1
|
Zhang G, Yao Q, Long C, Yi P, Song J, Wu L, Wan W, Rao X, Lin Y, Wei G, Ying J, Hua F. Infiltration by monocytes of the central nervous system and its role in multiple sclerosis: reflections on therapeutic strategies. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:779-793. [PMID: 38886942 PMCID: PMC11433895 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear macrophage infiltration in the central nervous system is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation. Recent studies on the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis have highlighted the multiple roles of mononuclear macrophages in the neuroinflammatory process. Monocytes play a significant role in neuroinflammation, and managing neuroinflammation by manipulating peripheral monocytes stands out as an effective strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, leading to improved patient outcomes. This review outlines the steps involved in the entry of myeloid monocytes into the central nervous system that are targets for effective intervention: the activation of bone marrow hematopoiesis, migration of monocytes in the blood, and penetration of the blood-brain barrier by monocytes. Finally, we summarize the different monocyte subpopulations and their effects on the central nervous system based on phenotypic differences. As activated microglia resemble monocyte-derived macrophages, it is important to accurately identify the role of monocyte-derived macrophages in disease. Depending on the roles played by monocyte-derived macrophages at different stages of the disease, several of these processes can be interrupted to limit neuroinflammation and improve patient prognosis. Here, we discuss possible strategies to target monocytes in neurological diseases, focusing on three key aspects of monocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, to provide new ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chubing Long
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Pengcheng Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jiali Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Luojia Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiuqin Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Gen Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen A, Volpato G, Pong A, Schofield E, Huang J, Qiu Z, Paxinos G, Liang H. The Blood-Brain Barrier in Both Humans and Rats: A Perspective From 3D Imaging. Int J Biomed Imaging 2024; 2024:4482931. [PMID: 39224835 PMCID: PMC11368551 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4482931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is part of the neurovascular unit (NVU) which plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis. However, its 3D structure is hardly known. The present study is aimed at imaging the BBB using tissue clearing and 3D imaging techniques in both human brain tissue and rat brain tissue. Methods: Both human and rat brain tissue were cleared using the CUBIC technique and imaged with either a confocal or two-photon microscope. Image stacks were reconstructed using Imaris. Results: Double staining with various antibodies targeting endothelial cells, basal membrane, pericytes of blood vessels, microglial cells, and the spatial relationship between astrocytes and blood vessels showed that endothelial cells do not evenly express CD31 and Glut1 transporter in the human brain. Astrocytes covered only a small portion of the vessels as shown by the overlap between GFAP-positive astrocytes and Collagen IV/CD31-positive endothelial cells as well as between GFAP-positive astrocytes and CD146-positive pericytes, leaving a big gap between their end feet. A similar structure was observed in the rat brain. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the 3D structure of both the human and rat BBB, which is discrepant from the 2D one. Tissue clearing and 3D imaging are promising techniques to answer more questions about the real structure of biological specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiwen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineShanghai Fourth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji University, Shanghai, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like IntelligenceShanghai Fourth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineShanghai Fourth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of AcupunctureShuguang HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gavin Volpato
- Department of Brain Structure and FunctionNeuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical SciencesThe University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alice Pong
- Department of Brain Structure and FunctionNeuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical SciencesThe University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Schofield
- Department of Brain Structure and FunctionNeuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical SciencesThe University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zizhao Qiu
- Centre of Life ScienceSuzhou Industrial Park Monash Research Institute of Science and TechnologySoutheast University-Monash University Joint Graduate SchoolMonash University-Southeast University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - George Paxinos
- Department of Brain Structure and FunctionNeuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical SciencesThe University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like IntelligenceShanghai Fourth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Brain Structure and FunctionNeuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre of Life ScienceSuzhou Industrial Park Monash Research Institute of Science and TechnologySoutheast University-Monash University Joint Graduate SchoolMonash University-Southeast University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang Y, Wu X, Li J, Li Y, Xu X, Li G, Zhang P, Qin C, Wu LJ, Tang Z, Tian DS. The Emerging Role of Microglial Hv1 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Myelin Repair. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1176-1203. [PMID: 38029392 PMCID: PMC11081154 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the myelin sheath ensures efficient interconnection between neurons and contributes to the regulation of the proper function of neuronal networks. The maintenance of myelin and the well-organized subtle process of myelin plasticity requires cooperation among myelin-forming cells, glial cells, and neural networks. The process of cooperation is fragile, and the balance is highly susceptible to disruption by microenvironment influences. Reactive microglia play a critical and complicated role in the demyelination and remyelination process. Recent studies have shown that the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is selectively expressed in microglia in CNS, which regulates intracellular pH and is involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, underlying multifaceted roles in maintaining microglia function. This paper begins by examining the molecular mechanisms of demyelination and emphasizes the crucial role of the microenvironment in demyelination. It focuses specifically on the role of Hv1 in myelin repair and its therapeutic potential in CNS demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuanwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaigai Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma Y, Guo W, Mou Q, Shao X, Lyu M, Garcia V, Kong L, Lewis W, Ward C, Yang Z, Pan X, Yi SS, Lu Y. Spatial imaging of glycoRNA in single cells with ARPLA. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:608-616. [PMID: 37217750 PMCID: PMC10663388 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the biological roles of glycosylated RNAs (glycoRNAs), a recently discovered class of glycosylated molecules, because of a lack of visualization methods. We report sialic acid aptamer and RNA in situ hybridization-mediated proximity ligation assay (ARPLA) to visualize glycoRNAs in single cells with high sensitivity and selectivity. The signal output of ARPLA occurs only when dual recognition of a glycan and an RNA triggers in situ ligation, followed by rolling circle amplification of a complementary DNA, which generates a fluorescent signal by binding fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides. Using ARPLA, we detect spatial distributions of glycoRNAs on the cell surface and their colocalization with lipid rafts as well as the intracellular trafficking of glycoRNAs through SNARE protein-mediated secretory exocytosis. Studies in breast cell lines suggest that surface glycoRNA is inversely associated with tumor malignancy and metastasis. Investigation of the relationship between glycoRNAs and monocyte-endothelial cell interactions suggests that glycoRNAs may mediate cell-cell interactions during the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Weijie Guo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Quanbing Mou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xiangli Shao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mingkuan Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Linggen Kong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Whitney Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carson Ward
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xingxin Pan
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - S Stephen Yi
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Cell therapy holds great promise for regenerative treatment of disease. Despite recent breakthroughs in clinical research, applications of cell therapies to the injured brain have not yielded the desired results. We pinpoint current limitations and suggest five principles to advance stem cell therapies for brain regeneration. While we focus on cell therapy for stroke, all principles also apply for other brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Rust
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balistreri CR, Monastero R. Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: How Much Do We Still Not Know? Brain Sci 2023; 14:19. [PMID: 38248234 PMCID: PMC10812964 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The term "neuroinflammation" defines the typical inflammatory response of the brain closely related to the onset of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Neuroinflammation is well known, but its mechanisms and pathways are not entirely comprehended. Some progresses have been achieved through many efforts and research. Consequently, new cellular and molecular mechanisms, diverse and conventional, are emerging. In listing some of those that will be the subject of our description and discussion, essential are the important roles of peripheral and infiltrated monocytes and clonotypic cells, alterations in the gut-brain axis, dysregulation of the apelinergic system, alterations in the endothelial glycocalyx of the endothelial component of neuronal vascular units, variations in expression of some genes and levels of the encoding molecules by the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), or other epigenetic factors and distinctive transcriptional factors, as well as the role of autophagy, ferroptosis, sex differences, and modifications in the circadian cycle. Such mechanisms can add significantly to understanding the complex etiological puzzle of neuroinflammation and ND. In addition, they could represent biomarkers and targets of ND, which is increasing in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Cellular and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Unit of Neurology & Neuro-Physiopathology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kasmani MY, Topchyan P, Brown AK, Brown RJ, Wu X, Chen Y, Khatun A, Alson D, Wu Y, Burns R, Lin CW, Kudek MR, Sun J, Cui W. A spatial sequencing atlas of age-induced changes in the lung during influenza infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6597. [PMID: 37852965 PMCID: PMC10584893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Aging impairs the immune response to influenza, both intrinsically and because of altered interactions with endothelial and pulmonary epithelial cells. To characterize these changes, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), spatial transcriptomics, and bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) on lung tissue from young and aged female mice at days 0, 3, and 9 post-influenza infection. Our analyses identified dozens of key genes differentially expressed in kinetic, age-dependent, and cell type-specific manners. Aged immune cells exhibited altered inflammatory, memory, and chemotactic profiles. Aged endothelial cells demonstrated characteristics of reduced vascular wound healing and a prothrombotic state. Spatial transcriptomics identified novel profibrotic and antifibrotic markers expressed by epithelial and non-epithelial cells, highlighting the complex networks that promote fibrosis in aged lungs. Bulk RNA-seq generated a timeline of global transcriptional activity, showing increased expression of genes involved in inflammation and coagulation in aged lungs. Our work provides an atlas of high-throughput sequencing methodologies that can be used to investigate age-related changes in the response to influenza virus, identify novel cell-cell interactions for further study, and ultimately uncover potential therapeutic targets to improve health outcomes in the elderly following influenza infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ashley K Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ryan J Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Donia Alson
