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Janezic EM, Doan A, Mai E, Bravo DD, Wang J, Kim HS, Spiess C, Bewley K, ElSohly A, Liang WC, Koerber JT, Richalet P, Vanhove M, Comps-Agrar L. A novel, label-free, pre-equilibrium assay to determine the association and dissociation rate constants of therapeutic antibodies on living cells. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3836-3855. [PMID: 37783572 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Monoclonal antibodies (Ab) represent the fastest growing drug class. Knowledge of the biophysical parameters (kon, koff and KD) that dictate Ab:receptor interaction is critical during the drug discovery process. However, with the increasing complexity of Ab formats and their targets, it became apparent that existing technologies present limitations and are not always suitable to determine these parameters. Therefore, novel affinity determination methods represent an unmet assay need. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We developed a pre-equilibrium kinetic exclusion assay using recent mathematical advances to determine the kon, koff and KD of monoclonal Ab:receptor interactions on living cells. The assay is amenable to all human IgG1 and rabbit Abs. KEY RESULTS Using our novel assay, we demonstrated for several monoclonal Ab:receptor pairs that the calculated kinetic rate constants were comparable with orthogonal methods that were lower throughput or more resource consuming. We ran simulations to predict the critical conditions to improve the performance of the assays. We further showed that this method could successfully be applied to both suspension and adherent cells. Finally, we demonstrated that kon and koff, but not KD, correlate with in vitro potency for a panel of monoclonal Abs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our novel assay has the potential to systematically probe binding kinetics of monoclonal Abs to cells and can be incorporated in a screening cascade to identify new therapeutic candidates. Wide-spread adoption of pre-equilibrium assays using physiologically relevant systems will lead to a more holistic understanding of how Ab binding kinetics influence their potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elaine Mai
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jianyong Wang
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hok Seon Kim
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Adel ElSohly
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Liu JJ, Pan ZD, Yue YL, Wang SS, Chen J, Jiang H, Zhang BH, Wu MY, Yuan YS, Bian YL, Yin HY, Wang L, Li JY, Gilly J, Xie YQ, Zhu JW. T cell-redirecting antibody for treatment of solid tumors via targeting mesothelin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:2186-2198. [PMID: 38858494 PMCID: PMC11420237 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell engaging bispecific antibodies (TCBs) have recently become significant in cancer treatment. In this study we developed MSLN490, a novel TCB designed to target mesothelin (MSLN), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein highly expressed in various cancers, and evaluated its efficacy against solid tumors. CDR walking and phage display techniques were used to improve affinity of the parental antibody M912, resulting in a pool of antibodies with different affinities to MSLN. From this pool, various bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) were assembled. Notably, MSLN490 with its IgG-[L]-scFv structure displayed remarkable anti-tumor activity against MSLN-expressing tumors (EC50: 0.16 pM in HT-29-hMSLN cells). Furthermore, MSLN490 remained effective even in the presence of non-membrane-anchored MSLN (soluble MSLN). Moreover, the anti-tumor activity of MSLN490 was enhanced when combined with either Atezolizumab or TAA × CD28 BsAbs. Notably, a synergistic effect was observed between MSLN490 and paclitaxel, as paclitaxel disrupted the immunosuppressive microenvironment within solid tumors, enhancing immune cells infiltration and improved anti-tumor efficacy. Overall, MSLN490 exhibits robust anti-tumor activity, resilience to soluble MSLN interference, and enhanced anti-tumor effects when combined with other therapies, offering a promising future for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. This study provides a strong foundation for further exploration of MSLN490's clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhi-di Pan
- Jecho Institute, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ya-Li Yue
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Jie Chen
- Jecho Institute, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21704, USA
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Bao-Hong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan-Lin Bian
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun-Yan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - John Gilly
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Yue-Qing Xie
- Jecho Institute, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21704, USA.
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Jecho Institute, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21704, USA.
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300450, China.
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3
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Liu J, Zhu J. Progresses of T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies in treatment of solid tumors. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112609. [PMID: 38971103 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody (TCB) therapies have emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic approach, effectively redirecting effector T cells to selectively eliminate tumor cells. The therapeutic potential of TCBs has been well recognized, particularly with the approval of multiple TCBs in recent years for the treatment of hematologic malignancies as well as some solid tumors. However, TCBs encounter multiple challenges in treating solid tumors, such as on-target off-tumor toxicity, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and T cell dysfunction within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, all of which may impact their therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarize clinical data on TCBs for solid tumor treatment, highlight the challenges faced, and discuss potential solutions based on emerging strategies from current clinical and preclinical research. These solutions include TCB structural optimization, target selection, and combination strategies. This comprehensive analysis aims to guide the development of TCBs from design to clinical application, addressing the evolving landscape of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
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4
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Xie Z, Protzer U. Activating adaptive immunity by bispecific, T-cell engager antibodies bridging infected and immune-effector cells is a promising novel therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Res 2024; 229:105972. [PMID: 39084340 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are engineered immunoglobulins that combine two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule. BsAbs can be divided into two molecular formats: IgG-like and non-IgG-like antibodies. Structural elements of each format have implications for engaging the immune system. T cell engager antibodies (TCEs) are bsAbs designed to engage T cells with target cells. TCEs can be applied not only in cancer but also in infectious disease therapy to activate T-cell responses. In this review, we focus on current literature on the design and use of bsAbs as an innovative strategy to enhance adaptive antiviral immune responses. We summarized the novel T cell-related immunotherapies with a focus on TCEs, that are developed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) had a death toll of 1.1 million humans in 2022, mainly due to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma developing in the more than 250 million humans chronically infected. A curative treatment approach for chronic hepatitis B is lacking. Combining antiviral therapy with immune therapies activating T-cell responses is regarded as the most promising therapeutic approach to curing HBV and preventing the sequelae of chronic infection. Attracting functionally intact T cells that are not HBV-specific and, therefore, have not yet been exposed to regulatory mechanisms and activating those at the target site in the liver is a very interesting therapeutic approach that could be achieved by TCEs. Thus, TCEs redirecting T cells toward HBV-positive cells represent a promising strategy for treating chronic hepatitis B and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xie
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Sites, Germany.
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5
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Liao CY, Engelberts P, Ioan-Facsinay A, Klip JE, Schmidt T, Ruijtenbeek R, Danen EHJ. CD3-engaging bispecific antibodies trigger a paracrine regulated wave of T-cell recruitment for effective tumor killing. Commun Biol 2024; 7:983. [PMID: 39138287 PMCID: PMC11322607 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of action of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) directing T-cell immunity to solid tumors is incompletely understood. Here, we screened a series of CD3xHER2 bsAbs using extracellular matrix (ECM) embedded breast cancer tumoroid arrays exposed to healthy donor-derived T-cells. An initial phase of random T-cell movement throughout the ECM (day 1-2), was followed by a bsAb-dependent phase of active T-cell recruitment to tumoroids (day 2-4), and tumoroid killing (day 4-6). Low affinity HER2 or CD3 arms were compensated for by increasing bsAb concentrations. Instead, a bsAb binding a membrane proximal HER2 epitope supported tumor killing whereas a bsAb binding a membrane distal epitope did not, despite similar affinities and intra-tumoroid localization of the bsAbs, and efficacy in 2D co-cultures. Initial T-cell-tumor contact through effective bsAbs triggered a wave of subsequent T-cell recruitment. This critical surge of T-cell recruitment was explained by paracrine signaling and preceded a full-scale T-cell tumor attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Liao
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Janna Eleonora Klip
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erik H J Danen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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6
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Goebeler ME, Stuhler G, Bargou R. Bispecific and multispecific antibodies in oncology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:539-560. [PMID: 38822215 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Research into bispecific antibodies, which are designed to simultaneously bind two antigens or epitopes, has advanced enormously over the past two decades. Owing to advances in protein engineering technologies and considerable preclinical research efforts, bispecific antibodies are constantly being developed and optimized to improve their efficacy and to mitigate toxicity. To date, >200 of these agents, the majority of which are bispecific immune cell engagers, are in either preclinical or clinical evaluation. In this Review, we discuss the role of bispecific antibodies in patients with cancer, including history and development, as well as innovative targeting strategies, clinical applications, and adverse events. We also discuss novel alternative bispecific antibody constructs, such as those targeting two antigens expressed by tumour cells or cells located in the tumour microenvironment. Finally, we consider future research directions in this rapidly evolving field, including innovative antibody engineering strategies, which might enable more effective delivery, overcome resistance, and thus optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Gernot Stuhler
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bargou
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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7
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Klein C, Brinkmann U, Reichert JM, Kontermann RE. The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:301-319. [PMID: 38448606 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable novel mechanisms of action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. Consequently, development of these molecules has garnered substantial interest in the past decade and, as of the end of 2023, 14 bsAbs have been approved: 11 for the treatment of cancer and 3 for non-oncology indications. bsAbs are available in different formats, address different targets and mediate anticancer function via different molecular mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of bsAbs for cancer therapy. We focus on bsAbs that are approved or in clinical development, including bsAb-mediated dual modulators of signalling pathways, tumour-targeted receptor agonists, bsAb-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell, natural killer cell and innate immune cell engagers, and bispecific checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulators. Finally, we provide an outlook into next-generation bsAbs in earlier stages of development, including trispecifics, bsAb prodrugs, bsAbs that induce degradation of tumour targets and bsAbs acting as cytokine mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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8
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Koga H, Kuroi H, Hirano R, Hirayama H, Nabuchi Y, Kuramochi T. Rapid Generation of Murine Bispecific Antibodies Using FAST-Ig TM for Preclinical Screening of HER2/CD3 T-Cell Engagers. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38247567 PMCID: PMC10801562 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) can bind to two different antigens, enabling therapeutic concepts that cannot be achieved with monoclonal antibodies. Immuno-competent mice are essential for validating drug discovery concepts, necessitating the development of surrogate mouse BsAbs. In this study, we explored the potential of FAST-IgTM, a previously reported BsAb technology, for mouse BsAb production. We investigated charge-based orthogonal Fab mutations to facilitate the correct assembly of heavy and light chains of mouse antibodies and employed knobs-into-holes mutations to facilitate the heterodimerization of heavy chains. We combined five anti-CD3 and two anti-HER2 antibodies in mouse IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses. These 20 BsAbs were analyzed using mass spectrometry or ion exchange chromatography to calculate the percentages of BsAbs with correct chain pairing (BsAb yields). Using FAST-Ig, 19 out of the 20 BsAbs demonstrated BsAb yields of 90% or higher after simple protein A purification from transiently expressed antibodies in Expi293F cells. Importantly, the mouse BsAbs maintained their fundamental physicochemical properties and affinity against each antigen. A Jurkat NFAT-luciferase reporter cell assay demonstrated the combined effects of epitope, affinity, and subclasses. Our findings highlight the potential of FAST-Ig technology for efficiently generating mouse BsAbs for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Koga
