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Taranto S, Castelli R, Marseglia G, Scalvini L, Vacondio F, Gianoncelli A, Ribaudo G, Faletti J, Gazzaroli G, Rocca E, Ronca R, Rusnati M, Sacco A, Roccaro AM, Presta M, Mor M, Giacomini A, Rivara S. Discovery of novel FGF trap small molecules endowed with anti-myeloma activity. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107291. [PMID: 38969274 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act as proangiogenic and mitogenic cytokines in several cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM). Indeed, corrupted FGF autocrine and paracrine secretion induces an aberrant activation of the FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling sustaining cancer cell spreading and resistance to pharmacological treatments. Thus, FGF traps may represent a promising anti-cancer strategy to hamper the ligand-dependent activation of the FGF/FGFR system. We previously identified NSC12 as the first orally available small molecule FGF trap able to inhibit the growth and progression of several FGF-dependent tumor models. NSC12 is a pregnenolone derivative carrying a 1,1-bis-trifluoromethyl-1,3-propanediol chain in position 17 of the steroid nucleus. Investigation of structure-activity relationships (SARs) provided more potent and specific NSC12 steroid derivatives and highlighted that the C17-side chain is pivotal for the FGF trap activity. Here, a scaffold hopping approach allowed to obtain two FGF trap compounds (22 and 57) devoid of the steroid nucleus and able to efficiently bind FGF2 and to inhibit FGFR activation in MM cells. Accordingly, these compounds exert a potent anti-tumor activity on MM cell lines both in vitro and in vivo and on MM patient-derived primary cells, strongly affecting the survival of both proteasome-inhibitor sensitive and resistant MM cells. These results propose a new therapeutic option for relapsed/refractory MM patients and set the bases for the development of novel FGF traps prone to chemical diversification to be used in the clinic for the treatment of those tumors in which the FGF/FGFR system plays a pivotal role, including MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Taranto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Clinical Trial Center, Translational Research and Phase I Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Scalvini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Faletti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gazzaroli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Rocca
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Clinical Trial Center, Translational Research and Phase I Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Aldo Maria Roccaro
- Clinical Trial Center, Translational Research and Phase I Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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2
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Gou Q, Gou Q, Gan X, Xie Y. Novel therapeutic strategies for rare mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10317. [PMID: 38705930 PMCID: PMC11070427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Over the past two decades, the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has undergone a significant revolution. Since the first identification of activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in 2004, several genetic aberrations, such as anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements (ALK), neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET), have been found. With the development of gene sequencing technology, the development of targeted drugs for rare mutations, such as multikinase inhibitors, has provided new strategies for treating lung cancer patients with rare mutations. Patients who harbor this type of oncologic driver might acquire a greater survival benefit from the use of targeted therapy than from the use of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. To date, more new agents and regimens can achieve satisfactory results in patients with NSCLC. In this review, we focus on recent advances and highlight the new approval of molecular targeted therapy for NSCLC patients with rare oncologic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Gou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Head & Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiheng Gou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Head & Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaochuan Gan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology of Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Katoh M, Loriot Y, Brandi G, Tavolari S, Wainberg ZA, Katoh M. FGFR-targeted therapeutics: clinical activity, mechanisms of resistance and new directions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:312-329. [PMID: 38424198 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling via FGF receptors (FGFR1-4) orchestrates fetal development and contributes to tissue and whole-body homeostasis, but can also promote tumorigenesis. Various agents, including pan-FGFR inhibitors (erdafitinib and futibatinib), FGFR1/2/3 inhibitors (infigratinib and pemigatinib), as well as a range of more-specific agents, have been developed and several have entered clinical use. Erdafitinib is approved for patients with urothelial carcinoma harbouring FGFR2/3 alterations, and futibatinib and pemigatinib are approved for patients with cholangiocarcinoma harbouring FGFR2 fusions and/or rearrangements. Clinical benefit from these agents is in part limited by hyperphosphataemia owing to off-target inhibition of FGFR1 as well as the emergence of resistance mutations in FGFR genes, activation of bypass signalling pathways, concurrent TP53 alterations and possibly epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related isoform switching. The next generation of small-molecule inhibitors, such as lirafugratinib and LOXO-435, and the FGFR2-specific antibody bemarituzumab are expected to have a reduced risk of hyperphosphataemia and the ability to overcome certain resistance mutations. In this Review, we describe the development and current clinical role of FGFR inhibitors and provide perspective on future research directions including expansion of the therapeutic indications for use of FGFR inhibitors, combination of these agents with immune-checkpoint inhibitors and the application of novel technologies, such as artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Giovanni Brandi
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Tavolari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Zev A Wainberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masaru Katoh
- M & M Precision Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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Shan KS, Dalal S, Thaw Dar NN, McLish O, Salzberg M, Pico BA. Molecular Targeting of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Pathway across Various Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:849. [PMID: 38255923 PMCID: PMC10815772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and development. FGFR alterations including amplifications, fusions, rearrangements, and mutations can result in the downstream activation of tyrosine kinases, leading to tumor development. Targeting these FGFR alterations has shown to be effective in treating cholangiocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms, and there are currently four FGFR inhibitors approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). There have been developments in multiple agents targeting the FGFR pathway, including selective FGFR inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates. However, most of these agents have variable and low responses, with some intolerable toxicities and acquired resistances. This review will summarize previous clinical experiences and current developments in agents targeting the FGFR pathway, and will also discuss future directions for FGFR-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khine S. Shan
- Memorial Health Care, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (S.D.); (N.N.T.D.); (O.M.); (M.S.)
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5
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Zheng L, Liu H, Chen L, You X, Lv F, Fan H, Hui Q, Liu B, Wang X. Expression and Purification of FGFR1-Fc Fusion Protein and Its Effects on Human Lung Squamous Carcinoma. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:573-587. [PMID: 37160564 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-targeted therapies for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are limited mainly because targetable oncogenic aberrations are absent in LSCC. Recent genomic analyses have revealed that the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in LSCC progression via cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In the present study, we designed, expressed, and purified a fibroblast growth factor receptor fragment (FGFR1-Fc) fusion protein using NS/0 cells. In FGF2-FGFR1 overexpressed NCI-H1703 cells, the FGFR1-Fc fusion protein effectively inhibited proliferation and invasion and arrested the cell cycle at the G0-G1 phase. In NCI-H1703 cells treated with the FGFR1-Fc fusion protein, the phosphorylation levels of FGFR1, FRS2, ERK, and AKT were significantly reduced. Using an siRNA assay, we demonstrated that FGF2-FGFR1 is the major anti-tumor target of FGFR1-Fc fusion the FGFR1-Fc fusion protein, which also significantly inhibited proliferation and invasion by NCI-H1703 cells via the FGF2-FGFR1 signaling pathway. In addition, the FGFR1-Fc fusion protein significantly inhibited angiogenesis in an embryonic chorioallantoic membrane model. The FGFR1-Fc fusion protein may be an effective therapeutic candidate for LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi You
