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Wiegand C, Fink S, Mogrovejo DC, Ruhlandt M, Wiencke V, Eberlein T, Brill FHH, Tittelbach J. A standardized wound infection model for antimicrobial testing of wound dressings in vitro. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e14811. [PMID: 38477866 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents against wound infections, experiments using either 2D cultures with planktonic microorganisms or animal infection models are frequently carried out. However, the transferability of the results to human skin is limited by the lack of complexity of the 2D models or by the poor translation of the results from animal models. Hence, there is a need for wound infection models capable of assessing antimicrobial agents. In this study, an easily standardized wound infection model was established. This model consists of a mechanically wounded human skin model on a collagen matrix infected with various clinically relevant bacteria. Infection of the model led to recognition of the pathogens and induction of an inflammatory response. The untreated infection spread over time, causing significant tissue damage. By applying an antimicrobial-releasing wound dressing, the bacterial load could be reduced and the success of the treatment could be further measured by a decrease in the inflammatory reaction. In conclusion, this wound infection model can be used to evaluate new antimicrobial therapeutics as well as to study host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Fink
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana C Mogrovejo
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Ruhlandt
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Wiencke
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Tittelbach
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Chen X, Yang J, Qu C, Zhang Q, Sun S, Liu L. Anti- Staphylococcus aureus effects of natural antimicrobial peptides and the underlying mechanisms. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:355-372. [PMID: 38440873 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can cause localized infections such as abscesses and pneumonia, as well as systemic infections such as bacteremia and sepsis. Especially, methicillin-resistant S. aureus often presents multidrug resistance, which becomes a major clinical challenge. One of the most common reasons for methicillin-resistant S. aureus antibiotic resistance is the presence of biofilms. Natural antimicrobial peptides derived from different species have shown effectiveness in combating S. aureus biofilms. In this review, we summarize the inhibitory activity of antimicrobial peptides against S. aureus planktonic cells and biofilms. We also summarize the possible inhibitory mechanisms, involving cell adhesion inhibition, membrane fracture, biofilm disruption and DNA disruption. We believe this can provide the basis for further research against S. aureus biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuli Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine & Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Daxing District Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine. Beijing, 102600, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital. Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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3
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Kumar V, Yasmeen N, Pandey A, Ahmad Chaudhary A, Alawam AS, Ahmad Rudayni H, Islam A, Lakhawat SS, Sharma PK, Shahid M. Antibiotic adjuvants: synergistic tool to combat multi-drug resistant pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1293633. [PMID: 38179424 PMCID: PMC10765517 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1293633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens poses a significant challenge to the field of infectious disease treatment. To overcome this problem, novel strategies are being explored to enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics. Antibiotic adjuvants have emerged as a promising approach to combat MDR pathogens by acting synergistically with antibiotics. This review focuses on the role of antibiotic adjuvants as a synergistic tool in the fight against MDR pathogens. Adjuvants refer to compounds or agents that enhance the activity of antibiotics, either by potentiating their effects or by targeting the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The utilization of antibiotic adjuvants offers several advantages. Firstly, they can restore the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against resistant strains. Adjuvants can inhibit the mechanisms that confer resistance, making the pathogens susceptible to the action of antibiotics. Secondly, adjuvants can enhance the activity of antibiotics by improving their penetration into bacterial cells, increasing their stability, or inhibiting efflux pumps that expel antibiotics from bacterial cells. Various types of antibiotic adjuvants have been investigated, including efflux pump inhibitors, resistance-modifying agents, and compounds that disrupt bacterial biofilms. These adjuvants can act synergistically with antibiotics, resulting in increased antibacterial activity and overcoming resistance mechanisms. In conclusion, antibiotic adjuvants have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of MDR pathogens. By enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics, adjuvants offer a promising strategy to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Further research and development in this field are crucial to harness the full potential of antibiotic adjuvants and bring them closer to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nusrath Yasmeen
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aishwarya Pandey
- INRS, Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alawam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ahmad Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asimul Islam
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudarshan S. Lakhawat
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pushpender K. Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Firdous SO, Sagor MMH, Arafat MT. Advances in Transdermal Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for Wound Management: Biomaterial-Based Approaches and Future Perspectives. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023. [PMID: 37976446 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), distinguished by their cationic and amphiphilic nature, represent a critical frontier in the battle against antimicrobial resistance due to their potent antimicrobial activity and a broad spectrum of action. However, the clinical translation of AMPs faces hurdles, including their susceptibility to degradation, limited bioavailability, and the need for targeted delivery. Transdermal delivery has immense potential for optimizing AMP administration for wound management. Leveraging the skin's accessibility and barrier properties, transdermal delivery offers a noninvasive approach that can circumvent systemic side effects and ensure sustained release. Biomaterial-based delivery systems, encompassing nanofibers, hydrogels, nanoparticles, and liposomes, have emerged as key players in enhancing the efficacy of transdermal AMP delivery. These biomaterial carriers not only shield AMPs from enzymatic degradation but also provide controlled release mechanisms, thereby elevating stability and bioavailability. The synergistic interaction between the transdermal approach and biomaterial-facilitated formulations presents a promising strategy to overcome the multifaceted challenges associated with AMP delivery. Integrating advanced technologies and personalized medicine, this convergence allows the reimagining of wound care. This review amalgamates insights to propose a pathway where AMPs, transdermal delivery, and biomaterial innovation harmonize for effective wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Omara Firdous
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehadi Hassan Sagor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - M Tarik Arafat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
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Ng WNI, Kalimuthu S, Law COK, Lee AHC, Lau TCK, Leung YY, Cheung GSP, Neelakantan P. Intracellular bacterial eradication using a novel peptide in vitro. Int Endod J 2023; 56:1360-1372. [PMID: 37615967 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP; OP145) and cell-penetrating peptide (Octa-arginine/R8) conjugate on the killing of intracellular Enterococcus faecalis, compared to OP145 and an antibiotic combination recommended for regenerative endodontic procedures. METHODOLOGY The biocompatible concentrations of OP145 and OP145-R8 were determined by assessing their cytotoxicity against human macrophages and red blood cells. Spatiotemporal internalization of the peptides into macrophages was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry respectively. Killing of extracellular and intracellular E. faecalis OG1RF by the peptides was determined by counting the colony-forming units (CFU). Intracellular antibacterial activity of the peptides was compared to a double antibiotic combination. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm the intracellular bacterial eradication. Significant differences between the different test groups were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. p < .05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Peptides at a concentration of 7.5 μmol/L were chosen for subsequent experiments based on the results of the alamarBlue™ cell viability assay and haemolytic assay. OP145-R8 selectively internalized into lysosomal compartments and the cytosol of macrophages. Conjugation with R8 improved the internalization of OP145 into macrophages in a temporal manner (70.53% at 1 h to 77.13% at 2 h), while no temporal increase was observed for OP145 alone (60.53% at 1 h with no increase at 2 h). OP145-R8 demonstrated significantly greater extracellular and intracellular antibacterial activity compared to OP145 at all investigated time-points and concentrations (p < .05). OP145-R8 at 7.5 μmol/L eradicated intracellular E. faecalis after 2 h (3.5 log reduction compared to the control; p < .05), while the antibiotics could not reduce more than 0.5 log CFU compared to the control (p > .05). Confocal microscopy showed complete absence of E. faecalis within the OP145-R8 treated macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated that the conjugation of an AMP OP145 to a cell-penetrating peptide R8 eradicated extracellular and intracellular E. faecalis OG1RF without toxic effects on the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Nok Isaac Ng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | | | - Carmen Oi Kwan Law
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | | | - Terrence Chi Kong Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Gary Shun Pan Cheung
- Department of Dental Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, USA
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Palma F, Chianese A, Panico E, Greco G, Fusco A, Savio V, Ruocco E, Monti A, Doti N, Zannella C, Donnarumma G, De Filippis A, Galdiero M. Oreoch-1: A Peptide from Oreochromis niloticus as a Potential Tool against Staphylococci. Pathogens 2023; 12:1188. [PMID: 37887704 PMCID: PMC10610258 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci, including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, are important human pathogens associated with potentially life-threatening infections. Their great biofilm-producing ability and the development of resistance mechanisms often account for therapeutic failure. Hence, the scientific community has devoted intensive efforts to the development of antimicrobial compounds active against both planktonic and sessile bacterial populations. Contextually, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural peptides produced by the innate immunity of every organism, representing a potential new therapeutic solution against human microbial pathogens. Our work focused on the in vitro activity of Oreoch-1, an AMP from the gills of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), against standard and clinical S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. Firstly, the cytotoxicity profile of Oreoch-1 was determined in human colon carcinoma cells. Secondly, its antibacterial spectrum was explored against staphylococcal strains to set up the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Our results highlighted an antibacterial activity in the range 6.25-25 μM, with a general bacteriostatic effect. Therefore, the biofilm-inhibitory property was assessed against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. epidermidis ATCC 35984, indicating a significant reduction in S. aureus biomass at sub-MIC concentrations. Overall, our study indicates Oreoch-1 as a promising new therapeutic weapon against staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Palma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (V.S.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (V.S.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Erica Panico
- UOC of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Greco
- UOC of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (V.S.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Vittoria Savio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (V.S.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Eleonora Ruocco
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Nunzianna Doti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (V.S.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (V.S.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (A.D.F.)