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama 244-8602, Japan
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9
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Shi RL, Dillon MA, Compton PD, Sawyer WS, Thorup JR, Kwong M, Chan P, Chiu CPC, Li R, Yadav R, Lee GY, Gober JG, Li Z, ElSohly AM, Ovacik AM, Koerber JT, Spiess C, Josephs JL, Tran JC. High-Throughput Analyses of Therapeutic Antibodies Using High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry Combined with SampleStream and Intact Protein Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17263-17272. [PMID: 37956201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Intact protein mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with liquid chromatography was applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics and stability profiles of therapeutic proteins. However, limitations from chromatography, including throughput and carryover, result in challenges with handling large sample numbers. Here, we combined intact protein MS with multiple front-end separations, including affinity capture, SampleStream, and high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), to perform high-throughput and specific mass measurements of a multivalent antibody with one antigen-binding fragment (Fab) fused to an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody. Generic affinity capture ensures the retention of both intact species 1Fab-IgG1 and the tentative degradation product IgG1. Subsequently, the analytes were directly loaded into SampleStream, where each injection occurs within ∼30 s. By separating ions prior to MS detection, FAIMS further offered improvement in signal-overnoise by ∼30% for denatured protein MS via employing compensation voltages that were optimized for different antibody species. When enhanced FAIMS transmission of 1Fab-IgG1 was employed, a qualified assay was established for spiked-in serum samples between 0.1 and 25 μg/mL, resulting in ∼10% accuracy bias and precision coefficient of variation. Selective FAIMS transmission of IgG1 as the degradation surrogate product enabled more sensitive detection of clipped species for intact 1Fab-IgG1 at 5 μg/mL in serum, generating an assay to measure 1Fab-IgG1 truncation between 2.5 and 50% with accuracy and precision below 20% bias and coefficient of variation. Our results revealed that the SampleStream-FAIMS-MS platform affords high throughput, selectivity, and sensitivity for characterizing therapeutic antibodies from complex biomatrices qualitatively and quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael A Dillon
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philip D Compton
- Integrated Protein Technologies, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - William S Sawyer
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John R Thorup
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mandy Kwong
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pamela Chan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cecilia P C Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rajbharan Yadav
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Genee Y Lee
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joshua G Gober
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhiyu Li
- The DMPK Service Department, WuXi AppTec Inc., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Adel M ElSohly
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ayse Meric Ovacik
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christoph Spiess
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan L Josephs
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John C Tran
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Lee E, Lee S, Park S, Son YG, Yoo J, Koh Y, Shin DY, Lim Y, Won J. Asymmetric anti-CLL-1×CD3 bispecific antibody, ABL602 2+1, with attenuated CD3 affinity endows potent antitumor activity but limited cytokine release. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007494. [PMID: 37848261 PMCID: PMC10582864 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of leukemia in adults with a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Although targeted therapeutics, chemotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can improve the prognosis, the recurrence rate is still high, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 40%. This study aimed to develop an IgG-based asymmetric bispecific antibody that targets CLL-1 and CD3 for treating AML. METHODS ABL602 candidates were compared in terms of binding activity, T-cell activation, and tumor-killing activities. ABL602-mediated T-cell activation and tumor-killing activities were determined by measuring the expression of activation markers, cytokines, cytolytic proteins, and the proportion of dead cells. We evaluated in vivo tumor growth inhibitory activity in two mouse models bearing subcutaneously and orthotopically engrafted human AML. Direct tumor-killing activity and T-cell activation in patient-derived AML blasts were also evaluated. RESULTS ABL602 2+1 showed a limited CD3 binding in the absence of CLL-1, suggesting that steric hindrance on the CD3 binding arm could reduce CLL-1 expression-independent CD3 binding. Although the CD3 binding activity was attenuated compared with that of 1+1, ABL602 2+1 exhibited much stronger T-cell activation and potent tumor-killing activities in AML cell lines. ABL602 2+1 efficiently inhibited tumor progression in subcutaneously and orthotopically engrafted AML mouse models. In the orthotopic mouse model, tumor growth inhibition was observed by gross measurement of luciferase activity, as well as a reduced proportion of AML blasts in the bone marrow, as determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. ABL602 2+1 efficiently activated T cells and induced the lysis of AML blasts, even at very low effector:target (E:T) ratios (eg, 1:50). Compared with the reference 1+1 antibody, ABL602 did not induce the release of cytokines including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the healthy donor-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cell. CONCLUSIONS With its potent tumor-killing activity and reduced cytokine release, ABL602 2+1 is a promising candidate for treating patients with AML and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Lee
- ABL Bio Inc, Seongnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Shinai Lee
- ABL Bio Inc, Seongnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | | | | | - Jiseon Yoo
- ABL Bio Inc, Seongnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Youngil Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Yangmi Lim
- ABL Bio Inc, Seongnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jonghwa Won
- ABL Bio Inc, Seongnam, Korea (the Republic of)
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11
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Mangeat T, Gracia M, Pichard A, Poty S, Martineau P, Robert B, Deshayes E. Fc-engineered monoclonal antibodies to reduce off-target liver uptake. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:81. [PMID: 37697076 PMCID: PMC10495296 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiolabeled-antibodies usually display non-specific liver accumulation that may impair image analysis and antibody biodistribution. Here, we investigated whether Fc silencing influenced antibody biodistribution. We compared recombinant 89Zr-labeled antibodies (human IgG1 against different targets) with wild-type Fc and with mutated Fc (LALAPG triple mutation to prevent binding to Fc gamma receptors; FcγR). After antibody injection in mice harboring xenografts of different tumor cell lines or of immortalized human myoblasts, we analyzed antibody biodistribution by PET-CT and conventional biodistribution analysis. RESULTS Accumulation in liver was strongly reduced and tumor-specific targeting was increased for the antibodies with mutated Fc compared with wild-type Fc. CONCLUSION Antibodies with reduced binding to FcγR display lower liver accumulation and better tumor-to-liver ratios. These findings need to be taken into account to improve antibody-based theragnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Mangeat
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, 34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Gracia
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, 34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Pichard
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, 34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Poty
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, 34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, 34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, 34298, Montpellier, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), 124 Avenue des Apothicaires, 34090, Montpellier, France.
| | - Emmanuel Deshayes
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, 34298, Montpellier, France.
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Service de Médecine Nucléaire, 34298, Montpellier, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), 124 Avenue des Apothicaires, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Sun Y, Yu X, Wang X, Yuan K, Wang G, Hu L, Zhang G, Pei W, Wang L, Sun C, Yang P. Bispecific antibodies in cancer therapy: Target selection and regulatory requirements. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3583-3597. [PMID: 37719370 PMCID: PMC10501874 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) has been rapid, with many new structures and target combinations being created. The boom in bsAbs has led to the successive issuance of industry guidance for their development in the US and China. However, there is a high degree of similarity in target selection, which could affect the development of diversity in bsAbs. This review presents a classification of various bsAbs for cancer therapy based on structure and target selection and examines the advantages of bsAbs over monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Through database research, we have identified the preferences of available bsAbs combinations, suggesting rational target selection options and warning of potential wastage of medical resources. We have also compared the US and Chinese guidelines for bsAbs in order to provide a reference for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lingrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenli Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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13
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Zhang M, Lam KP, Xu S. Natural Killer Cell Engagers (NKCEs): a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207276. [PMID: 37638058 PMCID: PMC10450036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of innate lymphoid cells that play a crucial role in immunity by killing virally infected or tumor cells and secreting cytokines and chemokines. NK cell-mediated immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment due to its safety and effectiveness. NK cell engagers (NKCEs), such as BiKE (bispecific killer cell engager) or TriKE (trispecific killer cell engager), are a novel class of antibody-based therapeutics that exhibit several advantages over other cancer immunotherapies harnessing NK cells. By bridging NK and tumor cells, NKCEs activate NK cells and lead to tumor cell lysis. A growing number of NKCEs are currently undergoing development, with some already in clinical trials. However, there is a need for more comprehensive studies to determine how the molecular design of NKCEs affects their functionality and manufacturability, which are crucial for their development as off-the-shelf drugs for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on NKCE development and discuss critical factors required for the production of effective NKCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchuan Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Snell D, Gunde T, Warmuth S, Chatterjee B, Brock M, Hess C, Johansson M, Simonin A, Spiga FM, Weinert C, Kirk N, Bassler N, Campos Carrascosa L, Flückiger N, Heiz R, Wagen S, Giezendanner N, Alberti A, Yaman Y, Mahler D, Diem D, Lichtlen P, Urech D. An engineered T-cell engager with selectivity for high mesothelin-expressing cells and activity in the presence of soluble mesothelin. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2233401. [PMID: 37456982 PMCID: PMC10339761 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2233401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is an attractive immuno-oncology target, but the development of MSLN-targeting therapies has been impeded by tumor shedding of soluble MSLN (sMSLN), on-target off-tumor activity, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We sought to engineer an antibody-based, MSLN-targeted T-cell engager (αMSLN/αCD3) with enhanced ability to discriminate high MSLN-expressing tumors from normal tissue, and activity in the presence of sMSLN. We also studied the in vivo antitumor efficacy of this molecule (NM28-2746) alone and in combination with the multifunctional checkpoint inhibitor/T-cell co-activator NM21-1480 (αPD-L1/α4-1BB). Cytotoxicity and T-cell activation induced by NM28-2746 were studied in co-cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell lines exhibiting different levels of MSLN expression, including in the presence of soluble MSLN. Xenotransplant models of human pancreatic cancer were used to study the inhibition of tumor growth and stimulation of T-cell infiltration into tumors induced by NM28-2746 alone and in combination with NM21-1480. The bivalent αMSLN T-cell engager NM28-2746 potently induced T-cell activation and T-cell mediated cytotoxicity of high MSLN-expressing cells but had much lower potency against low MSLN-expressing cells. A monovalent counterpart of NM28-2746 had much lower ability to discriminate high MSLN-expressing from low MSLN-expressing cells. The bivalent molecule retained this discriminant ability in the presence of high concentrations of sMSLN. In xenograft models, NM28-2746 exhibited significant tumor suppressing activity, which was significantly enhanced by combination therapy with NM21-1480. NM28-2746, alone or in combination with NM21-1480, may overcome shortcomings of previous MSLN-targeted immuno-oncology drugs, exhibiting enhanced discrimination of high MSLN-expressing cell activity in the presence of sMSLN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Gunde
