMID: 31704807 PMCID: PMC7041718 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-ordered HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers are prioritized for clinical evaluation, and there is a need for an improved understanding about how elicited B cell responses evolve following immunization. To accomplish this, we prime-boosted rhesus macaques with clade C NFL trimers and identified 180 unique Ab lineages from ∼1,000 single-sorted Env-specific memory B cells. We traced all lineages in high-throughput heavy chain (HC) repertoire (Rep-seq) data generated from multiple immune compartments and time points and expressed several as monoclonal Abs (mAbs). Our results revealed broad dissemination and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) of most lineages, including tier 2 virus neutralizing lineages, following boosting. SHM was highest in the Ab complementarity determining regions (CDRs) but also surprisingly high in the framework regions (FRs), especially FR3. Our results demonstrate the capacity of the immune system to affinity-mature large numbers of Env-specific B cell lineages simultaneously, supporting the use of regimens consisting of repeated boosts to improve each Ab, even those belonging to less expanded lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh E. Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pradeepa Pushparaj
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Tran
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Viktoriya Dubrovskaya
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Monika Àdori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paola Martinez-Murillo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Néstor Vázquez Bernat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Gilman Dionne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sijy O’Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Komal Bhullar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjana Narang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Sorini
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo J. Villablanca
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Marcel Martin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard T. Wyatt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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16
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Fu Y, Lu X, Zhu F, Zhao Y, Ding Y, Ye L, Guo B, Liu T, Xu W. Improving the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a whole-killed malaria blood-stage vaccine by chloroquine. Parasite Immunol 2019; 42:e12682. [PMID: 31644820 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A whole-killed malaria blood-stage vaccine (WKV) is promising in reducing the morbidity and mortality of malaria patients, but its efficacy needs to be improved. We found that the antimalarial drug chloroquine could augment the protective efficacy of the WKV of Plasmodium yoelii. The direct antimalarial effect of chloroquine on parasites during immunization could be excluded, as the administration of chloroquine or chloroquine plus alum every two weeks had a slight effect on parasitemia, and an immunization with NP-KLH (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin) plus chloroquine could significantly promote the generation of NP-specific antibodies. Additionally, alum was required for chloroquine to augment the immunogenicity of the pRBC lysate. Chloroquine did not promote the parasite-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, but significantly enhanced the WKV-induced germinal centre B cell reactions, class-switch recombination and secretion of functionally protective antibodies to plasmodium. The elevated parasite-specific antibodies were demonstrated to largely contribute to the chloroquine-enhanced protective immunity. Thus, we report that chloroquine could be used as an adjuvant to enhance the protective immunity of WKVs through promoting humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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17
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Schmidt ST, Pedersen GK, Christensen D. Rational Design and In Vivo Characterization of Vaccine Adjuvants. ILAR J 2019; 59:309-322. [PMID: 30624655 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different adjuvants are currently being developed for subunit vaccines against a number of pathogens and diseases. Rational design is increasingly used to develop novel vaccine adjuvants, which requires extensive knowledge of, for example, the desired immune responses, target antigen-presenting cell subsets, their localization, and expression of relevant pattern-recognition receptors. The adjuvant mechanism of action and efficacy are usually evaluated in animal models, where mice are by far the most used. In this review, we present methods for assessing adjuvant efficacy and function in animal models: (1) whole-body biodistribution evaluated by using fluorescently and radioactively labeled vaccine components; (2) association and activation of immune cell subsets at the injection site, in the draining lymph node, and the spleen; (4) adaptive immune responses, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, various T-helper cell subsets, and antibody responses, which may be quantitatively evaluated using ELISA, ELISPOT, and immunoplex assays and qualitatively evaluated using flow cytometric and single cell sequencing assays; and (5) effector responses, for example, antigen-specific cytotoxic potential of CD8+ T cells and antibody neutralization assays. While the vaccine-induced immune responses in mice often correlate with the responses induced in humans, there are instances where immune responses detected in mice are not translated to the human situation. We discuss some examples of correlation and discrepancy between mouse and human immune responses and how to understand them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Tandrup Schmidt
- Statens Serum Institut, Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Kristian Pedersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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18
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Mabvakure BM, Rott R, Dobrowsky L, Van Heusden P, Morris L, Scheepers C, Moore PL. Advancing HIV Vaccine Research With Low-Cost High-Performance Computing Infrastructure: An Alternative Approach for Resource-Limited Settings. Bioinform Biol Insights 2019; 13:1177932219882347. [PMID: 35173421 PMCID: PMC8842485 DOI: 10.1177/1177932219882347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized biological research by generating genomic data that were once unaffordable by traditional first-generation sequencing technologies. These sequencing methodologies provide an opportunity for in-depth analyses of host and pathogen genomes as they are able to sequence millions of templates at a time. However, these large datasets can only be efficiently explored using bioinformatics analyses requiring huge data storage and computational resources adapted for high-performance processing. High-performance computing allows for efficient handling of large data and tasks that may require multi-threading and prolonged computational times, which is not feasible with ordinary computers. However, high-performance computing resources are costly and therefore not always readily available in low-income settings. We describe the establishment of an affordable high-performance computing bioinformatics cluster consisting of 3 nodes, constructed using ordinary desktop computers and open-source software including Linux Fedora, SLURM Workload Manager, and the Conda package manager. For the analysis of large antibody sequence datasets and for complex viral phylodynamic analyses, the cluster out-performed desktop computers. This has demonstrated that it is possible to construct high-performance computing capacity capable of analyzing large NGS data from relatively low-cost hardware and entirely free (open-source) software, even in resource-limited settings. Such a cluster design has broad utility beyond bioinformatics to other studies that require high-performance computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsirai M Mabvakure
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Van Heusden
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Cathrine Scheepers
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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19