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Fangyi Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Haibing Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qi Hui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Baohua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Asffiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Zhou Y, Sun S, Ling T, Chen Y, Zhou R, You Q. The role of fibroblast growth factor 18 in cancers: functions and signaling pathways. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124520. [PMID: 37228502 PMCID: PMC10203589 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 18(FGF18) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family (FGFs). FGF18 is a class of bioactive substances that can conduct biological signals, regulate cell growth, participate in tissue repair and other functions, and can promote the occurrence and development of different types of malignant tumors through various mechanisms. In this review, we focus on recent studies of FGF18 in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of tumors in digestive, reproductive, urinary, respiratory, motor, and pediatric systems. These findings suggest that FGF18 may play an increasingly important role in the clinical evaluation of these malignancies. Overall, FGF18 can function as an important oncogene at different gene and protein levels, and can be used as a potential new therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sizheng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Ling
- Department of Biotherapy, Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongzhen Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongzhong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zaoyang First People’s Hosipital, Zaoyang, China
| | - Qiang You
- Department of Biotherapy, Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang Q, Liu S, Wang H, Xiao K, Lu J, Chen S, Huang M, Xie R, Lin T, Chen X. ETV4 Mediated Tumor-Associated Neutrophil Infiltration Facilitates Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Metastasis of Bladder Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205613. [PMID: 36670069 PMCID: PMC10104629 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As a key step of tumor lymphatic metastasis, lymphangiogenesis is regulated by VEGFC-VEGFR3 signaling pathway mediated by immune cells, mainly macrophages, in the tumor microenvironment. However, little is known whether tumor associated neutrophils are involved in lymphangiogenesis. Here, it is found that TANs infiltration is increased in LN-metastatic BCa and is associated with poor prognosis. Neutrophil depletion results in significant reduction in popliteal LN metastasis and lymphangiogenesis. Mechanistically, transcription factor ETV4 enhances BCa cells-derived CXCL1/8 to recruit TANs, leading to the increase of VEGFA and MMP9 from TANs, and then facilitating lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis of BCa. Moreover, phosphorylation of ETV4 at tyrosine 392 by tyrosine kinase PTK6 increases nuclear translocation of ETV4 and is essential for its function in BCa. Overall, the findings reveal a novel mechanism of how tumor cells regulate TANs-induced lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis and identify ETV4 as a therapeutic target of LN metastasis in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Hongjin Wang
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Kanghua Xiao
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Junlin Lu
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Siting Chen
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Ruihui Xie
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of UrologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological DiseasesGuangzhouGuangdong510000P. R. China
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Mahapatra S, Jonniya NA, Koirala S, Ursal KD, Kar P. The FGF/FGFR signalling mediated anti-cancer drug resistance and therapeutic intervention. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13509-13533. [PMID: 36995019 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) ligands and their receptors are crucial factors driving chemoresistance in several malignancies, challenging the efficacy of currently available anti-cancer drugs. The Fibroblast growth factor/receptor (FGF/FGFR) signalling malfunctions in tumor cells, resulting in a range of molecular pathways that may impact its drug effectiveness. Deregulation of cell signalling is critical since it can enhance tumor growth and metastasis. Overexpression and mutation of FGF/FGFR induce regulatory changes in the signalling pathways. Chromosomal translocation facilitating FGFR fusion production aggravates drug resistance. Apoptosis is inhibited by FGFR-activated signalling pathways, reducing multiple anti-cancer medications' destructive impacts. Angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are facilitated by FGFRs-dependent signalling, which correlates with drug resistance and enhances metastasis. Further, lysosome-mediated drug sequestration is another prominent method of resistance. Inhibition of FGF/FGFR by following a plethora of therapeutic approaches such as covalent and multitarget inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant FGFs, combination therapy, and targeting lysosomes and micro RNAs would be helpful. As a result, FGF/FGFR suppression treatment options are evolving nowadays. To increase positive impacts, the processes underpinning the FGF/FGFR axis' role in developing drug resistance need to be clarified, emphasizing the need for more studies to develop novel therapeutic options to address this significant problem. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasmita Mahapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nisha Amarnath Jonniya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Koirala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kapil Dattatray Ursal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Chan J, Chan J, Shao L, Stawicki SS, Pham VC, Akita RW, Hafner M, Crocker L, Yu K, Koerber JT, Schaefer G, Comps-Agrar L. Systematic pharmacological analysis of agonistic and antagonistic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 MAbs reveals a similar unique mode of action. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102729. [PMID: 36410439 PMCID: PMC9758440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in developmental processes and metabolism. The dysregulation of FGFR1 through genetic aberrations leads to skeletal and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. For this reason, FGFR1 is a promising therapeutic target, yet a very challenging one due to potential on-target toxicity. More puzzling is that both agonistic and antagonistic FGFR1 antibodies are reported to exhibit similar toxicity profiles in vivo, namely weight loss. In this study, we aimed to assess and compare the mechanism of action of these molecules to better understand this apparent contradiction. By systematically comparing the binding of these antibodies and the activation or the inhibition of the major FGFR1 signaling events, we demonstrated that the molecules displayed similar properties and can behave either as an agonist or antagonist depending on the presence or the absence of the endogenous ligand. We further demonstrated that these findings translated in xenografts mice models. In addition, using time-resolved FRET and mass spectrometry analysis, we showed a functionally distinct FGFR1 active conformation in the presence of an antibody that preferentially activates the FGFR substrate 2 (FRS2)-dependent signaling pathway, demonstrating that modulating the geometry of a FGFR1 dimer can effectively change the signaling outputs and ultimately the activity of the molecule in preclinical studies. Altogether, our results highlighted how bivalent antibodies can exhibit both agonistic and antagonistic activities and have implications for targeting other receptor tyrosine kinases with antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Chan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joyce Chan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Lily Shao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Scott S Stawicki
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoria C Pham
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and NGS, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rob W Akita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marc Hafner
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lisa Crocker
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kebing Yu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and NGS, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gabriele Schaefer
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Laetitia Comps-Agrar
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA.
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10
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FGFR Inhibitors in Cholangiocarcinoma-A Novel Yet Primary Approach: Where Do We Stand Now and Where to Head Next in Targeting This Axis? Cells 2022; 11:cells11233929. [PMID: 36497187 PMCID: PMC9737583 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are rare but aggressive tumours with poor diagnosis and limited treatment options. Molecular targeted therapies became a promising proposal for patients after progression under first-line chemical treatment. In light of an escalating prevalence of CCA, it is crucial to fully comprehend its pathophysiology, aetiology, and possible targets in therapy. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in searching for new therapeutic approaches concerning diseases' symptoms and their underlying causes. Growing evidence showed that fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) pathway dysregulation is involved in a variety of processes during embryonic development and homeostasis as well as tumorigenesis. CCA is known for its close correlation with the FGF/FGFR pathway and targeting this axis has been proposed in treatment guidelines. Bearing in mind the significance of molecular targeted therapies in different neoplasms, it seems most reasonable to move towards intensive research and testing on these in the case of CCA. However, there is still a need for more data covering this topic. Although positive results of many pre-clinical and clinical studies are discussed in this review, many difficulties lie ahead. Furthermore, this review presents up-to-date literature regarding the outcomes of the latest clinical data and discussion over future directions of FGFR-directed therapies in patients with CCA.