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Horgen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Niels Kirk
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Horgen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robin Heiz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Horgen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dania Diem
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Horgen, Switzerland
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15
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Song J, Jeong BS, Kim SW, Im SB, Kim S, Lai CJ, Cho W, Jung JU, Ahn MJ, Oh BH. Noncovalent antibody catenation on a target surface greatly increases the antigen-binding avidity. eLife 2023; 12:e81646. [PMID: 37249578 PMCID: PMC10229114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are widely used for diagnosis and therapy. Given the unique dimeric structure of IgG, we hypothesized that, by genetically fusing a homodimeric protein (catenator) to the C-terminus of IgG, reversible catenation of antibody molecules could be induced on a surface where target antigen molecules are abundant, and that it could be an effective way to greatly enhance the antigen-binding avidity. A thermodynamic simulation showed that quite low homodimerization affinity of a catenator, e.g. dissociation constant of 100 μM, can enhance nanomolar antigen-binding avidity to a picomolar level, and that the fold enhancement sharply depends on the density of the antigen. In a proof-of-concept experiment where antigen molecules are immobilized on a biosensor tip, the C-terminal fusion of a pair of weakly homodimerizing proteins to three different antibodies enhanced the antigen-binding avidity by at least 110 or 304 folds from the intrinsic binding avidity. Compared with the mother antibody, Obinutuzumab(Y101L) which targets CD20, the same antibody with fused catenators exhibited significantly enhanced binding to SU-DHL5 cells. Together, the homodimerization-induced antibody catenation would be a new powerful approach to improve antibody applications, including the detection of scarce biomarkers and targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyeop Song
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Bo-Seong Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Seong-Bin Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Seonghoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Wonki Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ha Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
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16
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Vu TQ, Sant'Anna LE, Kamat NP. Tuning Targeted Liposome Avidity to Cells via Lipid Phase Separation. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1574-1584. [PMID: 36943688 PMCID: PMC10874583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The addition of both cell-targeting moieties and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems is a standard approach to improve the biodistribution, specificity, and uptake of therapeutic cargo. The spatial presentation of these molecules affects avidity of the NP to target cells in part through an interplay between the local ligand concentration and the steric hindrance imposed by PEG molecules. Here, we show that lipid phase separation in nanoparticles can modulate liposome avidity by changing the proximity of PEG and targeting protein molecules on a nanoparticle surface. Using lipid-anchored nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) as a model ligand, we demonstrate that the attachment of lipid anchored Ni-NTA and PEG molecules to distinct lipid domains in nanoparticles can enhance liposome binding to cancer cells by increasing ligand clustering and reducing steric hindrance. We then use this technique to enhance the binding of RGD-modified liposomes, which can bind to integrins overexpressed on many cancer cells. These results demonstrate the potential of lipid phase separation to modulate the spatial presentation of targeting and shielding molecules on lipid nanocarriers, offering a powerful tool to enhance the efficacy of NP drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Q Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lucas E Sant'Anna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Neha P Kamat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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17
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He Y, Ma H, Wang C, Ai Z, Wu Q, Chen H, Lu D. A novel brick for bispecific antibody construction. Proteins 2023. [PMID: 36964928 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) has become a major trend in the biopharmaceutical industry. By simultaneously engaging two molecular targets, bsAbs have exhibited unique mechanisms of action that could lead to clinical benefits unattainable by conventional monoclonal antibodies. The type of structure used to construct a bsAb directly influences the distance, angle, degree of freedom, and affinity between the two antibody binding sites and the interaction between the two antigens or the cells where the antigens are located, which have been bound by the antibody. Consequently, the structure of the bsAb is one of the most vital factors affecting its function. Herein, we reported for the first time a novel basic module bsAb format, VFV (Variable domain-Fab-Variable domain). And then, the feasibility of the VFV format was demonstrated by constructing a series of engager-like basic module bsAbs. Next, a series of VFV bsAbs containing Fc (VFV-Ig), Fab (VFV-Fab), or Hinge (VFV-Hinge) were developed based on Hxb module, and all of them had adequate purity and activity. Finally, a T cell engager bsAb with the potential to overcome on-target off-tumor activity was constructed according to the structural characteristics of VFV, which validated that the VFV module can be used as a new brick for the construction of various bsAbs. In a word, the successful construction of this bsAb format for the first time not only enriches the arsenal of the bsAb format, but also provides inspiration for the construction of new bsAbs. Nevertheless, we are fully aware that as a proof-of-concept study, this paper has many shortcomings, and there is still a lot of work to be done to determine whether VFV can serve as a platform for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haili Ma
- LongBio Pharma Co, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilong Ai
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daru Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Lippold S, Hook M, Spick C, Knaupp A, Whang K, Ruperti F, Cadang L, Andersen N, Vogt A, Grote M, Reusch D, Haberger M, Yang F, Schlothauer T. CD3 Target Affinity Chromatography Mass Spectrometry as a New Tool for Function-Structure Characterization of T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Antibody Proteoforms and Product-Related Variants. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2260-2268. [PMID: 36638115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (TCBs) targeting CD3 and tumor-specific antigens are very promising therapeutic modalities. Since CD3 binding is crucial for the potency of TCBs, understanding the functional impact of CD3 antigen-binding fragment modifications is of utmost importance for defining critical quality attributes (CQA). The current CQA assessment strategy requires the integration of structure-based physicochemical separation and functional cell-based potency assays. However, this strategy is tedious, and coexisting proteoforms with potentially different functionalities may not be individually assessed. This increases the degree of ambiguities for defining meaningful CQAs, particularly for complex bispecific antibody formats such as TCBs. Here, we report for the first time a proof-of-concept study to separate and identify critically modified proteoforms of TCBs using functional CD3 target affinity chromatography (AC) coupled with online mass spectrometry (MS). Our method enabled functional distinction of relevant deamidated and glycosylated proteoforms and the simultaneous assessment of product-related variants such as TCB mispairings. For example, CD3 AC-MS allowed us to separate TCB mispairings with increased CD3 binding (i.e., knob-knob homodimers) within the bound fraction. The functional separation of proteoforms was validated using an established workflow for CQA identification based on thoroughly characterized ion-exchange fractions of a 2+1 TCB. In addition, the new method facilitated the criticality assessment of post-translational modifications in stress studies and structural variants in early stage clone selection. CD3 AC-MS has high impact for streamlining the integration of functional and structural characterizations of the large landscape of therapeutic CD3 targeting TCBs from early stage research to late stage characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Christian Spick
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Kevin Whang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fabian Ruperti
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Lance Cadang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nisana Andersen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Annette Vogt
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Michael Grote
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
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19
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Wang Q, Wang J, Yan H, Li Z, Wang K, Kang F, Tian J, Zhao X, Yun SH. An ultra-small bispecific protein augments tumor penetration and treatment for pancreatic cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1765-1779. [PMID: 36692541 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The once highly anticipated antibody-based pathway-targeted therapies have not achieved promising outcomes for deadly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), mainly due to drugs' low intrinsic anticancer activity and poor penetration across the dense physiological barrier. This study aims to develop an ultra-small-sized, EGFR/VEGF bispecific therapeutic protein to largely penetrate deep tumor tissue and effectively inhibit PDAC tumor growth in vivo. METHODS The bispecific protein, Bi-fp50, was constructed by a typical synthetic biology method and labeled with fluorescent dyes for in vitro and in vivo imaging. Physicochemical properties, protein dual-binding affinity, and specificity of the Bi-fp50 were evaluated in several PDAC cell lines. In vitro quantitatively and qualitatively anticancer activity of Bi-fp50 was assessed by live/dead staining, MTT assay, and flow cytometry. In vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution were evaluated using blood biopsy samples and near-infrared fluorescence imaging. In vivo real-time tracking of Bi-fp50 in the local tumor was conducted by fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy. The subcutaneous PDAC tumor model was used to assess the in vivo antitumor effect of Bi-fp50. RESULTS Bi-fp50 with an ultra-small size of 50 kDa (5 ~ 6 nm) showed an excellent binding ability to VEGF and EGFR simultaneously and had enhanced, accumulated binding capability for Bxpc3 PDAC cells compared with anti-VEGF scFv and anti-EGFR scFv alone. Additionally, bi-fp50 significantly inhibited the proliferation and growth of Bxpc3 and Aspc1 PDAC cells even under a relatively low concentration (0.3 µM). It showed synergistically enhanced therapeutic effects relative to two individual scFv and Bi-fp50x control in vitro. The half-life of blood clearance of Bi-fp50 was 4.33 ± 0.23 h. After intravenous injection, Bi-fp50 gradually penetrated the deep tumor, widely distributed throughout the whole tissue, and primarily enriched in the tumor with nearly twice the accumulation than scFv2 in the orthotopic PDAC tumor model. Furthermore, the Bi-fp50 protein could induce broad apoptosis in the whole tumor and significantly inhibited tumor growth 3 weeks after injection in vivo without other noticeable side effects. CONCLUSION The proof-of-concept study demonstrated that the ultra-small-sized, bispecific protein Bi-fp50 could be a potential tumor suppressor and an efficient, safe theranostic tool for treating PDAC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Acadamy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yan
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Yi-Chuang Institute of Biotechnology Industry, Beijing, 101111, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinming Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Acadamy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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20
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A CD19-Anti-ErbB2 scFv Engager Protein Enables CD19-Specific CAR T Cells to Eradicate ErbB2 + Solid Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020248. [PMID: 36672182 PMCID: PMC9856536 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of CD19-specific CAR T cells in the treatment of leukemia/lymphoma relies, at least in part, on the unique properties of the particular CAR and the presence of healthy B cells that enhance the target cell lysis and cytokine secretion through repetitive stimulation. Here, we report to apply the same CAR to target solid tumors, such as ErbB2+ carcinoma. CD19 CAR T cells are redirected towards the ErbB2+ cells by a fusion protein that is composed of the herceptin-derived anti-ErbB2 scFv 4D5 linked to the CD19 exodomain. The CD19-4D5scFv engager enabled CD19 CAR T cells to recognize the ErbB2+ cancer cells and to suppress the ErbB2+ tumor growth. The primary killing capacity by the ErbB2-redirected CD19 CAR T cells was as efficient as by the ErbB2 CAR T cells, however, adding CD19+ B cells furthermore reinforced the activation of the CD19 CAR T cells, thereby improving the anti-tumor activities. The ErbB2-redirected CD19 CAR T cells, moreover, showed a 100-fold superior selectivity in targeting cancer cells versus healthy fibroblasts, which was not the case for the ErbB2 CAR T cells. The data demonstrate that the CD19 CAR T cells can be high-jacked by a CD19-scFv engager protein to attack specifically solid cancer, thereby expanding their application beyond the B cell malignancies.