- UOC of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (V.S.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (V.S.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (A.D.F.)
- UOC of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (G.G.)
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7
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Rousel J, Saghari M, Pagan L, Nădăban A, Gambrah T, Theelen B, de Kam ML, Haakman J, van der Wall HEC, Feiss GL, Niemeyer-van der Kolk T, Burggraaf J, Bouwstra JA, Rissmann R, van Doorn MBA. Treatment with the Topical Antimicrobial Peptide Omiganan in Mild-to-Moderate Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis versus Ketoconazole and Placebo: Results of a Randomized Controlled Proof-of-Concept Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14315. [PMID: 37762625 PMCID: PMC10531869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythematous and scaly lesions on the skin with high sebaceous gland activity. The yeast Malassezia is regarded as a key pathogenic driver in this disease, but increased Staphylococcus abundances and barrier dysfunction are implicated as well. Here, we evaluated the antimicrobial peptide omiganan as a treatment for SD since it has shown both antifungal and antibacterial activity. A randomized, patient- and evaluator-blinded trial was performed comparing the four-week, twice daily topical administration of omiganan 1.75%, the comparator ketoconazole 2.00%, and placebo in patients with mild-to-moderate facial SD. Safety was monitored, and efficacy was determined by clinical scoring complemented with imaging. Microbial profiling was performed, and barrier integrity was assessed by trans-epidermal water loss and ceramide lipidomics. Omiganan was safe and well tolerated but did not result in a significant clinical improvement of SD, nor did it affect other biomarkers, compared to the placebo. Ketoconazole significantly reduced the disease severity compared to the placebo, with reduced Malassezia abundances, increased microbial diversity, restored skin barrier function, and decreased short-chain ceramide Cer[NSc34]. No significant decreases in Staphylococcus abundances were observed compared to the placebo. Omiganan is well tolerated but not efficacious in the treatment of facial SD. Previously established antimicrobial and antifungal properties of omiganan could not be demonstrated. Our multimodal characterization of the response to ketoconazole has reaffirmed previous insights into its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Rousel
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mahdi Saghari
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Pagan
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreea Nădăban
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Gambrah
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jorine Haakman
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Rissmann
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn B. A. van Doorn
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rangel K, Lechuga GC, Provance DW, Morel CM, De Simone SG. An Update on the Therapeutic Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides against Acinetobacter baumannii Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1281. [PMID: 37765087 PMCID: PMC10537560 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in antibiotic-resistant strains of clinically important pathogens is a major threat to global health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the urgent need to develop alternative treatments to address the growing list of priority pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) rank among the suggested options with proven activity and high potential to be developed into effective drugs. Many AMPs are naturally produced by living organisms protecting the host against pathogens as a part of their innate immunity. Mechanisms associated with AMP actions include cell membrane disruption, cell wall weakening, protein synthesis inhibition, and interference in nucleic acid dynamics, inducing apoptosis and necrosis. Acinetobacter baumannii is a critical pathogen, as severe clinical implications have developed from isolates resistant to current antibiotic treatments and conventional control procedures, such as UV light, disinfectants, and drying. Here, we review the natural AMPs representing primary candidates for new anti-A. baumannii drugs in post-antibiotic-era and present computational tools to develop the next generation of AMPs with greater microbicidal activity and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne Rangel
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (K.R.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.); (C.M.M.)
- Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Curty Lechuga
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (K.R.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.); (C.M.M.)
- Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W. Provance
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (K.R.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.); (C.M.M.)
- Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (K.R.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Salvatore G. De Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (K.R.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.); (C.M.M.)
- Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Program of Post-Graduation on Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, RJ, Brazil
- Program of Post-Graduation on Parasitic Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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9
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Jiang M, Zhang Q, Zhang C, Li Z, Li Q, Qu X, Zhang Y, Hu K. Evaluation of Platelet Distribution Width as an Early Predictor of Acute Kidney Injury in Extensive Burn Patients. Emerg Med Int 2023; 2023:6694313. [PMID: 37720549 PMCID: PMC10501840 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6694313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extensive burns devastate trauma. The research was designed to analyse the predictive value of early platelet (PLT) indices on the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) after severe burns. Methods and Results 186 patients with extensive burns (burn area ≥30%) were eventually involved. Multivariate analyses pointed out that platelet distribution width (PDW) in the first 24 h after admission was an independent risk factor for AKI, severe AKI, and RRT requirement in patients with severe burns, and AKI risk showed an increase of 30.9% per increase of 1% in PDW (OR = 1.309, CI, 1.075-1.594, and P = 0.007). It was found that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of PDW predicting AKI was 0.735 and that the AUC value was 0.81 for AKI after combining PDW and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Based on the cut-off value PDW = 17.7%, patients were divided into high- (PDW ≥17.7%) and low-risk (PDW <17.7%) groups. In the KM analysis, there was a higher cumulative incidence of AKI if patients were in a high-risk group (in 30 days); and the stages of AKI showed a linear upward trend (chi-square test for linear trend P < 0.001) as there was an increase in the risk level. Conclusion The PDW level in the early stage serves as an important risk factor for AKI, severe AKI, and RRT requirement in extensive burns. When PDW >17.7%, burn patients are not only at a higher risk for AKI but may also have higher AKI severity. Due to low cost and wide availability, PDW has the potential to be the tool that can predict AKI in extensive burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingrong Zhang
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chuwei Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xun Qu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kesu Hu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Jiang M, Qian H, Li Q, Han Y, Hu K. Predictive value of lactate dehydrogenase combined with the abbreviated burn severity index for acute kidney injury and mortality in severe burn patients. Burns 2023; 49:1344-1355. [PMID: 36805837 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive burns are devastating trauma. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of early lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, the abbreviated burn severity index (ABSI) and their combination on acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality after severe burns. METHODS AND RESULTS 194 severe burn patients (TBSA ≥ 30%) were included. After multivariate analyses, early LDH value (first 24 h after admission) was an independent risk factor for early AKI (OR=1.095, CI,1.025-1.169,p = 0.007) and AKI (OR=1.452, CI,1.131-1.864, p = 0.003) in severe burn patients and was still a significant risk factor for mortality (OR=1.059, CI,1.006-1.115,p = 0.03). In ROC analysis, after combining LDH and ABSI, the AUC values were 0.925 for AKI, 0.926 for stage 3 AKI, and 0.904 for mortality. Based on cut-off values, patients were divided into different risk groups. The cumulative incidence of AKI (within 5 days, 30 days) and survival rate (within 60 days) were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. The mortality, AKI incidence, and AKI staging showed a significant upward trend with the increasing risk level (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Early LDH level is an independent risk factor for early AKI and AKI. LDH combined with ABSI can better predict mortality and AKI than single indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China; Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyan Qian
- Cancer Research Centre Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiqi Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China; Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Han
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kesu Hu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Douglas EJA, Wulandari SW, Lovell SD, Laabei M. Novel antimicrobial strategies to treat multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1456-1474. [PMID: 37178319 PMCID: PMC10281381 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major obstacle for the treatment of infectious diseases and currently represents one of the most significant threats to global health. Staphylococcus aureus remains a formidable human pathogen with high mortality rates associated with severe systemic infections. S. aureus has become notorious as a multidrug resistant bacterium, which when combined with its extensive arsenal of virulence factors that exacerbate disease, culminates in an incredibly challenging pathogen to treat clinically. Compounding this major health issue is the lack of antibiotic discovery and development, with only two new classes of antibiotics approved for clinical use in the last 20 years. Combined efforts from the scientific community have reacted to the threat of dwindling treatment options to combat S. aureus disease in several innovative and exciting developments. This review describes current and future antimicrobial strategies aimed at treating staphylococcal colonization and/or disease, examining therapies that show significant promise at the preclinical development stage to approaches that are currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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12
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Multilayer In Vitro Human Skin Tissue Platforms for Quantitative Burn Injury Investigation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020265. [PMID: 36829759 PMCID: PMC9952576 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a multilayer in vitro human skin platform to quantitatively relate predicted spatial time-temperature history with measured tissue injury response. This information is needed to elucidate high-temperature, short-duration burn injury kinetics and enables determination of relevant input parameters for computational models to facilitate treatment planning. Multilayer in vitro skin platforms were constructed using human dermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts embedded in collagen I hydrogels. After three seconds of contact with a 50-100 °C burn tip, ablation, cell death, apoptosis, and HSP70 expression were spatially measured using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Finite element modeling was performed using the measured thermal characteristics of skin platforms to determine the temperature distribution within platforms over time. The process coefficients for the Arrhenius thermal injury model describing tissue ablation and cell death were determined such that the predictions calculated from the time-temperature histories fit the experimental burn results. The activation energy for thermal collagen ablation and cell death was found to be significantly lower for short-duration, high-temperature burns than those found for long-duration, low-temperature burns. Analysis of results suggests that different injury mechanisms dominate at higher temperatures, necessitating burn research in the temperature ranges of interest and demonstrating the practicality of the proposed skin platform for this purpose.