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11
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Gordon A, Johnston E, Lau DK, Starling N. Targeting FGFR2 Positive Gastroesophageal Cancer: Current and Clinical Developments. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1183-1196. [PMID: 36238135 PMCID: PMC9553429 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s282718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the systemic treatment of gastroesophageal cancers, prognosis remains poor. Comprehensive molecular analyses have characterized the genomic landscape of gastroesophageal cancer that has established therapeutic targets such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) pathway is attractive for targetable therapy with FGFR inhibition based on preclinical data showing a pivotal role in the progression of gastric cancer (GC). FGFR2 amplification is the most common FGFR2 gene aberration in gastroesophageal cancer, and most associated with diffuse GC, which is often linked to poorer prognostic outcomes. There has been considerable progress with drug development focused on FGFR inhibition. At present, there is no approved FGFR inhibitor for FGFR2 positive gastroesophageal cancer. A selective FGFR2b monoclonal antibody bemarituzumab is currently being investigated in the first phase III randomized trial for patients with first line advanced GC, which may change the treatment paradigm for FGFR2b positive GC. The role of FGFR signalling, specifically FGFR2, is less established in oesophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) with a paucity of evidence for clinical benefit in these patients. Precision medicine is part of the wider approach in gastrointestinal cancers; however, it can be challenging due to heterogeneity and here circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) for patient selection may have future clinical utility. In our review, we outline the FGFR pathway and focus on the developments and challenges of targeting FGFR2 driven gastroesophageal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderley Gordon
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Edwina Johnston
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - David K Lau
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Naureen Starling
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, UK,Correspondence: Naureen Starling, Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, United Kingdom, Tel +44 2086426011, Email
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12
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Jendryczko K, Rzeszotko J, Krzyscik MA, Kocyła A, Szymczyk J, Otlewski J, Szlachcic A. Drug Conjugation via Maleimide-Thiol Chemistry Does Not Affect Targeting Properties of Cysteine-Containing Anti-FGFR1 Peptibodies. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1422-1433. [PMID: 35389227 PMCID: PMC9066409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With a wide range of available cytotoxic therapeutics, the main focus of current cancer research is to deliver them specifically to the cancer cells, minimizing toxicity against healthy tissues. Targeted therapy utilizes different carriers for cytotoxic drugs, combining a targeting molecule, typically an antibody, and a highly toxic payload. For the effective delivery of such cytotoxic conjugates, a molecular target on the cancer cell is required. Various proteins are exclusively or abundantly expressed in cancer cells, making them a possible target for drug carriers. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) overexpression has been reported in different types of cancer, but no FGFR1-targeting cytotoxic conjugate has been approved for therapy so far. In this study, the FGFR1-targeting peptide previously described in the literature was reformatted into a peptibody-peptide fusion with the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of IgG1. PeptibodyC19 can be effectively internalized into FGFR1-overexpressing cells and does not induce cells' proliferation. The main challenge for its use as a cytotoxic conjugate is a cysteine residue located within the targeting peptide. A standard drug-conjugation strategy based on the maleimide-thiol reaction involves modification of cysteines within the Fc domain hinge region. Applied here, however, may easily result in the modification of the targeting peptide with the drug, limiting its affinity to the target and therefore the potential for specific drug delivery. To investigate if this is the case, we have performed conjugation reactions with different auristatin derivatives (PEGylated and unmodified) under various conditions. By controlling the reduction conditions and the type of cytotoxic payload, different numbers of cysteines were substituted, allowing us to avoid conjugating the drug to the targeting peptide, which could affect its binding to FGFR1. The optimized protocol with PEGylated auristatin yielded doubly substituted peptibodyC19, showing specific cytotoxicity toward the FGFR1-expressing lung cancer cells, with no effect on cells with low FGFR1 levels. Indeed, additional cysteine poses a risk of unwanted modification, but changes in the type of cytotoxic payload and reaction conditions allow the use of standard thiol-maleimide-based conjugation to achieve standard Fc hinge region cysteine modification, analogously to antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jendryczko
- Department
of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Jakub Rzeszotko
- Department
of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kocyła
- Department
of Chemical Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- Department
of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department
of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Anna Szlachcic
- Department
of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
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14
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Pérez Piñero C, Giulianelli S, Lamb CA, Lanari C. New Insights in the Interaction of FGF/FGFR and Steroid Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6491899. [PMID: 34977930 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Luminal breast cancer (BrCa) has a favorable prognosis compared with other tumor subtypes. However, with time, tumors may evolve and lead to disease progression; thus, there is a great interest in unraveling the mechanisms that drive tumor metastasis and endocrine resistance. In this review, we focus on one of the many pathways that have been involved in tumor progression, the fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) axis. We emphasize in data obtained from in vivo experimental models that we believe that in luminal BrCa, tumor growth relies in a crosstalk with the stromal tissue. We revisited the studies that illustrate the interaction between hormone receptors and FGFR. We also highlight the most frequent alterations found in BrCa cell lines and provide a short review on the trials that use FGFR inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapies. Analysis of these data suggests there are many players involved in this pathway that might be also targeted to decrease FGF signaling, in addition to specific FGFR inhibitors that may be exploited to increase their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pérez Piñero
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Giulianelli
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos, IBIOMAR-CCT CENPAT-CONICET, U9120ACD Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Caroline A Lamb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Hu P, So K, Chen H, Lin Q, Xu M, Lin Y. A monoclonal antibody against basic fibroblast growth factor attenuates cisplatin resistance in lung cancer by suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221105134. [PMID: 35649742 PMCID: PMC9168941 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the underlying mechanisms of how the basic fibroblast growth factor monoclonal antibody (bFGFmAb) attenuates cisplatin (DDP) resistance in lung cancer using A549 cells and cisplatin-resistant A549 cells (A549/DDP). Methods: Cancer cell proliferation, cell viability, and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cisplatin were assessed. Transwell assays were utilized to evaluate the invasion activity of tumor cells in response to treatment. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers and drug resistance proteins were analysed using Western blots. Results: We demonstrate that the bFGFmAb inhibits the proliferation and invasion of both A549 and A549/DDP cells. The bFGFmAb increases cisplatin sensitivity of both A549 and A549/DDP cells as evidenced by an increase in the IC50 of cisplatin in A549 and A549/DDP cells. Furthermore, bFGFmAb significantly increases the expression of E-cadherin, whilst decreasing the expression of N-cadherin and bFGF in both cell lines, thereby showing inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In addition, we demonstrate that bFGFmAb significantly reduces the expression of the lung resistance protein. Conclusions: Our data suggests that the humanized bFGFmAb is a promising agent to attenuate cisplatin resistance in NSCLC. The underlying mechanism for this effect of bFGFmAb may be associated with the inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reduced expression of lung resistance protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Hu
- Department of Oncology, 162698The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, 71537Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Kaman So
- Department of Oncology, 162698The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 144991Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qimou Lin
- Department of Surgery, 71537Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Oncology, 162698The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 144991Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, 1994University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Chioni AM, Grose RP. Biological Significance and Targeting of the FGFR Axis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5681. [PMID: 34830836 PMCID: PMC8616401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), the widespread expression of all seven signalling FGF receptors (FGFRs) throughout the body, and the dramatic phenotypes shown by many FGF/R knockout mice, highlight the diversity, complexity and functional importance of FGFR signalling. The FGF/R axis is critical during normal tissue development, homeostasis and repair. Therefore, it is not surprising that substantial evidence also pinpoints the involvement of aberrant FGFR signalling in disease, including tumourigenesis. FGFR aberrations in cancer include mutations, gene fusions, and amplifications as well as corrupted autocrine/paracrine loops. Indeed, many clinical trials on cancer are focusing on targeting the FGF/FGFR axis, using selective FGFR inhibitors, nonselective FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ligand traps, and monoclonal antibodies and some have already been approved for the treatment of cancer patients. The heterogeneous tumour microenvironment and complexity of FGFR signalling may be some of the factors responsible for the resistance or poor response to therapy with FGFR axis-directed therapeutic agents. In the present review we will focus on the structure and function of FGF(R)s, their common irregularities in cancer and the therapeutic value of targeting their function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
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17
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Repetto M, Crimini E, Giugliano F, Morganti S, Belli C, Curigliano G. Selective FGFR/FGF pathway inhibitors: inhibition strategies, clinical activities, resistance mutations, and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1233-1252. [PMID: 34591728 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1947246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)/fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a pathway characterized by recurring alterations in cancer. Its dysregulations enhance cancer cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion, as well as angiogenesis and immune evasion.Areas covered: FGFR/FGF selective inhibitors belong to a broad class of drugs with some being approved for specific indications and others under investigation in ongoing phase I and II clinical trials. In this review, all available clinical data from trials on selective FGFR/FGF inhibitors as well as described resistance mutations and mechanisms are presented. FGFR/FGF pathway inhibitors are classified according to the mechanism they employ to dampen/suppress signaling and to the preferred FGFR binding mode when X-ray crystal structure is available.Expert opinion: Data presented suggests the general actionability of FGFR1,2,3 mutations and fusions across histologies, whereas FGFR1,2,3 amplifications alone are poor predictors of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Overexpression on immunohistochemistry (IHC) of FGF19, the stimulatory ligand of FGFR4, can predict response to FGFR selective inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Whereas IHC overexpression of FGFR1,2,3 is not sufficient to predict benefit from FGFR inhibitors across solid tumors. FGFR1,2,3 mRNA overexpression can predict response even in absence of structural alteration. Data on resistance mutations suggests the need for new inhibitors to overcome gatekeeper mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Repetto
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Crimini
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Giugliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Morganti
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Belli
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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18
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Margiotta A. All Good Things Must End: Termination of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126342. [PMID: 34198477 PMCID: PMC8231876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are membrane receptors that regulate many fundamental cellular processes. A tight regulation of RTK signaling is fundamental for development and survival, and an altered signaling by RTKs can cause cancer. RTKs are localized at the plasma membrane (PM) and the major regulatory mechanism of signaling of RTKs is their endocytosis and degradation. In fact, RTKs at the cell surface bind ligands with their extracellular domain, become active, and are rapidly internalized where the temporal extent of signaling, attenuation, and downregulation are modulated. However, other mechanisms of signal attenuation and termination are known. Indeed, inhibition of RTKs’ activity may occur through the modulation of the phosphorylation state of RTKs and the interaction with specific proteins, whereas antagonist ligands can inhibit the biological responses mediated by the receptor. Another mechanism concerns the expression of endogenous inactive receptor variants that are deficient in RTK activity and take part to inactive heterodimers or hetero-oligomers. The downregulation of RTK signals is fundamental for several cellular functions and the homeostasis of the cell. Here, we will review the mechanisms of signal attenuation and termination of RTKs, focusing on FGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Margiotta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Pacini L, Jenks AD, Lima NC, Huang PH. Targeting the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) Family in Lung Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1154. [PMID: 34068816 PMCID: PMC8151052 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Genetic alterations, such as amplifications, mutations and translocations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family have been found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) where they have a role in cancer initiation and progression. FGFR aberrations have also been identified as key compensatory bypass mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy against mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mutant Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) in lung cancer. Targeting FGFR is, therefore, of clinical relevance for this cancer type, and several selective and nonselective FGFR inhibitors have been developed in recent years. Despite promising preclinical data, clinical trials have largely shown low efficacy of these agents in lung cancer patients with FGFR alterations. Preclinical studies have highlighted the emergence of multiple intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which include on-target FGFR gatekeeper mutations and activation of bypass signalling pathways and alternative receptor tyrosine kinases. Here, we review the landscape of FGFR aberrations in lung cancer and the array of targeted therapies under clinical evaluation. We also discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to FGFR-targeting compounds and therapeutic strategies to circumvent resistance. Finally, we highlight our perspectives on the development of new biomarkers for stratification and prediction of FGFR inhibitor response to enable personalisation of treatment in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul H. Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (L.P.); (A.D.J.); (N.C.L.)
