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Chen Y, Li X, Han F, Ji B, Li Y, Yan J, Wang M, Fan J, Zhang S, Lu L, Zou P. The nucleoside analog 4'-fluorouridine suppresses the replication of multiple enteroviruses by targeting 3D polymerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024:e0005424. [PMID: 38687016 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00054-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses are the major pathogens causing hand-foot-and-mouth disease in infants and young children throughout the world, and infection with enterovirus is also associated with severe complications, such as aseptic meningitis and myocarditis. However, there are no antiviral drugs available to treat enteroviruses infection at present. In this study, we found that 4'-fluorouridine (4'-FlU), a nucleoside analog with low cytotoxicity, exhibited broad-spectrum activity against infections of multiple enteroviruses with EC50 values at low micromolar levels, including coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10), CV-A16, CV-A6, CV-A7, CV-B3, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), EV-A89, EV-D68, and echovirus 6. With further investigation, the results indicated that 4'-FlU directly interacted with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of enterovirus, the 3D pol, and impaired the polymerase activity of 3D pol, hence inhibiting viral RNA synthesis and significantly suppressing viral replication. Our findings suggest that 4'-FlU could be promisingly developed as a broad-spectrum direct-acting antiviral agent for anti-enteroviruses therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Clinical Center for BioTherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyang Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beihong Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for BioTherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Westberg M, Su Y, Zou X, Huang P, Rustagi A, Garhyan J, Patel PB, Fernandez D, Wu Y, Hao C, Lo CW, Karim M, Ning L, Beck A, Saenkham-Huntsinger P, Tat V, Drelich A, Peng BH, Einav S, Tseng CTK, Blish C, Lin MZ. An orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor exhibits improved affinity and reduced sensitivity to mutations. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0979. [PMID: 38478629 PMCID: PMC11193659 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) such as nirmatrelvir (NTV) and ensitrelvir (ETV) have proven effective in reducing the severity of COVID-19, but the presence of resistance-conferring mutations in sequenced viral genomes raises concerns about future drug resistance. Second-generation oral drugs that retain function against these mutants are thus urgently needed. We hypothesized that the covalent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir (BPV) could serve as the basis for orally bioavailable drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro more efficiently than existing drugs. Performing structure-guided modifications of BPV, we developed a picomolar-affinity inhibitor, ML2006a4, with antiviral activity, oral pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy similar or superior to those of NTV. A crucial feature of ML2006a4 is a derivatization of the ketoamide reactive group that improves cell permeability and oral bioavailability. Last, ML2006a4 was found to be less sensitive to several mutations that cause resistance to NTV or ETV and occur in the natural SARS-CoV-2 population. Thus, anticipatory design can preemptively address potential resistance mechanisms to expand future treatment options against coronavirus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Westberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yichi Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinzhi Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pinghan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaishree Garhyan
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Puja Bhavesh Patel
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Program in Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenzhou Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marwah Karim
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin Ning
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Catherine Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Z. Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Stubbing LA, Hubert JG, Bell-Tyrer J, Hermant YO, Yang SH, McSweeney AM, McKenzie-Goldsmith GM, Ward VK, Furkert DP, Brimble MA. P 1 Glutamine isosteres in the design of inhibitors of 3C/3CL protease of human viruses of the Pisoniviricetes class. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:533-547. [PMID: 37547456 PMCID: PMC10398354 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the leading causes of acute morbidity in humans and much endeavour has been made by the synthetic community for the development of drugs to treat associated diseases. Peptide-based enzyme inhibitors, usually short sequences of three or four residues, are one of the classes of compounds currently under development for enhancement of their activity and pharmaceutical properties. This review reports the advances made in the design of inhibitors targeting the family of highly conserved viral proteases 3C/3CLpro, which play a key role in viral replication and present minimal homology with mammalian proteases. Particular focus is put on the reported development of P1 glutamine isosteres to generate potent inhibitors mimicking the natural substrate sequence at the site of recognition.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Stubbing
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jonathan G Hubert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Joseph Bell-Tyrer
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Yann O Hermant
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sung Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Alice M McSweeney
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago PO Box 56, 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Geena M McKenzie-Goldsmith