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Matthew R Kudek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nair AL, Groenendijk L, Overdevest R, Fowke TM, Annida R, Mocellin O, de Vries HE, Wevers NR. Human BBB-on-a-chip reveals barrier disruption, endothelial inflammation, and T cell migration under neuroinflammatory conditions. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1250123. [PMID: 37818458 PMCID: PMC10561300 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1250123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective barrier that ensures a homeostatic environment for the central nervous system (CNS). BBB dysfunction, inflammation, and immune cell infiltration are hallmarks of many CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis and stroke. Physiologically relevant human in vitro models of the BBB are essential to improve our understanding of its function in health and disease, identify novel drug targets, and assess potential new therapies. We present a BBB-on-a-chip model comprising human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) cultured in a microfluidic platform that allows parallel culture of 40 chips. In each chip, a perfused HBMEC vessel was grown against an extracellular matrix gel in a membrane-free manner. BBBs-on-chips were exposed to varying concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to mimic inflammation. The effect of the inflammatory conditions was studied by assessing the BBBs-on-chips' barrier function, cell morphology, and expression of cell adhesion molecules. Primary human T cells were perfused through the lumen of the BBBs-on-chips to study T cell adhesion, extravasation, and migration. Under inflammatory conditions, the BBBs-on-chips showed decreased trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased permeability to sodium fluorescein, and aberrant cell morphology in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we observed increased expression of cell adhesion molecules and concomitant monocyte adhesion. T cells extravasated from the inflamed blood vessels and migrated towards a C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12) gradient. T cell adhesion was significantly reduced and a trend towards decreased migration was observed in presence of Natalizumab, an antibody drug that blocks very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate a high-throughput microfluidic model of the human BBB that can be used to model neuroinflammation and assess anti-inflammatory and barrier-restoring interventions to fight neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Lekshmi Nair
- MIMETAS BV, Oegstgeest, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience – Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helga E. de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience – Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Łach A, Wnuk A, Wójtowicz AK. Experimental Models to Study the Functions of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050519. [PMID: 37237588 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to discuss the achievements of in vitro modeling in terms of the blood-brain barrier [BBB] and to create a clear overview of this research area, which is useful in research planning. The text was divided into three main parts. The first part describes the BBB as a functional structure, its constitution, cellular and noncellular components, mechanisms of functioning and importance for the central nervous system, in terms of both protection and nourishment. The second part is an overview of parameters important in terms of establishing and maintaining a barrier phenotype that allows for formulating criteria of evaluation of the BBB in vitro models. The third and last part discusses certain techniques for developing the BBB in vitro models. It describes subsequent research approaches and models, as they underwent change alongside technological advancement. On the one hand, we discuss possibilities and limitations of different research approaches: primary cultures vs. cell lines and monocultures vs. multicultures. On the other hand, we review advantages and disadvantages of specific models, such as models-on-a-chip, 3D models or microfluidic models. We not only attempt to state the usefulness of specific models in different kinds of research on the BBB but also emphasize the significance of this area of research for advancement of neuroscience and the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Łach
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wójtowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suzuki Y, Lutshumba J, Chen KC, Abdelaziz MH, Sa Q, Ochiai E. IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells activates cerebral mRNA expression of a wide spectrum of molecules critical for both innate and T cell-mediated protective immunity to control reactivation of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1110508. [PMID: 36875520 PMCID: PMC9975934 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that brain-resident cells produce IFN-γ in response to reactivation of cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. To obtain an overall landscape view of the effects of IFN-γ from brain-resident cells on the cerebral protective immunity, in the present study we employed NanoString nCounter assay and quantified mRNA levels for 734 genes in myeloid immunity in the brains of T and B cell-deficient, bone marrow chimeric mice with and without IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells in response to reactivation of cerebral T. gondii infection. Our study revealed that IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells amplified mRNA expression for the molecules to activate the protective innate immunity including 1) chemokines for recruitment of microglia and macrophages (CCL8 and CXCL12) and 2) the molecules for activating those phagocytes (IL-18, TLRs, NOD1, and CD40) for killing tachyzoites. Importantly, IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells also upregulated cerebral expression of molecules for facilitating the protective T cell immunity, which include the molecules for 1) recruiting effector T cells (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), 2) antigen processing (PA28αβ, LMP2, and LMP7), transporting the processed peptides (TAP1 and TAP2), assembling the transported peptides to the MHC class I molecules (Tapasin), and the MHC class I (H2-K1 and H2-D1) and Ib molecules (H2-Q1, H-2Q2, and H2-M3) for presenting antigens to activate the recruited CD8+ T cells, 3) MHC class II molecules (H2-Aa, H2-Ab1, H2-Eb1, H2-Ea-ps, H2-DMa, H2-Ob, and CD74) to present antigens for CD4+ T cell activation, 4) co-stimulatory molecules (ICOSL) for T cell activation, and 5) cytokines (IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18) facilitating IFN-γ production by NK and T cells. Notably, the present study also revealed that IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells also upregulates cerebral expressions of mRNA for the downregulatory molecules (IL-10, STAT3, SOCS1, CD274 [PD-L1], IL-27, and CD36), which can prevent overly stimulated IFN-γ-mediated pro-inflammatory responses and tissue damages. Thus, the present study uncovered the previously unrecognized the capability of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells to upregulate expressions of a wide spectrum of molecules for coordinating both innate and T cell-mediated protective immunity with a fine-tuning regulation system to effectively control cerebral infection with T. gondii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yasuhiro Suzuki,
| | - Jenny Lutshumba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kuey Chu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
- Genomics Core Laboratory, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelaziz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chandrasekaran P, Negretti NM, Sivakumar A, Liberti DC, Wen H, Peers de Nieuwburgh M, Wang JY, Michki NS, Chaudhry FN, Kaur S, Lu M, Jin A, Zepp JA, Young LR, Sucre JMS, Frank DB. CXCL12 defines lung endothelial heterogeneity and promotes distal vascular growth. Development 2022; 149:dev200909. [PMID: 36239312 PMCID: PMC9687018 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing amount of data uncovering the cellular diversity of the pulmonary circulation and mechanisms governing vascular repair after injury. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to the morphogenesis and growth of the pulmonary vasculature during embryonic development are less clear. Importantly, deficits in vascular development lead to significant pediatric lung diseases, indicating a need to uncover fetal programs promoting vascular growth. To address this, we used a transgenic mouse reporter for expression of Cxcl12, an arterial endothelial hallmark gene, and performed single-cell RNA sequencing on isolated Cxcl12-DsRed+ endothelium to assess cellular heterogeneity within pulmonary endothelium. Combining cell annotation with gene ontology and histological analysis allowed us to segregate the developing artery endothelium into functionally and spatially distinct subpopulations. Expression of Cxcl12 is highest in the distal arterial endothelial subpopulation, a compartment enriched in genes for vascular development. Accordingly, disruption of CXCL12 signaling led to, not only abnormal branching, but also distal vascular hypoplasia. These data provide evidence for arterial endothelial functional heterogeneity and reveal conserved signaling mechanisms essential for pulmonary vascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Negretti
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Aravind Sivakumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek C. Liberti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongbo Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maureen Peers de Nieuwburgh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanna Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nigel S. Michki
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fatima N. Chaudhry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sukhmani Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - MinQi Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annabelle Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jarod A. Zepp
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lisa R. Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer M. S. Sucre
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David B. Frank
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh AV, Chandrasekar V, Laux P, Luch A, Dakua SP, Zamboni P, Shelar A, Yang Y, Pandit V, Tisato V, Gemmati D. Micropatterned Neurovascular Interface to Mimic the Blood–Brain Barrier’s Neurophysiology and Micromechanical Function: A BBB-on-CHIP Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182801. [PMID: 36139383 PMCID: PMC9497163 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid blood–brain barrier (BBB)-on-chip cell culture device is proposed in this study by integrating microcontact printing and perfusion co-culture to facilitate the study of BBB function under high biological fidelity. This is achieved by crosslinking brain extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to the transwell membrane at the luminal surface and adapting inlet–outlet perfusion on the porous transwell wall. While investigating the anatomical hallmarks of the BBB, tight junction proteins revealed tortuous zonula occludens (ZO-1), and claudin expressions with increased interdigitation in the presence of astrocytes were recorded. Enhanced adherent junctions were also observed. This junctional phenotype reflects in-vivo-like features related to the jamming of cell borders to prevent paracellular transport. Biochemical regulation of BBB function by astrocytes was noted by the transient intracellular calcium effluxes induced into endothelial cells. Geometry-force control of astrocyte–endothelial cell interactions was studied utilizing traction force microscopy (TFM) with fluorescent beads incorporated into a micropatterned polyacrylamide gel (PAG). We observed the directionality and enhanced magnitude in the traction forces in the presence of astrocytes. In the future, we envisage studying transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the effect of chemomechanical stimulations on drug/ligand permeability and transport. The BBB-on-chip model presented in this proposal should serve as an in vitro surrogate to recapitulate the complexities of the native BBB cellular milieus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (S.P.D.)
| | | | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarada Prasad Dakua
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha 3050, Qatar
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (S.P.D.)