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21
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van Diest E, Nicolasen MJT, Kramer L, Zheng J, Hernández-López P, Beringer DX, Kuball J. The making of multivalent gamma delta TCR anti-CD3 bispecific T cell engagers. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1052090. [PMID: 36685546 PMCID: PMC9851377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1052090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have recently developed a novel T cell engager concept by utilizing γ9δ2TCR as tumor targeting domain, named gamma delta TCR anti-CD3 bispecific molecule (GAB), targeting the phosphoantigen-dependent orchestration of BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 at the surface of cancer cells. GABs are made by the fusion of the ectodomains of a γδTCR to an anti-CD3 single chain variable fragment (scFv) (γδECTO-αCD3), here we explore alternative designs with the aim to enhance GAB effectivity. Methods The first alternative design was made by linking the variable domains of the γ and δ chain to an anti-CD3 scFv (γδVAR-αCD3). The second alternative design was multimerizing γδVAR-αCD3 proteins to increase the tumor binding valency. Both designs were expressed and purified and the potency to target tumor cells by T cells of the alternative designs was compared to γδECTO-αCD3, in T cell activation and cytotoxicity assays. Results and discussion The γδVAR-αCD3 proteins were poorly expressed, and while the addition of stabilizing mutations based on finding for αβ single chain formats increased expression, generation of meaningful amounts of γδVAR-αCD3 protein was not possible. As an alternative strategy, we explored the natural properties of the original GAB design (γδECTO-αCD3), and observed the spontaneous formation of γδECTO-αCD3-monomers and -dimers during expression. We successfully enhanced the fraction of γδECTO-αCD3-dimers by shortening the linker length between the heavy and light chain in the anti-CD3 scFv, though this also decreased protein yield by 50%. Finally, we formally demonstrated with purified γδECTO-αCD3-dimers and -monomers, that γδECTO-αCD3-dimers are superior in function when compared to similar concentrations of monomers, and do not induce T cell activation without simultaneous tumor engagement. In conclusion, a γδECTO-αCD3-dimer based GAB design has great potential, though protein production needs to be further optimized before preclinical and clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline van Diest
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mara J. T. Nicolasen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lovro Kramer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jiali Zheng
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Hernández-López
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dennis X. Beringer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Jürgen Kuball,
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22
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Kühl L, Schäfer AK, Kraft S, Aschmoneit N, Kontermann RE, Seifert O. eIg-based bispecific T-cell engagers targeting EGFR: Format matters. MAbs 2023; 15:2183540. [PMID: 36864566 PMCID: PMC9988351 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2183540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are molecules with versatile modes of action and applications for therapy. They are commonly developed as T-cell engagers (TCE), which simultaneously target an antigen expressed by tumor cells and CD3 expressed by T-cells, thereby inducing T-cell-mediated target cell killing. There is growing evidence that the molecular composition and valency for the target antigen influence the activity of TCEs. Here, the eIg platform technology was used to generate a set of bispecific TCEs targeting epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and CD3. These molecules either included or lacked an Fc region and exhibited one binding site for CD3 and either one or two binding sites for EGFR (1 + 1 or 2 + 1 formats) utilizing different molecular arrangements of the binding sites. In total, 11 different TCE formats were analyzed for binding to target cells and T cells, T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells, and for the activation of T cells (release of cytokines and proliferation of T-cells). Bivalent binding to EGFR strongly increased binding and T cell-mediated killing. However, the molecular composition and position of the CD3-binding arm also affected target cell killing, cytokine release, and T-cell proliferation. Our findings support that screening of a panel of formats is beneficial to identify the most potent bispecific TCE, and that format matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kühl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annelie K Schäfer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kraft
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Aschmoneit
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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23
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Bispecific Antibodies: A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112442. [PMID: 36432631 PMCID: PMC9694302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in sequencing technologies allows for the identification of molecular pathways involved in tumor progression and treatment resistance. Implementation of novel agents targeting these pathways, defined as targeted therapy, significantly improves the prognosis of cancer patients. Targeted therapy also includes the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These drugs recognize specific oncogenic proteins expressed in cancer cells. However, as with many other types of targeting agents, mAb-based therapy usually fails in the long-term control of cancer progression due to the development of resistance. In many cases, resistance is caused by the activation of alternative pathways involved in cancer progression and the development of immune evasion mechanisms. To overcome this off-target resistance, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) were developed to simultaneously target differential oncogenic pathway components, tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and immune regulatory molecules. As a result, in the last few years, several bsAbs have been tested or are being tested in cancer patients. A few of them are currently approved for the treatment of some hematologic malignancies but no bsAbs are approved in solid tumors. In this review, we will provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of bsAbs for the treatment of solid malignancies outlining their classification, design, main technologies utilized for production, mechanisms of action, updated clinical evidence and potential limitations.
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24
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Wei J, Yang Y, Wang G, Liu M. Current landscape and future directions of bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035276. [PMID: 36389699 PMCID: PMC9650279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies have dramatically revolutionized the therapeutic strategy against advanced malignancies, inspiring the exploration of various types of therapeutic antibodies. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are recombinant molecules containing two different antigens or epitopes identifying binding domains. Bispecific antibody-based tumor immunotherapy has gained broad potential in preclinical and clinical investigations in a variety of tumor types following regulatory approval of newly developed technologies involving bispecific and multispecific antibodies. Meanwhile, a series of challenges such as antibody immunogenicity, tumor heterogeneity, low response rate, treatment resistance, and systemic adverse effects hinder the application of BsAbs. In this review, we provide insights into the various architecture of BsAbs, focus on BsAbs' alternative different mechanisms of action and clinical progression, and discuss relevant approaches to overcome existing challenges in BsAbs clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Gastric Cancer Center/Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueyao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Gastric Cancer Center/Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Martínez-Sabadell A, Morancho B, Rius Ruiz I, Román Alonso M, Ovejero Romero P, Escorihuela M, Chicote I, Palmer HG, Nonell L, Alemany-Chavarria M, Klein C, Bacac M, Arribas J, Arenas EJ. The target antigen determines the mechanism of acquired resistance to T cell-based therapies. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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26
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Lou H, Cao X. Antibody variable region engineering for improving cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:804-827. [PMID: 35822503 PMCID: PMC9456695 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and specificity of conventional monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs in the clinic require further improvement. Currently, the development and application of novel antibody formats for improving cancer immunotherapy have attracted much attention. Variable region-retaining antibody fragments, such as antigen-binding fragment (Fab), single-chain variable fragment (scFv), bispecific antibody, and bi/trispecific cell engagers, are engineered with humanization, multivalent antibody construction, affinity optimization and antibody masking for targeting tumor cells and killer cells to improve antibody-based therapy potency, efficacy and specificity. In this review, we summarize the application of antibody variable region engineering and discuss the future direction of antibody engineering for improving cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantao Lou
- Ludwig Institute of Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7DRUK
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Department of ImmunologyCentre for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100005P. R. China
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27
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Avanzino BC, Prabhakar K, Dalvi P, Hartstein S, Kehm H, Balasubramani A, Boudreau AA, Buelow B, Chang K, Davison LM, Iyer S, Kalwit V, Lewis Wilson K, Malik-Chaudhry HK, Pierson W, Pineda G, Rangaswamy US, Saiganesh S, Schellenberger U, Ugamraj HS, Yabut RD, Buelow R, Chapman J, Trinklein ND, Harris KE. A T-cell engaging bispecific antibody with a tumor-selective bivalent folate receptor alpha binding arm for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2113697. [PMID: 36016696 PMCID: PMC9397469 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of T-cell engagers (TCEs) to treat solid tumors is challenging, and several have been limited by narrow therapeutic windows due to substantial on-target, off-tumor toxicities due to the expression of low levels of target antigens on healthy tissues. Here, we describe TNB-928B, a fully human TCE that has a bivalent binding arm for folate receptor alpha (FRα) to selectively target FRα overexpressing tumor cells while avoiding the lysis of cells with low levels of FRα expression. The bivalent design of the FRα binding arm confers tumor selectivity due to low-affinity but high-avidity binding to high FRα antigen density cells. TNB-928B induces preferential effector T-cell activation, proliferation, and selective cytotoxic activity on high FRα expressing cells while sparing low FRα expressing cells. In addition, TNB-928B induces minimal cytokine release compared to a positive control TCE containing OKT3. Moreover, TNB-928B exhibits substantial ex vivo tumor cell lysis using endogenous T-cells and robust tumor clearance in vivo, promoting T-cell infiltration and antitumor activity in mouse models of ovarian cancer. TNB-928B exhibits pharmacokinetics similar to conventional antibodies, which are projected to enable favorable administration in humans. TNB-928B is a novel TCE with enhanced safety and specificity for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Avanzino
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | - Kirthana Prabhakar
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | - Pranjali Dalvi
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Hartstein
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | | | - Aarti Balasubramani
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | | | - Ben Buelow
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Vidyut Kalwit
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Lewis Wilson
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Will Pierson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Geovanni Pineda
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Udaya S. Rangaswamy
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | - Sowmya Saiganesh
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | | | - Harshad S. Ugamraj
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
| | - Rodolfovan D. Yabut
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jocelyn Chapman
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine E. Harris
- Teneobio, Inc, Newark, CA, United States
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Newark, CA, USA
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28
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Designing antibodies as therapeutics. Cell 2022; 185:2789-2805. [PMID: 35868279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody therapeutics are a large and rapidly expanding drug class providing major health benefits. We provide a snapshot of current antibody therapeutics including their formats, common targets, therapeutic areas, and routes of administration. Our focus is on selected emerging directions in antibody design where progress may provide a broad benefit. These topics include enhancing antibodies for cancer, antibody delivery to organs such as the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs, plus antibody developability challenges including immunogenicity risk assessment and mitigation and subcutaneous delivery. Machine learning has the potential, albeit as yet largely unrealized, for a transformative future impact on antibody discovery and engineering.