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago PO Box 56, 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago PO Box 56, 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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Wan L, Wang X, Wang T, Yuan X, Liu W, Huang Y, Deng C, Cao S. Comparison of Target Pocket Similarity and Progress into Research on Inhibitors of Picornavirus 3C Proteases. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201100. [PMID: 36808685 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The 3C protease (3C Pro) plays a significant role in the life cycle of picornaviruses from replication to translation, making it an attractive target for structure-based design of drugs against picornaviruses. The structurally related 3C-like protease (3CL Pro) is an important protein involved in the replication of coronaviruses. With the emergence of COVID-19 and consequent intensive research into 3CL Pro, development of 3CL Pro inhibitors has emerged as a popular topic. This article compares the similarities of the target pockets of various 3C and 3CL Pros from numerous pathogenic viruses. This article also reports several types of 3C Pro inhibitors that are currently undergoing extensive studies and introduces various structural modifications of 3C Pro inhibitors to provide a reference for the development of new and more effective inhibitors of 3C Pro and 3CL Pro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, P. R. China
| | - Tangle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Changyong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
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7
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Shi S, Xie L, Ma S, Xu B, An H, Ye S, Wang Y. Computational and experimental studies of salvianolic acid A targets 3C protease to inhibit enterovirus 71 infection. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1118584. [PMID: 36937869 PMCID: PMC10017496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1118584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood infectious disease caused by enterovirus (EV) infection. EV71 is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease and is more likely to cause exacerbation and death than other enteroviruses. Although a monovalent vaccine for EV71 has been developed, there are no clinically available anti-EV71 specific drugs. Here, we performed virtual screening and biological experiments based on the traditional Chinese medicine monomer library. We identified a traditional Chinese medicine monomer, Salvianolic acid A (SA), a polyphenolic compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Salvianolic acid A inhibits EV71 virus infection in a concentration-dependent manner, and its antiviral activity is higher than that of other reported natural polyphenols and has a high biosafety. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations showed that salvianolic acid A can anchor to E71, a member of the enzyme catalytic triad, and cause H40 to move away from the catalytic center. Meanwhile, molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MMGBSA) and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) results showed that the P1 group of SA was most easily unbound to the S1 pocket of 3Cpro, which provided theoretical support to further improve the affinity of salvianolic acid A with 3Cpro. These findings suggest that salvianolic acid A is a novel EV71 3Cpro inhibitor with excellent antiviral activity and is a promising candidate for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sen Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Binghong Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong An
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Ye, ; Yaxin Wang,
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Ye, ; Yaxin Wang,
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8
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Structure of Senecavirus A 3C Protease Revealed the Cleavage Pattern of 3C Protease in Picornaviruses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0073622. [PMID: 35727031 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00736-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus infecting porcine of all age groups and causing foot and mouth disease (FMD)-like symptoms. One of its key enzymes is the 3C protease (3Cpro), which is similar to other picornaviruses and essential for virus maturation by controlling polyprotein cleavage and RNA replication. In this study, we reported the crystal structure of SVA 3Cpro at a resolution of 1.9 Å and a thorough structural comparison against all published picornavirus 3Cpro structures. Using statistical and graphical visualization techniques, we also investigated the sequence specificity of the 3Cpro. The structure revealed that SVA 3Cpro adopted a typical chymotrypsin-like fold with the S1 subsite as the most conservative site among picornavirus 3Cpro. The surface loop, A1-B1 hairpin, adopted a novel conformation in SVA 3Cpro and formed a positively charged protrusion around S' subsites. Correspondingly, SVA scissile bonds preferred Asp rather than neutral amino acids at P3' and P4'. Moreover, SVA 3Cpro showed a wide range tolerance to P4 residue volume (acceptable range: 67 Å3 to 141 Å3), such as aromatic side chain, in contrast to other picornaviruses. In summary, our results provided valuable information for understanding the cleavage pattern of 3Cpro. IMPORTANCE Picornaviridae is a group of RNA viruses that harm both humans and livestock. 3Cpro is an essential enzyme for picornavirus maturation, which makes it a promising target for antiviral drug development and a critical component for virus-like particle (VLP) production. However, the current challenge in the development of antiviral drugs and VLP vaccines includes the limited knowledge of how subsite structure determines the 3Cpro cleavage pattern. Thus, an extensive comparative study of various picornaviral 3Cpro was required. Here, we showed the 1.9 Å crystal structure of SVA 3Cpro. The structure revealed similarities and differences in the substrate-binding groove among picornaviruses, providing new insights into the development of inhibitors and VLP.