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Lai M, Wang Q, Lu Y, Xu X, Xia Y, Tu M, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Peng Y, Zheng X. Signatures of B-cell receptor diversity in B lymphocytes following Epstein-Barr virus transformation. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:197-207. [PMID: 31002588 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00124.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widespread human virus that establishes latent infection, potentially leading to tumors, hematological disorders, and other severe diseases. EBV infections are associated with diverse symptoms and affect various organs; therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires of B cell surface immunoglobulins have been widely studied for their association with various infectious diseases. However, the specific genetic changes that modulate the BCR repertoires after an EBV infection are still poorly understood. In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to investigate the diversity of BCR repertoires in an EBV-transformed lymphoblastic cell line (LCL). Compared with the noninfected control B cell line, the LCL exhibited a decrease in overall BCR diversity but displayed an increase in the expansion of some dominant rearrangements such as IGHV4-31/IGHJ4, IGHV4-59/IGHJ4, IGHV5-51/IGHJ3, and IGHV3-74/IGHJ3. A higher frequency of occurrence of these rearrangement types was confirmed in patients with EBV infection. Interestingly, the IGHV3-74 rearrangement was only detected in EBV-infected children, suggesting that our experimental observations were not coincidental. In addition, we identified a highly dominant consensus motif, CAR(xRx)YGSG(xYx)FD, in complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences of the heavy chain in the LCL. Our findings demonstrated the utility of HTS technology for studying the variations in signature motifs of the BCR repertoires after EBV infection. We propose that the analysis of BCR repertoire sequences represents a promising method for diagnosing early EBV infections and developing novel antibody- and vaccine-based therapies against such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Lai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Qiongdan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Yutian Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Mengyun Tu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaoqun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education , Wenzhou, Zhejiang , China
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20
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Baldwin SL, Larsen SE, Ordway D, Cassell G, Coler RN. The complexities and challenges of preventing and treating nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007083. [PMID: 30763316 PMCID: PMC6375572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seemingly innocuous nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species, classified by their slow or rapid growth rates, can cause a wide range of illnesses, from skin ulceration to severe pulmonary and disseminated disease. Despite their worldwide prevalence and significant disease burden, NTM do not garner the same financial or research focus as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this review, we outline the most abundant of over 170 NTM species and inadequacies of diagnostics and treatments and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of currently available in vivo animal models of NTM. In order to effectively combat this group of mycobacteria, more research focused on appropriate animal models of infection, screening of chemotherapeutic compounds, and development of anti-NTM vaccines and diagnostics is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sasha E. Larsen
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Diane Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gail Cassell
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Wilson DS, Hirosue S, Raczy MM, Bonilla-Ramirez L, Jeanbart L, Wang R, Kwissa M, Franetich JF, Broggi MAS, Diaceri G, Quaglia-Thermes X, Mazier D, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Antigens reversibly conjugated to a polymeric glyco-adjuvant induce protective humoral and cellular immunity. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:175-185. [PMID: 30643235 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fully effective vaccines for complex infections must elicit a diverse repertoire of antibodies (humoral immunity) and CD8+ T-cell responses (cellular immunity). Here, we present a synthetic glyco-adjuvant named p(Man-TLR7), which, when conjugated to antigens, elicits robust humoral and cellular immunity. p(Man-TLR7) is a random copolymer composed of monomers that either target dendritic cells (DCs) via mannose-binding receptors or activate DCs via Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Protein antigens are conjugated to p(Man-TLR7) via a self-immolative linkage that releases chemically unmodified antigen after endocytosis, thus amplifying antigen presentation to T cells. Studies with ovalbumin (OVA)-p(Man-TLR7) conjugates demonstrate that OVA-p(Man-TLR7) generates greater humoral and cellular immunity than OVA conjugated to polymers lacking either mannose targeting or TLR7 ligand. We show significant enhancement of Plasmodium falciparum-derived circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-specific T-cell responses, expansion in the breadth of the αCSP IgG response and increased inhibition of sporozoite invasion into hepatocytes with CSP-p(Man-TLR7) when compared with CSP formulated with MPLA/QS-21-loaded liposomes-the adjuvant used in the most clinically advanced malaria vaccine. We conclude that our antigen-p(Man-TLR7) platform offers a strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of protein subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott Wilson
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sachiko Hirosue
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal M Raczy
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonardo Bonilla-Ramirez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Laura Jeanbart
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marcin Kwissa
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Franetich
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Maria A S Broggi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giacomo Diaceri
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Quaglia-Thermes
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Science and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The blood stage of the malaria parasite life cycle is responsible for all the clinical symptoms of malaria. During the blood stage, Plasmodium merozoites invade and multiply within host red blood cells (RBCs). Here, we review the progress made, challenges faced, and new strategies available for the development of blood stage malaria vaccines. We discuss our current understanding of immune responses against blood stages and the status of clinical development of various blood stage malaria vaccine candidates. We then discuss possible paths forward to develop effective blood stage malaria vaccines. This includes a discussion of protective immune mechanisms that can be elicited to target blood stage parasites, novel delivery systems, immunoassays and animal models to optimize vaccine candidates in preclinical studies, and use of challenge models to get an early readout of vaccine efficacy.
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23
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Applications of Immunomodulatory Immune Synergies to Adjuvant Discovery and Vaccine Development. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:373-388. [PMID: 30470547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens comprise a diverse set of immunostimulatory molecules that activate the innate immune system during infection. The immune system recognizes distinct combinations of pathogenic molecules leading to multiple immune activation events that cooperate to produce enhanced immune responses, known as 'immune synergies'. Effective immune synergies are essential for the clearance of pathogens, thus inspiring novel adjuvant design to improve vaccines. We highlight current vaccine adjuvants and the importance of immune synergies to adjuvant and vaccine design. The focus is on new technologies used to study and apply immune synergies to adjuvant and vaccine development. Finally, we discuss how recent findings can be applied to the future design and characterization of synergistic adjuvants and vaccines.
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24
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Reed SG, Carter D, Casper C, Duthie MS, Fox CB. Correlates of GLA family adjuvants' activities. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:22-29. [PMID: 30366662 PMCID: PMC6289613 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a well-defined agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 that activates innate immune responses and influences the development of the adaptive response during infection with Gram-negative bacteria. Many years ago, Dr. Edgar Ribi separated the adjuvant activity of LPS from its toxic effects, an effort that led to the development of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). MPL, derived from Salmonella minnesota R595, has progressed through clinical development and is now used in various product-enabling formulations to support the generation of antigen-specific responses in several commercial and preclinical vaccines. We have generated several synthetic lipid A molecules, foremost glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) and second-generation lipid adjuvant (SLA), and have advanced these to clinical trial for various indications. In this review we summarize the potential and current positioning of TLR4-based adjuvant formulations in approved and emerging vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Corey Casper