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29
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Warmuth S, Gunde T, Snell D, Brock M, Weinert C, Simonin A, Hess C, Tietz J, Johansson M, Spiga FM, Heiz R, Flückiger N, Wagen S, Zeberer J, Diem D, Mahler D, Wickihalder B, Muntwiler S, Chatterjee B, Küttner B, Bommer B, Yaman Y, Lichtlen P, Urech D. Engineering of a trispecific tumor-targeted immunotherapy incorporating 4-1BB co-stimulation and PD-L1 blockade. Oncoimmunology 2022; 10:2004661. [PMID: 35844969 PMCID: PMC9278964 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2004661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulatory 4-1BB receptors on tumor-infiltrating T cells are a compelling target for overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors, but initial clinical studies of 4-1BB agonist mAbs were accompanied by liver toxicity. We sought to engineer a tri-specific antibody-based molecule that stimulates intratumoral 4-1BB and blocks PD-L1/PD-1 signaling without systemic toxicity and with clinically favorable pharmacokinetics. Recombinant fusion proteins were constructed using scMATCH3 technology and humanized antibody single-chain variable fragments against PD-L1, 4-1BB, and human serum albumin. Paratope affinities were optimized using single amino acid substitutions, leading to design of the drug candidate NM21-1480. Multiple in vitro experiments evaluated pharmacodynamic properties of NM21-1480, and syngeneic mouse tumor models assessed antitumor efficacy and safety of murine analogues. A GLP multiple-dose toxicology study evaluated its safety in non-human primates. NM21-1480 inhibited PD-L1/PD-1 signaling with a potency similar to avelumab, and it potently stimulated 4-1BB signaling only in the presence of PD-L1, while exhibiting an EC50 that was largely independent of PD-L1 density. NM21-1480 exhibited high efficacy for co-activation of pre-stimulated T cells and dendritic cells. In xenograft models in syngeneic mice, NM21-1480 induced tumor regression and tumor infiltration of T cells without causing systemic T-cell activation. A GLP toxicology study revealed no evidence of liver toxicity at doses up to 140 mg/kg, and pharmacokinetic studies in non-human primates suggested a plasma half-life in humans of up to 2 weeks. NM21-1480 has the potential to overcome checkpoint resistance by co-activating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes without liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Gunde
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Tietz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robin Heiz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Dania Diem
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dana Mahler
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Urech
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
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30
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Li M, Mei S, Yang Y, Shen Y, Chen L. Strategies to mitigate the on- and off-target toxicities of recombinant immunotoxins: an antibody engineering perspective. Antib Ther 2022; 5:164-176. [PMID: 35928456 PMCID: PMC9344849 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies using immunotoxins has achieved remarkable efficacies in hematological malignancies. However, the clinical development of immunotoxins is also faced with many challenges like anti-drug antibodies and dose-limiting toxicity issues. Such a poor efficacy/safety ratio is also the major hurdle in the research and development of antibody-drug conjugates. From an antibody engineering perspective, various strategies were summarized/proposed to tackle the notorious on target off tumor toxicity issues, including passive strategy (XTENylation of immunotoxins) and active strategies (modulating the affinity and valency of the targeting moiety of immunotoxins, conditionally activating immunotoxins in the tumor microenvironments and reconstituting split toxin to reduce systemic toxicity etc.). By modulating the functional characteristics of the targeting moiety and the toxic moiety of immunotoxins, selective tumor targeting can be augmented while sparing the healthy cells in normal tissues expressing the same target of interest. If successful, the improved therapeutic index will likely help to address the dose-limiting toxicities commonly observed in the clinical trials of various immunotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Postgraduate , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Sen Mei
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuelei Shen
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
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31
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Riillo C, Caracciolo D, Grillone K, Polerà N, Tuccillo FM, Bonelli P, Juli G, Ascrizzi S, Scionti F, Arbitrio M, Lopreiato M, Siciliano MA, Sestito S, Talarico G, Galea E, Galati MC, Pensabene L, Loprete G, Rossi M, Ballerini A, Gentile M, Britti D, Di Martino MT, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. A Novel Bispecific T-Cell Engager (CD1a x CD3ε) BTCE Is Effective against Cortical-Derived T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2886. [PMID: 35740552 PMCID: PMC9221015 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy burdened by poor prognosis. While huge progress of immunotherapy has recently improved the outcome of B-cell malignancies, the lack of tumor-restricted T-cell antigens still hampers its progress in T-ALL. Therefore, innovative immunotherapeutic agents are eagerly awaited. To this end, we generated a novel asymmetric (2 + 1) bispecific T-cell engager (BTCE) targeting CD1a and CD3ε (CD1a x CD3ε) starting from the development of a novel mAb named UMG2. UMG2 mAb reacts against CD1a, a glycoprotein highly expressed by cortical T-ALL cells. Importantly, no UMG2 binding was found on normal T-cells. CD1a x CD3ε induced high T-cell mediated cytotoxicity against CD1a+ T-ALL cells in vitro, as demonstrated by the concentration-dependent increase of T-cell proliferation, degranulation, induction of cell surface activation markers, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Most importantly, in a PBMC-reconstituted NGS mouse model bearing human T-ALL, CD1a x CD3ε significantly inhibited the growth of human T-ALL xenografts, translating into a significant survival advantage of treated animals. In conclusion, CD1a x CD3ε is a novel BTCE highly active against CD1a-expressing cortical-derived T-ALL cells suitable for clinical development as an effective therapeutic option for this rare and aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Riillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Daniele Caracciolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Katia Grillone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Nicoletta Polerà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (F.M.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrizia Bonelli
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (F.M.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Giada Juli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Serena Ascrizzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Institute of Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), Italian National Council (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Mariamena Arbitrio
- Institute of Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), Italian National Council (CNR), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Mariangela Lopreiato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Maria Anna Siciliano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Gabriella Talarico
- Immunotransfusion Service Unit, Pugliese-Ciaccio Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Eulalia Galea
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, Pugliese-Ciaccio Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.G.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Maria Concetta Galati
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, Pugliese-Ciaccio Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.G.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Licia Pensabene
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Giovanni Loprete
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | | | | | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (K.G.); (N.P.); (G.J.); (S.A.); (M.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
- College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Chen RP, Shinoda K, Rampuria P, Jin F, Bartholomew T, Zhao C, Yang F, Chaparro-Riggers J. Bispecific antibodies for immune cell retargeting against cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:965-982. [PMID: 35485219 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2072209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following the approval of the T-cell engaging bispecific antibody blinatumomab, immune cell retargeting with bispecific or multispecific antibodies has emerged as a promising cancer immunotherapy strategy, offering alternative mechanisms compared to immune checkpoint blockade. As we gain more understanding of the complex tumor microenvironment, rules and design principles have started to take shape on how to best harness the immune system to achieve optimal anti-tumor activities. AREAS COVERED In the present review, we aim to summarize the most recent advances and challenges in using bispecific antibodies for immune cell retargeting and to provide insights into various aspects of antibody engineering. Discussed herein are studies that highlight the importance of considering antibody engineering parameters, such as binding epitope, affinity, valency, and geometry to maximize the potency and mitigate the toxicity of T cell engagers. Beyond T cell engaging bispecifics, other bispecifics designed to recruit the innate immune system are also covered. EXPERT OPINION Diverse and innovative molecular designs of bispecific/multispecific antibodies have the potential to enhance the efficacy and safety of immune cell retargeting for the treatment of cancer. Whether or not clinical data support these different hypotheses, especially in solid tumor settings, remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Chen
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kenta Shinoda
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Fang Jin
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Chunxia Zhao
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
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Kühl L, Aschmoneit N, Kontermann RE, Seifert O. The eIg technology to generate Ig-like bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2063043. [PMID: 35427197 PMCID: PMC9037507 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2063043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have emerged as therapeutic molecules with a multitude of modes of action and applications. Here, we present a novel approach to solve the light-chain problem for the generation of bispecific Ig-like antibodies using the second constant domain of IgE (EHD2) genetically modified to force heterodimerization. This was achieved by introducing a C14S mutation in one domain and a C102S mutation in the other domain, which removed of one of the crossover disulfide bonds. Substituting the CH1 and CL domains of an antigen binding fragment (Fab) with these heterodimerizing EHD2 (hetEHD2) domains resulted in Fab-like building blocks (eFab). These eFabs were used to generate different bispecific antibodies of varying valency and molecular composition employing variable domains with different specificities and from different origins. Formats included bivalent bispecific IgG-like molecules (eIgs) and Fc-less Fab-eFab fusion proteins, as well as tri- and tetravalent Fab-eIg fusion proteins. All proteins, including bispecific antibodies for dual receptor targeting and for retargeting of T cells, efficiently assembled into functional molecules. Furthermore, none of the hetEHD2-comprising molecules showed binding to the two Fcε receptors and are thus most likely do not induce receptor cross-linking and activation. In summary, we established the eIg technology as a versatile and robust platform for the generation of bispecific antibodies of varying valency, geometry, and composition, suitable for numerous applications. Abbreviations: antibody drug conjugate (ADC), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), constant domain of IgE (Cε), receptor of Cε (CεRI or CεRII), cluster of differentiation (CD), constant domain of heavy chain (CH), constant domain of light chain (CL), (single-chain) diabody ((sc)Db), diabody-immunoglobulin (Db-Ig), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fragment antigen-binding (Fab), Fab with hetEHD2 (eFab), Fab-EHD2 with T121G in chain 1 and S10I in chain 2 (EFab), bispecific Ig domain containing hetEHD2 (eIg), extracellular domain (ECD), epidermal growth factor receptor 1, 2, 3 (EGFR, HER2, HER3), heavy chain domain 2 of IgE (EHD2), EHD2 domain with C102S (EHD2-1), EHD2 domain with C14S and N39Q (EHD2-2), (human or mouse) fragment crystalline ((hu or mo)Fc), heavy chain (HC), heterodimerized second domain of IgE (hetEHD2), high molecular weight (HMW), immunoglobulin (Ig), light chain (LC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (MET), heavy chain domain 2 of IgM (MHD2), peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), prolactin receptor (PRLP), Stokes radius (RS), single-chain Fragment variable (scFv), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), single-chain TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (scTRAIL), variable domain of heavy chain (VH), variable domain of light chain (VL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kühl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Aschmoneit