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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10
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Dai W, Jochmans D, Xie H, Yang H, Li J, Su H, Chang D, Wang J, Peng J, Zhu L, Nian Y, Hilgenfeld R, Jiang H, Chen K, Zhang L, Xu Y, Neyts J, Liu H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Peptidomimetic Aldehydes as Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors against Enterovirus and SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2794-2808. [PMID: 33872498 PMCID: PMC8084273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of peptidomimetic aldehydes was designed and synthesized to target 3C protease (3Cpro) of enterovirus 71 (EV71). Most of the compounds exhibited high antiviral activity, and among them, compound 18p demonstrated potent enzyme inhibitory activity and broad-spectrum antiviral activity on a panel of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. The crystal structure of EV71 3Cpro in complex with 18p determined at a resolution of 1.2 Å revealed that 18p covalently linked to the catalytic Cys147 with an aldehyde group. In addition, these compounds also exhibited good inhibitory activity against the 3CLpro and the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially compound 18p (IC50 = 0.034 μM, EC50 = 0.29 μM). According to our previous work, these compounds have no reasons for concern regarding acute toxicity. Compared with AG7088, compound 18p also exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties and more potent anticoronavirus activity, making it an excellent lead for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and
Chemotherapy, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Hang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan
Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023,
China
| | - Haixia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130
Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jingjing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130
Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yong Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023,
China
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine,
University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck,
Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),
University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck,
Germany
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan
Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and
Chemotherapy, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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11
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Diarimalala RO, Hu M, Wei Y, Hu K. Recent advances of enterovirus 71 [Formula: see text] targeting Inhibitors. Virol J 2020; 17:173. [PMID: 33176821 PMCID: PMC7657364 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With CA16, enterovirus-71 is the causative agent of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) which occurs mostly in children under 5 years-old and responsible of several outbreaks since a decade. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and even death; EV71 has been identified in all severe cases. Therefore, it is actually one of the most public health issues that threatens children's life. [Formula: see text] is a protease which plays important functions in EV71 infection. To date, a lot of [Formula: see text] inhibitors have been tested but none of them has been approved yet. Therefore, a drug screening is still an utmost importance in order to treat and/or prevent EV71 infections. This work highlights the EV71 life cycle, [Formula: see text] functions and [Formula: see text] inhibitors recently screened. It permits to well understand all mechanisms about [Formula: see text] and consequently allow further development of drugs targeting [Formula: see text]. Thus, this review is helpful for screening of more new [Formula: see text] inhibitors or for designing analogues of well known [Formula: see text] inhibitors in order to improve its antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rominah Onintsoa Diarimalala
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meichun Hu
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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12
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Wen W, Qi Z, Wang J. The Function and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C Protease. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1968-1975. [PMID: 32556480 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen of the hand, foot, and mouth disease. It was firstly isolated from sputum specimens of infants with central nervous system diseases in California in 1969, and has been repeatedly reported in various parts of the world, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 3C protein is a 183 amino acid cysteine protease that can cleave most structural and non-structural proteins of EV71. Based on the analysis and understanding of EV71 3C protease, it is helpful to study and treat diseases caused by EV71 virus infection. The EV71 3C protease promotes virus replication by cleaving EV71 synthesis or host proteins. Moreover, EV71 3C protease inhibits the innate immune system and causes apoptosis. At present, in order to deal with the damage caused by the EV71, it is urgent to develop antiviral drugs targeting 3C protease. This review will focus on the structure, function, and mechanism of EV71 3C protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Wen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Qi
- School of Medicine, Forth Clinical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Li P, Wu S, Xiao T, Li Y, Su Z, Wei W, Hao F, Hu G, Lin F, Chen X, Gu Z, Lin T, He H, Li J, Chen S. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel macrocyclic anti-EV71 agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115551. [PMID: 32503695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a macrocyclic peptidomimetic as a potent agent targeting enterovirus A71 (EV71). The compound has a 15-membered macrocyclic ring in a defined conformation. Yamaguchi esterification reaction was used to close the 15-membered macrocycle instead of the typical Ru-catalyzed ring-closing olefin metathesis reaction. The crystallographic characterization of the complex between this compound and its target, 3C protease from EV71, validated the design and paved the way for the generation of a new series of anti-EV71 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tianyichen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Fusen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xinsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengxian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Haiying He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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14