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20
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Halting the FGF/FGFR axis leads to antitumor activity in Waldenström macroglobulinemia by silencing MYD88. Blood 2021; 137:2495-2508. [PMID: 33197938 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) axis deregulation is largely involved in supporting the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies, including Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). WM is still an incurable disease, and patients succumb because of disease progression. Therefore, novel therapeutics designed to specifically target deregulated signaling pathways in WM are required. We aimed to investigate the role of FGF/FGFR system blockade in WM by using a pan-FGF trap molecule (NSC12). Wide-transcriptome profiling confirmed inhibition of FGFR signaling in NSC12-treated WM cells; unveiling a significant inhibition of MYD88 was also confirmed at the protein level. Importantly, the NSC12-dependent silencing of MYD88 was functionally active, as it led to inhibition of MYD88-driven pathways, such as BTK and SYK, as well as the MYD88-downstream target HCK. Of note, both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB cascades were downregulated in WM cells upon NSC12 treatment. Functional sequelae exerted by NSC12 in WM cells were studied, demonstrating significant inhibition of WM cell growth, induction of WM cell apoptosis, halting MAPK, JAK/STAT3, and PI3K-Akt pathways. Importantly, NSC12 exerted an anti-WM effect even in the presence of bone marrow microenvironment, both in vitro and in vivo. Our studies provide the evidence for using NSC12 as a specific FGF/FGFR system inhibitor, thus representing a novel therapeutic strategy in WM.
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21
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Castelli R, Taranto S, Furiassi L, Bozza N, Marseglia G, Ferlenghi F, Rivara S, Retini M, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Matarazzo S, Ronca R, Presta M, Mor M, Giacomini A. Chemical modification of NSC12 leads to a specific FGF-trap with antitumor activity in multiple myeloma. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113529. [PMID: 34004471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of FGF/FGFR signaling is a promising strategy for the treatment of malignances dependent from FGF stimulation, including multiple myeloma (MM). The steroidal derivative NSC12 (compound 1) is a pan-FGF trap endowed with antitumor activity in vivo. Chemical modifications of compound 1 were explored to investigate structure-activity relationships, focusing on the role of the bis(trifluoromethyl)1,3-propanediol chain, the stereochemistry at C20 and functionalization of C3 position. Our studies unveiled compound 25b, the pregnane 3-keto 20R derivative of compound 1 as an effective agent, blocking the proliferation of MM cells in vitro by inhibiting FGF-dependent receptor activation and slowing MM growth in vivo. Importantly, the absence of the hydroxyl group at C3 prevents binding to estrogen receptors, which might concur to the antitumor activity observed for compound 1, leading to a specific FGF/FGFR system inhibitor, and further supporting the role of FGFR in anticancer therapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Taranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Furiassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università, degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Nicole Bozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marseglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferlenghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Michele Retini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università, degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università, degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università, degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Sara Matarazzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic aberrations (mutations, gene fusions, amplifications) and dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway are frequently found in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCCs). Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) or monoclonal antibodies directed against FGF receptors therefore represents a promising approach for the treatment of HNSCC. OBJECTIVE This review article describes the current status of FGFR-directed therapies for head and neck tumors (especially HNSCC) and, in this context, discusses genomic alterations of the FGFR pathway as potential companion predictive biomarkers. METHODS This article is based on searches of PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and conference proceedings. RESULTS First results prove the efficacy of TKIs both in HNSCC and in adenocarcinomas of the head and neck, especially in thyroid and adenocystic salivary gland carcinomas. CONCLUSION Early clinical and preclinical data point to the promise of biomarker-directed treatment of patients with head and neck tumors using FGFR-targeted TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimo Dietrich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde/Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland.
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23
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Krook MA, Reeser JW, Ernst G, Barker H, Wilberding M, Li G, Chen HZ, Roychowdhury S. Fibroblast growth factor receptors in cancer: genetic alterations, diagnostics, therapeutic targets and mechanisms of resistance. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:880-892. [PMID: 33268819 PMCID: PMC7921129 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are aberrantly activated through single-nucleotide variants, gene fusions and copy number amplifications in 5-10% of all human cancers, although this frequency increases to 10-30% in urothelial carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We begin this review by highlighting the diversity of FGFR genomic alterations identified in human cancers and the current challenges associated with the development of clinical-grade molecular diagnostic tests to accurately detect these alterations in the tissue and blood of patients. The past decade has seen significant advancements in the development of FGFR-targeted therapies, which include selective, non-selective and covalent small-molecule inhibitors, as well as monoclonal antibodies against the receptors. We describe the expanding landscape of anti-FGFR therapies that are being assessed in early phase and randomised controlled clinical trials, such as erdafitinib and pemigatinib, which are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of FGFR3-mutated urothelial carcinoma and FGFR2-fusion cholangiocarcinoma, respectively. However, despite initial sensitivity to FGFR inhibition, acquired drug resistance leading to cancer progression develops in most patients. This phenomenon underscores the need to clearly delineate tumour-intrinsic and tumour-extrinsic mechanisms of resistance to facilitate the development of second-generation FGFR inhibitors and novel treatment strategies beyond progression on targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Krook
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julie W Reeser
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gabrielle Ernst
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hannah Barker
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Max Wilberding
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gary Li
- QED Therapeutics Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Zi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sameek Roychowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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24
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Inhibition of the FGF/FGFR System Induces Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells via c-Myc Downregulation and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249376. [PMID: 33317057 PMCID: PMC7763353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents an extremely diffused neoplastic disorder with different histological/molecular features. Among the different lung tumors, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most represented histotype, characterized by various molecular markers, including the expression/overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1). Thus, FGF/FGFR blockade by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) or FGF-ligand inhibitors may represent a promising therapeutic approach in lung cancers. In this study we demonstrate the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting the FGF/FGFR system in FGF-dependent lung tumor cells using FGF trapping (NSC12) or TKi (erdafitinib) approaches. The results show that inhibition of FGF/FGFR by NSC12 or erdafitinib induces apoptosis in FGF-dependent human squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H1581 and NCI-H520 cells. Induction of oxidative stress is the main mechanism responsible for the therapeutic/pro-apoptotic effect exerted by both NSC12 and erdafitinib, with apoptosis being abolished by antioxidant treatments. Finally, reduction of c-Myc protein levels appears to strictly determine the onset of oxidative stress and the therapeutic response to FGF/FGFR inhibition, indicating c-Myc as a key downstream effector of FGF/FGFR signaling in FGF-dependent lung cancers.