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Dunlap T, Cao Y. Physiological Considerations for Modeling in vivo Antibody-Target Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:856961. [PMID: 35281913 PMCID: PMC8912916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.856961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of therapeutic antibodies in development pipelines is increasing rapidly. Despite superior success rates relative to small molecules, therapeutic antibodies still face many unique development challenges. There is often a translational gap from their high target affinity and specificity to the therapeutic effects. Tissue microenvironment and physiology critically influence antibody-target interactions contributing to apparent affinity alterations and dynamic target engagement. The full potential of therapeutic antibodies will be further realized by contextualizing antibody-target interactions under physiological conditions. Here we review how local physiology such as physical stress, biological fluid, and membrane characteristics could influence antibody-target association, dissociation, and apparent affinity. These physiological factors in the early development of therapeutic antibodies are valuable toward rational antibody engineering, preclinical candidate selection, and lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Dunlap
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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35
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Thoreau F, Chudasama V. Enabling the next steps in cancer immunotherapy: from antibody-based bispecifics to multispecifics, with an evolving role for bioconjugation chemistry. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:140-169. [PMID: 35360884 PMCID: PMC8826860 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, immunotherapy has established itself as one of the leading strategies for cancer treatment, as illustrated by the exponentially growing number of related clinical trials. This trend was, in part, prompted by the clinical success of both immune checkpoint modulation and immune cell engagement, to restore and/or stimulate the patient's immune system's ability to fight the disease. These strategies were sustained by progress in bispecific antibody production. However, despite the decisive progress made in the treatment of cancer, toxicity and resistance are still observed in some cases. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the monoclonal and bispecific antibodies developed with the objective of restoring immune system functions to treat cancer (cancer immunotherapy), through immune checkpoint modulation, immune cell engagement or a combination of both. Their production, design strategy and impact on the clinical trial landscape are also addressed. In the second part, the concept of multispecific antibody formats, notably MuTICEMs (Multispecific Targeted Immune Cell Engagers & Modulators), as a possible answer to current immunotherapy limitations is investigated. We believe it could be the next step to take for cancer immunotherapy research and expose why bioconjugation chemistry might play a key role in these future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Thoreau
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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36
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Dickopf S, Buldun C, Vasic V, Georges G, Hage C, Mayer K, Forster M, Wessels U, Stubenrauch KG, Benz J, Ehler A, Lauer ME, Ringler P, Kobold S, Endres S, Klein C, Brinkmann U. Prodrug-Activating Chain Exchange (PACE) converts targeted prodrug derivatives to functional bi- or multispecific antibodies. Biol Chem 2022; 403:495-508. [PMID: 35073465 PMCID: PMC9125802 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the potential to broaden the target space of conventional monospecific antibodies, the field of multi-specific antibody derivatives is growing rapidly. The production and screening of these artificial proteins entails a high combinatorial complexity. Antibody-domain exchange was previously shown to be a versatile strategy to produce bispecific antibodies in a robust and efficient manner. Here, we show that the domain exchange reaction to generate hybrid antibodies also functions under physiological conditions. Accordingly, we modified the exchange partners for use in therapeutic applications, in which two inactive prodrugs convert into a product with additional functionalities. We exemplarily show the feasibility for generating active T cell bispecific antibodies from two inactive prodrugs, which per se do not activate T cells alone. The two complementary prodrugs harbor antigen-targeting Fabs and non-functional anti-CD3 Fvs fused to IgG-CH3 domains engineered to drive chain-exchange reactions between them. Importantly, Prodrug-Activating Chain Exchange (PACE) could be an attractive option to conditionally activate therapeutics at the target site. Several examples are provided that demonstrate the efficacy of PACE as a new principle of cancer immunotherapy in vitro and in a human xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Dickopf
- Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Can Buldun
- Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Vedran Vasic
- Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Guy Georges
- Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Carina Hage
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Klaus Mayer
- Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Matthias Forster
- Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Uwe Wessels
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (PS), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Kay-Gunnar Stubenrauch
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (PS), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Jörg Benz
- Small Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ehler
- Small Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Matthias E. Lauer
- Chemical Biology, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Philippe Ringler
- Center for Cellular Imaging and Nano Analytics , Biozentrum University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV , University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) , Partner Site Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV , University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) , Partner Site Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) , Penzberg , Germany
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37
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Dicara DM, Bhakta S, Go MA, Ziai J, Firestein R, Forrest B, Gu C, Leong SR, Lee G, Yu SF, Polson AG, Agard NJ. Development of T-cell engagers selective for cells co-expressing two antigens. MAbs 2022; 14:2115213. [PMID: 36206404 PMCID: PMC9553182 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2115213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (TCEs) are clinically effective treatments for hematological cancers. While the utility of TCEs in solid malignancies is being explored, toxicities arising from antigen expression on normal tissues have slowed or halted several clinical trials. Here, we describe the development of TCEs that preferentially drive T cell-mediated death against target cells co-expressing two tumor-associated antigens. We show that Ly6E and B7-H4 are simultaneously expressed on approximately 50% of breast cancers, whereas normal tissue expression is limited and mostly orthogonal. Traditional bispecific TCEs targeting a singular antigen, either Ly6E or B7-H4, are active when paired with high-affinity CD3-engagers, but normal tissue expression presents a toxicity risk. Treatment with a murine cross-reactive B7-H4-TCE results in rapid and severe weight loss in mice along with damage to B7-H4-expressing tissues. To overcome on-target toxicity, we designed trispecific antibodies co-targeting Ly6E, B7-H4, and CD3 and characterized the impact of dual-antigen binding and the relative placement of each binding domain on tumor killing in vitro and in vivo. In vitro killing of tumor cells co-expressing both antigens correlates to the placement of the higher affinity B7-H4 binding domain, with only modest enhancements seen upon addition of Ly6E binding. In xenograft models, avid binding of appropriately designed trispecific TCEs enables tumor growth inhibition while evading the poor tolerability seen with active bispecific TCEs. Collectively these data highlight the potential for dual-antigen targeting to improve safety and efficacy, and expand the scope of tumors that may effectively be treated by TCEs. Abbreviations: Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts), dual-antigen targeted T cell engagers (DAT-TCE), Fragment antigen-binding (Fab), Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunohistochemistry (IHC), NOD SCID gamma (NSG), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), T cell-engagers (TCEs)
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dicara
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sunil Bhakta
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mary Ann Go
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James Ziai
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ron Firestein
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bill Forrest
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chen Gu
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven R Leong
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Genee Lee
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew G Polson
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J Agard
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Zou W, Huang C, Sun Q, Zhao K, Gao H, Su R, Li Y. A stepwise mutagenesis approach using histidine and acidic amino acid to engineer highly pH-dependent protein switches. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:21. [PMID: 34956814 PMCID: PMC8686790 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based drugs can be highly toxic, because they target normal tissue as well as tumor tissue. The pH value of the extracellular microenvironments around tumor tissues is lower than that of normal tissues. Therefore, antibodies that engage in pH-dependent binding at slightly acidic pH are crucial for improving the safety of antibody-based drugs. Thus, we implemented a stepwise mutagenesis approach to engineering pH-dependent antibodies capable of selective binding in the acidic microenvironment in this study. The first step involved single-residue histidine scanning mutagenesis of the antibody's complementarity-determining regions to prescreen for pH-dependent mutants and identify ionizable sensitive hot-spot residues that could be substituted by acidic amino acids to obtain pH-dependent antibodies. The second step involved single-acidic amino acid residue substitutions of the identified residues and the assessment of pH-dependent binding. We identified six ionizable sensitive hot-spot residues using single-histidine scanning mutagenesis. Nine pH-dependent antibodies were isolated using single-acidic amino acid residue mutagenesis at the six hot-spot residue positions. Relative to wild-type anti-CEA chimera antibody, the binding selectivity of the best performing mutant was improved by approximately 32-fold according to ELISA and by tenfold according to FACS assay. The mutant had a high affinity in the pH range of 5.5-6.0. This study supports the development of pH-dependent protein switches and increases our understanding of the role of ionizable residues in protein interfaces. The stepwise mutagenesis approach is rapid, general, and robust and is expected to produce pH-sensitive protein affinity reagents for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zou
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Chuncui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Keli Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Huanyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Rong Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000 Guangdong China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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Xie F, Zhang L, Shi S, Zheng A, Di J, Jin S, Miao X, Wu F, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wei X, Xu Y. Liposomal T cell engager and re-director for tumor cell eradication in cancer immunotherapy. MAbs 2022; 14:2115205. [PMID: 36041060 PMCID: PMC9450900 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2115205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are one of the most important effector cells in cancer immunotherapy. Various T cell-dependent bispecific antibody (TDB) drugs that engage T cells for targeted cancer cell lysis are being developed. Here, we describe supra-molecular T-cell redirecting antibody fragment-anchored liposomes (TRAFsomes) and report their immune modulation and anti-cancer effects. We found that TRAFsomes containing different copies of anti-CD3 fragments displayed different T cell modulation profiles, showing that optimization of surface density is needed to define the therapeutic window for potentiating cancer cell-specific immune reactions while minimizing nonspecific side effects. Moreover, small molecular immunomodulators may also be incorporated by liposomal encapsulation to drive CD8 + T cell biased immune responses. In vivo studies using human peripheral blood mononuclear cell reconstituted mouse models showed that TRAFsomes remained bounded to human T cells and persisted for more than 48 hours after injection. However, only TRAFsomes containing a few anti-CD3 (n = 9) demonstrated significant T cell-mediated anti-cancer activities to reverse tumor growth. Those with more anti-CD3s (n = 70) caused tumor growth and depletion of human T cells at the end of treatments. These data suggested that TRAFsomes can be as potent as traditional TDBs and the liposomal structure offers great potential for immunomodulation and improvement of the therapeutic index. Abbreviation: Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells), Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) Effector: target ratios (E:T ratios), Heavy chain (HC) Immune-related adverse events (irAE), Large unilamellar vesicle (LUV), Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, Single-chain variable fragment (scFv), T cell-dependent bispecific antibody (TDB), T cell redirecting antibody fragment-anchored liposomes (TRAFsomes), Methoxy poly-(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luchen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sanyuan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anjie Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxing Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- R&D department, Hangzhou Highfield Bipharmaceuticals Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuguang Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fenglan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- R&D department, Hangzhou Highfield Bipharmaceuticals Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- R&D department, Hangzhou Highfield Bipharmaceuticals Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- R&D department, Hangzhou Highfield Bipharmaceuticals Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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40