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Sun Y, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Pang Z, Liu J, Yin Z, Lou Z. Activity-Based Protein Profiling Identifies ATG4B as a Key Host Factor for Enterovirus 71 Proliferation. J Virol 2019; 93:e01092-19. [PMID: 31554687 PMCID: PMC6880168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01092-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-encoded proteases play diverse roles in the efficient replication of enterovirus 71 (EV71), which is the causative agent of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). However, it is unclear how host proteases affect viral proliferation. Here, we designed activity-based probes (ABPs) based on an inhibitor of the main EV71 protease (3Cpro), which is responsible for the hydrolysis of the EV71 polyprotein, and successfully identified host candidates that bind to the ABPs. Among the candidates, the host cysteine protease autophagy-related protein 4 homolog B (ATG4B), a key component of the autophagy machinery, was demonstrated to hydrolytically process the substrate of EV71 3Cpro and had activity comparable to that of the viral protease. Genetic disruption of ATG4B confirmed that the enzyme is indispensable for viral proliferation in vivo Our results not only further the understanding of host-virus interactions in EV71 biology but also provide a sample for the usage of activity-based proteomics to reveal host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE Enterovirus 71 (EV71), one of the major pathogens of human HFMD, has caused outbreaks worldwide. How EV71 efficiently assesses its life cycle with elaborate interactions with multiple host factors remains to be elucidated. In this work, we deconvoluted that the host ATG4B protein processes the viral polyprotein with its cysteine protease activity and helps EV71 replicate through a chemical biology strategy. Our results not only further the understanding of the EV71 life cycle but also provide a sample for the usage of activity-based proteomics to reveal host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhen Zheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengyuan Pang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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15
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Wang Y, Liu J, Cao L, Wang W, Sun Y, Yin Z, Lou Z. Site-Specific Incorporation of Chemical Fluorescence on Live Enterovirus-71 Virion by Using an Organometallic Palladium Reagent To Monitor Virus Entry. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1465-1470. [PMID: 29624826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Imaging live virus to monitor the viral entry process is essential to understand virus-host interactions during pathogen infection. However, methods for efficient labeling of live viruses, in particular labeling non-enveloped viruses and tracing virus entry processes, remain limited. Recently, labeling by using organometallic palladium reagents has provided a highly efficient and selective way to bioconjugate cysteines of virus proteins. Here, site-specific bioorthogonal labeling mediated by an organometallic palladium reagent on the surface of live enterovirus-71 (EV71) was used to visualize its entry into live cells. In contrast to currently used immunofluorescence and membrane-anchored dyes, this site-specific and quantitative labeling of live EV71 allows temporal imaging of its entry into host cell membranes on the timescale of seconds with little negative impact on its virulence. This method revealed details of EV71 virus entry and has broad applicability for monitoring virus entry that is difficult to assess by using conventional protein-labeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lin Cao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- The Capital Normal University Affiliated Pingguoyuan High School, Beijing, 100041, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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16
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Li P, Yu J, Hao F, He H, Shi X, Hu J, Wang L, Du C, Zhang X, Sun Y, Lin F, Gu Z, Xu D, Chen X, Shen L, Hu G, Li J, Chen S, Xiao W, Wang Z, Guo Q, Chang X, Tian X, Lin T. Discovery of Potent EV71 Capsid Inhibitors for Treatment of HFMD. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:841-846. [PMID: 28835799 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which can spread its infections to the central nervous and other systems with severe consequences. The viral caspid protein VP1 is a well-known target for antiviral efficacy because its occupancy by suitable compounds could stabilize the virus capsid, thus preventing uncoating of virus for RNA release. In this Letter, design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel anti-EV71 agents (aminopyridyl 1,2,5-thiadiazolidine 1,1-dioxides) are described. One of the most promising compounds (14) showed excellent antiviral activity against EV71 (EC50 = 4 nM) and exhibited excellent in vivo efficacy in the EV71 infected mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Hao
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying He
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Shi
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Hu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Du
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Sun
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fusen Lin
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengxian Gu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deming Xu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Chen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoping Hu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Haichangnan Road, Lianyungang 222001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Haichangnan Road, Lianyungang 222001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingming Guo
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Haichangnan Road, Lianyungang 222001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Chang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Haichangnan Road, Lianyungang 222001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Antiviral effects of Retro-2 cycl and Retro-2.1 against Enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:311-321. [PMID: 28688753 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), especially the form associated with fatal neurological disorders. Sustained outbreaks of EV71 infections remain a serious health threat worldwide. However, no antiviral agent against EV71 for clinical therapy has been approved. Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 are inhibitors of several pathogens specifically targeting the intracellular vesicle transport, which also participates in the EV71 lifecycle processes including progeny virus release. Here, we reported that Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1, respectively, could inhibit EV71 infection with 50% effective concentrations of 12.56 μM and 0.05 μM in a cytopathic effect inhibition assay and showed relatively low cytotoxicity with 50% cytotoxicity concentrations of more than 500 μM and 267.80 μM. Preliminary mechanism studies revealed that Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 did not inhibit EV71 protein synthesis or RNA replication but could block progeny EV71 release specifically. Furthermore, administration of Retro-2cycl at the dose of 10 mg/kg significantly protected 90% of newborn mice from lethal EV71 challenge. Consequently, our results for the first time identified Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 as effective inhibitors of EV71 as well as lead compounds, which would contribute to anti-EV71 drug development. We also identified progeny virus release and the intracellular vesicle transport as antiviral targets for EV71.