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13
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Memariani H, Memariani M. Antibiofilm properties of cathelicidin LL-37: an in-depth review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:99. [PMID: 36781570 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding ceaseless endeavors toward developing effective antibiofilm chemotherapeutics, biofilm-associated infections continue to be one of the most perplexing challenges confronting medicine today. Endogenous host defense peptides, such as the human cathelicidin LL-37, are being propounded as promising options for treating such infectious diseases. Over the past decennium, LL-37 has duly received tremendous research attention by virtue of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory properties. No attempt has hitherto been made, as far as we are aware, to comprehensively review the antibiofilm effects of LL-37. Accordingly, the intent in this paper is to provide a fairly all-embracing review of the literature available on the subject. Accumulating evidence suggests that LL-37 is able to prevent biofilm establishment by different bacterial pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides fragilis, Burkholderia thailandensis, Cutibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion, downregulation of biofilm-associated genes, suppression of quorum-sensing pathways, degradation of biofilm matrix, and eradication of biofilm-residing cells are the major mechanisms responsible for antibiofilm properties of LL-37. In terms of its efficacy and safety in vivo, there are still many questions to be answered. Undoubtedly, LL-37 can open up new windows of opportunity to prevent and treat obstinate biofilm-mediated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Memariani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Deciphering Structure-Function Relationship Unveils Salt-Resistant Mode of Action of a Potent MRSA-Inhibiting Antimicrobial Peptide, RR14. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0031222. [PMID: 36377870 PMCID: PMC9765028 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00312-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria lead to considerable morbidity and mortality, threatening public health worldwide. In particular, infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospital and community settings are becoming a serious health problem. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered novel therapeutic targets against MDR bacteria. However, salt sensitivity reduces the bactericidal potency of AMPs, posing a major obstacle for their development as antibiotics. Thus, the design and development of salt-insensitive peptides with potent antibacterial activity is imperative. Here, we employed biochemical and biophysical examinations coupled with molecular modeling to systematically investigate the structure-function relationship of a novel salt-insensitive AMP, RR14. The secondary structure of RR14 was characterized as an apparent α-helix, a structure that confers strong membrane-permeabilizing ability targeting bacterial-mimetic membranes. Additionally, the bioactive structure of RR14 was determined in complex with dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles, where it possesses a central α-helical segment comprising residues R4 to K13 (R4-K13). RR14 was observed to orient itself into the DPC micelle with its N terminus and the α-helical segment (I5-R10) buried inside the micelles, which is essential for membrane permeabilization and bactericidal activity. Moreover, the specific and featured arrangement of positively charged residues of RR14 on its amphipathic helical conformation has great potential to render its strong salt resistance ability. Our study explored the structure-function relationship of RR14, explaining its possible mode of action against MRSA and other microbes. The insights obtained are of great applicability for the development of new antibacterial agents. IMPORTANCE Many antimicrobial peptides have been observed to become inactive in the presence of high salt concentrations. To further develop new and novel AMPs with potent bactericidal activity and salt insensitivity, understanding the structural basis for salt resistance is important. Here, we employed biochemical and biophysical examinations to systematically investigate the structure-function relationship of a novel salt-insensitive AMP, RR14. RR14 was observed to orient itself into DPC micelles with the N terminus and the α-helical segment (I5-R10) buried inside the micelles, which is essential for membrane permeabilization and bactericidal activity. Moreover, the specific and featured arrangement of cationic residues of RR14 on its amphipathic helical conformation renders its strong salt resistance ability. The insights obtained are of great applicability for developing new antibacterial agents.
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15
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Murashkin NN, Epishev RV, Ivanov RA, Materikin AI, Opryatin LA, Savelova AA, Nezhvedilova RY, Ambarchian ET, Fedorov DV, Rusakova LL. Innovations in Therapeutic Improvement of the Cutaneous Microbiome in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. CURRENT PEDIATRICS 2022. [DOI: 10.15690/vsp.v21i5.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm is the dominant form of skin microbiota organization that provides adhesion and preservation of microorganisms in the skin micro-environment. It is necessary to ensure epidermal barrier function and local immunomodulation. Staphylococcus aureus becomes the major colonizer of skin lesions in case of atopic dermatitis exacerbation, and it also can form the biofilms. S. aureus growth and biofilm formation due to other microbial commensals on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis leads to chronic output of pro-inflammatory cytokines and later to abnormalities in healthy skin microbiome. The role of microbial biofilm in human’s health makes the skin microbiota an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Murashkin
- National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Central State Medical Academy of Department of Presidential Affairs
| | - R. V. Epishev
- National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health
| | - R. A. Ivanov
- National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health
| | | | | | | | | | - E. T. Ambarchian
- Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | - D. V. Fedorov
- National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health
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16
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Delivery LL37 by chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Li X, Zuo S, Wang B, Zhang K, Wang Y. Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Clinical Application Prospects of Antimicrobial Peptides. Molecules 2022; 27:2675. [PMID: 35566025 PMCID: PMC9104849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are a type of small-molecule peptide that widely exist in nature and are components of the innate immunity of almost all living things. They play an important role in resisting foreign invading microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides have a wide range of antibacterial activities against bacteria, fungi, viruses and other microorganisms. They are active against traditional antibiotic-resistant strains and do not easily induce the development of drug resistance. Therefore, they have become a hot spot of medical research and are expected to become a new substitute for fighting microbial infection and represent a new method for treating drug-resistant bacteria. This review briefly introduces the source and structural characteristics of antimicrobial peptides and describes those that have been used against common clinical microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and especially coronaviruses), focusing on their antimicrobial mechanism of action and clinical application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Siyao Zuo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
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18
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Membrane Activity of LL-37 Derived Antimicrobial Peptides against Enterococcus hirae: Superiority of SAAP-148 over OP-145. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040523. [PMID: 35454112 PMCID: PMC9028586 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria is an important medical challenge. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), human cathelicidin LL-37 and its derivative OP-145, possess a potent antimicrobial activity and were under consideration for clinical trials. In order to overcome some of the challenges to their therapeutic potential, a very promising AMP, SAAP-148 was designed. Here, we studied the mode of action of highly cationic SAAP-148 in comparison with OP-145 on membranes of Enterococcus hirae at both cellular and molecular levels using model membranes composed of major constituents of enterococcal membranes, that is, anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL). In all assays used, SAAP-148 was consistently more efficient than OP-145, but both peptides displayed pronounced time and concentration dependences in killing bacteria and performing at the membrane. At cellular level, Nile Red-staining of enterococcal membranes showed abnormalities and cell shrinkage, which is also reflected in depolarization and permeabilization of E. hirae membranes. At the molecular level, both peptides abolished the thermotropic phase transition and induced disruption of PG/CL. Interestingly, the membrane was disrupted before the peptides neutralized the negative surface charge of PG/CL. Our results demonstrate that SAAP-148, which kills bacteria at a significantly lower concentration than OP-145, shows stronger effects on membranes at the cellular and molecular levels.