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
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25
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Singh K, Mukherjee P, Shakri AR, Singh A, Pandey G, Bakshi M, Uppal G, Jena R, Rawat A, Kumar P, Bhardwaj R, Yazdani SS, Hans D, Mehta S, Srinivasan A, Anil K, Madhusudhan RL, Patel J, Singh A, Rao R, Gangireddy S, Patil R, Kaviraj S, Singh S, Carter D, Reed S, Kaslow DC, Birkett A, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE. Malaria vaccine candidate based on Duffy-binding protein elicits strain transcending functional antibodies in a Phase I trial. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:48. [PMID: 30302285 PMCID: PMC6162314 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulocyte invasion by Plasmodium vivax requires interaction of the Duffy-binding protein (PvDBP) with host Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARCs). The binding domain of PvDBP maps to a cysteine-rich region referred to as region II (PvDBPII). Blocking this interaction offers a potential path to prevent P. vivax blood-stage growth and P. vivax malaria. This forms the rationale for development of a vaccine based on PvDBPII. Here we report results of a Phase I randomized trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant PvDBPII formulated with glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-stable emulsion (GLA-SE). Thirty-six malaria-naive, healthy Indian male subjects aged 18-45 years were assigned into three cohorts corresponding to doses of 10, 25 and 50 µg of PvDBPII formulated with 5 µg of GLA-SE. Each cohort included nine PvDBPII/GLA-SE vaccinees and three hepatitis B control vaccine recipients. Each subject received the assigned vaccine intramuscularly on days 0, 28 and 56, and was followed up till day 180. No serious AE was reported and PvDBPII/GLA-SE was well-tolerated and safe. Analysis by ELISA showed that all three doses of PvDBPII elicited antigen-specific binding-inhibitory antibodies. The 50 µg dose elicited antibodies against PvDBPII that had the highest binding-inhibitory titres and were most persistent. Importantly, the antibody responses were strain transcending and blocked receptor binding of diverse PvDBP alleles. These results support further clinical development of PvDBPII/GLA-SE to evaluate efficacy against sporozoite or blood-stage challenge in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) models and against natural P. vivax challenge in malaria endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Singh
- Multi-Vaccines Development Program, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ahmad Rushdi Shakri
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Multi-Vaccines Development Program, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Multi-Vaccines Development Program, New Delhi, India
- USBT, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Rajender Jena
- Multi-Vaccines Development Program, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Rawat
- Multi-Vaccines Development Program, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rukmini Bhardwaj
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shams Yazdani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Hans
- Multi-Vaccines Development Program, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - K. Anil
- Syngene International Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Jaya Patel
- Syngene International Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Syngene International Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steve Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Virander S. Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan E. Chitnis
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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26
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Van Hoeven N, Wiley S, Gage E, Fiore-Gartland A, Granger B, Gray S, Fox C, Clements DE, Parks DE, Winram S, Stinchcomb DT, Reed SG, Coler RN. A combination of TLR-4 agonist and saponin adjuvants increases antibody diversity and protective efficacy of a recombinant West Nile Virus antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:39. [PMID: 30302281 PMCID: PMC6158298 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae family are the leading causes of mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. While dengue virus is the most prevalent, the recent Zika virus outbreak in the Americas triggered a WHO public health emergency, and yellow fever and West Nile viruses (WNV) continue to cause regional epidemics. Given the sporadic nature of flaviviral epidemics both temporally and geographically, there is an urgent need for vaccines that can rapidly provide effective immunity. Protection from flaviviral infection is correlated with antibodies to the viral envelope (E) protein, which encodes receptor binding and fusion functions. TLR agonist adjuvants represent a promising tool to enhance the protective capacity of flavivirus vaccines through dose and dosage reduction and broadening of antiviral antibody responses. This study investigates the ability to improve the immunogenicity and protective capacity of a promising clinical-stage WNV recombinant E-protein vaccine (WN-80E) using a novel combination adjuvant, which contains a potent TLR-4 agonist and the saponin QS21 in a liposomal formulation (SLA-LSQ). Here, we show that, in combination with WN-80E, optimized SLA-LSQ is capable of inducing long-lasting immune responses in preclinical models that provide sterilizing protection from WNV challenge, reducing viral titers following WNV challenge to undetectable levels in Syrian hamsters. We have investigated potential mechanisms of action by examining the antibody repertoire generated post-immunization. SLA-LSQ induced a more diverse antibody response to WNV recombinant E-protein antigen than less protective adjuvants. Collectively, these studies identify an adjuvant formulation that enhances the protective capacity of recombinant flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Van Hoeven
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Steven Wiley
- Imdaptive Inc., 3010 Northwest 56th Street, Seattle, WA 98107 USA
| | - Emily Gage
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- 4Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Brian Granger
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Sean Gray
- 5PAI Life Sciences Incorporated, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 250, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Christopher Fox
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - David E Clements
- 6Hawaii Biotech Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, HI 96701 USA
| | - D Elliot Parks
- 6Hawaii Biotech Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, HI 96701 USA
| | - Scott Winram
- 7Leidos Inc., 11951 Freedom Drive, Reston, VA 20190 USA
| | - Dan T Stinchcomb
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.,5PAI Life Sciences Incorporated, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 250, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
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27
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Carter D, van Hoeven N, Baldwin S, Levin Y, Kochba E, Magill A, Charland N, Landry N, Nu K, Frevol A, Ashman J, Sagawa ZK, Beckmann AM, Reed SG. The adjuvant GLA-AF enhances human intradermal vaccine responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaas9930. [PMID: 30221194 PMCID: PMC6136895 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are key to shaping the immune response to vaccination, but to date, no adjuvant suitable for human use has been developed for intradermal vaccines. These vaccines could be self-administered and sent through the mail as they do not require long needles or technical expertise in immunization. In the event of a pandemic outbreak, this approach could alleviate the congregation of patients in health centers and thus reduce the potential of these centers to enhance the spread of lethal infection. A reliable and potent vaccine system for self-administration would provide an effective countermeasure for delivery through existing product distribution infrastructure. We report results from preclinical and clinical trials that demonstrate the feasibility of an adjuvanted, intradermal vaccine that induced single shot protection in ferrets and seroprotection in humans against one of the more lethal strains of pandemic flu, Indonesia H5N1. In the human trial, the vaccine was safe and clinical responses were above approvable endpoints for a protective flu vaccine. Inclusion of a modern TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) agonist-based adjuvant was critical to the development of the response in the intradermal groups. In humans, this is the first report of a safe and effective intradermal adjuvant, GLA-AF (aqueous formulation of glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant), and provides a future path for developing a vaccine-device combination for distribution by mail and self-administration in case of a pandemic.