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18
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Wang Y, Cao L, Zhai Y, Yin Z, Sun Y, Shang L. Structure of the Enterovirus 71 3C Protease in Complex with NK-1.8k and Indications for the Development of Antienterovirus Protease Inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00298-17. [PMID: 28461310 PMCID: PMC5487676 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00298-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), caused by enterovirus, is a threat to public health worldwide. To date, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been one of the major causative agents of HFMD in the Pacific-Asia region, and outbreaks with EV71 cause millions of infections. However, no drug is currently available for clinical therapeutics. In our previous works, we developed a set of protease inhibitors (PIs) targeting the EV71 3C protease (3Cpro). Among these are NK-1.8k and NK-1.9k, which have various active groups and high potencies and selectivities. In the study described here, we determined the structures of the PI NK-1.8k in complex with wild-type (WT) and drug-resistant EV71 3Cpro Comparison of these structures with the structure of unliganded EV71 3Cpro and its complex with AG7088 indicated that the mutation of N69 to a serine residue destabilized the S2 pocket. Thus, the mutation influenced the cleavage activity of EV71 3Cpro and the inhibitory activity of NK-1.8k in an in vitro protease assay and highlighted that site 69 is an additional key site for PI design. More information for the optimization of the P1' to P4 groups of PIs was also obtained from these structures. Together with the results of our previous works, these in-depth results elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of PIs and shed light to develop PIs for the clinical treatment of infections caused by EV71 and other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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19
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Gunaseelan S, Chu JJH. Identifying novel antiviral targets against enterovirus 71: where are we? Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) has been considered as an essential human pathogen, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children. Several HEV71 outbreaks have been observed in many Asia-Pacific countries for the past two decades with significant fatalities. However, there are no competent vaccines or antivirals against HEV71 infection to date. Thus, it is of critical priority to delve into the search for anti-HEV71 agents. Prior to this, there is a need to gain knowledge about the distinct targets of HEV71 that are available and that have been exploited for antiviral therapy. This review aims to provide a better understanding of HEV71 virology and feature potential antivirals for progressive clinical development with respect to their elucidated mechanistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06–05, Singapore 138673
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20
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Suramin interacts with the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the EV-A71 capsid and inhibits multiple enterovirus A. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42902. [PMID: 28218309 PMCID: PMC5317167 DOI: 10.1038/srep42902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin was previously shown to bind to the EV-A71 capsid through its naphthalenetrisulfonic acid groups, thereby reducing virus-cell binding and inhibiting viral replication. Here, we identify VP1-145 as the critical amino acid that accounts for the differential sensitivity of EVA-71 viruses to suramin. A single Q or G to E substitution at VP1-145 results in an approximately 30-fold shift of IC50 or IC90 values reproducing the inhibition profile observed with field isolates expressing either the 145Q or E mutation. Our data support the conclusion that suramin binds to the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the capsid and consequently blocks the virus attachment and entry into host cells. In order to assess the antiviral-spectrum of suramin, we analyzed 18 representative enteroviruses: A (n = 7), B (n = 5), C (n = 5) and D (n = 1). We show that suramin potency is restricted to enterovirus A species. Clinical development of suramin is further supported by pharmacokinetic data demonstrating bioactive plasma levels after a single dose intramuscular administration in macaques. Altogether, our findings support the clinical development of suramin as a novel entry inhibitor for the treatment of enterovirus A infections.
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21
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Wang ZY, Zhong T, Wang Y, Song FM, Yu XF, Xing LP, Zhang WY, Yu JH, Hua SC, Yu XF. Human Enterovirus 68 Interferes with the Host Cell Cycle to Facilitate Viral Production. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:29. [PMID: 28229049 PMCID: PMC5296350 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen that recently caused a large outbreak of severe respiratory disease in the United States and other countries. Little is known about the relationship between EV-D68 virus and host cells. In this study, we assessed the effect of the host cell cycle on EV-D68 viral production, as well as the ability of EV-D68 to manipulate host cell cycle progression. The results suggest that synchronization in G0/G1 phase, but not S phase, promotes viral production, while synchronization in G2/M inhibits viral production. Both an early EV-D68 isolate and currently circulating strains of EV-D68 can manipulate the host cell cycle to arrest cells in the G0/G1 phase, thus providing favorable conditions for virus production. Cell cycle regulation by EV-D68 was associated with corresponding effects on the expression of cyclins and CDKs, which were observed at the level of the protein and/or mRNA. Furthermore, the viral non-structural protein 3D of EV-D68 prevents progression from G0/G1 to S. Interestingly, another member of the Picornaviridae family, EV-A71, differs from EV-D68 in that G0/G1 synchronization inhibits, rather than promotes, EV-A71 viral replication. However, these viruses are similar in that G2/M synchronization inhibits the production and activity of both viruses, which is suggestive of a common therapeutic target for both types of enterovirus. These results further clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of enteroviruses and provide a potential strategy for the treatment and prevention of EV-D68-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Yan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Feng-Mei Song
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin Univrsity Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Li-Ping Xing