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19
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Biofilm Formation by Pathogenic Bacteria: Applying a Staphylococcus aureus Model to Appraise Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040388. [PMID: 35456063 PMCID: PMC9027693 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carried in the nasal passages by up to 30% of humans, Staphylococcus aureus is recognized to be a successful opportunistic pathogen. It is a frequent cause of infections of the upper respiratory tract, including sinusitis, and of the skin, typically abscesses, as well as of food poisoning and medical device contamination. The antimicrobial resistance of such, often chronic, health conditions is underpinned by the unique structure of bacterial biofilm, which is the focus of increasing research to try to overcome this serious public health challenge. Due to the protective barrier of an exopolysaccharide matrix, bacteria that are embedded within biofilm are highly resistant both to an infected individual’s immune response and to any treating antibiotics. An in-depth appraisal of the stepwise progression of biofilm formation by S. aureus, used as a model infection for all cases of bacterial antibiotic resistance, has enhanced understanding of this complicated microscopic structure and served to highlight possible intervention targets for both patient cure and community infection control. While antibiotic therapy offers a practical means of treatment and prevention, the most favorable results are achieved in combination with other methods. This review provides an overview of S. aureus biofilm development, outlines the current range of anti-biofilm agents that are used against each stage and summarizes their relative merits.
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20
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Antimicrobial Peptides as an Alternative for the Eradication of Bacterial Biofilms of Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030642. [PMID: 35336016 PMCID: PMC8950055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is an emergency public health problem worldwide, compounded by the ability of bacteria to form biofilms, mainly in seriously ill hospitalized patients. The World Health Organization has published a list of priority bacteria that should be studied and, in turn, has encouraged the development of new drugs. Herein, we explain the importance of studying new molecules such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with potential against multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria and focus on the inhibition of biofilm formation. This review describes the main causes of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation, as well as the main and potential AMP applications against these bacteria. Our results suggest that the new biomacromolecules to be discovered and studied should focus on this group of dangerous and highly infectious bacteria. Alternative molecules such as AMPs could contribute to eradicating biofilm proliferation by MDR/XDR bacteria; this is a challenging undertaking with promising prospects.
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21
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Rather IA, Sabir JSM, Asseri AH, Ali S. Antifungal Activity of Human Cathelicidin LL-37, a Membrane Disrupting Peptide, by Triggering Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Arrest in Candida auris. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020204. [PMID: 35205958 PMCID: PMC8875705 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris, an evolving multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast, is known for causing severe invasive infections associated with high mortality rates in hospitalized individuals. Distinct from other Candida species, C. auris can persist for longer periods on different surfaces and is resistant to all of the major classes of antifungal drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antimycotic drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. The development of new antifungals based on antimicrobial peptides from various sources is considered a promising alternative. In this study, we examined the in vitro anti-yeast activity of the human cathelicidin peptides LL-37 against clinical strains of C. auris alone and in combination with different antifungal drugs by broth microdilution assay. To understand the antifungal mechanism of action, cell envelopes, cell cycle arrest, and effect on oxidative stress enzymes were studied using standard protocols. The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of cathelicidin LL-37 ranged from 25–100 and 50–200 µg/mL, respectively. A combination interaction in a 1:1 ratio (cathelicidin LL-37: antifungal drug) resulted in 70% synergy with fluconazole and 100% synergy with amphotericin B and caspofungin. Assessment of the C. auris membrane by using propidium iodide assay after exposure to cathelicidin LL-37 linked membrane permeabilization with inhibition of C. auris cell growth and viability. These results were backed up by scanning electron microscopy studies demonstrating that exposure with cathelicidin LL-37 caused C. auris cells to undergo extensive surface changes. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that cathelicidin LL-37 caused oxidative stress in C. auris, as is evident from the significant increase in the activity of primary antioxidant enzymes. In addition, cathelicidin LL-37 inhibited the cell cycle and accumulated cells in the S phase. Therefore, these results specify the potential of cathelicidin LL-37 for developing a new and effective anti-Candida agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (I.A.R.); (S.A.)
| | - Jamal S. M. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer H. Asseri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 385541, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.A.R.); (S.A.)
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22
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Fink S, Burmester A, Hipler U, Neumeister C, Götz MR, Wiegand C. Efficacy of antifungal agents against fungal spores: An in vitro study using microplate laser nephelometry and an artificially infected 3D skin model. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1257. [PMID: 35212482 PMCID: PMC8756736 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/1999] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal fungal infections seem to have increased over recent years. There is further a shift from anthropophilic dermatophytes to a growing prevalence of zoophilic species and the emergence of resistant strains. New antifungals are needed to combat these fungi and their resting spores. This study aimed to investigate the sporicidal effects of sertaconazole nitrate using microplate laser nephelometry against the microconidia of Trichophyton, chlamydospores of Epidermophyton, blastospores of Candida, and conidia of the mold Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. The results obtained were compared with those from ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine. The sporicidal activity was further determined using infected three-dimensional full skin models to determine the antifungal effects in the presence of human cells. Sertaconazole nitrate inhibited the growth of dermatophytes, molds, and yeasts. Ciclopirox olamine also had good antifungal activity, although higher concentrations were needed compared to sertaconazole nitrate. Terbinafine was highly effective against most dermatophytes, but higher concentrations were required to kill the resistant strain Trichophyton indotineae. Sertaconazole nitrate, ciclopirox olamine, and terbinafine had no negative effects on full skin models. Sertaconazole nitrate reduced the growth of fungal and yeast spores over 72 h. Ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine also inhibited the growth of dermatophytes and molds but had significantly lower effects on the yeast. Sertaconazole nitrate might have advantages over the commonly used antifungals ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine in combating resting spores, which persist in the tissues, and thus in the therapy of recurring dermatomycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fink
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital JenaJenaGermany
| | - Anke Burmester
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital JenaJenaGermany
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23
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance constitutes a global threat and could lead to a future pandemic. One strategy is to develop a new generation of antimicrobials. Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are recognized templates and some are already in clinical use. To accelerate the discovery of new antibiotics, it is useful to predict novel AMPs from the sequenced genomes of various organisms. The antimicrobial peptide database (APD) provided the first empirical peptide prediction program. It also facilitated the testing of the first machine-learning algorithms. This chapter provides an overview of machine-learning predictions of AMPs. Most of the predictors, such as AntiBP, CAMP, and iAMPpred, involve a single-label prediction of antimicrobial activity. This type of prediction has been expanded to antifungal, antiviral, antibiofilm, anti-TB, hemolytic, and anti-inflammatory peptides. The multiple functional roles of AMPs annotated in the APD also enabled multi-label predictions (iAMP-2L, MLAMP, and AMAP), which include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, antibiofilm, anticancer, anti-HIV, antimalarial, insecticidal, antioxidant, chemotactic, spermicidal activities, and protease inhibiting activities. Also considered in predictions are peptide posttranslational modification, 3D structure, and microbial species-specific information. We compare important amino acids of AMPs implied from machine learning with the frequently occurring residues of the major classes of natural peptides. Finally, we discuss advances, limitations, and future directions of machine-learning predictions of antimicrobial peptides. Ultimately, we may assemble a pipeline of such predictions beyond antimicrobial activity to accelerate the discovery of novel AMP-based antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA;,Corresponding to: Dr. Monique van Hoek: ; Dr. Iosif Vaisman: ; Dr. Guangshun Wang:
| | - Iosif I. Vaisman
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.,Corresponding to: Dr. Monique van Hoek: ; Dr. Iosif Vaisman: ; Dr. Guangshun Wang:
| | - Monique L. van Hoek
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.,Corresponding to: Dr. Monique van Hoek: ; Dr. Iosif Vaisman: ; Dr. Guangshun Wang:
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24
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Demirci M, Yigin A, Demir C. Efficacy of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 against biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from chronic wound infections. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105368. [PMID: 34942309 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 showed inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus strains, which often responsible for wound infections. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of biofilm-containing wound infections is important. Thus, this study aimed to investigate both the antimicrobial and biofilm efficacy of LL-37 against biofilm-positive methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains and biofilm-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains obtained from chronic wound infections and its effect on different quorum sensing and virulence genes at suboptimal concentrations. Fifteen biofilm-forming MRSA and 15 biofilm-forming MSSA strains were included in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and biofilm formation were tested by microdilution methods. Real-time PCR was performed to determine gene expression levels. MIC values for LL-37 were 89.6 mg/L and 132.3 mg/L for MSSA and MRSA strains, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between MRSA and MSSA strains in terms of the effect of LL-37 on biofilm formation. A statistically significant difference was found between MRSA and MSSA strains for atlA, RNAIII, and agrA gene expression levels following exposure to a suboptimal concentration of LL-37. Ultimately, the required LL-37 antimicrobial concentration was quite high; however, LL-37 antibiofilm concentration may be acceptable for use in humans against biofilm-forming MRSA and MSSA strains. This is the first study to investigate to effect of a suboptimal LL-37 concentration on gene expression levels of biofilm-forming MSSA and MRSA strains. LL-37 affected quorum sensing and biofilm producing mechanisms, even at suboptimal MIC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Demirci
- Kirklareli University, Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Kirklareli, Turkey.