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Yin Yang
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 24404, Qatar
| | - Vaibhav Pandit
- Dynex Technologies, 14340 Sullyfield Circle, Chantilly, VA 20151, USA
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Centre Hemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Donato Gemmati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Centre Hemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Simöes Da Gama C, Morin-Brureau M. Study of BBB Dysregulation in Neuropathogenicity Using Integrative Human Model of Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:863836. [PMID: 35755780 PMCID: PMC9226644 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.863836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a cellular and physical barrier with a crucial role in homeostasis of the brain extracellular environment. It controls the imports of nutrients to the brain and exports toxins and pathogens. Dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier increases permeability and contributes to pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and ischemia. It remains unclear how a dysregulated BBB contributes to these different syndromes. Initial studies on the role of the BBB in neurological disorders and also techniques to permit the entry of therapeutic molecules were made in animals. This review examines progress in the use of human models of the BBB, more relevant to human neurological disorders. In recent years, the functionality and complexity of in vitro BBB models have increased. Initial efforts consisted of static transwell cultures of brain endothelial cells. Human cell models based on microfluidics or organoids derived from human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells have become more realistic and perform better. We consider the architecture of different model generations as well as the cell types used in their fabrication. Finally, we discuss optimal models to study neurodegenerative diseases, brain glioma, epilepsies, transmigration of peripheral immune cells, and brain entry of neurotrophic viruses and metastatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coraly Simöes Da Gama
- Inserm, Sorbonne University, UMRS 938 Saint-Antoine Research Center, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Morin-Brureau
- Inserm, Sorbonne University, UMRS 938 Saint-Antoine Research Center, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin YJ, Wu CYJ, Wu JY, Lim M. The Role of Myeloid Cells in GBM Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887781. [PMID: 35711434 PMCID: PMC9192945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are intrinsic brain tumors that originate from glial cells. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive glioma type and resistant to immunotherapy, mainly due to its unique immune environment. Dimensional data analysis reveals that the intra-tumoral heterogeneity of immune cell populations in the glioma microenvironment is largely made up of cells of myeloid lineage. Conventional therapies of combined surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have achieved limited improvements in the prognosis of glioma patients, as myeloid cells are prominent mediators of immune and therapeutic responses—like immunotherapy resistance—in glioma. Myeloid cells are frequently seen in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and they are polarized to promote tumorigenesis and immunosuppression. Reprogramming myeloid cells has emerged as revolutionary, new types of immunotherapies for glioma treatment. Here we detail the current advances in classifying epigenetic, metabolic, and phenotypic characteristics and functions of different populations of myeloid cells in glioma TME, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs), glioma-associated neutrophils (GANs), and glioma-associated dendritic cells (GADCs), as well as the mechanisms underlying promotion of tumorigenesis. The final goal of this review will be to provide new insights into novel therapeutic approaches for specific targeting of myeloid cells to improve the efficacy of current treatments in glioma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jui Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Janet Yuling Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krot M, Rolls A. Autoimmunity in neurodegeneration. Science 2021; 374:823-824. [PMID: 34762456 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A signaling axis in adaptive immunity is a potential target in Lewy body dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krot
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Asya Rolls
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Takeshita Y, Fujikawa S, Serizawa K, Fujisawa M, Matsuo K, Nemoto J, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Tomizawa-Shinohara H, Miyake S, Ransohoff RM, Kanda T. New BBB Model Reveals That IL-6 Blockade Suppressed the BBB Disorder, Preventing Onset of NMOSD. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/6/e1076. [PMID: 34667128 PMCID: PMC8529420 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives To evaluate the pathophysiology of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and the therapeutic mechanism and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade (satralizumab), especially with respect to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption with the new in vitro and ex vivo human BBB models and in vivo model. Methods We constructed new static in vitro and flow-based ex vivo models for evaluating continued barrier function, leukocyte transmigration, and intracerebral transferability of neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G (NMO-IgG) and satralizumab across the BBB using the newly established triple coculture system that are specialized to closely mimic endothelial cell contact of pericytes and endfeet of astrocytes. In the in vivo study, we assessed the effects of an anti–IL-6 receptor antibody for mice (MR16-1) on in vivo BBB disruption in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in which IL-6 concentration in the spinal cord dramatically increases. Results In vitro and ex vivo experiments demonstrated that NMO-IgG increased intracerebral transferability of satralizumab and NMO-IgG and that satralizumab suppressed the NMO-IgG–induced transmigration of T cells and barrier dysfunction. In the in vivo study, the blockade of IL-6 signaling suppressed the migration of T cells into the spinal cord and prevented the increased BBB permeability. Discussion These results suggest that (1) our triple-cultured in vitro and in ex vivo BBB models are ideal for evaluating barrier function, leukocyte transmigration, and intracerebral transferability; (2) NMO-IgG increased the intracerebral transferability of NMO-IgG via decreasing barrier function and induced secretion of IL-6 from astrocytes causing more dysfunction of the barrier and disrupting controlled cellular infiltration; and (3) satralizumab, which can pass through the BBB in the presence of NMO-IgG, suppresses the BBB dysfunction and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, leading to prevention of onset of NMOSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Takeshita
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Susumu Fujikawa
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Kenichi Serizawa
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Miwako Fujisawa
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Kinya Matsuo
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Joe Nemoto
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Shota Miyake
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA
| | - Takashi Kanda
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (Y.T., S.F., M.F., K.M., J.N., F.S., Y.S., T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Kenichi Serizawa (K.S., H.T.-S., S.M.), Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara and Shota Miyake, Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan; and Richard M Ransohoff (R.M.R.), Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pediaditakis I, Kodella KR, Manatakis DV, Le CY, Hinojosa CD, Tien-Street W, Manolakos ES, Vekrellis K, Hamilton GA, Ewart L, Rubin LL, Karalis K. Modeling alpha-synuclein pathology in a human brain-chip to assess blood-brain barrier disruption. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5907. [PMID: 34625559 PMCID: PMC8501050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and gliosis of the substantia nigra. Although clinical evidence and in vitro studies indicate disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Parkinson's disease, the mechanisms mediating the endothelial dysfunction is not well understood. Here we leveraged the Organs-on-Chips technology to develop a human Brain-Chip representative of the substantia nigra area of the brain containing dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and microvascular brain endothelial cells, cultured under fluid flow. Our αSyn fibril-induced model was capable of reproducing several key aspects of Parkinson's disease, including accumulation of phosphorylated αSyn (pSer129-αSyn), mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and compromised barrier function. This model may enable research into the dynamics of cell-cell interactions in human synucleinopathies and serve as a testing platform for target identification and validation of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Pediaditakis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Serqet Therapeutics, Inc. 55 Cambridge Parkway, Suite 800E, Boston, MA, 02142, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lorna Ewart
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zou SS, Zou QC, Xiong WJ, Cui NY, Wang K, Liu HX, Lou WJ, Higazy D, Zhang YG, Cui M. Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell-Derived HMGB1 Facilitates Monocyte Adhesion and Transmigration to Promote JEV Neuroinvasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:701820. [PMID: 34532298 PMCID: PMC8439198 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.701820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) induces high morbidity and mortality, including potentially permanent neurological sequelae. However, the mechanisms by which viruses cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invade into the central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear. Here, we show that extracellular HMGB1 facilitates immune cell transmigration. Furthermore, the migration of immune cells into the CNS dramatically increases during JEV infection which may enhance viral clearance, but paradoxically expedite the onset of Japanese encephalitis (JE). In this study, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were utilized for the detection of HMGB1 release, and leucocyte, adhesion, and the integrity of the BBB in vitro. Genetically modified JEV-expressing EGFP (EGFP-JEV) and the BBB model were established to trace JEV-infected immune cell transmigration, which mimics the process of viral neuroinfection. We find that JEV causes HMGB1 release from BMECs while increasing adhesion molecules. Recombinant HMGB1 enhances leukocyte-endothelium adhesion, facilitating JEV-infected monocyte transmigration across endothelia. Thus, JEV successfully utilizes infected monocytes to spread into the brain, expanding inside of the brain, and leading to the acceleration of JE onset, which was facilitated by HMGB1. HMGB1-promoted monocyte transmigration may represent the mechanism of JEV neuroinvasion, revealing potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Song Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Cui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Juan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Doaa Higazy
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu SJ, Wu KJ, Wang YS, Song JS, Wu CH, Jan JJ, Bae E, Chen H, Shia KS, Wang Y. Protective Effect of CXCR4 Antagonist CX807 in a Rat Model of Hemorrhagic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197085. [PMID: 32992950 PMCID: PMC7582767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major cause of stroke, with high mortality and morbidity. There is no effective pharmacological therapy for ICH. Previous studies have indicated that CXCR4 antagonists reduced microglia activation, attenuated infiltration of T cells, and improved functional recovery in ischemic stroke animals. The interaction of CXCR4 antagonists and ICH has not been characterized. The purpose of this study is to examine the neuroprotective action of a novel CXCR4 antagonist CX807 against ICH. In primary cortical neuronal and BV2 microglia co-culture, CX807 reduced glutamate-mediated neuronal loss and microglia activation. Adult rats were locally administered with collagenase VII to induce ICH. CX807 was given systemically after the ICH. Early post-treatment with CX807 improved locomotor activity in ICH rats. Brain tissues were collected for qRTPCR and histological staining. ICH upregulated the expression of CXCR4, CD8, TNFα, IL6, and TLR4. The immunoreactivity of IBA1 and CD8, as well as TUNEL labeling, were enhanced in the perilesioned area. CX807 significantly mitigated these responses. In conclusion, our data suggest that CX807 is neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory against ICH. CX807 may have clinical implications for the treatment of hemorrhagic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (S.-J.Y.); (K.-J.W.); (Y.-S.W.); (E.B.); (H.C.)