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MESH Headings
- 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/adverse effects
- 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/immunology
- 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adult
- Animals
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Ferrets
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/pharmacology
- Injections, Intradermal
- Lipid A/adverse effects
- Lipid A/analogs & derivatives
- Lipid A/immunology
- Lipid A/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick Carter
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA 98102, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Neal van Hoeven
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | - Susan Baldwin
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | - Yotam Levin
- NanoPass Technologies Ltd., Nes Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Al Magill
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington,
VA 22203, USA
| | | | | | - Khin Nu
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | - Aude Frevol
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | - Jill Ashman
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | | | | | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
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28
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Control of Heterologous Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV smE660 Infection by DNA and Protein Coimmunization Regimens Combined with Different Toll-Like-Receptor-4-Based Adjuvants in Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00281-18. [PMID: 29793957 PMCID: PMC6052320 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00281-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine continues to be of paramount importance for the control of the pandemic, and it has been proven to be an elusive target. Vaccine efficacy trials and macaque challenge studies indicate that protection may be the result of combinations of many parameters. We show that a combination of DNA and protein vaccinations applied at the same time provides rapid and robust cellular and humoral immune responses and evidence for a reduced risk of infection. Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies and Env V2-specific antibodies at mucosal sites contribute to the delay of SIVsmE660 acquisition, and genetic makeup (TRIM-5α) affects the effectiveness of the vaccine. These data are important for the design of better vaccines and may also affect other vaccine platforms. We developed a method of simultaneous vaccination with DNA and protein resulting in robust and durable cellular and humoral immune responses with efficient dissemination to mucosal sites and protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. To further optimize the DNA-protein coimmunization regimen, we tested a SIVmac251-based vaccine formulated with either of two Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand-based liposomal adjuvant formulations (TLR4 plus TLR7 [TLR4+7] or TLR4 plus QS21 [TLR4+QS21]) in macaques. Although both vaccines induced humoral responses of similar magnitudes, they differed in their functional quality, including broader neutralizing activity and effector functions in the TLR4+7 group. Upon repeated heterologous SIVsmE660 challenge, a trend of delayed viral acquisition was found in vaccinees compared to controls, which reached statistical significance in animals with the TRIM-5α-resistant (TRIM-5α R) allele. Vaccinees were preferentially infected by an SIVsmE660 transmitted/founder virus carrying neutralization-resistant A/K mutations at residues 45 and 47 in Env, demonstrating a strong vaccine-induced sieve effect. In addition, the delay in virus acquisition directly correlated with SIVsmE660-specific neutralizing antibodies. The presence of mucosal V1V2 IgG binding antibodies correlated with a significantly decreased risk of virus acquisition in both TRIM-5α R and TRIM-5α-moderate/sensitive (TRIM-5α M/S) animals, although this vaccine effect was more prominent in animals with the TRIM-5α R allele. These data support the combined contribution of immune responses and genetic background to vaccine efficacy. Humoral responses targeting V2 and SIV-specific T cell responses correlated with viremia control. In conclusion, the combination of DNA and gp120 Env protein vaccine regimens using two different adjuvants induced durable and potent cellular and humoral responses contributing to a lower risk of infection by heterologous SIV challenge. IMPORTANCE An effective AIDS vaccine continues to be of paramount importance for the control of the pandemic, and it has been proven to be an elusive target. Vaccine efficacy trials and macaque challenge studies indicate that protection may be the result of combinations of many parameters. We show that a combination of DNA and protein vaccinations applied at the same time provides rapid and robust cellular and humoral immune responses and evidence for a reduced risk of infection. Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies and Env V2-specific antibodies at mucosal sites contribute to the delay of SIVsmE660 acquisition, and genetic makeup (TRIM-5α) affects the effectiveness of the vaccine. These data are important for the design of better vaccines and may also affect other vaccine platforms.
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Gao Y, Wijewardhana C, Mann JFS. Virus-Like Particle, Liposome, and Polymeric Particle-Based Vaccines against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541072 PMCID: PMC5835502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is acknowledged that vaccines remain the best hope for eliminating the HIV-1 epidemic. However, the failure to produce effective vaccine immunogens and the inability of conventional delivery strategies to elicit the desired immune responses remains a central theme and has ultimately led to a significant roadblock in HIV vaccine development. Consequently, significant efforts have been applied to generate novel vaccine antigens and delivery agents, which mimic viral structures for optimal immune induction. Here, we review the latest developments that have occurred in the nanoparticle vaccine field, with special emphasis on strategies that are being utilized to attain highly immunogenic, systemic, and mucosal anti-HIV humoral and cellular immune responses. This includes the design of novel immunogens, the central role of antigen-presenting cells, delivery routes, and biodistribution of nanoparticles to lymph nodes. In particular, we will focus on virus-like-particle formulations and their preclinical uses within the HIV prophylactic vaccine setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Chanuka Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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30
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Liu X, Wu J. History, applications, and challenges of immune repertoire research. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 34:441-457. [PMID: 29484527 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-9426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of T and B cells in terms of their receptor sequences is huge in the vertebrate's immune system and provides broad protection against the vast diversity of pathogens. Immune repertoire is defined as the sum of T cell receptors and B cell receptors (also named immunoglobulin) that makes the organism's adaptive immune system. Before the emergence of high-throughput sequencing, the studies on immune repertoire were limited by the underdeveloped methodologies, since it was impossible to capture the whole picture by the low-throughput tools. The massive paralleled sequencing technology suits perfectly the researches on immune repertoire. In this article, we review the history of immune repertoire studies, in terms of technologies and research applications. Particularly, we discuss several aspects of challenges in this field and highlight the efforts to develop potential solutions, in the era of high-throughput sequencing of the immune repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
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31
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Wiley SR, Raman VS. Molecular Methods and Bioinformatic Tools for Adjuvant Characterization by High-Throughput Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1494:353-368. [PMID: 27718207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants in vaccine formulations are designed to enhance immune responses against a target antigen or pathogen. The ability of these vaccines to induce activation and differentiation of mature naïve B cells to produce pathogen-specific antibodies (immunoglobulins; Ig) helps guarantee long-lived humoral immunity. This process involves clonal expansion of antigen-specific B cells, genomic rearrangement of Ig heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) loci, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and clonal selection for affinity-matured antibody, resulting in a vast but directed repertoire of B cells expressing highly specific antibody proteins. High-throughput sequencing of the IgH and IgL complementary determining regions (CDRs) derived from various B cell populations provides an unprecedented way to observe dynamic responses of the humoral immune repertoire in response to vaccination. However, applying high-throughput sequencing (HTS) methodologies to multi-armed in vivo experiments requires careful coordination of sample preparation with downstream bioinformatics, particularly with regard to issues of quantitation, sequence fidelity, bar-coding, and multiplexing strategies. Here, we overview strategies of high-throughput sequencing and analysis of the adaptive immune complex loci applied to multi-armed, multiplexed experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Wiley
- Imdaptive Inc., 3010 NW 56th Street, Seattle, WA, 98107, USA.