| | - Akin Yigin
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Genetics, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Cemil Demir
- Mardin Artuklu University, Vocational Higher School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Mardin, Turkey
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Panjla A, Kaul G, Chopra S, Titz A, Verma S. Short Peptides and Their Mimetics as Potent Antibacterial Agents and Antibiotic Adjuvants. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2731-2745. [PMID: 34779605 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been increasing unrelentingly worldwide, thus negatively impacting human health. The discovery and development of novel antibiotics is an urgent unmet need of the hour. However, it has become more challenging, requiring increasingly time-consuming efforts with increased commercial risks. Hence, alternative strategies are urgently needed to potentiate the existing antibiotics. In this context, short cationic peptides or peptide-based antimicrobials that mimic the activity of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) could overcome the disadvantages of AMPs having evolved as potent antibacterial agents. Besides their potent antibacterial efficacy, short peptide conjugates have also gained attention as potent adjuvants to conventional antibiotics. Such peptide antibiotic combinations have become an increasingly cost-effective therapeutic option to tackle AMR. This Review summarizes the recent progress for peptide-based small molecules as promising antimicrobials and as adjuvants for conventional antibiotics to counter multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Panjla
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- AcSIR: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- AcSIR: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 38124, Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Center for Nanoscience, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wei J, Cao X, Qian J, Liu Z, Wang X, Su Q, Wang Y, Xie R, Li X. Evaluation of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on titanium plate. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27426. [PMID: 34871207 PMCID: PMC8568475 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 belongs to the cathelicidin family and is one of the few human bactericidal peptides with potent antistaphylococcal activity. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main infection bacteria in orthopedic implant therapy. Biofilm formation after bacterial infection brings more and more severe test for clinical antiinfection treatment.However, there are few studies on LL-37 in S. aureus infection of prosthesis. In this work, addition to research the antibacterial activity and the inhibitory effect on bacterial adhesion of LL-37, an in vitro model of S. aureus biofilm formation on titanium alloy surface was established to observe the inhibitory effect of LL-37.The results showed that LL-37 has a strong antibacterial effect on S. aureus in vitro, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is about 0.62 μΜ. Moreover, LL-37 has significant impact on the adhesion of S. aureus when the concentration ≥0.16 μM and significant anti-staphylococcal biofilm effects on static biofilm models at the concentration of 0.31 to 10 μM. Additionally, LL-37 at 5 μM had a significant destructive effect on S. aureus biofilm (P < .05) that formed on the titanium alloy surface.This study further confirmed the role of LL-37 in the process of S. aureus infection, including antimicrobial activities, inhibition of bacterial adhesion, and inhibition of mature biofilm. LL-37 can significantly destroy the stable biofilm structure on the titanium alloy surface in vitro, which may provide a new way for refractory infection caused by S. aureus in titanium alloy prosthesis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Wei
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Quality Control Center of Zhangye City in Gansu Province, No.67 Huancheng West Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Cao
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Quality Control Center of Zhangye City in Gansu Province, No.67 Huancheng West Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixia Liu
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Xulong Wang
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Quality Control Center of Zhangye City in Gansu Province, No.67 Huancheng West Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinliuye Su
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpin Wang
- The first hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimin Xie
- The first hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- The first hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Current strategies in inhibiting biofilm formation for combating urinary tract infections: Special focus on peptides, nano-particles and phytochemicals. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mohanty S, Kamolvit W, Zambrana S, Gonzales E, Tovi J, Brismar K, Östenson CG, Brauner A. HIF-1 mediated activation of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in type 2 diabetic patients. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:101-113. [PMID: 34651203 PMCID: PMC8724101 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Infections are common in patients with diabetes, but increasing antibiotic resistance hampers successful bacterial clearance and calls for alternative treatment strategies. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is known to influence the innate immune defense and could therefore serve as a possible target. However, the impact of high glucose on HIF-1 has received little attention and merits closer investigation. Here, we show that higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and CAMP, encoding for the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, LL-37, correlate with HIF-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Chemical activation of HIF-1 further enhanced LL-37, IL-1β, and IL-8 in human uroepithelial cells exposed to high glucose. Moreover, HIF-1 activation of transurethrally infected diabetic mice resulted in lower bacterial load. Drugs activating HIF-1 could therefore in the future potentially have a therapeutic role in clearing bacteria in diabetic patients with infections where antibiotic treatment failed. Key messages • Mohanty et al. “HIF-1 mediated activation of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in type 2 diabetic patients.” • Our study highlights induction of the antimicrobial peptide, LL-37, and strengthening of the innate immunity through hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in diabetes. • Our key observations are: 1. HIF-1 activation increased LL-37 expression in human urothelial cells treated with high glucose. In line with that, we demonstrated that patients with type 2 diabetes living at high altitude had increased levels of the LL-37. 2. HIF-1 activation increased IL-1β and IL-8 in human uroepithelial cells treated with high glucose concentration. 3. Pharmacological activation of HIF-1 decreased bacterial load in the urinary bladder of mice with hereditary diabetes. • We conclude that enhancing HIF-1 may along with antibiotics in the future contribute to the treatment in selected patient groups where traditional therapy is not possible. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00109-021-02134-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Witchuda Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Silvia Zambrana
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Area de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas Y Bioquimicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmaco Bioquimicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Eduardo Gonzales
- Area de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas Y Bioquimicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmaco Bioquimicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Kerstin Brismar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rodríguez AA, Otero-González A, Ghattas M, Ständker L. Discovery, Optimization, and Clinical Application of Natural Antimicrobial Peptides. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1381. [PMID: 34680498 PMCID: PMC8533436 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are widespread in multicellular organisms. These structurally diverse molecules are produced as the first line of defense against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Also known as host defense peptides in higher eukaryotic organisms, AMPs display immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. During the last 30 years, technological advances have boosted the research on antimicrobial peptides, which have also attracted great interest as an alternative to tackling the antimicrobial resistance scenario mainly provoked by some bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, the introduction of natural AMPs in clinical trials faces challenges such as proteolytic digestion, short half-lives, and cytotoxicity upon systemic and oral application. Therefore, some strategies have been implemented to improve the properties of AMPs aiming to be used as effective therapeutic agents. In the present review, we summarize the discovery path of AMPs, focusing on preclinical development, recent advances in chemical optimization and peptide delivery systems, and their introduction into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando A. Rodríguez
- Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Maretchia Ghattas
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Gera S, Kankuri E, Kogermann K. Antimicrobial peptides - Unleashing their therapeutic potential using nanotechnology. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:107990. [PMID: 34592202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent, mostly cationic, and amphiphilic broad-spectrum host defense antimicrobials that are produced by all organisms ranging from prokaryotes to humans. In addition to their antimicrobial actions, they modulate inflammatory and immune responses and promote wound healing. Although they have clear benefits over traditional antibiotic drugs, their wide therapeutic utilization is compromised by concerns of toxicity, stability, and production costs. Recent advances in nanotechnology have attracted increasing interest to unleash the AMPs' immense potential as broad-spectrum antibiotics and anti-biofilm agents, against which the bacteria have less chances to develop resistance. Topical application of AMPs promotes migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and contributes significantly to an accelerated wound healing process. Delivery of AMPs by employing nanotechnological approaches avoids the major disadvantages of AMPs, such as instability and toxicity, and provides a controlled delivery profile together with prolonged activity. In this review, we provide an overview of the key properties of AMPs and discuss the latest developments in topical AMP therapy using nanocarriers. We use chronic hard-to-heal wounds-complicated by infections, inflammation, and stagnated healing-as an example of an unmet medical need for which the AMPs' wide range of therapeutic actions could provide the most potential benefit. The use of innovative materials and sophisticated nanotechnological approaches offering various possibilities are discussed in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gera
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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31
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Kulkarni NN, O'Neill AM, Dokoshi T, Luo EWC, Wong GCL, Gallo RL. Sequence determinants in the cathelicidin LL-37 that promote inflammation via presentation of RNA to scavenger receptors. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100828. [PMID: 34048712 PMCID: PMC8214221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins such as the human 37-amino acid peptide (LL-37) are peptides that not only potently kill microbes but also trigger inflammation by enabling immune recognition of endogenous nucleic acids. Here, a detailed structure-function analysis of LL-37 was performed to understand the details of this process. Alanine scanning of 34-amino acid peptide (LL-34) showed that some variants displayed increased antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus. In contrast, different substitutions clustered on the hydrophobic face of the LL-34 alpha helix inhibited the ability of those variants to promote type 1 interferon expression in response to U1 RNA or to present U1 to the scavenger receptor (SR) B1 on the keratinocyte cell surface. Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments of the LL-34 variants LL-34, F5A, I24A, and L31A demonstrated that these peptides form cognate supramolecular structures with U1 characterized by inter-dsRNA spacings of approximately 3.5 nm, a range that has been previously shown to activate toll-like receptor 3 by the parent peptide LL-37. Therefore, while alanine substitutions on the hydrophobic face of LL-34 led to loss of binding to SRs and the complete loss of autoinflammatory responses in epithelial and endothelial cells, they did not inhibit the ability to organize with U1 RNA in solution to associate with toll-like receptor 3. These observations advance our understanding of how cathelicidin mediates the process of innate immune self-recognition to enable inert nucleic acids to trigger inflammation. We introduce the term "innate immune vetting" to describe the capacity of peptides such as LL-37 to enable certain nucleic acids to become an inflammatory stimulus through SR binding prior to cell internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil N Kulkarni
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alan M O'Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth W C Luo
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Louisiana, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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32
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Ridyard KE, Overhage J. The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060650. [PMID: 34072318 PMCID: PMC8227053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistant bacteria threatens the current methods utilized to treat bacterial infections. The development of novel therapeutic agents is crucial in avoiding a post-antibiotic era and the associated deaths from antibiotic resistant pathogens. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 has been considered as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics as it displays broad spectrum antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities as well as immunomodulatory functions. While LL-37 has shown promising results, it has yet to receive regulatory approval as a peptide antibiotic. Despite the strong antimicrobial properties, LL-37 has several limitations including high cost, lower activity in physiological environments, susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, and high toxicity to human cells. This review will discuss the challenges associated with making LL-37 into a viable antibiotic treatment option, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance and cross-resistance as well as adaptive responses to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the peptide. The possible methods to overcome these challenges, including immobilization techniques, LL-37 delivery systems, the development of LL-37 derivatives, and synergistic combinations will also be considered. Herein, we describe how combination therapy and structural modifications to the sequence, helicity, hydrophobicity, charge, and configuration of LL-37 could optimize the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of LL-37 for future clinical use.
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33
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Rowe SE, Beam JE, Conlon BP. Recalcitrant Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Obstacles and Solutions. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00694-20. [PMID: 33526569 PMCID: PMC8090968 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00694-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment failure of Staphylococcus aureus infections is very common. In addition to genetically encoded mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, numerous additional factors limit the efficacy of antibiotics in vivo Identifying and removing the barriers to antibiotic efficacy are of major importance, as even if new antibiotics become available, they will likely face the same barriers to efficacy as their predecessors. One major obstacle to antibiotic efficacy is the proficiency of S. aureus to enter a physiological state that is incompatible with antibiotic killing. Multiple pathways leading to antibiotic tolerance and the formation of tolerant subpopulations called persister cells have been described for S. aureus Additionally, S. aureus is a versatile pathogen that can infect numerous tissues and invade a variety of cell types, of which some are poorly penetrable to antibiotics. It is therefore unlikely that there will be a single solution to the problem of recalcitrant S. aureus infection. Instead, specific approaches may be required for targeting tolerant cells within different niches, be it through direct targeting of persister cells, sensitization of persisters to conventional antibiotics, improved penetration of antibiotics to particular niches, or any combination thereof. Here, we examine two well-described reservoirs of antibiotic-tolerant S. aureus, the biofilm and the macrophage, the barriers these environments present to antibiotic efficacy, and potential solutions to the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenna E Beam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian P Conlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Biofilms are aggregates formed as a protective survival state by microorganisms to adapt to the environment and can be resistant to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses due to chemical or physical diffusion barriers, modified nutrient environments, suppression of the growth rate within biofilms, and the genetic adaptation of cells within biofilms. With the widespread use of medical devices, medical device-associated biofilms continue to pose a serious threat to human health, and these biofilms have become the most important source of nosocomial infections. However, traditional antimicrobial agents cannot completely eliminate medical device-associated biofilms. New strategies for the treatment of these biofilms and targeting biofilm infections are urgently required. Several novel approaches have been developed and identified as effective and promising treatments. In this review, we briefly summarize the challenges associated with the treatment of medical device-associated biofilm infections and highlight the latest promising approaches aimed at preventing or eradicating these biofilms.