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25
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Ravikumar M, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Key Mediators of Stem Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581213. [PMID: 33330458 PMCID: PMC7710810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an evolutionarily ancient subclass of glycoproteins with exquisite structural complexity. They are ubiquitously expressed across tissues and have been found to exert a multitude of effects on cell behavior and the surrounding microenvironment. Evidence has shown that heterogeneity in HSPG composition is crucial to its functions as an essential scaffolding component in the extracellular matrix as well as a vital cell surface signaling co-receptor. Here, we provide an overview of the significance of HSPGs as essential regulators of stem cell function. We discuss the various roles of HSPGs in distinct stem cell types during key physiological events, from development through to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The contribution of aberrant HSPG production to altered stem cell properties and dysregulated cellular homeostasis characteristic of cancer is also reviewed. Finally, we consider approaches to better understand and exploit the multifaceted functions of HSPGs in influencing stem cell characteristics for cell therapy and associated culture expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanasa Ravikumar
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Zhu DL, Tuo XM, Rong Y, Zhang K, Guo Y. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling as therapeutic targets in female reproductive system cancers. J Cancer 2020; 11:7264-7275. [PMID: 33193890 PMCID: PMC7646179 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, cervical cancer and endometrial cancer are three relatively common malignant cancers of the female reproductive system. Despite improvements in female genital tract cancer detection and development of new therapeutic approaches, there are still poor prognoses and some do not respond to therapeutic patterns, displaying low survival and high frequency of recurrence. In an era of personalized medicine, novel therapeutic approaches with greater efficacy for these cancers represent an unmet need. One of the actionable signaling pathways is the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway. Several mutations and alterations in FGF/FGFR family members have been reported in human cancers. FGF/FGFR signaling pathway has become a new target for cancer therapy. This review will summarize the role of FGFR pathway and the genetic alterations of the FGF/FGFR related to female reproductive system cancer. We will describe the available inhibitors of FGFR pathway for potential treatment of female reproductive system cancer. Furthermore, we will discuss FGFR-targeted therapies under clinical development for treatment of female reproductive system cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054.,Research institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China, 311215
| | - Xiao-Mei Tuo
- Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| | - Yu Rong
- Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
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27
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The paradoxical roles of miR-4295 in human cancer: Implications in pathogenesis and personalized medicine. Genes Dis 2020; 9:638-647. [PMID: 35782974 PMCID: PMC9243315 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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28
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Xie Y, Su N, Yang J, Tan Q, Huang S, Jin M, Ni Z, Zhang B, Zhang D, Luo F, Chen H, Sun X, Feng JQ, Qi H, Chen L. FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:181. [PMID: 32879300 PMCID: PMC7468161 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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29
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Giacomini A, Grillo E, Rezzola S, Ribatti D, Rusnati M, Ronca R, Presta M. The FGF/FGFR system in the physiopathology of the prostate gland. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:569-610. [PMID: 32730114 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of proteins possessing paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine functions in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, angiogenesis, tissue homeostasis, wound repair, and cancer. Canonical FGFs bind and activate tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs), triggering intracellular signaling cascades that mediate their biological activity. Experimental evidence indicates that FGFs play a complex role in the physiopathology of the prostate gland that ranges from essential functions during embryonic development to modulation of neoplastic transformation. The use of ligand- and receptor-deleted mouse models has highlighted the requirement for FGF signaling in the normal development of the prostate gland. In adult prostate, the maintenance of a functional FGF/FGFR signaling axis is critical for organ homeostasis and function, as its disruption leads to prostate hyperplasia and may contribute to cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. Dissection of the molecular landscape modulated by the FGF family will facilitate ongoing translational efforts directed toward prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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30
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Wang J, Xing X, Li Q, Zhang G, Wang T, Pan H, Li D. Targeting the FGFR signaling pathway in cholangiocarcinoma: promise or delusion? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920940948. [PMID: 32754231 PMCID: PMC7378714 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920940948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a refractory cancer with limited treatment options
and poorly understood molecular mechanisms underlying tumor development. The
most effective treatment is surgical resection; however, patients are highly
prone to recurrence. Moreover, considering that most patients are diagnosed in
advanced stages, treatment options are restricted to palliative care, which
results in poor prognosis. Due to the limited effect of chemotherapy and
radiotherapy, targeted therapy is becoming a hot topic in the field of biliary
cancer treatment. The fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor
(FGF/FGFR) signaling pathway involves a variety of key biological processes for
cell survival, differentiation, and metabolism. Next-generation sequencing data
mining has shown that high levels of FGF/FGFR expression are associated with
reduced overall survival (OS) in CAA, which indicates that the FGF/FGFR pathway
may be an effective target for CAA treatment. This paper reviews the effect of
FGF/FGFR signaling on CCA from onset to treatment and highlights the promise of
FGF/FGFR signaling pathway inhibitors for targeting CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokang Xing
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qijun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Number 3, East Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
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31
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Huang W, Shu C, Hua L, Zhao Y, Xie H, Qi J, Gao F, Gao R, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Li W, Yuan M, Ye C, Ma Y. Modified bacterial outer membrane vesicles induce autoantibodies for tumor therapy. Acta Biomater 2020; 108:300-312. [PMID: 32251780 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using monoclonal antibodies to block tumor angiogenesis has yielded effective antitumor effects. However, this treatment method has long cycles and is very expensive; therefore, its long-term and extensive application is limited. In this study, we developed a nanovaccine using bacterial biomembranes as carriers for antitumor therapy. The whole basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) molecule (154 amino acids (aa)) was loaded onto bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) using gene recombination technology. The strong adjuvant effect of OMVs was used to induce the host to produce anti-BFGF autoantibodies. We proved that persistent anti-BFGF autoantibodies can be induced in mice after only 3 immunizations to antagonize BFGF functions. The effects included multiple tumor suppression functions, including inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, induction of tumor cell apoptosis, reversal of tumor immune barriers, and promotion of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), eventually causing tumor regression. We confirmed that bacterial biomembranes can be used as a vaccine delivery system to induce the production of antibodies against autoantigens, which may be used for tumor therapy. This study expands the application fields of bacterial biomembrane systems and provides insight for tumor immunotherapy other than monoclonal antibody technology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we proved that bacteria-released outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) modified via genetic engineering can be used as a vaccine carrier to break autoimmune tolerance and induce the body to produce autoantibodies to antagonize pathological molecules and block pathological signaling pathways for tumor therapy. OMVs naturally released by bacteria were used to successfully load the full-length BFGF protein (154 aa). We proved that persistent anti-BFGF autoantibodies can be induced in tumor-bearing mice after only 3 immunizations to effectively inhibit tumors. Furthermore, the production of these antibodies successfully inhibited tumor angiogenesis, promoted tumor cell apoptosis, reversed the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, increased the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) reaction, and eventually inhibited tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Congyan Shu
- Sichuan Institute for food and drug control, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangqun Hua
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanghang Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jialong Qi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Fulan Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ruiyu Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qishu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Mingcui Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
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32