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Aschmoneit N, Kühl L, Seifert O, Kontermann RE. Fc-comprising scDb-based trivalent, bispecific T-cell engagers for selective killing of HER3-expressing cancer cells independent of cytokine release. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003616. [PMID: 34782429 PMCID: PMC8593740 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bispecific T-cell engagers are an established therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies but face several challenges when it comes to their application for the treatment of solid tumors, including on-target off-tumor adverse events. Employing an avidity-mediated specificity gain by introducing an additional binding moiety for the tumor-associated antigen can be achieved using formats with a 2+1 stoichiometry. Methods Besides biochemical characterization and validation of target cell binding to cancer cells with different HER3 expression, we used in vitro co-culture assays with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and HER3-expressing target cells to determine T-cell activation, T-cell proliferation and PBMC-mediated cancer cell lysis of HER3-positive cell lines by the trivalent, bispecific antibodies. Results In this study, we developed trivalent, bispecific antibodies comprising a silenced Fc region for T-cell retargeting to HER3-expressing tumor cells, combining a bivalent single-chain diabody (scDb) fused to a first heterodimerizing Fc chain with either an Fab or scFv fused to a second heterodimerizing Fc chain. All these HER3-targeting T-cell engagers comprising two binding sites for HER3 and one binding site for CD3 mediated target cell killing. However, format and orientation of binding sites influenced efficacy of target cell binding, target cell-dependent T-cell activation and T-cell-mediated target cell killing. Beneficial effects were seen when the CD3 binding site was located in the scDb moiety. These molecules showed efficient killing of medium HER3-expressing cancer cells with very low induction of cytokine release, while sparing target cells with low or undetectable HER3 expression. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that these trivalent, bispecific antibodies represent formats with superior interdomain spacing resulting in efficient target cell killing and a potential advantageous safety profile due to very low cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Aschmoneit
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lennart Kühl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany .,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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T Cell Bispecific Antibodies: An Antibody-Based Delivery System for Inducing Antitumor Immunity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111172. [PMID: 34832954 PMCID: PMC8619951 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a breakthrough immunotherapy, T cell bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are a promising antibody therapy for various kinds of cancer. In general, T-BsAbs have dual-binding specificity to a tumor-associated antigen and a CD3 subunit forming a complex with the TCR. This enables T-BsAbs to crosslink tumor cells and T cells, inducing T cell activation and subsequent tumor cell death. Unlike immune checkpoint inhibitors, which release the brake of the immune system, T-BsAbs serve as an accelerator of T cells by stimulating their immune response via CD3 engagement. Therefore, they can actively redirect host immunity toward tumors, including T cell recruitment from the periphery to the tumor site and immunological synapse formation between tumor cells and T cells. Although the low immunogenicity of solid tumors increases the challenge of cancer immunotherapy, T-BsAbs capable of immune redirection can greatly benefit patients with such tumors. To investigate the detailed relationship between T-BsAbs delivery and their T cell redirection activity, it is necessary to determine how T-BsAbs deliver antitumor immunity to the tumor site and bring about tumor cell death. This review article discusses T-BsAb properties, specifically their pharmacokinetics, redirection of anticancer immunity, and local mechanism of action within tumor tissues, and discuss further challenges to expediting T-BsAb development.
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42
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See K, Kadonosono T, Miyamoto K, Tsubaki T, Ota Y, Katsumi M, Ryo S, Aida K, Minegishi M, Isozaki T, Kuchimaru T, Kizaka-Kondoh S. Antibody-guided design and identification of CD25-binding small antibody mimetics using mammalian cell surface display. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22098. [PMID: 34764369 PMCID: PMC8585965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Small antibody mimetics that contain high-affinity target-binding peptides can be lower cost alternatives to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We have recently developed a method to create small antibody mimetics called FLuctuation-regulated Affinity Proteins (FLAPs), which consist of a small protein scaffold with a structurally immobilized target-binding peptide. In this study, to further develop this method, we established a novel screening system for FLAPs called monoclonal antibody-guided peptide identification and engineering (MAGPIE), in which a mAb guides selection in two manners. First, antibody-guided design allows construction of a peptide library that is relatively small in size, but sufficient to identify high-affinity binders in a single selection round. Second, in antibody-guided screening, the fluorescently labeled mAb is used to select mammalian cells that display FLAP candidates with high affinity for the target using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We demonstrate the reliability and efficacy of MAGPIE using daclizumab, a mAb against human interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25). Three FLAPs identified by MAGPIE bound CD25 with dissociation constants of approximately 30 nM as measured by biolayer interferometry without undergoing affinity maturation. MAGPIE can be broadly adapted to any mAb to develop small antibody mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra See
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kadonosono
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Miyamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsubaki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yumi Ota
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Marina Katsumi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Sumoe Ryo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Aida
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Misa Minegishi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Isozaki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kuchimaru
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shinae Kizaka-Kondoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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43
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Lesch S, Blumenberg V, Stoiber S, Gottschlich A, Ogonek J, Cadilha BL, Dantes Z, Rataj F, Dorman K, Lutz J, Karches CH, Heise C, Kurzay M, Larimer BM, Grassmann S, Rapp M, Nottebrock A, Kruger S, Tokarew N, Metzger P, Hoerth C, Benmebarek MR, Dhoqina D, Grünmeier R, Seifert M, Oener A, Umut Ö, Joaquina S, Vimeux L, Tran T, Hank T, Baba T, Huynh D, Megens RTA, Janssen KP, Jastroch M, Lamp D, Ruehland S, Di Pilato M, Pruessmann JN, Thomas M, Marr C, Ormanns S, Reischer A, Hristov M, Tartour E, Donnadieu E, Rothenfusser S, Duewell P, König LM, Schnurr M, Subklewe M, Liss AS, Halama N, Reichert M, Mempel TR, Endres S, Kobold S. T cells armed with C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 enhance adoptive cell therapy for pancreatic tumours. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1246-1260. [PMID: 34083764 PMCID: PMC7611996 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of adoptive cell therapy for solid tumours is hampered by the poor accumulation of the transferred T cells in tumour tissue. Here, we show that forced expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (whose ligand is highly expressed by human and murine pancreatic cancer cells and tumour-infiltrating immune cells) in antigen-specific T cells enhanced the recognition and lysis of pancreatic cancer cells and the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy for pancreatic cancer. In mice with subcutaneous pancreatic tumours treated with T cells with either a transgenic T-cell receptor or a murine chimeric antigen receptor targeting the tumour-associated antigen epithelial cell adhesion molecule, and in mice with orthotopic pancreatic tumours or patient-derived xenografts treated with T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor targeting mesothelin, the T cells exhibited enhanced intratumoral accumulation, exerted sustained anti-tumoral activity and prolonged animal survival only when co-expressing C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6. Arming tumour-specific T cells with tumour-specific chemokine receptors may represent a promising strategy for the realization of adoptive cell therapy for solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lesch
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktoria Blumenberg
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stoiber
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Justyna Ogonek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno L Cadilha
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zahra Dantes
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felicitas Rataj
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klara Dorman
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Lutz
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Clara H Karches
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Heise
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Kurzay
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Larimer
- Center for Precision Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Rapp
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessia Nottebrock
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Kruger
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas Tokarew
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Metzger
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Hoerth
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Dhoqina
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Grünmeier
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Arman Oener
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Öykü Umut
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandy Joaquina
- Université de Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Université de Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Thi Tran
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Hank
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taisuke Baba
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duc Huynh
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of BioMedical Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center and German Diabetes Center (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lamp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center and German Diabetes Center (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Ruehland
- LMU Biocenter, Department Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jasper N Pruessmann
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moritz Thomas
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Carsten Marr
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Ormanns
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Reischer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hristov
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eric Tartour
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université de Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Rothenfusser
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Duewell
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars M König
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Schnurr
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Munich, Germany.