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35
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Scheper H, Wubbolts JM, Verhagen JAM, de Visser AW, van der Wal RJP, Visser LG, de Boer MGJ, Nibbering PH. SAAP-148 Eradicates MRSA Persisters Within Mature Biofilm Models Simulating Prosthetic Joint Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625952. [PMID: 33584628 PMCID: PMC7879538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a severe complication of arthroplasty. Due to biofilm and persister formation current treatment strategies often fail. Therefore, innovative anti-biofilm and anti-persister agents are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides with their broad antibacterial activities may be such candidates. An in vitro model simulating PJI comprising of rifampicin/ciprofloxacin-exposed, mature methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms on polystyrene plates, titanium/aluminium/niobium disks, and prosthetic joint liners were developed. Bacteria obtained from and residing within these biofilms were exposed to SAAP-148, acyldepsipeptide-4, LL-37, and pexiganan. Microcalorimetry was used to monitor the heat flow by the bacteria in these models. Daily exposure of mature biofilms to rifampicin/ciprofloxacin for 3 days resulted in a 4-log reduction of MRSA. Prolonged antibiotic exposure did not further reduce bacterial counts. Microcalorimetry confirmed the low metabolic activity of these persisters. SAAP-148 and pexiganan, but not LL-37, eliminated the persisters while ADEP4 reduced the number of persisters. SAAP-148 further eradicated persisters within antibiotics-exposed, mature biofilms on the various surfaces. To conclude, antibiotic-exposed, mature MRSA biofilms on various surfaces have been developed as in vitro models for PJI. SAAP-148 is highly effective against persisters obtained from the biofilms as well as within these models. Antibiotics-exposed, mature biofilms on relevant surfaces can be instrumental in the search for novel treatment strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Scheper
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julia M Wubbolts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joanne A M Verhagen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adriëtte W de Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mark G J de Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter H Nibbering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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36
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Jahangiri A, Neshani A, Mirhosseini SA, Ghazvini K, Zare H, Sedighian H. Synergistic effect of two antimicrobial peptides, Nisin and P10 with conventional antibiotics against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104700. [PMID: 33346078 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by drug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are now a global problem that requires the immediate development of new antimicrobial drugs. Combination therapy and using antimicrobial peptides are two strategies with high potential to solve this issue. By these strategies, this study aimed to determine the antimicrobial effect of Nisin and P10 antimicrobial peptides on extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, and investigate the most effective combination of an antimicrobial peptide with an antibiotic. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was performed on five resistant clinical isolates and one standard strain for each kind of bacterium. First, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of two antimicrobial peptides (Nisin and P10) and five common antibiotics for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria (ceftazidime, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, doripenem, and colistin) was determined using Scanner-Assisted Colorimetric MIC Method. Then, the combination effect of P10+Nisin, P10+antibiotics, Nisin + antibiotics was investigated using checkerboard method. RESULTS The MIC value of Nisin and P10 against studied pathogens were 64-256 and 8-32 μg/ml, respectively. P10+Nisin combination showed synergistic effect against standard strains and additive effect against drug-resistant clinical isolates. It was also found that the combination effect of P10+ceftazidim, P10+doripenem, and Nisin + colistin was synergistic in most cases. Nisin + tobramycin combination showed synergistic effect in exposure to standard strains, while the synergy is strain-dependent against drug-resistant clinical isolates. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the synergism of Nisin + colistin and P10+ceftazidime/doripenem could be of great therapeutic value as antimicrobial drugs against infections caused by colistin-resistant P.aeruginosa and XDR A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Neshani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mirhosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hosna Zare
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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DeVore SB, Gonzalez T, Sherenian MG, Herr AB, Khurana Hershey GK. On the surface: Skin microbial exposure contributes to allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:628-638. [PMID: 32853786 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the skin microbiome modulates immunity by interactions between skin immunology with keratinocytes to combat pathogens. Allergic disorders are classified by immunoglobulin E sensitivity and aberrant TH2 cell responses, and an increasing number of studies have described the associations with skin microbiome fluctuations. In this review, we discuss commensal-epidermal homeostasis and its influence on allergic disease. DATA SOURCES All included references were obtained from the PubMed database. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies addressing relevant aspects of commensal-epidermal homeostasis, skin microbiome dysbiosis, microbiome-targeted therapeutics, and prevention in allergy were included. RESULTS Homeostasis between the commensal microbiome and the epidermis is important in protecting against allergic disease. Commensals promote antiallergic TH1 and TH17 immunophenotypes within the skin and induce keratinocytes to secrete antimicrobial peptides and alarmins that enhance barrier function and antagonize proallergic organisms. Perturbations in this homeostasis, however, is associated with allergic disease development. Atopic dermatitis is associated with decreases in skin commensals and increases in the pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. Fluctuations in the skin microbiome contributes to decreased barrier dysfunction, allergic sensitization, and TH2 cytokine secretion. Little is known about how the skin microbiome affects food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, and it is poorly understood how cutaneous inflammation influences systemic allergic responses. Therapies are targeted toward maintenance of the skin barrier, replacement of healthy commensals, and anti-TH2 biologic therapy. CONCLUSION Although the effects of commensal-epidermal homeostasis on allergy within the skin are becoming increasingly clear, future studies are necessary to assess its effects on extracutaneous allergic disorders and explore potential therapeutics targeting the skin microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tammy Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael G Sherenian
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Kazemzadeh-Narbat M, Cheng H, Chabok R, Alvarez MM, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Phillips KS, Khademhosseini A. Strategies for antimicrobial peptide coatings on medical devices: a review and regulatory science perspective. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 41:94-120. [PMID: 33070659 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1828810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Indwelling and implanted medical devices are subject to contamination by microbial pathogens during surgery, insertion or injection, and ongoing use, often resulting in severe nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics to reduce the incidence of such infections, as they exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, microbial biofilms, fungi, and viruses. In this review-perspective, we first provide an overview of the progress made in this field over the past decade with an emphasis on the local release of AMPs from implant surfaces and immobilization strategies for incorporating these agents into a wide range of medical device materials. We then provide a regulatory science perspective addressing the characterization and testing of AMP coatings based on the type of immobilization strategy used with a focus on the US market regulatory niche. Our goal is to help narrow the gulf between academic studies and preclinical testing, as well as to support a future literature base in order to develop the regulatory science of antimicrobial coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat
- Office of Device Evaluation, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hao Cheng
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rosa Chabok
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Scott Phillips
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Toor HG, Banerjee DI, Chauhan JB. In Silico Evaluation of Human Cathelicidin LL-37 as a Novel Therapeutic Inhibitor of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Toxin of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:602-615. [PMID: 33983855 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of drug resistance in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is attributed to its diverse repertoire of virulence factors. Of these virulence determinants, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) has been experimentally validated as a prospective drug target due to its conspicuous and comprehensive role in nosocomial infections. This study encompassed an in silico approach to elucidate the antimicrobial potentiality of human cathelicidin LL-37 against PVL toxin of MRSA. Molecular docking studies of LL-37 and its segments with the PVL toxin subunits LukS and LukF were carried out using PatchDock server and the results were refined using FireDock server. The paramount ligand-receptor combination was selected and analyzed based on diverse parametric attributes and compared with the commercial inhibitors of PVL viz. Andrimid, Beclobrate, Beta-sitosterol, Diathymosulfone, and Probucol to determine the most potent inhibitor among them. Our results elucidated that the interaction of LL-37 with the LukS subunit of PVL toxin (minimum global energy of -61.82 kcal/mol) depicted 34 molecular interactions, while the commercial PVL inhibitors depicted fewer and insubstantial interactions. SWISS-ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) and ToxinPred analysis of LL-37 further corroborated its null potency of toxicity in systemic milieu. The results obtained may credit this study as basis for the development of LL-37 as a potential inhibitor against virulent MRSA toxins, thereby exalting the treatment regimes for nosocomial infections in health care facilities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu G Toor
- P.G. Department of Genetics, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), Sardar Patel University, Anand, India
| | - Devjani I Banerjee
- Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Jenabhai B Chauhan
- P.G. Department of Genetics, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), Sardar Patel University, Anand, India
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Amin Yavari S, Castenmiller SM, van Strijp JAG, Croes M. Combating Implant Infections: Shifting Focus from Bacteria to Host. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002962. [PMID: 32914481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of biomaterials to support or replace body parts is increasingly threatened by the risk of implant-associated infections. In the quest for finding novel anti-infective biomaterials, there generally has been a one-sided focus on biomaterials with direct antibacterial properties, which leads to excessive use of antibacterial agents, compromised host responses, and unpredictable effectiveness in vivo. This review sheds light on how host immunomodulation, rather than only targeting bacteria, can endow biomaterials with improved anti-infective properties. How antibacterial surface treatments are at risk to be undermined by biomaterial features that dysregulate the protection normally provided by critical immune cell subsets, namely, neutrophils and macrophages, is discussed. Accordingly, how the precise modification of biomaterial surface biophysical cues, or the incorporation of immunomodulatory drug delivery systems, can render biomaterials with the necessary immune-compatible and immune-protective properties to potentiate the host defense mechanisms is reviewed. Within this context, the protective role of host defense peptides, metallic particles, quorum sensing inhibitors, and therapeutic adjuvants is discussed. The highlighted immunomodulatory strategies may lay a foundation to develop anti-infective biomaterials, while mitigating the increasing threat of antibacterial drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Amin Yavari
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M Castenmiller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Croes
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
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41
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Jiang Y, Geng M, Bai L. Targeting Biofilms Therapy: Current Research Strategies and Development Hurdles. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081222. [PMID: 32796745 PMCID: PMC7465149 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are aggregate of microorganisms in which cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and adhere to each other and/or to a surface. The development of biofilm affords pathogens significantly increased tolerances to antibiotics and antimicrobials. Up to 80% of human bacterial infections are biofilm-associated. Dispersal of biofilms can turn microbial cells into their more vulnerable planktonic phenotype and improve the therapeutic effect of antimicrobials. In this review, we focus on multiple therapeutic strategies that are currently being developed to target important structural and functional characteristics and drug resistance mechanisms of biofilms. We thoroughly discuss the current biofilm targeting strategies from four major aspects—targeting EPS, dispersal molecules, targeting quorum sensing, and targeting dormant cells. We explain each aspect with examples and discuss the main hurdles in the development of biofilm dispersal agents in order to provide a rationale for multi-targeted therapy strategies that target the complicated biofilms. Biofilm dispersal is a promising research direction to treat biofilm-associated infections in the future, and more in vivo experiments should be performed to ensure the efficacy of these therapeutic agents before being used in clinic.