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Shu C, Sun P, Xie H, Huang W, Qi J, Ma Y. Virus-Like Particles Presenting the FGF-2 Protein or Identified Antigenic Peptides Promoted Antitumor Immune Responses in Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1983-1996. [PMID: 32308382 PMCID: PMC7146011 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s237182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 is overexpressed in various tumor tissues. It affects tumor cell proliferation, invasion and survival, promotes tumor angiogenesis and is tightly involved in the development of systemic and local immunosuppressive tumor mechanisms. Purpose This study aimed to develop an effective vaccine against FGF-2 and to investigate the effects of anti-FGF-2 immunization on tumor growth and antitumor immune responses. Methods A set of thirteen synthesized overlapping peptides covering all possible linear B-cell epitopes of murine FGF-2 and a recombinant FGF-2 protein were conjugated to virus-like particles (VLPs) of recombinant hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). The VLPs were immunized through a preventive or therapeutic strategy in a TC-1 or 4T1 grafted tumor model. Results Immunization with FGF-2 peptides or full-length protein-coupled VLPs produced FGF-2-specific antibodies with a high titer. Peptide 12, which is located in the heparin-binding site of FGF-2, or protein-conjugated VLPs presented the most significant effects on the suppression of TC-1 tumor growth. The levels of IFN-γ-expressing splenocytes and serum IFN-γ were significantly elevated; further, the immune effector cells CD8+ IFN-γ+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4+ IFN-γ+ Th1 cells were significantly increased, whereas the immunosuppressive cells CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells and Gr-1+ CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were decreased in the immunized mice. In addition, VLP immunization significantly suppressed tumor vascularization and promoted tumor cell apoptosis. In mice bearing 4T1 breast tumor, preventive immunization with FGF-2-conjugated VLPs suppressed tumor growth and lung metastasis, and increased effector cell responses. Conclusion Active immunization against FGF-2 is a new possible strategy for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyan Shu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, People's Republic of China.,Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyan Sun
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialong Qi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, People's Republic of China
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33
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Morales-Barrera R, Suárez C, González M, Valverde C, Serra E, Mateo J, Raventos C, Maldonado X, Morote J, Carles J. The future of bladder cancer therapy: Optimizing the inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor receptor. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 86:102000. [PMID: 32203842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic options for metastatic bladder cancer (BC) have seen minimal evolution over the past 30 years, with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the mainstay of standard of care for metastatic BC. Recently, five immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved by the FDA as second-line therapy, and two ICIs are approved as first-line treatment in selected patients. Molecular alterations of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) have been reported by The Cancer Genome Atlas. About 15% of patients with MIBC have molecular alterations in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) axis. Several ongoing trials are testing novel FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in patients with FGFR genomic aberrations. Recently, erdafitinib, a pan-FGFR inhibitor, was approved by the FDA in patients with metastatic BC who have progressed on platinum-based chemotherapy. We reviewed the literature over the last decade and provide a summary of current knowledge of FGF signaling, and the prognosis associated with FGFR mutations in BC. We cover the role of FGFR inhibition with non-selective and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as novel agents in metastatic BC. Efficacy and safety data including insights from mechanism-based toxicity are reported for selected populations of metastatic BC with FGFR aberrations. Current strategies to managing resistance to anti-FGFR agents is addressed, and the importance of developing reliable biomarkers as the therapeutic landscape moves towards an individualized therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Morales-Barrera
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Suárez
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Macarena González
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Valverde
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Serra
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Mateo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Raventos
- Department of Urology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Maldonado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Morote
- Department of Urology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hinz TK, Heasley LE. Translating mesothelioma molecular genomics and dependencies into precision oncology-based therapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:11-22. [PMID: 31546009 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, yet lethal asbestos-induced cancer and despite marked efforts to reduce occupational exposure, the incidence has not yet significantly declined. Since 2003, combined treatment with a platinum-based agent and pemetrexed has been the first-line therapy and no effective or approved second-line treatments have emerged. The seemingly slow advance in developing new MPM treatments does not appear to be related to a low level of clinical and pre-clinical research activity. Rather, we suggest that a key hurdle in successfully translating basic discovery into novel MPM therapeutics is the underlying assumption that as a rare cancer, it will also be molecularly and genetically homogeneous. In fact, lung adenocarcinoma and melanoma only benefitted from precision oncology upon full appreciation of the high degree of molecular heterogeneity inherent in these cancers, especially regarding the diversity of oncogenic drivers. Herein, we consider the recent explosion of molecular and genetic information that has become available regarding MPM and suggest ways in which the unfolding landscape may guide identification of novel therapeutic vulnerabilities within subsets of MPM that can be targeted in a manner consistent with the tenets of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista K Hinz
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Lynn E Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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Morgensztern D, Karaseva N, Felip E, Delgado I, Burdaeva O, Dómine M, Lara P, Paik PK, Lassen U, Orlov S, Trigo J, Shomova M, Baker-Neblett K, Vasquez J, Wang X, Yan L, Mitrica I, DeYoung MP, Garrido P. An open-label phase IB study to evaluate GSK3052230 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin, or docetaxel, in FGFR1-amplified non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 136:74-79. [PMID: 31446228 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES GSK3052230 (FP-1039) is a soluble fusion protein that acts as ligand trap sequestering fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis, while sparing the hormonal FGFs. Because of this selectivity, the molecule is predicted to avoid toxicities associated with small molecule inhibitors of FGFR, including hyperphosphatemia and retinal, nail, and skin toxicities. Herein we report the results of a phase 1b study where GSK3052330 was administered with standard of care chemotherapy in FGFR1-amplified squamous non-small cell lung cancer (sqNSCLC) patients. METHODS AND METHODS Eligible patients with stage IV or recurrent metastatic sqNSCLC harboring FGFR1 gene amplification received escalating doses of GSK3052230 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin at the starting doses 200 mg/m2 and AUC of 6, respectively, in the first line setting (Arm A) or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 in second line (Arm B). The primary endpoints of the study were safety and tolerability, to identify a maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and to assess overall response rate (ORR) based on investigator assessment. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were enrolled into the study, including 20 patients on Arm A and 9 patients on Arm B. There were no dose limiting toxicities in either Arm and the MTD was not reached. The most common adverse events (AEs) were compatible with the chemotherapy backbone used in each Arm, including neutropenia, alopecia, nausea, arthralgia, asthenia, diarrhea and peripheral neuropathy. The overall response rate and median progression-free survival were 47% and 5.5 months, respectively, for Arm A and 0% and 4.6 months, respectively, for Arm B. CONCLUSION GSK3052230 is a novel FGFR pathway inhibitor, which is well tolerated in combination with chemotherapy. Importantly, AEs associated with small molecule inhibitors of FGFR were not observed, as predicted by the unique mechanism of action of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Karaseva
- St. Petersburg City Oncology Dispensary, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Enriqueta Felip
- Servicio de Oncologia, Hospital General Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Olga Burdaeva
- Arkhangelsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Primo Lara
- University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Paul K Paik
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- Department of Oncology Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Orlov
- First Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - José Trigo
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Marina Shomova
- Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Ryazan, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Li Yan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Pilar Garrido
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
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Piasecka D, Braun M, Kitowska K, Mieczkowski K, Kordek R, Sadej R, Romanska H. FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signalling in regulation of steroid hormone receptors - implications for therapy of luminal breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:230. [PMID: 31142340 PMCID: PMC6542018 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stromal stimuli mediated by growth factor receptors, leading to ligand-independent activation of steroid hormone receptors, have long been implicated in development of breast cancer resistance to endocrine therapy. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes have been associated with a higher incidence and progression of breast cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that FGFR-mediated interaction between luminal invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) and its microenvironment contributes to the progression to hormone-independence. Therapeutic strategies based on FGFR inhibitors hold promise for overcoming resistance to the ER-targeting treatment. A series of excellent reviews discuss a potential role of FGFR in development of IDC. Here, we provide a concise updated summary of existing literature on FGFR-mediated signalling with an emphasis on an interaction between FGFR and estrogen/progesterone receptors (ER/PR) in IDC. Focusing on the regulatory role of tumour microenvironment in the activity of steroid hormone receptors, we compile the available functional data on FGFRs-mediated signalling, as a fundamental mechanism of luminal IDC progression and failure of anti-ER treatment. We also highlight the translational value of the presented findings and summarize ongoing oncologic clinical trials investigating FGFRs inhibition in interventional studies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Piasecka
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Kitowska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamil Mieczkowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Radzislaw Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Hanna Romanska
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland.