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Hua
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University Changchun, China
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22
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Li B, Yue Y, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Li P, Song N, Lin W, Liu Y, Gu L, Meng H. A Novel Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Virulence Determinant: The 69th Residue of 3C Protease Modulates Pathogenicity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:26. [PMID: 28217559 PMCID: PMC5290453 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71), the major causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, has been known to cause fatal neurological complications. Unfortunately, the reason for neurological complications that have been seen in fatal cases of the disease and the relationship between EV71 virulence and viral genetic sequences remains largely undefined. The 3C protease (3Cpro) of EV71 plays an irreplaceable role in segmenting the precursor polyprotein during viral replication, and intervening with host life activity during viral infection. In this study, for the first time, the 69th residue of 3C protease has been identified as a novel virulence determinant of EV71. The recombinant virus with single point variation, in the 69th of 3Cpro, exhibited obvious decline in replication, and virulence. We further determined the crystal structure of 3C N69D at 1.39 Ǻ resolution and found that conformation of 3C N69D demonstrated significant changes compared with a normal 3C protein, in the substrate-binding site and catalytic active site. Strikingly, one of the switch loops, essential in fixing substrates, adopts an open conformation in the 3C N69D-rupintrivir complex. Consistent with this apparent structural disruption, the catalytic activity of 3C N69D decreased sharply for host derived and viral derived substrates, detected for both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, in addition to EV71, Asp69 was also found in 3C proteases of other virus strains, such as CAV16, and was conserved in nearly all C type human rhinovirus. Overall, we identified a natural virulence determinant of 3C protease and revealed the mechanism of attenuated virulence is mediated by N69D substitution. Our data provides new insight into the enzymatic mechanism of a subdued 3C protease and suggests a theoretical basis for virulence determinantion of picornaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Zenglin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
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23
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Wang Y, Cao L, Zhai Y, Ma J, Nie Q, Li T, Yin Z, Sun Y, Shang L. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by an α-hydroxy-nitrile derivative NK-1.9k. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:91-100. [PMID: 28063993 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major etiological agents of human hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide. EV71 infection in young children and people with immunodeficiency causes severe symptoms with a high fatality rates. However, there is still no approved drugs to treat such infections. Based on our previous report of a peptide-aldehyde anti-EV71 protease, we present here a highly specific α-hydroxy-nitrile derivative NK-1.9k, which inhibited the proliferation of multiple EV71 strains and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in various cells with EC50 of 37.0 nM with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 μM). The hydroxy-nitrile covalent warhead conferred NK-1.9k high potency and selectivity to interact with the cysteine residue of the active site of the viral protease. We also documented the resistance to NK-1.9k with a N69S mutation in EV71 3Cpro. The combination of NK-1.9k and EV71 polymerase or entry inhibitors produced strong synergistic antiviral effects. Collectively, our findings suggest our compounds can potentially be developed as drugs for the treatment of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaming Ma
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Quandeng Nie
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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24
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Ma GH, Ye Y, Zhang D, Xu X, Si P, Peng JL, Xiao YL, Cao RY, Yin YL, Chen J, Zhao LX, Zhou Y, Zhong W, Liu H, Luo XM, Chen LL, Shen X. Identification and biochemical characterization of DC07090 as a novel potent small molecule inhibitor against human enterovirus 71 3C protease by structure-based virtual screening. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:981-991. [PMID: 27776325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious, highly contagious disease. HFMD caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71), results in severe complications and even death. The pivotal role of EV71 3Cpro in the viral life cycle makes it an attractive target for drug discovery and development to treat HFMD. In this study, we identified novel EV71 3Cpro inhibitors by docking-based virtual screening. Totally 50 compounds were selected to test their inhibitory activity against EV71 3Cpro. The best inhibitor DC07090 exhibited the inhibition potency with an IC50 value of 21.72 ± 0.95 μM without apparent toxicity (CC50 > 200 μM). To explore structure-activity relationship of DC07090, 15 new derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro enzyme assay accordingly. Interestingly, four compounds showed inhibitory activities against EV71 3Cpro and only DC07090 inhibited EV71 replication with an EC50 value of 22.09 ± 1.07 μM. Enzyme inhibition kinetic experiments showed that the compound was a reversible and competitive inhibitor. The Ki value was determined to be 23.29 ± 12.08 μM. Further molecular docking, MD simulation and mutagenesis studies confirmed the binding mode of DC07090 and EV71 3Cpro. Besides, DC07090 could also inhibit coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) replication with an EC50 value of 27.76 ± 0.88 μM. Therefore, DC07090 represents a new non-peptidyl small molecule inhibitor for further development of antiviral therapy against EV71 or other picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Rd, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pei Si
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jian-Long Peng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong-Long Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui-Yuan Cao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu-Ling Yin