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Abstract
Developing new vaccines against emerging pathogens or pathogens where variability of antigenic sites presents a challenge, the inclusion of stimulators of the innate immune system is critical to mature the immune response in a way that allows high avidity recognition while preserving the ability to react to drifted serovars. The innate immune system is an ancient mechanism for recognition of nonself and the first line of defense against pathogen insult. By triggering innate receptors, adjuvants can boost responses to vaccines and enhance the quality and magnitude of the resulting immune response. This chapter: (1) describes the innate immune system, (2) provides examples of how adjuvants are formulated to optimize their effectiveness, and (3) presents examples of how adjuvants can improve outcomes of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick Carter
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 550, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
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33
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Fischetti L, Zhong Z, Pinder CL, Tregoning JS, Shattock RJ. The synergistic effects of combining TLR ligand based adjuvants on the cytokine response are dependent upon p38/JNK signalling. Cytokine 2017; 99:287-296. [PMID: 28826648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptor (TLR) ligands are important adjuvant candidates, causing antigen presenting cells to release inflammatory mediators, leading to the recruitment and activation of other leukocytes. The aim of this study was to define the response of human blood derived dendritic cells and macrophages to three TLR ligands acting singly or in combination, Poly I:C (TLR3), GLA (TLR4) and R848 (TLR7/8). Combinations of TLR agonists have been shown to have a synergistic effect on individual cytokines, here we look at the global inflammatory response measuring both cytokines and chemokines. Using a custom Luminex assay we saw dose responses in several mediators including CCL3 (MIP1α), IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, CXCL10 (IP-10) and IL-6, all of which were significantly increased by the combination of R848 and GLA, even when low dose GLA was added. The synergistic effect was inhibited by specific MAP kinase inhibitors blocking the kinases p38 and JNK but not MEK1. Combining TLR adjuvants also had a synergistic effect on cytokine responses in human mucosal tissue explants. From this we conclude that the combination of R848 and GLA potentiates the inflammatory profile of antigen presenting cells. Since the pattern of inflammatory mediators released can alter the quality and quantity of the adaptive immune response to vaccination, this study informs vaccine adjuvant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Fischetti
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Ziyun Zhong
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L Pinder
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - John S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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34
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Zhao Y, Forst CV, Sayegh CE, Wang IM, Yang X, Zhang B. Molecular and genetic inflammation networks in major human diseases. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2318-41. [PMID: 27303926 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00240d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been well-recognized that inflammation alongside tissue repair and damage maintaining tissue homeostasis determines the initiation and progression of complex diseases. Albeit with the accomplishment of having captured the most critical inflammation-involved molecules, genetic susceptibilities, epigenetic factors, and environmental factors, our schemata on the role of inflammation in complex diseases remain largely patchy, in part due to the success of reductionism in terms of research methodology per se. Omics data alongside the advances in data integration technologies have enabled reconstruction of molecular and genetic inflammation networks which shed light on the underlying pathophysiology of complex diseases or clinical conditions. Given the proven beneficial role of anti-inflammation in coronary heart disease as well as other complex diseases and immunotherapy as a revolutionary transition in oncology, it becomes timely to review our current understanding of the molecular and genetic inflammation networks underlying major human diseases. In this review, we first briefly discuss the complexity of infectious diseases and then highlight recently uncovered molecular and genetic inflammation networks in other major human diseases including obesity, type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, late onset Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and sporadic cancer. The commonality and specificity of these molecular networks are addressed in the context of genetics based on genome-wide association study (GWAS). The double-sword role of inflammation, such as how the aberrant type 1 and/or type 2 immunity leads to chronic and severe clinical conditions, remains open in terms of the inflammasome and the core inflammatome network features. Increasingly available large Omics and clinical data in tandem with systems biology approaches have offered an exciting yet challenging opportunity toward reconstruction of more comprehensive and dynamic molecular and genetic inflammation networks, which hold great promise in transiting network snapshots to video-style multi-scale interplays of disease mechanisms, in turn leading to effective clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA. and Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christian V Forst
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA. and Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA
| | - Camil E Sayegh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated, 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - I-Ming Wang
- Informatics and Analysis, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA. and Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA
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35
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Payne RO, Silk SE, Elias SC, Milne KH, Rawlinson TA, Llewellyn D, Shakri AR, Jin J, Labbé GM, Edwards NJ, Poulton ID, Roberts R, Farid R, Jørgensen T, Alanine DG, de Cassan SC, Higgins MK, Otto TD, McCarthy JS, de Jongh WA, Nicosia A, Moyle S, Hill AV, Berrie E, Chitnis CE, Lawrie AM, Draper SJ. Human vaccination against Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein induces strain-transcending antibodies. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93683. [PMID: 28614791 PMCID: PMC5470884 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria geographically; however, no effective vaccine exists. Red blood cell invasion by the P. vivax merozoite depends on an interaction between the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) and region II of the parasite’s Duffy-binding protein (PvDBP_RII). Naturally acquired binding-inhibitory antibodies against this interaction associate with clinical immunity, but it is unknown whether these responses can be induced by human vaccination. METHODS. Safety and immunogenicity of replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) viral vectored vaccines targeting PvDBP_RII (Salvador I strain) were assessed in an open-label dose-escalation phase Ia study in 24 healthy UK adults. Vaccines were delivered by the intramuscular route in a ChAd63-MVA heterologous prime-boost regimen using an 8-week interval. RESULTS. Both vaccines were well tolerated and demonstrated a favorable safety profile in malaria-naive adults. PvDBP_RII–specific ex-vivo IFN-γ T cell, antibody-secreting cell, memory B cell, and serum IgG responses were observed after the MVA boost immunization. Vaccine-induced antibodies inhibited the binding of vaccine homologous and heterologous variants of recombinant PvDBP_RII to the DARC receptor, with median 50% binding-inhibition titers greater than 1:100. CONCLUSION. We have demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge that strain-transcending antibodies can be induced against the PvDBP_RII antigen by vaccination in humans. These vaccine candidates warrant further clinical evaluation of efficacy against the blood-stage P. vivax parasite. TRIAL REGISTRATION. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01816113. FUNDING. Support was provided by the UK Medical Research Council, UK National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and the Wellcome Trust. A clinical trial of a candidate blood-stage Plasmodium vivax vaccine targeting the Duffy-binding protein demonstrates safety and immunogenicity in healthy adults and induces strain-transcending antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth O Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn H Milne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Llewellyn
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Rushdi Shakri
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick J Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Roberts
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Farid
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Jørgensen
- ExpreS2, ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | | | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Willem A de Jongh
- ExpreS2, ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairòs SRL), Viale Città d'Europa, Rome, Italy.,CEINGE, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sarah Moyle