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (S.-J.Y.); (K.-J.W.); (Y.-S.W.); (E.B.); (H.C.)
| | - Yu-Syuan Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (S.-J.Y.); (K.-J.W.); (Y.-S.W.); (E.B.); (H.C.)
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (J.-S.S.); (C.-H.W.); (J.-J.J.); (K.-S.S.)
| | - Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (J.-S.S.); (C.-H.W.); (J.-J.J.); (K.-S.S.)
| | - Jiing-Jyh Jan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (J.-S.S.); (C.-H.W.); (J.-J.J.); (K.-S.S.)
| | - Eunkyung Bae
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (S.-J.Y.); (K.-J.W.); (Y.-S.W.); (E.B.); (H.C.)
| | - Hsi Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (S.-J.Y.); (K.-J.W.); (Y.-S.W.); (E.B.); (H.C.)
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (J.-S.S.); (C.-H.W.); (J.-J.J.); (K.-S.S.)
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (S.-J.Y.); (K.-J.W.); (Y.-S.W.); (E.B.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hawke S, Zinger A, Juillard PG, Holdaway K, Byrne SN, Grau GE. Selective modulation of trans-endothelial migration of lymphocyte subsets in multiple sclerosis patients under fingolimod treatment. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577392. [PMID: 33007647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder where auto-aggressive T cells target the central nervous system (CNS), causing demyelination. The trans-endothelial migration of leucocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the earliest CNS events in MS pathogenesis. We examined the effect of the disease state and treatment with fingolimod on the transmigration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in an in vitro BBB model. Patients' leucocyte numbers, subsets and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. As expected, fingolimod treatment induced a significant reduction in T cell and B cell numbers compared to untreated MS patients and healthy controls. Interestingly fingolimod led to a marked reduction of CD4+ and a significant increase in CD8+ cell numbers. In migrated cells, only CD3+ cell numbers were reduced in fingolimod-treated, compared to untreated patients; it had no effect on B cell or monocyte transmigration. T cells were then differentiated into naïve, effector and memory subsets based on their expression of CCR7. This showed that MS patients had increased numbers of effector memory CD4+ cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) and a decrease in central memory (CM) CD8+ cells. The former was corrected by fingolimod, while the latter was not. CM CD4+ and CD8+ cells migrated across BBB more efficiently in fingolimod-treated patients. We found that while fingolimod reduced the proportions of naïve CD19+ B cells, it significantly increased the proportions of these cells which migrated. When B cells were further stratified based on CD24, CD27 and CD38 expression, the only effect of fingolimod was an enhancement of CD24hiCD27+ B cell migration, compared to untreated MS patients. The migratory capacities of CD8hi Natural Killer (NK), CD8dim NK and NK-T cells were also reduced by fingolimod. While the disease-modifying effects of fingolimod are currently explained by its effect on reducing circulating auto-aggressive lymphocytes, our data suggests that fingolimod may also have a direct though differential effect on the trans-endothelial migration of circulating lymphocyte populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hawke
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; Central West Neurology and Neurosurgery, Orange, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anna Zinger
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Pierre-Georges Juillard
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | - Scott N Byrne
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang N, Fan X, Zaleta-Rivera K, Nguyen TC, Zhou J, Luo Y, Gao J, Fang RH, Yan Z, Chen ZB, Zhang L, Zhong S. Natural display of nuclear-encoded RNA on the cell surface and its impact on cell interaction. Genome Biol 2020; 21:225. [PMID: 32907628 PMCID: PMC7488101 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to proteins, glycans, and lipids, much less is known about RNAs on the cell surface. We develop a series of technologies to test for any nuclear-encoded RNAs that are stably attached to the cell surface and exposed to the extracellular space, hereafter called membrane-associated extracellular RNAs (maxRNAs). RESULTS We develop a technique called Surface-seq to selectively sequence maxRNAs and validate two Surface-seq identified maxRNAs by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. To test for cell-type specificity of maxRNA, we use antisense oligos to hybridize to single-stranded transcripts exposed on the surface of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Combining this strategy with imaging flow cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing, and maxRNA sequencing, we identify monocytes as the major type of maxRNA+ PBMCs and prioritize 11 candidate maxRNAs for functional tests. Extracellular application of antisense oligos of FNDC3B and CTSS transcripts inhibits monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data highlight maxRNAs as functional components of the cell surface, suggesting an expanded role for RNA in cell-cell and cell-environment interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiaochen Fan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kathia Zaleta-Rivera
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tri C Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yingjun Luo
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhangming Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Bouman Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Marchetti L, Engelhardt B. Immune cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier in the absence and presence of neuroinflammation. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 2:H1-H18. [PMID: 32923970 PMCID: PMC7439848 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To maintain the homeostatic environment required for proper function of CNS neurons the endothelial cells of CNS microvessels tightly regulate the movement of ions and molecules between the blood and the CNS. The unique properties of these blood vascular endothelial cells are termed blood-brain barrier (BBB) and extend to regulating immune cell trafficking into the immune privileged CNS during health and disease. In general, extravasation of circulating immune cells is a multi-step process regulated by the sequential interaction of adhesion and signalling molecules between the endothelial cells and the immune cells. Accounting for the unique barrier properties of CNS microvessels, immune cell migration across the BBB is distinct and characterized by several adaptations. Here we describe the mechanisms that regulate immune cell trafficking across the BBB during immune surveillance and neuroinflammation, with a focus on the current state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo imaging observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marchetti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wiatr M, Stump-Guthier C, Latorre D, Uhlig S, Weiss C, Ilonen J, Engelhardt B, Ishikawa H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T, Rudolph H. Distinct migratory pattern of naive and effector T cells through the blood-CSF barrier following Echovirus 30 infection. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:232. [PMID: 31752904 PMCID: PMC6868812 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echovirus 30 (E-30) is one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in aseptic meningitis worldwide. To gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), E-30 and immune cells have to cross one of the two main barriers of the CNS, the epithelial blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) or the endothelial blood–brain barrier (BBB). In an in vitro model of the BCSFB, it has been shown that E-30 can infect human immortalized brain choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells. Methods In this study we investigated the migration of different T cell subpopulations, naive and effector T cells, through HIBCPP cells during E-30 infection. Effects of E-30 infection and the migration process were evaluated via immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis, as well as transepithelial resistance and dextran flux measurement. Results Th1 effector cells and enterovirus-specific effector T cells migrated through HIBCPP cells more efficiently than naive CD4+ T cells following E-30 infection of HIBCPP cells. Among the different naive T cell populations, CD8+ T cells crossed the E-30-infected HIBCPP cell layer in a significantly higher number than CD4+ T cells. A large amount of effector T cells also remained attached to the basolateral side of the HIBCPP cells compared with naive T cells. Analysis of HIBCPP barrier function showed significant alteration after E-30 infection and trans- as well as paracellular migration of T cells independent of the respective subpopulation. Morphologic analysis of migrating T cells revealed that a polarized phenotype was induced by the chemokine CXCL12, but reversed to a round phenotype after E-30 infection. Further characterization of migrating Th1 effector cells revealed a downregulation of surface adhesion proteins such as LFA-1 PSGL-1, CD44, and CD49d. Conclusion Taken together these results suggest that naive CD8+ and Th1 effector cells are highly efficient to migrate through the BCSFB in an inflammatory environment. The T cell phenotype is modified during the migration process through HIBCPP cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wiatr
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Latorre
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Uhlig
- Flowcore Mannheim, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13 - 17, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, and Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, School of Life Dentistry, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fingolimod reduces CXCR4-mediated B cell migration and induces regulatory B cells-mediated anti-inflammatory immune repertoire. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 34:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
25
|
Blood‒Brain Barrier Pathology and CNS Outcomes in Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113555. [PMID: 30423890 PMCID: PMC6275034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major meningitis-causing pathogen globally, bringing about significant morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term neurological sequelae in almost half of the survivors. Subsequent to nasopharyngeal colonisation and systemic invasion, translocation across the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) by S. pneumoniae is a crucial early step in the pathogenesis of meningitis. The BBB, which normally protects the central nervous system (CNS) from deleterious molecules within the circulation, becomes dysfunctional in S. pneumoniae invasion due to the effects of pneumococcal toxins and a heightened host inflammatory environment of cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species intracranially. The bacteria‒host interplay within the CNS likely determines not only the degree of BBB pathological changes, but also host survival and the extent of neurological damage. This review explores the relationship between S. pneumoniae bacteria and the host inflammatory response, with an emphasis on the BBB and its roles in CNS protection, as well as both the acute and long-term pathogenesis of meningitis.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang C, Hawkins KE, Doré S, Candelario-Jalil E. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C135-C153. [PMID: 30379577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00136.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of the neurovascular unit, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique, dynamic regulatory boundary that limits and regulates the exchange of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the central nervous system. Disruption of the BBB plays an important role in the development of neurological dysfunction in ischemic stroke. Blood-borne substances and cells have restricted access to the brain due to the presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the BBB. Following stroke, there is loss of BBB tight junction integrity, leading to increased paracellular permeability, which results in vasogenic edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and increased mortality. Thus, understanding principal mediators and molecular mechanisms involved in BBB disruption is critical for the development of novel therapeutics to treat ischemic stroke. This review discusses the current knowledge of how neuroinflammation contributes to BBB damage in ischemic stroke. Specifically, we provide an updated overview of the role of cytokines, chemokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as the role of different cell types in the regulation of BBB permeability in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cramer NP, Korotcov A, Bosomtwi A, Xu X, Holman DR, Whiting K, Jones S, Hoy A, Dardzinski BJ, Galdzicki Z. Neuronal and vascular deficits following chronic adaptation to high altitude. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:293-304. [PMID: 30321497 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We sought to understand the mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits that are reported to affect non-native subjects following their prolonged stay and/or work at high altitude (HA). We found that mice exposed to a simulated environment of 5000 m exhibit deficits in hippocampal learning and memory accompanied by abnormalities in brain MR imaging. Exposure (1-8 months) to HA led to an increase in brain ventricular volume, a reduction in relative cerebral blood flow and changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived parameters within the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Furthermore, neuropathological examination revealed significant expansion of the neurovascular network, microglia activation and demyelination within the corpus callosum. Electrophysiological recordings from the corpus callosum indicated that axonal excitabilities are increased while refractory periods are longer despite a lack of change in action potential conduction velocities of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Next generation RNA-sequencing identified alterations in hippocampal and amygdala transcriptome signaling pathways linked to angiogenesis, neuroinflammation and myelination. Our findings reveal that exposure to hypobaric-hypoxia triggers maladaptive responses inducing cognitive deficits and suggest potential mechanisms underlying the adverse impacts of staying or traveling at high altitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Cramer
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexandru Korotcov
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Asamoah Bosomtwi
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xiufen Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Derek R Holman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Molecular & Cell Biology Graduate Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen Whiting
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott Jones
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Hoy
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bernard J Dardzinski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zygmunt Galdzicki
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Molecular & Cell Biology Graduate Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, MD, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Recent advances in the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and their roles in neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:13-20. [PMID: 30016687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington disease. Current studies in this area have advanced the mechanism of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegeneration. Studies from epidemiologic, clinical and animal models also contributed in the various new mechanisms of neuroinflammation. In this line, activation of monocytes is an important emerging mechanism that has a, profound role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Ion channels, matrix metalloproteases and microRNAs are also found to be the key players in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. In particular, microRNA-32 regulates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and thus neurodegeneration. Notably, some important studies describe the role of Th17 cells in neuroinflammation, but, very little knowledge is available about their mechanism of action. Particularly, the role of autophagy gets emphasized, which plays a very critical role in protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight and discuss the mechanisms of these mediators of inflammation by which they contribute to the disease progression. In conclusion, we focus on the various newer molecular mechanisms that are associated with the basic understanding of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
29
|
Biomimetic post-capillary venule expansions for leukocyte adhesion studies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9328. [PMID: 29921896 PMCID: PMC6008471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion and extravasation are maximal near the transition from capillary to post-capillary venule, and are strongly influenced by a confluence of scale-dependent physical effects. Mimicking the scale of physiological vessels using in vitro microfluidic systems allows the capture of these effects on leukocyte adhesion assays, but imposes practical limits on reproducibility and reliable quantification. Here we present a microfluidic platform that provides multiple (54-512) technical replicates within a 15-minute sample collection time, coupled with an automated computer vision analysis pipeline that captures leukocyte adhesion probabilities as a function of shear and extensional stresses. We report that in post-capillary channels of physiological scale, efficient leukocyte adhesion requires erythrocytes forcing leukocytes against the wall, a phenomenon that is promoted by the transitional flow in post-capillary venule expansions and dependent on the adhesion molecule ICAM-1.
Collapse
|
30
|
Höftberger R, Lassmann H. Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 145:263-283. [PMID: 28987175 PMCID: PMC7149979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelinating diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders, which occur against the background of an acute or chronic inflammatory process. The pathologic hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the presence of focal demyelinated lesions with partial axonal preservation and reactive astrogliosis. Demyelinated plaques are present in the white as well as gray matter, such as the cerebral or cerebellar cortex and brainstem nuclei. Activity of the disease process is reflected by the presence of lesions with ongoing myelin destruction. Axonal and neuronal destruction in the lesions is a major substrate for permanent neurologic deficit in MS patients. The MS pathology is qualitatively similar in different disease stages, such as relapsing remitting MS or secondary or primary progressive MS, but the prevalence of different lesion types differs quantitatively. Acute MS and Balo's type of concentric sclerosis appear to be variants of classic MS. In contrast, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are inflammatory diseases with primary injury of astrocytes, mediated by aquaporin-4 antibodies. Finally, we discuss the histopathology of other inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated demyelination. Knowledge of the heterogenous immunopathology in demyelinating diseases is important, to understand the clinical presentation and disease course and to find the optimal treatment for an individual patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Correspondence to: Hans Lassmann, MD, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu Y, Xie X, Xia LP, Lv H, Lou F, Ren Y, He ZY, Luo XG. Peripheral immune tolerance alleviates the intracranial lipopolysaccharide injection-induced neuroinflammation and protects the dopaminergic neurons from neuroinflammation-related neurotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:223. [PMID: 29145874 PMCID: PMC5693474 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the onset and development of neurodegeneration disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The immune activities of the central nervous system are profoundly affected by peripheral immune activities. Immune tolerance refers to the unresponsiveness of the immune system to continuous or repeated stimulation to avoid excessive inflammation and unnecessary by-stander injury in the face of continuous antigen threat. It has been proved that the immune tolerance could suppress the development of various peripheral inflammation-related diseases. However, the role of immune tolerance in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases was not clear. METHODS Rats were injected with repeated low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.3 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 4 days to induce peripheral immune tolerance. Neuroinflammation was produced using intracranial LPS (15 μg) injection. Inflammation cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Microglial activation were measured using immunostaining of Iba-1 and ED-1. Dopaminergic neuronal damage was evaluated using immunochemistry staining and stereological counting of TH-positive neurons. Behavioral impairment was evaluated using amphetamine-induced rotational behavioral assessment. RESULTS Compared with the non-immune tolerated animals, pre-treatment of peripheral immune tolerance significantly decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines, suppressed the microglial activation, and increased the number of dopaminergic neuronal survival in the substantia nigra. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that peripheral immune tolerance attenuated neuroinflammation and inhibited neuroinflammation-induced dopaminergic neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Xia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lv
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Lou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Proximate Mediators of Microvascular Dysfunction at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Neuroinflammatory Pathways to Neurodegeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1549194. [PMID: 28890893 PMCID: PMC5584365 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1549194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current projections are that by 2050 the numbers of people aged 65 and older with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the US may increase threefold while dementia is projected to double every 20 years reaching ~115 million by 2050. AD is clinically characterized by progressive dementia and neuropathologically by neuronal and synapse loss, accumulation of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in specific brain regions. The preclinical or presymptomatic stage of AD-related brain changes may begin over 20 years before symptoms occur, making development of noninvasive biomarkers essential. Distinct from neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, plasma or serum biomarkers can be analyzed to assess (i) the presence/absence of AD, (ii) the risk of developing AD, (iii) the progression of AD, or (iv) AD response to treatment. No unifying theory fully explains the neurodegenerative brain lesions but neuroinflammation (a lethal stressor for healthy neurons) is universally present. Current consensus is that the earlier the diagnosis, the better the chance to develop treatments that influence disease progression. In this article we provide a detailed review and analysis of the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as well as coagulation molecules in the onset and progression of these neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
33
|