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44
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Fierle JK, Brioschi M, de Tiani M, Wetterwald L, Atsaves V, Abram-Saliba J, Petrova TV, Coukos G, Dunn SM. Soluble trivalent engagers redirect cytolytic T cell activity toward tumor endothelial marker 1. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100362. [PMID: 34467246 PMCID: PMC8385295 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1) is an emerging cancer target with a unique dual expression profile. First, TEM1 is expressed in the stroma and neo-vasculature of many human carcinomas but is largely absent from healthy adult tissues. Second, TEM1 is expressed by tumor cells of mesenchymal origin, notably sarcoma. Here, we present two fully human anti-TEM1 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) reagents, namely, 1C1m and 7G22, that recognize distinct regions of the extracellular domain and possess substantially different affinities. In contrast to other, well-described anti-TEM1 binders, these fragments confer cytolytic activity when expressed as 2nd generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Moreover, both molecules selectively redirect human T cell effector functions toward TEM1+ tumor cells when incorporated into experimental soluble bispecific trivalent engagers that we term TriloBiTEs (tBs). Furthermore, systemic delivery of 1C1m-tB prevents the establishment of Ewing sarcoma tumors in a xenograft model. Our observations confirm TEM1 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and illustrate the prospective translational potential of certain scFv-based reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Fierle
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Brioschi
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mariastella de Tiani
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laureline Wetterwald
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vasileios Atsaves
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Johan Abram-Saliba
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven M Dunn
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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45
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Lee E, Szvetecz S, Polli R, Grauel A, Chen J, Judge J, Jaiswal S, Maeda R, Schwartz S, Voedisch B, Piksa M, Japutra C, Sadhasivam L, Wang Y, Carrion A, Isim S, Liang J, Nicholson T, Lei H, Fang Q, Steinkrauss M, Walker D, Wagner J, Cremasco V, Wang HQ, Galli GG, Granda B, Mansfield K, Simmons Q, Nguyen AA, Vincent Jordan N. PAX8 lineage-driven T cell engaging antibody for the treatment of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14841. [PMID: 34290299 PMCID: PMC8295318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) represent the most common subtype of ovarian malignancies. Due to the frequency of late-stage diagnosis and high rates of recurrence following standard of care treatments, novel therapies are needed to promote durable responses. We investigated the anti-tumor activity of CD3 T cell engaging bispecific antibodies (TCBs) directed against the PAX8 lineage-driven HGSOC tumor antigen LYPD1 and demonstrated that anti-LYPD1 TCBs induce T cell activation and promote in vivo tumor growth inhibition in LYPD1-expressing HGSOC. To selectively target LYPD1-expressing tumor cells with high expression while sparing cells with low expression, we coupled bivalent low-affinity anti-LYPD1 antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) with the anti-CD3 scFv. In contrast to the monovalent anti-LYPD1 high-affinity TCB (VHP354), the bivalent low-affinity anti-LYPD1 TCB (QZC131) demonstrated antigen density-dependent selectivity and showed tolerability in cynomolgus monkeys at the maximum dose tested of 3 mg/kg. Collectively, these data demonstrate that bivalent TCBs directed against LYPD1 have compelling efficacy and safety profiles to support its use as a treatment for high-grade serous ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lee
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Szvetecz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Polli
- PKS Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angelo Grauel
- Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jayson Chen
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Joyce Judge
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Smita Jaiswal
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rie Maeda
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernd Voedisch
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz Piksa
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chietara Japutra
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lingheswar Sadhasivam
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yiqin Wang
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ana Carrion
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sinan Isim
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jinsheng Liang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Hong Lei
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qing Fang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Dana Walker
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joel Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Viviana Cremasco
- Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hui Qin Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giorgio G Galli
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Granda
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith Mansfield
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Quincey Simmons
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Anh Nguyen
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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46
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Ramos MK, Mandikian D, Sermeño LN, King A, Dent AT, Ho J, Ulufatu S, Lombana TN, Spiess C, Go MAT, Yu SF, Kamath AV, Ferl GZ, Boswell CA. Valency of HER2 targeting antibodies influences tumor cell internalization and penetration. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1956-1965. [PMID: 34253591 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell Dependent Bispecific antibodies (TDBs) have been a major advancement in the the treatment of cancer that allow for improved targeting and efficacy for large molecule therapeutics. TDBs are comprised of one arm targeting a surface antigen on a cancer cell and another targeting an engaging surface antigen on a cytotoxic T cell. In order to impart this function, the antibody must be in a bispecific format as opposed to the more conventional bivalent format. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we sought to determine the impact of changing antibody valency on solid tumor distribution and catabolism. A bivalent anti-HER2 antibody exhibited higher catabolism than its full-length monovalent binding counterpart in vivo by both invasive tissue harvesting and non-invasive SPECT-CT imaging despite similar systemic exposures for the two molecules. In order to determine what molecular factors drove in vivo distribution and uptake, we developed a mechanistic model for binding and catabolism of monovalent and bivalent HER2 antibodies in KPL4 cells. This model suggests that observed differences in cellular uptake of monovalent and bivalent antibodies are caused by the change in apparent affinity conferred by avidity as well as differences in internalization and degradation rates of receptor bound antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first study to directly compare the targeting abilities of monovalent and bivalent full-length antibodies. These findings may inform diverse antibody therapeutic modalities including T cell redirecting therapies and drug delivery strategies relying upon receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna King
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
| | - Alecia T Dent
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
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47
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A scDb-based trivalent bispecific antibody for T-cell-mediated killing of HER3-expressing cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13880. [PMID: 34230555 PMCID: PMC8260734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HER3 is a member of the EGF receptor family and elevated expression is associated with cancer progression and therapy resistance. HER3-specific T-cell engagers might be a suitable treatment option to circumvent the limited efficacy observed for HER3-blocking antibodies in clinical trials. In this study, we developed bispecific antibodies for T-cell retargeting to HER3-expressing tumor cells, utilizing either a single-chain diabody format (scDb) with one binding site for HER3 and one for CD3 on T-cells or a trivalent bispecific scDb-scFv fusion protein exhibiting an additional binding site for HER3. The scDb-scFv showed increased binding to HER3-expressing cancer cell lines compared to the scDb and consequently more effective T-cell activation and T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, the bivalent binding mode of the scDb-scFv for HER3 translated into more potent T-cell mediated cancer cell killing, and allowed to discriminate between moderate and low HER3-expressing target cells. Thus, our study demonstrated the applicability of HER3 for T-cell retargeting with bispecific antibodies, even at moderate expression levels, and the increased potency of an avidity-mediated specificity gain, potentially resulting in a wider safety window of bispecific T-cell engaging antibodies targeting HER3.
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48
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Poussin M, Sereno A, Wu X, Huang F, Manro J, Cao S, Carpenito C, Glasebrook A, Powell Jr DJ, Demarest SJ. Dichotomous impact of affinity on the function of T cell engaging bispecific antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002444. [PMID: 34253637 PMCID: PMC8276301 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bispecific T cell engagers represent the majority of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) entering the clinic to treat metastatic cancer. The ability to apply these agents safely and efficaciously in the clinic, particularly for solid tumors, has been challenging. Many preclinical studies have evaluated parameters related to the activity of T cell engaging BsAbs, but many questions remain. MAIN BODY This study investigates the impact of affinity of T cell engaging BsAbs with regards to potency, efficacy, and induction of immunomodulatory receptors/ligands using HER-2/CD3 BsAbs as a model system. We show that an IgG BsAb can be as efficacious as a smaller BsAb format both in vitro and in vivo. We uncover a dichotomous relationship between tumor-associated antigen (TAA) affinity and CD3 affinity requirements for cells that express high versus low levels of TAA. HER-2 affinity directly correlated with the CD3 engager lysis potency of HER-2/CD3 BsAbs when HER-2 receptor numbers are high (~200 K/cell), while the CD3 affinity did not impact potency until its binding affinity was extremely low (<600 nM). When HER-2 receptor numbers were lower (~20 K/cell), both HER-2 and CD3 affinity impacted potency. The high affinity anti-HER-2/low CD3 affinity BsAb also demonstrated lower cytokine induction levels in vivo and a dosing paradigm atypical of extremely high potency T cell engaging BsAbs reaching peak efficacy at doses >3 mg/kg. This data confirms that low CD3 affinity provides an opportunity for improved safety and dosing for T cell engaging BsAbs. T cell redirection also led to upregulation of Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and 4-1BB, but not CTLA-4 on T cells, and to Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation on HER-2HI SKOV3 tumor cells, but not on HER-2LO OVCAR3 tumor cells. Using this information, we combined anti-PD-1 or anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies with the HER-2/CD3 BsAb in vivo and demonstrated significantly increased efficacy against HER-2HI SKOV3 tumors via both combinations. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies provide an informational dive into the optimization process of CD3 engaging BsAbs for solid tumors indicating that a reduced affinity for CD3 may enable a better therapeutic index with a greater selectivity for the target tumor and a reduced cytokine release syndrome. These studies also provide an additional argument for combining T cell checkpoint inhibition and co-stimulation to achieve optimal efficacy. BACKGROUND
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poussin
- Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arlene Sereno
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiufeng Wu
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Flora Huang
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jason Manro
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shanshan Cao
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carmine Carpenito
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Stelexis, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Glasebrook
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Toralgen, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Powell Jr
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen J Demarest
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Tentarix, San Diego, California, USA
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49
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Enderle L, Shalaby KH, Gorelik M, Weiss A, Blazer LL, Paduch M, Cardarelli L, Kossiakoff A, Adams JJ, Sidhu SS. A T cell redirection platform for co-targeting dual antigens on solid tumors. MAbs 2021; 13:1933690. [PMID: 34190031 PMCID: PMC8253144 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1933690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to direct T cells to specific features of solid cancer cells, we engineered a bispecific antibody format, named Dual Antigen T cell Engager (DATE), by fusing a single-chain variable fragment targeting CD3 to a tumor-targeting antigen-binding fragment. In this format, multiple novel paratopes against different tumor antigens were able to recruit T-cell cytotoxicity to tumor cells in vitro and in an in vivo pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma xenograft model. Since unique surface antigens in solid tumors are limited, in order to enhance selectivity, we further engineered “double-DATEs” targeting two tumor antigens simultaneously. The double-DATE contains an additional autonomous variable heavy-chain domain, which binds a second tumor antigen without itself eliciting a cytotoxic response. This novel modality provides a strategy to enhance the selectivity of immune redirection through binary targeting of native tumor antigens. The modularity and use of a common, stable human framework for all components enables a pipeline approach to rapidly develop a broad repertoire of tailored DATEs and double-DATEs with favorable biophysical properties and high potencies and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Enderle
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karim H Shalaby
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maryna Gorelik
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Weiss
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Levi L Blazer
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcin Paduch
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Gordon Center for Integrative Science, Chicago, USA
| | - Lia Cardarelli
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony Kossiakoff
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Gordon Center for Integrative Science, Chicago, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jarrett J Adams
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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50
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Van De Vyver AJ, Marrer-Berger E, Wang K, Lehr T, Walz AC. Cytokine Release Syndrome By T-cell-Redirecting Therapies: Can We Predict and Modulate Patient Risk? Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6083-6094. [PMID: 34162679 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-redirecting therapies are promising new therapeutic options in the field of cancer immunotherapy, but the development of these modalities is challenging. A commonly observed adverse event in patients treated with T-cell-redirecting therapies is cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Its clinical manifestation is a burden on patients, and continues to be a big hurdle in the clinical development of this class of therapeutics. We review different T-cell-redirecting therapies, discuss key factors related to cytokine release and potentially leading to CRS, and present clinical mitigation strategies applied for those modalities. We propose to dissect those risk factors into drug-target-disease-related factors and individual patient risk factors. Aiming to optimize the therapeutic intervention of these modalities, we illustrate how the knowledge on drug-target-disease-related factors, such as target expression, binding affinity, and target accessibility, can be leveraged in a model-based framework and highlight with case examples how modeling and simulation is applied to guide drug discovery and development. We draw attention to the current gaps in predicting the individual patient's risk towards a high-grade CRS, which requires further considerations of risk factors related, but not limited to, the patient's demographics, genetics, underlying pathologies, treatment history, and environmental exposures. The drug-target-disease-related factors together with the individual patient's risk factors can be regarded as the patient's propensity for developing CRS in response to therapy. As an outlook, we suggest implementing a risk scoring system combined with mechanistic modeling to enable the prediction of an individual patient's risk of CRS for a given therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Van De Vyver
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland. .,Saarland University, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ken Wang
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Saarland University, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Antje-Christine Walz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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