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Vs Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.,Institut Pasteur, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Van Hoeven N, Fox CB, Granger B, Evers T, Joshi SW, Nana GI, Evans SC, Lin S, Liang H, Liang L, Nakajima R, Felgner PL, Bowen RA, Marlenee N, Hartwig A, Baldwin SL, Coler RN, Tomai M, Elvecrog J, Reed SG, Carter D. A Formulated TLR7/8 Agonist is a Flexible, Highly Potent and Effective Adjuvant for Pandemic Influenza Vaccines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46426. [PMID: 28429728 PMCID: PMC5399443 DOI: 10.1038/srep46426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype have been transmitted from avian hosts to humans. The severity of H5N1 infection in humans, as well as the sporadic nature of H5N1 outbreaks, both geographically and temporally, make generation of an effective vaccine a global public health priority. An effective H5N1 vaccine must ultimately provide protection against viruses from diverse clades. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist adjuvant formulations have a demonstrated ability to broaden H5N1 vaccine responses in pre-clinical models. However, many of these agonist molecules have proven difficult to develop clinically. Here, we describe comprehensive adjuvant formulation development of the imidazoquinoline TLR-7/8 agonist 3M-052, in combination with H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) based antigens. We find that 3M-052 in multiple formulations protects both mice and ferrets from lethal H5N1 homologous virus challenge. Furthermore, we conclusively demonstrate the ability of 3M-052 adjuvant formulations to broaden responses to H5N1 HA based antigens, and show that this broadening is functional using a heterologous lethal virus challenge in ferrets. Given the extensive clinical use of imidazoquinoline TLR agonists for other indications, these studies identify multiple adjuvant formulations which may be rapidly advanced into clinical trials in an H5N1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Brian Granger
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Tara Evers
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Sharvari W Joshi
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Ghislain I Nana
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Sarah C Evans
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Susan Lin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Li Liang
- University of California Irvine, Department of Medicine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- University of California Irvine, Department of Medicine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- University of California Irvine, Department of Medicine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nicole Marlenee
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Airn Hartwig
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Susan L Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Mark Tomai
- 3M, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota 55121, USA
| | | | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle WA 98103, USA
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37
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Mosaheb MM, Reiser ML, Wetzler LM. Toll-Like Receptor Ligand-Based Vaccine Adjuvants Require Intact MyD88 Signaling in Antigen-Presenting Cells for Germinal Center Formation and Antibody Production. Front Immunol 2017; 8:225. [PMID: 28316602 PMCID: PMC5334362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are critical in the fight against infectious diseases, and immune-stimulating adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine efficacy. However, the precise mechanisms of action of most adjuvants are unknown. There is an urgent need for customized and adjuvant formulated vaccines against immune evading pathogens that remain a risk today. Understanding the specific role of various cell types in adjuvant-induced protective immune responses is vital for an effective vaccine design. We have investigated the role of cell-specific MyD88 signaling in vaccine adjuvant activity in vivo, using Neisserial porin B (PorB), a TLR2 ligand-based adjuvant, compared with an endosomal TLR9 ligand (CpG) and toll-like receptor (TLR)-independent (alum, MF59) adjuvants. We found that intact MyD88 signaling is essential, separately, in all three antigen-presenting cell types [B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs)] for optimal TLR ligand-based adjuvant activity. The role of MyD88 signaling in B cell and DC in vaccine adjuvant has been previously investigated. In this study, we now demonstrate that the immune response was also reduced in mice with macrophage-specific MyD88 deletion (Mac-MyD88-/-). We demonstrate that TLR-dependent adjuvants are potent inducers of germinal center (GC) responses, but GCs are nearly absent in Mac-MyD88-/- mice following immunization with TLR-dependent adjuvants PorB or CpG, but not with TLR-independent adjuvants MF59 or alum. Our findings reveal a unique and here-to-for unrecognized importance of intact MyD88 signaling in macrophages, to allow for a robust vaccine-induced immune responses when TLR ligand-based adjuvants are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir M. Mosaheb
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L. Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee M. Wetzler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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A structure-function approach to optimizing TLR4 ligands for human vaccines. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e108. [PMID: 27990284 PMCID: PMC5133366 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are combined with vaccine antigens to enhance and modify immune responses, and have historically been primarily crude, undefined entities. Introducing toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands has led to a new generation of adjuvants, with TLR4 ligands being the most extensively used in human vaccines. The TLR4 crystal structures demonstrate extensive contact with their ligands and provide clues as to how they discriminate a broad array of molecules and activate or attenuate innate, as well as adaptive, responses resulting from these interactions. Leveraging this discerning ability, we made subtle chemical alterations to the structure of a synthetic monophosphoryl lipid-A molecule to produce SLA, a designer TLR4 ligand that had a number of desirable adjuvant effects. The SLA molecule stimulated human TLR4 and induced Th1 biasing cytokines and chemokines. On human cells, the activity of SLA plateaued at lower concentrations than the lipid A comparator, and induced cytokine profiles distinct from other known TLR4 agonists, indicating the potential for superior adjuvant performance. SLA was formulated in an oil-in-water emulsion, producing an adjuvant that elicited potent Th1-biased adaptive responses. This was verified using a recombinant Leishmania vaccine antigen, first in mice, then in a clinical study in which the antigen-specific Th1-biased responses observed in mice were recapitulated in humans. These results demonstrated that using structure-based approaches one can predictably design and produce modern adjuvant formulations for safe and effective human vaccines.
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39
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Mitchell RA, Altszuler R, Frevert U, Nardin EH. Skin scarification with Plasmodium falciparum peptide vaccine using synthetic TLR agonists as adjuvants elicits malaria sporozoite neutralizing immunity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32575. [PMID: 27624667 PMCID: PMC5021941 DOI: 10.1038/srep32575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria eradication will require a combination of vector control, chemotherapy and an easily administered vaccine. Sterile immunity can be elicited in humans by immunization with sporozoites, the infective stage injected by bite of the mosquito vector, however, whole parasite vaccines present formidable logistical challenges for production, storage and administration. The “gold standard” for infectious disease eradiation, the Smallpox Eradication Programme, utilized mass immunization using the skin scarification (SS) route. SS may more closely mimic the natural route of malaria infection initiated by sporozoites injected by mosquito bite which elicits both neutralizing antibodies and protective cell mediated immunity. We investigated the potential of SS immunization using a malaria repeat peptide containing a protective B cell epitope of Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal human species, and delivery vehicles containing TLR agonists as adjuvants. In a murine model, SS immunization with peptide in combination with TLR-7/8 and -9 agonists elicited high levels of systemic sporozoite neutralizing antibody, Th1- type CD4+ T cells and resistance to challenge by bites of infected mosquitoes. SS provides the potential to elicit humoral immunity to target Plasmodium at multiple stages of its complex life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rita Altszuler
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ute Frevert
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Nardin
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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40
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Hou D, Chen C, Seely EJ, Chen S, Song Y. High-Throughput Sequencing-Based Immune Repertoire Study during Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:336. [PMID: 27630639 PMCID: PMC5005336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The selectivity of the adaptive immune response is based on the enormous diversity of T and B cell antigen-specific receptors. The immune repertoire, the collection of T and B cells with functional diversity in the circulatory system at any given time, is dynamic and reflects the essence of immune selectivity. In this article, we review the recent advances in immune repertoire study of infectious diseases, which were achieved by traditional techniques and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques. HTS techniques enable the determination of complementary regions of lymphocyte receptors with unprecedented efficiency and scale. This progress in methodology enhances the understanding of immunologic changes during pathogen challenge and also provides a basis for further development of novel diagnostic markers, immunotherapies, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Hou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cuicui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Eric John Seely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Shujing Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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41