A Three-Dimensional Cell Culture System To Model RNA Virus Infections at the Blood-Brain Barrier. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00206-17. [PMID: 28656176 PMCID: PMC5480033 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00206-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viral infections are significant sources of global morbidity and mortality. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed in part of a layer of microvascular endothelial cells and functions to restrict viral access to the brain. In vitro models that recapitulate many of the properties of the human BBB endothelium are lacking, particularly with respect to the unique cellular and immunological mechanisms by which these cells restrict viral infections of the brain. Here, we developed a three-dimensional cell culture model that recapitulates many of the morphological and functional properties of the BBB microvasculature and apply this model to the study of RNA virus infections. The model we describe can therefore be used to study a variety of aspects of BBB physiology, including the mechanisms by which viruses might access the CNS, and could be used for the development and screening of antiviral therapeutics to limit this important step in viral pathogenesis. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises the foremost protective barrier in the brain and is composed in part of a layer of microvascular endothelial cells that line the capillaries surrounding the brain. Here, we describe a human three-dimensional (3-D) cell-based model of the BBB microvascular endothelium that recapitulates properties of these cells in vivo, including physiologically relevant transcriptional profiles, the capacity to induce potent antimicrobial innate immune signaling, and the ability to resist infection by diverse RNA viruses, including members of the enterovirus (coxsackievirus B, echovirus 11, enterovirus 71, poliovirus) and flavivirus (dengue virus, Zika virus [ZIKV]) families. We show that disruption of apical tight junctions by proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) sensitizes 3-D-cultured BBB cells to ZIKV infection and that 3-D derived BBB cells can be used to model the transmigration of ZIKV-infected monocytes across the endothelial barrier to access underlying astrocytes. Taken together, our findings show that human BBB microvascular endothelial cells cultured in 3-D can be used to model the mechanisms by which RNA viruses access the central nervous system (CNS), which could be used for the development and screening of therapeutics to limit this event. IMPORTANCE Neurotropic viral infections are significant sources of global morbidity and mortality. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed in part of a layer of microvascular endothelial cells and functions to restrict viral access to the brain. In vitro models that recapitulate many of the properties of the human BBB endothelium are lacking, particularly with respect to the unique cellular and immunological mechanisms by which these cells restrict viral infections of the brain. Here, we developed a three-dimensional cell culture model that recapitulates many of the morphological and functional properties of the BBB microvasculature and apply this model to the study of RNA virus infections. The model we describe can therefore be used to study a variety of aspects of BBB physiology, including the mechanisms by which viruses might access the CNS, and could be used for the development and screening of antiviral therapeutics to limit this important step in viral pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Xie X, Luo X, Liu N, Li X, Lou F, Zheng Y, Ren Y. Monocytes, microglia, and CD200-CD200R1 signaling are essential in the transmission of inflammation from the periphery to the central nervous system. J Neurochem 2017; 141:222-235. [PMID: 28164283 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation is known to trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease. However, the key components during the propagation of inflammation from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats to induce peripheral inflammation. An intravenous injection and an intranigral injection of clodronate liposomes were given to deplete monocytes and microglia, respectively. Recombinant CD200 fusion protein (CD200Fc) or an anti-CD200R1 antibody was injected into the substantia nigra to manipulate the involvement of CD200 and CD200R1. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss. The expression of brain pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β) and CD200-CD200R1 signaling were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Our data showed that the peripheral LPS injection activated the microglia and induced an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β). The depletion of either monocytes or microglia suppressed these inflammatory effects that were induced by peripheral LPS administration. The peripheral LPS injection increased the expression of CD200 and CD200R1 in the substantia nigra. Dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by the peripheral LPS injection was accelerated by the blockade of CD200-CD200R1 signaling with an anti-CD200R1 antibody and attenuated by intensifying the signaling with CD200Fc. These results highlight the importance of monocytes, microglia, and CD200-CD200R1 signaling in the transmission of inflammation from the periphery to the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoguang Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Lou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yumin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dahm T, Frank F, Adams O, Lindner HA, Ishikawa H, Weiss C, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T, Rudolph H. Sequential transmigration of polymorphonuclear cells and naive CD3 + T lymphocytes across the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier in vitro following infection with Echovirus 30. Virus Res 2017; 232:54-62. [PMID: 28161477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral meningitis by non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) is a major public health burden causing fatal outcomes especially in the younger population. Strong evidence exists that the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) serves as an entry point for enterovirus and leucocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, analysis of clinical CSF specimens of patients with a NPEV infection revealed a predominance of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) in the early phase and mononuclear cells in the later course of meningitis. By applying a functional in vitro model of the BCSFB consisting of human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells, we aimed to analyse the mechanisms of sequential migration of PMN and naive CD3+ T lymphocytes following infection with Echovirus 30 (EV30). EV30 infection led to increased transmigration of PMN and naive CD3+ T lymphocytes. Transmigration of PMN was significantly enhanced in the presence of naive CD3+ T lymphocytes, but not vice versa. The barrier function was not differentially altered under the respective conditions. Infection with EV30 led to an upregulation of CXCL3 and CXCL11 on the RNA-level. Additional analysis of cytokine secretion revealed relatively high concentrations of IL-8, CCL20, CXCL3, CXCL10 and M-CSF. Overall, there was a predominantly polar direction of cytokine secretion to the basolateral side. IL-7 was the only cytokine which was strongly secreted to the apical side and that was enhanced following EV30 infection in our model. In conclusion, this study highlights the role of the choroid plexus and cytokines in regulating leucocyte entry into the CNS in the context of EV30 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dahm
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Frank
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger A Lindner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Statistics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gao M, Dong Q, Yao H, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Dang Y, Zhang H, Yang Z, Xu M, Xu R. Induced neural stem cells modulate microglia activation states via CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:288-299. [PMID: 27650112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) directly reprogrammed from mouse embryonic fibroblasts can expand and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Whether iNSCs have immunoregulatory properties in addition to facilitating cell replacement remains uncertain. In this study, we aimed to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of iNSCs on the activation states of microglia and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects. Using a mouse model of closed head injury (CHI), we observed that iNSC grafts decreased the levels of ED1+/Iba1+ and TNF-α+/Iba1+ microglia but increased the levels of IGF1+/Iba1+ microglia in the injured cortex. Subsequently, using a Transwell co-culture system, we discovered that iNSCs could modulate LPS-pretreated microglia phenotypes in vitro via CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling, which we demonstrated through the administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 and CXCR4-specific siRNA treatment. An in vivo loss-of-function study also revealed that iNSC grafts regulated the behavior of resident microglia via CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling, influencing their activation state such that they promoted neurological functional recovery and neuron survival. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of iNSC transplantation were significantly diminished by CXCR4 knockdown. In short, iNSCs have the potential to influence microglia activation and the acquisition of neuroprotective phenotypes via CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mou Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qin Dong
- Department of Neurology, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongtian Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Minhui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nguyen H, Aum D, Mashkouri S, Rao G, Vega Gonzales-Portillo JD, Reyes S, Borlongan CV. Growth factor therapy sequesters inflammation in affording neuroprotection in cerebrovascular diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:915-26. [PMID: 27152762 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1184086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the key role of inflammation in the progression of cerebrovascular diseases. Inflammation can persist over prolonged period of time after the initial insult providing a wider therapeutic window. Despite the acute endogenous upregulation of many growth factors after the injury, it is not sufficient to protect against inflammation and to regenerate the brain. Therapeutic approaches targeting both dampening inflammation and enhancing growth factors are likely to provide beneficial outcomes in cerebrovascular disease. AREAS COVERED In this mini review, we discuss major growth factors and their beneficial properties to combat the inflammation in cerebrovascular diseases. Emerging biotechnologies which facilitate the therapeutic effects of growth factors are also presented in an effort to provide insights into the future combination therapies incorporating both central and peripheral abrogation of inflammation. Expert commentary: Many studies discussed in this review have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of growth factors in treating cerebrovascular diseases. It is unlikely that one growth factor can be used to treat these complex diseases. Combination of growth factors and anti-inflammatory modulators may clinically improve outcomes for patients. In particular, transplantation of stem cells may be able to achieve both goals of modulating inflammation and upregulating growth factors. Large preclinical studies and multiple laboratory collaborations are needed to advance these findings from bench to bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - David Aum
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Gautam Rao
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | | | - Stephanny Reyes
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nemeth CL, Miller AH, Tansey MG, Neigh GN. Inflammatory mechanisms contribute to microembolism-induced anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2016; 303:160-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
39
|
Guo S, Lok J, Zhao S, Leung W, Som AT, Hayakawa K, Wang Q, Xing C, Wang X, Ji X, Zhou Y, Lo EH. Effects of Controlled Cortical Impact on the Mouse Brain Vasculome. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1303-16. [PMID: 26528928 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in blood vessels play a critical role in the pathophysiology of brain injury and neurodegeneration. Here, we use a systematic genome-wide transcriptome screening approach to investigate the vasculome after brain trauma in mice. Mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact and brains were extracted for analysis at 24 h post-injury. The core of the traumatic lesion was removed and then cortical microvesels were isolated from nondirectly damaged ipsilateral cortex. Compared to contralateral cortex and normal cortex from sham-operated mice, we identified a wide spectrum of responses in the vasculome after trauma. Up-regulated pathways included those involved in regulation of inflammation and extracellular matrix processes. Decreased pathways included those involved in regulation of metabolism, mitochondrial function, and transport systems. These findings suggest that microvascular perturbations can be widespread and not necessarily localized to core areas of direct injury per se and may further provide a broader gene network context for existing knowledge regarding inflammation, metabolism, and blood-brain barrier alterations after brain trauma. Further efforts are warranted to map the vasculome with higher spatial and temporal resolution from acute to delayed phase post-trauma. Investigating the widespread network responses in the vasculome may reveal potential mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and biomarkers for traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Guo