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin-Xiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Rd, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Min Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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25
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Zhai Y, Ma Y, Ma F, Nie Q, Ren X, Wang Y, Shang L, Yin Z. Structure–activity relationship study of peptidomimetic aldehydes as enterovirus 71 3C protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:559-573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a member of the species Enterovirus D in the genus Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family. EV-D68 was first isolated in the United States in 1962 and is primarily an agent of respiratory disease. Infections with EV-D68 have been rarely reported until recently, when reports of EV-D68 associated with respiratory disease increased notably worldwide. An outbreak in 2014 in the United States, for example, involved more than 1,000 cases of severe respiratory disease that occurred across almost all states. Phylogenetic analysis of all EV-D68 sequences indicates that the circulating strains of EV-D68 can be classified into two lineages, lineage 1 and lineage 2. In contrast to the prototype Fermon strain, all circulating strains have deletions in their genomes. Respiratory illness associated with EV-D68 infection ranges from mild illness that just needs outpatient service to severe illness requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. To date, there are no specific medicines and vaccines to treat or prevent EV-D68 infection. This review provides a detailed overview about our current understanding of EV-D68-related virology, epidemiology and clinical syndromes, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Xiang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
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27
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of anti-EV71 agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3346-3350. [PMID: 27234148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which can spread its infections to the central nervous and other systems with severe consequences. In this article, design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation of various anti-EV71 agents which incorporate Michael acceptors are described. Further SAR study demonstrated that lactone type of Michael acceptor provided a new lead of anti-EV71 drug candidates with high anti-EV71 activity in cell-based assay and enhanced mouse plasma stability. One of the most potent compounds (2K, cell-based anti-EV71 EC50=0.028μM), showed acceptable stability profile towards mouse plasma, which resulted into promising pharmacokinetics in mouse via IP administration.
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28
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Zeng D, Ma Y, Zhang R, Nie Q, Cui Z, Wang Y, Shang L, Yin Z. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of α-keto amides as enterovirus 71 3C protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1762-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Sun D, Chen S, Cheng A, Wang M. Roles of the Picornaviral 3C Proteinase in the Viral Life Cycle and Host Cells. Viruses 2016; 8:82. [PMID: 26999188 PMCID: PMC4810272 DOI: 10.3390/v8030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Picornaviridae family comprises a large group of non-enveloped viruses that have a major impact on human and veterinary health. The viral genome contains one open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein that can be processed by viral proteinases. The crucial 3C proteinases (3C(pro)s) of picornaviruses share similar spatial structures and it is becoming apparent that 3C(pro) plays a significant role in the viral life cycle and virus host interaction. Importantly, the proteinase and RNA-binding activity of 3C(pro) are involved in viral polyprotein processing and the initiation of viral RNA synthesis. In addition, 3C(pro) can induce the cleavage of certain cellular factors required for transcription, translation and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to modulate cell physiology for viral replication. Due to interactions between 3C(pro) and these essential factors, 3C(pro) is also involved in viral pathogenesis to support efficient infection. Furthermore, based on the structural conservation, the development of irreversible inhibitors and discovery of non-covalent inhibitors for 3C(pro) are ongoing and a better understanding of the roles played by 3C(pro) may provide insights into the development of potential antiviral treatments. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the structural features, multiple functions in the viral life cycle, pathogen host interaction, and development of antiviral compounds for 3C(pro) is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
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30
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Han X, Sun N, Wu H, Guo D, Tien P, Dong C, Wu S, Zhou HB. Identification and Structure–Activity Relationships of Diarylhydrazides as Novel Potent and Selective Human Enterovirus Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2139-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis
and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ningyuan Sun
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Po Tien
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chune Dong
- State
Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis
and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis
and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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31
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Zhai Y, Zhao X, Cui Z, Wang M, Wang Y, Li L, Sun Q, Yang X, Zeng D, Liu Y, Sun Y, Lou Z, Shang L, Yin Z. Cyanohydrin as an Anchoring Group for Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Enterovirus 71 3C Protease. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9414-20. [PMID: 26571192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanohydrin derivatives as enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C protease (3C(pro)) inhibitors have been synthesized and assayed for their biochemical and antiviral activities. Compared with the reported inhibitors, cyanohydrins (1S,2S,2'S,5S)-16 and (1R,2S,2'S,5S)-16 exhibited significantly improved activity and attractive selectivity profiles against other proteases, which were a result of the specific interactions between the cyanohydrin moiety and the catalytic site of 3C(pro). Cyanohydrin as an anchoring group with high selectivity and excellent inhibitory activity represents a useful choice for cysteine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhai
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangshuai Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhengjie Cui