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Reed SG, Hsu FC, Carter D, Orr MT. The science of vaccine adjuvants: advances in TLR4 ligand adjuvants. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:85-90. [PMID: 27392183 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TLR ligands are used in modern vaccine adjuvants, TLR4 ligand-based adjuvants are the most advanced in commercial vaccines. Increased understanding of TLR4 receptor-ligand interactions enables chemical synthesis and modification of new leads and our understanding of the biological/immunological mechanisms of combination adjuvants enables formulation of potent and safe vaccine compositions. Characterization of non-glycolipid TLR4 ligands provided new mechanistic information that could lead to new formulations. This review discusses advances in TLR4 agonist design-both glycolipid and non-glycolipid based TLR4 ligands-as well as CD14 activation as options to activate or synergize with TLR4 signaling. Finally, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms that are elicited by formulated TLR4 targeted combination adjuvants during the initiation of innate immune responses leading to quality adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Fan-Chi Hsu
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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42
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Gray SA, Moore M, VandenEkart EJ, Roque RP, Bowen RA, Van Hoeven N, Wiley SR, Clegg CH. Selection of therapeutic H5N1 monoclonal antibodies following IgVH repertoire analysis in mice. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:100-8. [PMID: 27109194 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rate of influenza virus mutation drives the emergence of new strains that inflict serious seasonal epidemics and less frequent, but more deadly, pandemics. While vaccination provides the best protection against influenza, its utility is often diminished by the unpredictability of new pathogenic strains. Consequently, efforts are underway to identify new antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies that can be used to treat recently infected individuals and prevent disease in vulnerable populations. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and the analysis of antibody gene repertoires is a valuable tool for Ab discovery. Here, we describe a technology platform for isolating therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by analyzing the IgVH repertoires of mice immunized with recombinant H5N1 hemagglutinin (rH5). As an initial proof of concept, 35 IgVH genes were selected using a CDRH3 search algorithm and co-expressed in a murine IgG2a expression vector with a panel of germline murine kappa genes. Culture supernatants were then screened for antigen binding. Seventeen of the 35 IgVH MAbs (49%) bound rH5VN1203 in preliminary screens and 8 of 9 purified MAbs inhibited 3 heterosubtypic strains of H5N1 virus when assayed by HI. Two of these MAbs demonstrated prophylactic and therapeutic activity in virus-challenged mice. This is the first example in which an NGS discovery platform has been used to isolate anti-influenza MAbs with relevant therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Gray
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; PAI LifeSciences Incorporated, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 250, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Margaret Moore
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Emily J VandenEkart
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1616 Eastlake Ave. E, Suite 560, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Richard P Roque
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Steven R Wiley
- Imdaptive Inc., 3010 Northwest 56th Street, Seattle, WA 98107, USA
| | - Christopher H Clegg
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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43
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Balam S, Jafarshad A, Servis C, Frank G, Reed S, Pink R, Druilhe P, Spertini F, Corradin G. Immunogenicity of dimorphic and C-terminal fragments of Plasmodium falciparum MSP2 formulated with different adjuvants in mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:1566-1574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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44
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Van Hoeven N, Joshi SW, Nana GI, Bosco-Lauth A, Fox C, Bowen RA, Clements DE, Martyak T, Parks DE, Baldwin S, Reed SG, Coler RN. A Novel Synthetic TLR-4 Agonist Adjuvant Increases the Protective Response to a Clinical-Stage West Nile Virus Vaccine Antigen in Multiple Formulations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149610. [PMID: 26901122 PMCID: PMC4762984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted member of the Flaviviridae family that has emerged in recent years to become a serious public health threat. Given the sporadic nature of WNV epidemics both temporally and geographically, there is an urgent need for a vaccine that can rapidly provide effective immunity. Protection from WNV infection is correlated with antibodies to the viral envelope (E) protein, which encodes receptor binding and fusion functions. Despite many promising E-protein vaccine candidates, there are currently none licensed for use in humans. This study investigates the ability to improve the immunogenicity and protective capacity of a promising clinical-stage WNV recombinant E-protein vaccine (WN-80E) by combining it with a novel synthetic TLR-4 agonist adjuvant. Using the murine model of WNV disease, we find that inclusion of a TLR-4 agonist in either a stable oil-in-water emulsion (SE) or aluminum hydroxide (Alum) formulation provides both dose and dosage sparing functions, whereby protection can be induced after a single immunization containing only 100 ng of WN-80E. Additionally, we find that inclusion of adjuvant with a single immunization reduced viral titers in sera to levels undetectable by viral plaque assay. The enhanced protection provided by adjuvanted immunization correlated with induction of a Th1 T-cell response and the resultant shaping of the IgG response. These findings suggest that inclusion of a next generation adjuvant may greatly enhance the protective capacity of WNV recombinant subunit vaccines, and establish a baseline for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sharvari Waghmare Joshi
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Ghislain Ismael Nana
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America
| | - David E. Clements
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - Timothy Martyak
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - D. Elliot Parks
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - Susan Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
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45
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Tom J, Dotsey EY, Wong HY, Stutts L, Moore T, Davies DH, Felgner P, Esser-Kahn AP. Modulation of Innate Immune Responses via Covalently Linked TLR Agonists. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:439-448. [PMID: 26640818 PMCID: PMC4665084 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of novel adjuvants for vaccine development using multivalent scaffolds and bioconjugation chemistry to spatially manipulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. TLRs are primary receptors for activation of the innate immune system during vaccination. Vaccines that contain a combination of small and macromolecule TLR agonists elicit more directed immune responses and prolong responses against foreign pathogens. In addition, immune activation is enhanced upon stimulation of two distinct TLRs. Here, we synthesized combinations of TLR agonists as spatially defined tri- and di-agonists to understand how specific TLR agonist combinations contribute to the overall immune response. We covalently conjugated three TLR agonists (TLR4, 7, and 9) to a small molecule core to probe the spatial arrangement of the agonists. Treating immune cells with the linked agonists increased activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and enhanced and directed immune related cytokine production and gene expression beyond cells treated with an unconjugated mixture of the same three agonists. The use of TLR signaling inhibitors and knockout studies confirmed that the tri-agonist molecule activated multiple signaling pathways leading to the observed higher activity. To validate that the TLR4, 7, and 9 agonist combination would activate the immune response to a greater extent, we performed in vivo studies using a vaccinia vaccination model. Mice vaccinated with the linked TLR agonists showed an increase in antibody depth and breadth compared to mice vaccinated with the unconjugated mixture. These studies demonstrate how activation of multiple TLRs through chemically and spatially defined organization assists in guiding immune responses, providing the potential to use chemical tools to design and develop more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine
K. Tom
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Emmanuel Y. Dotsey
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hollie Y. Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lalisa Stutts
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Troy Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Philip
L. Felgner
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- E-mail:
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46
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Reed SG, Coler RN, Mondal D, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG. Leishmania vaccine development: exploiting the host-vector-parasite interface. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:81-90. [PMID: 26595093 PMCID: PMC6019289 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, fatal if untreated, and with no available human vaccine. In rodents, cellular immunity to Leishmania parasite proteins as well as salivary proteins of the sand fly is associated with protection, making them worthy targets for further exploration as vaccines. This review discusses the notion that a combination vaccine including Leishmania and vector salivary antigens may improve vaccine efficacy by targeting the parasite at its most vulnerable stage just after transmission. Furthermore, we put forward the notion that better modeling of natural transmission is needed to test efficacy of vaccines. For example, the fact that individuals living in endemic areas are exposed to sand fly bites and will mount an immune response to salivary proteins should be considered in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of leishmaniasis vaccines. Nevertheless, despite remaining obstacles there is good reason to be optimistic that safe and effective vaccines against leishmaniasis can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Reed