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van Brummelen EMJ, Levchenko E, Dómine M, Fennell DA, Kindler HL, Viteri S, Gadgeel S, López PG, Kostorov V, Morgensztern D, Orlov S, Zauderer MG, Vansteenkiste JF, Baker-Neblett K, Vasquez J, Wang X, Bellovin DI, Schellens JHM, Yan L, Mitrica I, DeYoung MP, Trigo J. A phase Ib study of GSK3052230, an FGF ligand trap in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:457-467. [PMID: 31065954 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have a fundamental role in cancer. Sequestering FGFs with GSK3052230 (FP-1039) blocks their ability to activate FGFRs while avoiding toxicities associated with small molecule inhibitors of FGFR, including hyperphosphatemia and retinal, nail, and skin toxicities. Methods A multicenter, open-label, phase Ib study evaluated weekly GSK3052230 added to pemetrexed/cisplatin in patients with treatment-naive, unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma. Doses were escalated according to a 3 + 3 design, followed by cohort expansion at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Endpoints included safety, overall response rate, progression-free survival, and pharmacokinetics. Results 36 patients were dosed at 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg doses of GSK3052230. Three dose-limiting toxicities were observed at 20 mg/kg and one at 15 mg/kg. The MTD was defined as 15 mg/kg and used for cohort expansion. The most common treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were nausea (56%), decreased appetite (36%), infusion reactions (36%), decreased neutrophil counts (36%), and fatigue (33%). The confirmed ORR was 39% (95% CI: 23.1-56.5) (14/36 PRs) and 47% had stable disease (17/36), giving a disease control rate of 86%. At 15 mg/kg GSK3052230 (n = 25), the ORR was 44% (95% CI: 24.4-65.1), and the median PFS was 7.4 months (95% CI: 6.7-13.4). Four patients had disease control for over 1 year, and three were still ongoing. Conclusion At 15 mg/kg weekly, GSK3052230 was well tolerated in combination with pemetrexed/cisplatin and durable responses were observed. Importantly, AEs associated with small molecule inhibitors of FGFR were not observed, as predicted by the unique mechanism of action of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgeny Levchenko
- Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Manuel Dómine
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dean A Fennell
- University of Leicester & University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Santiago Viteri
- Instituto Oncológico Rosell, Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Grupo Quironsalud, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Vladimir Kostorov
- Leningrad Regional Oncology Dispensary, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Sergey Orlov
- First Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Johan F Vansteenkiste
- Respiratory Oncology Unit, Department of Pneumology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - James Vasquez
- GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Li Yan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Ionel Mitrica
- GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - M Phillip DeYoung
- GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA.
| | - José Trigo
- Phase I Trials Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Campus Universitario Teatinos, s/n 29010, Málaga, Spain.
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Dong M, Li T, Chen J. [Progress on the Study of Targeting FGFR in Squamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2018. [PMID: 29526179 PMCID: PMC5973013 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.02.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
肺鳞状细胞癌(squamous-cell lung cancer, SqCLC)是非小细胞肺癌中一类独特的病理类型,患者多为高龄、发病隐匿、发现时常属晚期、常伴有心肺合并症、缺乏有效的靶向治疗药物等因素,相对于非鳞非小细胞肺癌,SqCLC的治疗面临着更大的挑战。近年针对肺癌的分子靶向药物迅速发展,我们发现,FGFR家族(FGFR1-4)基因改变存在于约12%的SqCLC中,是SqCLC中突变频率最高的酪氨酸激酶家族基因,同时许多靶向FGFR的小分子药物都在各类肿瘤中发挥了较好的治疗效果。目前,许多FGFR抑制治疗SqCLC的临床试验也都正在进行当中,可能为SqCLC治疗提供新的策略和方向。
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Presta M, Foglio E, Churruca Schuind A, Ronca R. Long Pentraxin-3 Modulates the Angiogenic Activity of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2327. [PMID: 30349543 PMCID: PMC6187966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing ones, plays a key role in various physiological and pathological conditions. Alteration of the angiogenic balance, consequent to the deranged production of angiogenic growth factors and/or natural angiogenic inhibitors, is responsible for angiogenesis-dependent diseases, including cancer. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) represents the prototypic member of the FGF family, able to induce a complex “angiogenic phenotype” in endothelial cells in vitro and a potent neovascular response in vivo as the consequence of a tight cross talk between pro-inflammatory and angiogenic signals. The soluble pattern recognition receptor long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a member of the pentraxin family produced locally in response to inflammatory stimuli. Besides binding features related to its role in innate immunity, PTX3 interacts with FGF2 and other members of the FGF family via its N-terminal extension, thus inhibiting FGF-mediated angiogenic responses in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, PTX3 inhibits the growth and vascularization of FGF-dependent tumors and FGF2-mediated smooth muscle cell proliferation and artery restenosis. Recently, the characterization of the molecular bases of FGF2/PTX3 interaction has allowed the identification of NSC12, the first low molecular weight pan-FGF trap able to inhibit FGF-dependent tumor growth and neovascularization. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the impact of PTX3 and PTX3-derived molecules on the angiogenic, inflammatory, and tumorigenic activity of FGF2 and their potential implications for the development of more efficacious anti-FGF therapeutic agents to be used in those clinical settings in which FGFs play a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Foglio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ander Churruca Schuind
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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40
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Recent developments and advances of FGFR as a potential target in cancer. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2109-2126. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFs and their receptors (FGFRs) are critical for many biologic processes, including angiogenesis, wound healing and tissue regeneration. Aberrations in FGFR signaling are common in cancer, making FGFRs a promising target in antitumor studies. To date, many FGFR inhibitors are being detected in clinical studies, and resistance to some inhibitors has emerged. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is a fundamental step for further implementation of targeted therapies. In this review, we will describe the basic knowledge regarding FGF/FGFR signaling and categorize the clinical FGFR inhibitors. The mechanisms of resistance to FGFR inhibitors and corresponding strategies of overcoming drug resistance will also be discussed.
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Specific Antibody Fragment Ligand Traps Blocking FGF1 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092470. [PMID: 30134556 PMCID: PMC6163658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and its receptors (FGFRs) regulate crucial biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Aberrant activation of FGFRs by their ligands can promote tumor growth and angiogenesis in many tumor types, including lung or breast cancer. The development of FGF1-targeting molecules with potential implications for the therapy of FGF1-driven tumors is recently being considered a promising approach in the treatment of cancer. In this study we have used phage display selection to find scFv antibody fragments selectively binding FGF1 and preventing it from binding to its receptor. Three identified scFv clones were expressed and characterized with regard to their binding to FGF1 and ability to interfere with FGF1-induced signaling cascades activation. In the next step the scFvs were cloned to scFv-Fc format, as dimeric Fc fusions prove beneficial in prospective therapeutic application. As expected, scFvs-Fc exhibited significantly increased affinity towards FGF1. We observed strong antiproliferative activity of the scFvs and scFvs-Fc in the in vitro cell models. Presented antibody fragments serve as novel FGF1 inhibitors and can be further utilized as powerful tools to use in the studies on the selective cancer therapy.
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Abstract
Unlike for adenocarcinomas of the lung, no molecular targeted therapies have yet been developed for squamous cell lung cancers, because targetable oncogenic aberrations are scarce in this tumor type. Recent discoveries have established that the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in cancer development by supporting tumor angiogenesis and cancer cell proliferation via different mechanisms. Through comprehensive genomic studies, aberrations in the FGF pathway have been identified in various tumor types, including squamous cell lung cancer, making FGF receptor (FGFR) a potentially druggable target in this malignancy. Several multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors include FGFR in their target spectrum and a number of these compounds have been approved for clinical use in different cancers. Novel agents selectively targeting FGFRs have been developed and are currently under investigation in clinical trials, showing promising results. This article reviews FGFR aberrations and the clinical data involving selective and multikinase FGFR inhibitors in squamous cell lung cancer.