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Josephine Lok
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Song Zhao
- 3 The Department of Spine Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Wendy Leung
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Angel T Som
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Changhong Xing
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Xunming Ji
- 4 Cerebrovascular Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Eng H Lo
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Waschbisch A, Schröder S, Schraudner D, Sammet L, Weksler B, Melms A, Pfeifenbring S, Stadelmann C, Schwab S, Linker RA. Pivotal Role for CD16+ Monocytes in Immune Surveillance of the Central Nervous System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1558-67. [PMID: 26746191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes represent a heterogeneous population of primary immune effector cells. At least three different subsets can be distinguished based on expression of the low-affinity FcγRIII: CD14(++)CD16 -: classical monocytes, CD14(++)CD16(+) intermediate monocytes, and CD14(+)CD16 ++: non-classical monocytes. Whereas CD16 -: classical monocytes are considered key players in multiple sclerosis (MS), little is known on CD16(+) monocytes and how they contribute to the disease. In this study, we examined the frequency and phenotype of monocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain biopsy material derived from MS patients and controls. Furthermore, we addressed a possible monocyte dysfunction in MS and analyzed migratory properties of monocyte subsets using human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Our ex vivo studies demonstrated that CD16(+) monocyte subpopulations are functional but numerically reduced in the peripheral blood of MS patients. CD16(+) monocytes with an intermediate-like phenotype were found to be enriched in CSF and dominated the CSF monocyte population under noninflammatory conditions. In contrast, an inversed CD16(+) to CD16 -: CSF monocyte ratio was observed in MS patients with relapsing-remitting disease. Newly infiltrating, hematogenous CD16(+) monocytes were detected in a perivascular location within active MS lesions, and CD16(+) monocytes facilitated CD4(+) T cell trafficking in a blood -: brain barrier model. Our findings support an important role of CD16(+) monocytes in the steady-state immune surveillance of the CNS and suggest that CD16(+) monocytes shift to sites of inflammation and contribute to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in CNS autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Waschbisch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Sina Schröder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dana Schraudner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Sammet
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Babette Weksler
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Arthur Melms
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Pfeifenbring
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwab
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Crossing the Vascular Wall: Common and Unique Mechanisms Exploited by Different Leukocyte Subsets during Extravasation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:946509. [PMID: 26568666 PMCID: PMC4629053 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte extravasation is one of the essential and first steps during the initiation of inflammation. Therefore, a better understanding of the key molecules that regulate this process may help to develop novel therapeutics for treatment of inflammation-based diseases such as atherosclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis. The endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are known as the central mediators of leukocyte adhesion to and transmigration across the endothelium. Engagement of these molecules by their leukocyte integrin receptors initiates the activation of several signaling pathways within both leukocytes and endothelium. Several of such events have been described to occur during transendothelial migration of all leukocyte subsets, whereas other mechanisms are known only for a single leukocyte subset. Here, we summarize current knowledge on regulatory mechanisms of leukocyte extravasation from a leukocyte and endothelial point of view, respectively. Specifically, we will focus on highlighting common and unique mechanisms that specific leukocyte subsets exploit to succeed in crossing endothelial monolayers.
Collapse
|
42
|
Male rats develop more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than female rats: sexual dimorphism and diergism at the spinal cord level. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:101-18. [PMID: 25944279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with females, male Dark Agouti (DA) rats immunized for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with rat spinal cord homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) exhibited lower incidence of the disease, but the maximal neurological deficit was greater in the animals that developed the disease. Consistently, at the peak of the disease greater number of reactivated CD4+CD134+CD45RC- T lymphocytes was retrieved from male rat spinal cord. Their microglia/macrophages were more activated and produced greater amount of prototypic proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Additionally, oppositely to the expression of mRNAs for IL-12/p35, IL-10 and IL-27/p28, the expression of mRNA for IL-23/p19 was upregulated in male rat spinal cord mononuclear cells. Consequently, the IL-17+:IFN-γ+ cell ratio within T lymphocytes from their spinal cord was skewed towards IL-17+ cells. Within this subpopulation, the IL-17+IFN-γ+:IL-17+IL-10+ cell ratio was shifted towards IL-17+IFN-γ+ cells, which have prominent tissue damaging capacity. This was associated with an upregulated expression of mRNAs for IL-1β and IL-6, but downregulated TGF-β mRNA expression in male rat spinal cord mononuclear cells. The enhanced GM-CSF mRNA expression in these cells supported the greater pathogenicity of IL-17+ T lymphocytes infiltrating male spinal cord. In the inductive phase of the disease, contrary to the draining lymph node, in the spinal cord the frequency of CD134+ cells among CD4+ T lymphocytes and the frequency of IL-17+ cells among T lymphocytes were greater in male than in female rats. This most likely reflected an enhanced transmigration of mononuclear cells into the spinal cord (judging by the lesser spinal cord CXCL12 mRNA expression), the greater frequency of activated microglia/macrophages and the increased expression of mRNAs for Th17 polarizing cytokines in male rat spinal cord mononuclear cells. Collectively, the results showed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the target organ specific sexual dimorphism in the T lymphocyte-dependent immune/inflammatory response, and suggested a substantial role for the target organ in shaping the sexually dimorphic clinical outcome of EAE.
Collapse
|
43
|
Palmiotti CA, Prasad S, Naik P, Abul KMD, Sajja RK, Achyuta AH, Cucullo L. In vitro cerebrovascular modeling in the 21st century: current and prospective technologies. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3229-50. [PMID: 25098812 PMCID: PMC4225221 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains the brain homeostasis and dynamically responds to events associated with systemic and/or rheological impairments (e.g., inflammation, ischemia) including the exposure to harmful xenobiotics. Thus, understanding the BBB physiology is crucial for the resolution of major central nervous system CNS) disorders challenging both health care providers and the pharmaceutical industry. These challenges include drug delivery to the brain, neurological disorders, toxicological studies, and biodefense. Studies aimed at advancing our understanding of CNS diseases and promoting the development of more effective therapeutics are primarily performed in laboratory animals. However, there are major hindering factors inherent to in vivo studies such as cost, limited throughput and translational significance to humans. These factors promoted the development of alternative in vitro strategies for studying the physiology and pathophysiology of the BBB in relation to brain disorders as well as screening tools to aid in the development of novel CNS drugs. Herein, we provide a detailed review including pros and cons of current and prospective technologies for modelling the BBB in vitro including ex situ, cell based and computational (in silico) models. A special section is dedicated to microfluidic systems including micro-BBB, BBB-on-a-chip, Neurovascular Unit-on-a-Chip and Synthetic Microvasculature Blood-brain Barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Pooja Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Kaisar MD Abul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ravi K. Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | | | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Lieury A, Chanal M, Androdias G, Reynolds R, Cavagna S, Giraudon P, Confavreux C, Nataf S. Tissue remodeling in periplaque regions of multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions. Glia 2014; 62:1645-58. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lieury
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Marie Chanal
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Géraldine Androdias
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine; London United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Cavagna
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Pascale Giraudon
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Christian Confavreux
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Serge Nataf
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Banque de Cellules et de Tissus, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Lyon France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
An in vitro blood-brain barrier model combining shear stress and endothelial cell/astrocyte co-culture. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 232:165-72. [PMID: 24858797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models can be useful for understanding leukocyte-endothelial interactions at this unique vascular-tissue interface. Desirable features of such a model include shear stress, non-transformed cells and co-cultures of brain microvascular endothelial cells with astrocytes. Recovery of transmigrated leukocytes for further analysis is also appealing. NEW METHODS We report an in vitro BBB model for leukocyte transmigration incorporating shear stress with co-culture of conditionally immortalized human endothelial cell line (hBMVEC) and human astrocyte cell line (hAST). Transmigrated leukocytes can be recovered for comparison with input and non-transmigrated cells. RESULT hBMVEC and hAST exhibited physiological and morphological BBB properties when cocultured back-to-back on membranes. In particular, astrocyte processes protruded through 3 μm membrane pores, terminating in close proximity to the hBMVEC with a morphology reminiscent of end-feet. Co-culture with hAST also decreased the permeability of hBMVEC. In our model, astrocytes promoted transendothelial leukocyte transmigration. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This model offers the opportunity to evaluate whether BBB properties and leukocyte transmigration across cytokine-activated hBMVEC are influenced by human astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS We present a BBB model for leukocyte transmigration incorporating shear stress with co-culture of hBMVEC and hAST. We demonstrate that hAST promoted leukocyte transmigration and also increased certain barrier functions of hBMVEC. This model provides reproducible assays for leukocyte transmigration with robust results, which will enable further defining the relationships among leukocytes and the cellular elements of the BBB.