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Man Wang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Laboratory of Structural Biological & Ministry of Education (MOE), and Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Debin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Laboratory of Structural Biological & Ministry of Education (MOE), and Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
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32
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Sun L, Meijer A, Froeyen M, Zhang L, Thibaut HJ, Baggen J, George S, Vernachio J, van Kuppeveld FJM, Leyssen P, Hilgenfeld R, Neyts J, Delang L. Antiviral Activity of Broad-Spectrum and Enterovirus-Specific Inhibitors against Clinical Isolates of Enterovirus D68. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7782-5. [PMID: 26369972 PMCID: PMC4649165 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01375-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the susceptibility of 10 enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) isolates (belonging to clusters A, B, and C) to (entero)virus inhibitors with different mechanisms of action. The 3C-protease inhibitors proved to be more efficient than enviroxime and pleconaril, which in turn were more effective than vapendavir and pirodavir. Favipiravir proved to be a weak inhibitor. Resistance to pleconaril maps to V69A in the VP1 protein, and resistance to rupintrivir maps to V104I in the 3C protease. A structural explanation of why both substitutions may cause resistance is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adam Meijer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mathy Froeyen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim Baggen
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shyla George
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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A Conserved Inhibitory Mechanism of a Lycorine Derivative against Enterovirus and Hepatitis C Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:913-24. [PMID: 26596952 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02274-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) (Picornaviridae family) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Flaviviridae family) are the causative agents of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and hepatitis C, resulting in a severe pandemic involving millions of infections in the Asia-Pacific region and worldwide. The great impact of EV71 and HCV on public health highlights the need to further our understanding of the biology of these two viruses and develop effective therapeutic antivirals. Here, we evaluated a total of 32 lycorine derivatives and demonstrated that 1-acetyllycorine suppressed the proliferation of multiple strains of EV71 in various cells. The results of the drug resistance analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine targeted a phenylalanine (F76) in EV71 2A protease (2A(pro)) to stabilize the conformation of a unique zinc finger. Most interestingly, the zinc binding site in EV71 2A(pro) is the exclusive homolog of HCV NS3 among all viruses. Further analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine also inhibits HCV with high efficacy, and the mutation on R118 in HCV NS3, which corresponds to F76 in EV71 2A(pro), confers the resistance of HCV to 1-acetyllycorine. These results revealed a conserved mechanism of 1-acetyllycorine against EV71 and HCV through targeting viral proteases. We also documented the significant synergistic anti-EV71 and anti-HCV effects of 1-acetyllycorine with reported inhibitors, supporting potential combination therapy for the treatment of EV71 and HCV infections.
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34
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Yan W, Qing J, Mei H, Nong J, Huang J, Zhu J, Jiang H, Liu L, Zhang L, Li J. Identification, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel anti-EV71 agents via cyclophilin A inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5682-6. [PMID: 26564266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the relationship between cyclophilin A (CypA) and EV71 prompted us to screen a series of small molecular CypA inhibitors which were previously reported by our group. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were discovered as non-immunosuppressive anti-EV71 agents with an EC50 values of 1.07±0.17μM and 3.36±0.45μM in virus assay, respectively, which were desirably for the further study. The subsequent chemical modifications derived a novel class of molecules, among which compound 11 demonstrated the most potent anti-EV71 activity in virus assay (EC50=0.37±0.17μM), and low cytotoxicity (CC50>25μM). The following CypA enzyme inhibition studies indicated that there was not only the enzyme inhibition activity, undoubtedly important, functioning in the antiviral process, but also some unknown mechanisms worked in combination, and the further study is underway in our laboratory. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, compound 11 was probably the most potent small molecular anti-EV71 agent via CypA inhibitory mechanism to date. Consequently, our study provided a new potential small molecule for curing EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Qing
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanbing Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junxiu Nong
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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35
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Lei X, Cui S, Zhao Z, Wang J. Etiology, pathogenesis, antivirals and vaccines of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Natl Sci Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), caused by enteroviruses, is a syndrome characterized by fever with vesicular eruptions mainly on the skin of the hands, feet, and oral cavity. HFMD primarily affects infants and young children. Although infection is usually self-limited, severe neurological complications in the central nervous system can present in some cases, which can lead to death. Widespread infection of HFMD across the Asia-Pacific region over the past two decades has made HFMD a major public health challenge, ranking first among the category C notifiable communicable diseases in China every year since 2008. This review summarizes our understanding of HFMD, focusing on the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as on progress toward antivirals and vaccines. The review also discusses the implications of these studies as they relate to the control and prevention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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