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Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Distrutti E. Future trends in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:289-298. [PMID: 30021122 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With an estimated prevalence of ≈25% in Western and Asian countries, non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), caused by chronic excessive caloric intake, is the emerging as the most prevalent liver disorder worldwide. NAFLD exists in two clinical entities, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL), a relative benign disease that carry on minimal risk of liver-related morbidity but significant risk of cardiovascular complications, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a progressive liver disorder with a significant risk for development of liver-related morbidities and mortality. While, liver injury in NASH is contributed by lipid overload in hepatocytes, lipotoxicity, the main determinant of disease progression is an inflammation-driven fibrotic response. Here, we review the landscape of emerging pharmacological interventions in the treatment of NAFL and NASH. A consensus exists that, while treating the liver component of NASH requires development of novel pharmacological approaches, the future therapy of NASH needs to be tailored to the single patient and most likely will be a combination of agents acting on specific pathogenic mechanisms at different disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- University of Perugia, Department Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Michele Biagioli
- University of Perugia, Department Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Perugia, Italy
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Ghedini GC, Ronca R, Presta M, Giacomini A. Future applications of FGF/FGFR inhibitors in cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:861-872. [PMID: 29936878 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1491795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deregulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) network occurs frequently in tumors due to gene amplification, activating mutations, and oncogenic fusions. Thus, the development of FGF/FGFR-targeting therapies is the focus of several basic, preclinical, and clinical studies. Areas covered: This review will recapitulate the status of current FGF/FGFR-targeted drugs. Expert commentary: Non-selective FGF/FGFR inhibitors have been approved for cancer treatment but evidence highlights various complications affecting their use in the clinical practice. It appears mandatory to identify FGF/FGFR alterations and appropriate biomarkers that may predict and monitor response to treatment, to establish the contribution of the FGF/FGFR system to the onset of mechanisms of drug resistance, and to develop effective combinations of FGF/FGFR inhibitors with other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cristina Ghedini
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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45
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Hui Q, Jin Z, Li X, Liu C, Wang X. FGF Family: From Drug Development to Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071875. [PMID: 29949887 PMCID: PMC6073187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) belongs to a large family of growth factors. FGFs use paracrine or endocrine signaling to mediate a myriad of biological and pathophysiological process, including angiogenesis, wound healing, embryonic development, and metabolism regulation. FGF drugs for the treatment of burn and ulcer wounds are now available. The recent discovery of the crucial roles of the endocrine-acting FGF19 subfamily in maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose, and phosphate further extended the activity profile of this family. Here, the applications of recombinant FGFs for the treatment of wounds, diabetes, hypophosphatemia, the development of FGF receptor inhibitors as anti-neoplastic drugs, and the achievements of basic research and applications of FGFs in China are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Zi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Key Laboratory Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Changxiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, 308 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Key Laboratory Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Liu Z, Liu G, Zhang GL, Li J, He YQ, Zhang SS, Wang Y, He WY, Cheng GH, Yang X, Xu J, Wang J. Binding of human recombinant mutant soluble ectodomain of FGFR2IIIc to c subtype of FGFRs: implications for anticancer activity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68473-68488. [PMID: 28049184 PMCID: PMC5356568 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFRs are considered essential targets for cancer therapy. We previously reported that msFGFR2c, a Ser252Trp mutant soluble ectodomain of FGFR2IIIc, inhibited tumor growth by blocking FGF signaling pathway. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still obscure. In this study, we reported that msFGFR2c but not wild-type soluble ectodomain of FGFR2IIIc (wsFGFR2c) could selectively bind to c subtype of FGFRs in the presence of FGF-2. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that msFGFR2c bound to wsFGFR2c in the presence of FGF-2 with a K value of 6.61 × 105 M−1. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the mutated residue Trp252 of msFGFR2c preferred a π-π interaction with His254 of wsFGFR2c. Concomitantly, Arg255 of msFGFR2c and Glu250 of wsFGFR2c adjusted their conformations and formed three H-bonds. These two interactions therefore stabilized the final structure of wsFGFR2c and msFGFR2c heterocomplex. In FGFR2IIIc-positive/high FGF-2-secreted BT-549 cells, msFGFR2c significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis by the blockage of FGF-2-activated FGFRs phosphorylation, also the growth and angiogenesis of its xenograft tumors implanted in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. While weaker the above inhibitory effects of msFGFR2c were observed on FGFR2IIIc-negative/low FGF-2-secreted MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, msFGFR2c significantly inhibited the proliferation of FGFR1IIIc-positive NCI-H1299 lung cancer cells by the suppression of FGF-2-induced FGFR1 activation and suppressed the growth of NCI-H1299 transplanted tumors in nude mice. In sum, msFGFR2c is a potential anti-tumor agent targeting FGFR2c/FGFR1c-positive tumor cells. These findings also provide a molecular basis for msFGFR2c to disrupt the activation of FGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang-Lin Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Qing He
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu-Shu Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Yi He
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guo-Hua Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Zarredar H, Ansarin K, Baradaran B, Ahdi Khosroshahi S, Farajnia S. Potential Molecular Targets in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Using siRNA Technology. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:37-58. [DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1416393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Ansarin
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Safar Farajnia
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Blackwell C, Sherk C, Fricko M, Ganji G, Barnette M, Hoang B, Tunstead J, Skedzielewski T, Alsaid H, Jucker BM, Minthorn E, Kumar R, DeYoung MP. Inhibition of FGF/FGFR autocrine signaling in mesothelioma with the FGF ligand trap, FP-1039/GSK3052230. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39861-39871. [PMID: 27223434 PMCID: PMC5129976 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligand-dependent signaling has a fundamental role in cancer development and tumor maintenance. GSK3052230 (also known as FP-1039) is a soluble decoy receptor that sequesters FGFs and inhibits FGFR signaling. Herein, the efficacy of this molecule was tested in models of mesothelioma, a tumor type shown to express high levels of FGF2 and FGFR1. GSK3052230 demonstrated antiproliferative activity across a panel of mesothelioma cell lines and inhibited growth of tumor xenografts in mice. High expression of FGF2 and FGFR1 correlated well with response to FGF pathway inhibition. GSK3052230 inhibited MAPK signaling as evidenced by decreased phospho-ERK and phospho-S6 levels in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, dose-dependent and statistically-significant reductions in tumor vessel density were observed in GSK3052230-treated tumors compared to vehicle-treated tumors. These data support the role of GSK3052230 in effectively targeting FGF-FGFR autocrine signaling in mesothelioma, demonstrate its impact on tumor growth and angiogenesis, and provide a rationale for the current clinical evaluation of this molecule in mesothelioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Blackwell
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Christian Sherk
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Maggie Fricko
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gopinath Ganji
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Mary Barnette
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Bao Hoang
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - James Tunstead
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Tina Skedzielewski
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Beat M Jucker
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Elisabeth Minthorn
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - M Phillip DeYoung
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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Krzystyniak J, Ceppi L, Dizon DS, Birrer MJ. Epithelial ovarian cancer: the molecular genetics of epithelial ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2017; 27 Suppl 1:i4-i10. [PMID: 27141069 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, despite gains in diagnostics and treatments made over the last three decades. Existing markers of ovarian cancer possess very limited clinical relevance highlighting the emerging need for identification of novel prognostic biomarkers as well as better predictive factors that might allow the stratification of patients who could benefit from a more targeted approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS A summary of molecular genetics of EOC. RESULTS Large-scale high-throughput genomic technologies appear to be powerful tools for investigations into the genetic abnormalities in ovarian tumors, including studies on dysregulated genes and aberrantly activated signaling pathways. Such technologies can complement well-established clinical histopathology analysis and tumor grading and will hope to result in better, more tailored treatments in the future. Genomic signatures obtained by gene expression profiling of EOC may be able to predict survival outcomes and other important clinical outcomes, such as the success of surgical treatment. Finally, genomic analyses may allow for the identification of novel predictive biomarkers for purposes of treatment planning. These data combined suggest a pathway to progress in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer and the promise of fulfilling the objective of providing personalized medicine to women with ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS The understanding of basic molecular events in the tumorigenesis and chemoresistance of EOC together with discovery of potential biomarkers may be greatly enhanced through large-scale genomic studies. In order to maximize the impact of these technologies, however, extensive validation studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krzystyniak
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - L Ceppi
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - D S Dizon
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - M J Birrer
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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