Collapse
|
47
|
Milenkovic D, Vanden Berghe W, Boby C, Leroux C, Declerck K, Szarc vel Szic K, Heyninck K, Laukens K, Bizet M, Defrance M, Dedeurwaerder S, Calonne E, Fuks F, Haegeman G, Haenen GRMM, Bast A, Weseler AR. Dietary flavanols modulate the transcription of genes associated with cardiovascular pathology without changes in their DNA methylation state. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95527. [PMID: 24763279 PMCID: PMC3998980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a recent intervention study, the daily supplementation with 200 mg monomeric and oligomeric flavanols (MOF) from grape seeds for 8 weeks revealed a vascular health benefit in male smokers. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of MOF consumption on the gene expression profile of leukocytes and to assess changes in DNA methylation. Methodology/Principal Findings Gene expression profiles were determined using whole genome microarrays (Agilent) and DNA methylation was assessed using HumanMethylation450 BeadChips (Illumina). MOF significantly modulated the expression of 864 genes. The majority of the affected genes are involved in chemotaxis, cell adhesion, cell infiltration or cytoskeleton organisation, suggesting lower immune cell adhesion to endothelial cells. This was corroborated by in vitro experiments showing that MOF exposure of monocytes attenuates their adhesion to TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) reporter gene assays confirmed that MOF decrease the activity of NF-κB. Strong inter-individual variability in the leukocytes' DNA methylation was observed. As a consequence, on group level, changes due to MOF supplementation could not be found. Conclusion Our study revealed that an 8 week daily supplementation with 200 mg MOF modulates the expression of genes associated with cardiovascular disease pathways without major changes of their DNA methylation state. However, strong inter-individual variation in leukocyte DNA methylation may obscure the subtle epigenetic response to dietary flavanols. Despite the lack of significant changes in DNA methylation, the modulation of gene expression appears to contribute to the observed vascular health effect of MOF in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Milenkovic
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction LEGEST, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
- PPES, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Céline Boby
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Plate-Forme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Christine Leroux
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Plate-Forme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Ken Declerck
- PPES, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Karen Heyninck
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction LEGEST, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Dedeurwaerder
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francois Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Haegeman
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction LEGEST, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Antje R. Weseler
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, MD Maastricht, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Adams JN, Raffield LM, Freedman BI, Langefeld CD, Ng MCY, Carr JJ, Cox AJ, Bowden DW. Analysis of common and coding variants with cardiovascular disease in the Diabetes Heart Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:77. [PMID: 24725463 PMCID: PMC4021556 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Identification of genetic risk factors for CVD is important to understand disease risk. Two recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium detected CVD-associated loci. Methods Variants identified in CHARGE were tested for association with CVD phenotypes, including vascular calcification, and conventional CVD risk factors, in the Diabetes Heart Study (DHS) (n = 1208; >80% T2DM affected). This included 36 genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from DHS GWAS data. 28 coding SNPs from 14 top CHARGE genes were also identified from exome sequencing resources and genotyped, along with 209 coding variants from the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip genotype data in the DHS were also tested. Genetic risk scores (GRS) were calculated to evaluate the association of combinations of variants with CVD measures. Results After correction for multiple comparisons, none of the CHARGE SNPs were associated with vascular calcification (p < 0.0014). Multiple SNPs showed nominal significance with calcification, including rs599839 (PSRC1, p = 0.008), rs646776 (CELSR2, p = 0.01), and rs17398575 (PIK3CG, p = 0.009). Additional COL4A2 and CXCL12 SNPs were nominally associated with all-cause or CVD-cause mortality. Three SNPs were significantly or nominally associated with serum lipids: rs3135506 (Ser19Trp, APOA5) with triglycerides (TG) (p = 5×10−5), LDL (p = 0.00070), and nominally with high density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.0054); rs651821 (5′UTR, APOA5) with increased TGs (p = 0.0008); rs13832449 (splice donor, APOC3) associated with decreased TGs (p = 0.0015). Rs45456595 (CDKN2A, Gly63Arg), rs5128 (APOC3, 3′UTR), and rs72650673 (SH2B3, Glu400Lys) were nominally associated with history of CVD, subclinical CVD, or CVD risk factors (p < 0.010). From the exome chip, rs3750103 (CHN2, His204Arg/His68Arg) with carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) (p = 3.9×10−5), and rs61937878 (HAL, Val549Met) with infra-renal abdominal aorta CP (AACP) (p = 7.1×10−5). The unweighted GRS containing coronary artery calcified plaque (CAC) SNPs was nominally associated with history of prior CVD (p = 0.033; OR = 1.09). The weighted GRS containing SNPs was associated with CAC and myocardial infarction (MI) was associated with history of MI (p = 0.026; OR = 1.15). Conclusions Genetic risk factors for subclinical CVD in the general population (CHARGE) were modestly associated with T2DM-related risk factors and CVD outcomes in the DHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Morganti JM, Jopson TD, Liu S, Gupta N, Rosi S. Cranial irradiation alters the brain's microenvironment and permits CCR2+ macrophage infiltration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93650. [PMID: 24695541 PMCID: PMC3973545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic irradiation is commonly used to treat primary or metastatic central nervous system tumors. It is believed that activation of neuroinflammatory signaling pathways contributes to the development of common adverse effects, which may ultimately contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Recent studies identified the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR2), constitutively expressed by cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, as a mediator of cognitive impairments induced by irradiation. In the present study we utilized a unique reporter mouse (CCR2RFP/+CX3CR1GFP/+) to accurately delineate the resident (CX3CR1+) versus peripheral (CCR2+) innate immune response in the brain following cranial irradiation. Our results demonstrate that a single dose of 10Gy cranial γ-irradiation induced a significant decrease in the percentage of resident microglia, while inducing an increase in the infiltration of peripherally derived CCR2+ macrophages. Although reduced in percentage, there was a significant increase in F4/80+ activated macrophages in irradiated animals compared to sham. Moreover, we found that there were altered levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and growth factors in the hippocampi of wild type irradiated mice as compared to sham. All of these molecules are implicated in the recruitment, adhesion, and migration of peripheral monocytes to injured tissue. Importantly, there were no measureable changes in the expression of multiple markers associated with blood-brain barrier integrity; implicating the infiltration of peripheral CCR2+ macrophages may be due to inflammatory induced chemotactic signaling. Cumulatively, these data provide evidence that therapeutic levels of cranial radiation are sufficient to alter the brain’s homeostatic balance and permit the influx of peripherally-derived CCR2+ macrophages as well as the regional susceptibility of the hippocampal formation to ionizing radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh M. Morganti
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Jopson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon Liu
- Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Obermeier B, Daneman R, Ransohoff RM. Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Nat Med 2013; 19:1584-96. [PMID: 24309662 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1586] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interface between the blood circulation and the neural tissue features unique characteristics that are encompassed by the term 'blood-brain barrier' (BBB). The main functions of this barrier, namely maintenance of brain homeostasis, regulation of influx and efflux transport, and protection from harm, are determined by its specialized multicellular structure. Every constituent cell type makes an indispensable contribution to the BBB's integrity. But if one member of the BBB fails, and as a result the barrier breaks down, there can be dramatic consequences and neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration can occur. In this Review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the development and maintenance of the BBB. We then discuss how BBB disruption can cause or contribute to neurological disease. Finally, we examine how this knowledge can be used to explore new possibilities for BBB repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Obermeier
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|