- a Infectious Disease Research Institute , Seattle WA , USA
- b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle WA , USA
| | - R N Coler
- a Infectious Disease Research Institute , Seattle WA , USA
- b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle WA , USA
| | - D Mondal
- c International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Centre for Nutrition and Food Security , Parasitology Laboratory , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - S Kamhawi
- d Vector Molecular Biology Section, LMVR , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - J G Valenzuela
- d Vector Molecular Biology Section, LMVR , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH , Rockville , MD , USA
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47
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Bhardwaj R, Shakri AR, Hans D, Gupta P, Fernandez-Becerra C, Del Portillo HA, Pandey G, Chitnis CE. Production of recombinant PvDBPII, receptor binding domain of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein, and evaluation of immunogenicity to identify an adjuvant formulation for vaccine development. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 136:52-57. [PMID: 26578115 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is dependent on interaction with the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) for invasion of human erythrocytes. The P. vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) mediates interaction of P. vivax merozoites with DARC. The DARC receptor-binding domain lies in a conserved N-terminal cysteine-rich region of PvDBP referred to as region II (PvDBPII). PvDBPII is an attractive vaccine candidate since antibodies raised against PvDBPII block erythrocyte invasion by P. vivax. Here, we describe methods to produce recombinant PvDBPII in its correctly folded conformation. A synthetic gene optimized for expression of PvDBPII in Escherichia coli and fed batch fermentation process based on exponential feeding strategy was used to achieve high levels of expression of recombinant PvDBPII. Recombinant PvDBPII was isolated from inclusion bodies, refolded by rapid dilution and purified by ion exchange chromatography. Purified recombinant PvDBPII was characterized for identity, purity and functional activity using standardized release assays. Recombinant PvDBPII formulated with various human compatible adjuvants including glycosylpyranosyl lipid A-stable emulsion (GLA-SE) and alhydrogel was used for immunogenicity studies in small animals to downselect a suitable formulation for clinical development. Sera collected from immunized animals were tested for recognition of PvDBPII and inhibition of PvDBPII-DARC binding. GLA-SE formulations of PvDBPII yielded higher ELISA and binding inhibition titres compared to PvDBPII formulated with alhydrogel. These data support further development of a recombinant vaccine for P. vivax based on PvDBPII formulated with GLA-SE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Malaria Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmodium vivax/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
- Protein Domains
- Protozoan Proteins/biosynthesis
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmini Bhardwaj
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Ahmad Rushdi Shakri
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Hans
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Barcelona Centre for International Health (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Malaria Vaccine Development Program (MVDP), New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India.
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48
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Yin Z, Chowdhury S, McKay C, Baniel C, Wright WS, Bentley P, Kaczanowska K, Gildersleeve JC, Finn M, BenMohamed L, Huang X. Significant Impact of Immunogen Design on the Diversity of Antibodies Generated by Carbohydrate-Based Anticancer Vaccine. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2364-72. [PMID: 26262839 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine targeting tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) is an appealing approach toward tumor immunotherapy. While much emphasis has been typically placed on generating high antibody titers against the immunizing antigen, the impact of immunogen design on the diversity of TACA-specific antibodies elicited has been overlooked. Herein, we report that the immunogen structure can significantly impact the breadth and the magnitude of humoral responses. Vaccine constructs that induced diverse TACA-binding antibodies provided much stronger recognition of a variety of Tn positive tumor cells. Optimization of the breadth of the antibody response led to a vaccine construct that demonstrated long lasting efficacy in a mouse tumor model. After challenged with the highly aggressive TA3Ha cells, mice immunized with the new construct exhibited a statistically significant improvement in survival relative to controls (0% vs 50% survival; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the surviving mice developed long-term immunity against TA3Ha. Thus, both the magnitude and the breadth of antibody reactivity should be considered when designing TACA-based antitumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sudipa Chowdhury
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Craig McKay
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Claire Baniel
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - W. Shea Wright
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Philip Bentley
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katarzyna Kaczanowska
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - M.G. Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Cellular
and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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49
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Development of vaccines for Plasmodium vivax malaria. Vaccine 2015; 33:7489-95. [PMID: 26428453 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax continues to cause significant morbidity outside Africa with more than 50% of malaria cases in many parts of South and South-east Asia, Pacific islands, Central and South America being attributed to P. vivax infections. The unique biology of P. vivax, including its ability to form latent hypnozoites that emerge months to years later to cause blood stage infections, early appearance of gametocytes before clinical symptoms are apparent and a shorter development cycle in the vector makes elimination of P. vivax using standard control tools difficult. The availability of an effective vaccine that provides protection and prevents transmission would be a valuable tool in efforts to eliminate P. vivax. Here, we review the latest developments related to P. vivax malaria vaccines and discuss the challenges as well as directions toward the goal of developing highly efficacious vaccines against P. vivax malaria.
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50
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de Cassan SC, Shakri AR, Llewellyn D, Elias SC, Cho JS, Goodman AL, Jin J, Douglas AD, Suwanarusk R, Nosten FH, Rénia L, Russell B, Chitnis CE, Draper SJ. Preclinical Assessment of Viral Vectored and Protein Vaccines Targeting the Duffy-Binding Protein Region II of Plasmodium Vivax. Front Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26217340 PMCID: PMC4495344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria vaccine development has largely focused on Plasmodium falciparum; however, a reawakening to the importance of Plasmodium vivax has spurred efforts to develop vaccines against this difficult to treat and at times severe form of relapsing malaria, which constitutes a significant proportion of human malaria cases worldwide. The almost complete dependence of P. vivax red blood cell invasion on the interaction of the P. vivax Duffy-binding protein region II (PvDBP_RII) with the human Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) makes this antigen an attractive vaccine candidate against blood-stage P. vivax. Here, we generated both preclinical and clinically compatible adenoviral and poxviral vectored vaccine candidates expressing the Salvador I allele of PvDBP_RII – including human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV5), chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63), and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors. We report on the antibody and T cell immunogenicity of these vaccines in mice or rabbits, either used alone in a viral vectored prime-boost regime or in “mixed-modality” adenovirus prime – protein-in-adjuvant boost regimes (using a recombinant PvDBP_RII protein antigen formulated in Montanide®ISA720 or Abisco®100 adjuvants). Antibodies induced by these regimes were found to bind to native parasite antigen from P. vivax infected Thai patients and were capable of inhibiting the binding of PvDBP_RII to its receptor DARC using an in vitro binding inhibition assay. In recent years, recombinant ChAd63 and MVA vectors have been quickly translated into human clinical trials for numerous antigens from P. falciparum as well as a growing number of other pathogens. The vectors reported here are immunogenic in small animals, elicit antibodies against PvDBP_RII, and have recently entered clinical trials, which will provide the first assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of the PvDBP_RII antigen in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Rushdi Shakri
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
| | | | - Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Jee Sun Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Anna L Goodman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | | | - Rossarin Suwanarusk
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore
| | - François H Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Mae Sot , Thailand
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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