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42
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Zhang K, Li X, Yu C, Wang Y. Promising Therapeutic Strategies Against Microbial Biofilm Challenges. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:359. [PMID: 32850471 PMCID: PMC7399198 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that are attached to a biological or abiotic surface and are surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix. Cells within a biofilm have intrinsic characteristics that are different from those of planktonic cells. Biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents has drawn increasing attention. It is well-known that medical device- and tissue-associated biofilms may be the leading cause for the failure of antibiotic treatments and can cause many chronic infections. The eradication of biofilms is very challenging. Many researchers are working to address biofilm-related infections, and some novel strategies have been developed and identified as being effective and promising. Nevertheless, more preclinical studies and well-designed multicenter clinical trials are critically needed to evaluate the prospects of these strategies. Here, we review information about the mechanisms underlying the drug resistance of biofilms and discuss recent progress in alternative therapies and promising strategies against microbial biofilms. We also summarize the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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43
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Choi KYG, Wu BC, Lee AHY, Baquir B, Hancock REW. Utilizing Organoid and Air-Liquid Interface Models as a Screening Method in the Development of New Host Defense Peptides. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:228. [PMID: 32509598 PMCID: PMC7251080 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides, are naturally occurring polypeptides (~12–50 residues) composed of cationic and hydrophobic amino acids that adopt an amphipathic conformation upon folding usually after contact with membranes. HDPs have a variety of biological activities including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-biofilm functions. Although HDPs have the potential to address the global threat of antibiotic resistance and to treat immune and inflammatory disorders, they have yet to achieve this promise. Indeed, there are several challenges associated with bringing peptide-based drug candidates from the lab bench to clinical practice, including identifying appropriate indications, stability, toxicity, and cost. These challenges can be addressed in part by the development of innate defense regulator (IDR) peptides and peptidomimetics, which are synthetic derivatives of HDPs with similar or better efficacy, increased stability, and reduced toxicity and cost of the original HDP. However, one of the largest gaps between basic research and clinical application is the validity and translatability of conventional model systems, such as cell lines and animal models, for screening HDPs and their derivatives as potential drug therapies. Indeed, such translation has often relied on animal models, which have only limited validity. Here we discuss the recent development of human organoids for disease modeling and drug screening, assisted by the use of omics analyses. Organoids, developed from primary cells, cell lines, or human pluripotent stem cells, are three-dimensional, self-organizing structures that closely resemble their corresponding in vivo organs with regards to immune responses, tissue organization, and physiological properties; thus, organoids represent a reliable method for studying efficacy, formulation, toxicity and to some extent drug stability and pharmacodynamics. The use of patient-derived organoids enables the study of patient-specific efficacy, toxicogenomics and drug response predictions. We outline how organoids and omics data analysis can be leveraged to aid in the clinical translation of IDR peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Yee Grace Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bing Catherine Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Huei-Yi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Beverlie Baquir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Peek NFAW, Nell MJ, Brand R, Jansen-Werkhoven T, van Hoogdalem EJ, Verrijk R, Vonk MJ, Wafelman AR, Valentijn ARPM, Frijns JHM, Hiemstra PS, Drijfhout JW, Nibbering PH, Grote JJ. Ototopical drops containing a novel antibacterial synthetic peptide: Safety and efficacy in adults with chronic suppurative otitis media. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231573. [PMID: 32287316 PMCID: PMC7156094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic infectious disease with worldwide prevalence that causes hearing loss and decreased quality of life. As current (antibiotic) treatments often unsuccessful and antibiotic resistance is emerging, alternative agents and/or strategies are urgently needed. We considered the synthetic antimicrobial and anti-biofilm peptide P60.4Ac to be an interesting candidate because it also displays anti-inflammatory activities including lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of ototopical drops containing P60.4Ac in adults with CSOM without cholesteatoma. METHODS We conducted a range-finding study in 16 subjects followed by a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase IIa study in 34 subjects. P60.4Ac-containing ototopical drops or placebo drops were applied twice a day for 2 weeks and adverse events (AEs) and medication use were recorded. Laboratory tests, swabs from the middle ear and throat for bacterial cultures, and audiometry were performed at intervals up to 10 weeks after therapy. Response to treatment was assessed by blinded symptom scoring on otoscopy. RESULTS Application of P60.4Ac-containing ototopical drops (0.25-2.0 mg of peptide/ml) in the ear canal of patients suffering from CSOM was found to be safe and well-tolerated. The optimal dose (0.5 mg of peptide/ml) was selected for the subsequent phase IIa study. Safety evaluation revealed only a few AEs that were unlikely related to study treatment and all, except one, were of mild to moderate intensity. In addition to this excellent safety profile, P60.4Ac ototopical drops resulted in a treatment success in 47% of cases versus 6% in the placebo group. CONCLUSION The efficacy/safety balance assessed in the present study provides a compelling justification for continued clinical development of P60.4Ac in therapy-resistant CSOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanno F. A. W. Peek
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marja J. Nell
- Octoplus Technologies BV/Dr Reddy’s research and development BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Brand
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thekla Jansen-Werkhoven
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ewoud J. van Hoogdalem
- Octoplus Technologies BV/Dr Reddy’s research and development BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Verrijk
- Octoplus Technologies BV/Dr Reddy’s research and development BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J. Vonk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amon R. Wafelman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Rob P. M. Valentijn
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan H. M. Frijns
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Drijfhout
- Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Nibbering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J. Grote
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kamysz E, Sikorska E, Jaśkiewicz M, Bauer M, Neubauer D, Bartoszewska S, Barańska-Rybak W, Kamysz W. Lipidated Analogs of the LL-37-Derived Peptide Fragment KR12-Structural Analysis, Surface-Active Properties and Antimicrobial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E887. [PMID: 32019109 PMCID: PMC7036753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of multidrug-resistant pathogens is a serious problem of modern medicine and new antibiotics are highly demanded. In this study, different n-alkyl acids (C2-C14) and aromatic acids (benzoic and trans-cinnamic) were conjugated to the N-terminus of KR12 amide. The effect of this modification on antimicrobial activity (ESKAPE bacteria and biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus) and cytotoxicity (human red blood cells and HaCaT cell line) was examined. The effect of lipophilic modifications on helicity was studied by CD spectroscopy, whereas peptide self-assembly was studied by surface tension measurements and NMR spectroscopy. As shown, conjugation of the KR12-NH2 peptide with C4-C14 fatty acid chains enhanced the antimicrobial activity with an optimum demonstrated by C8-KR12-NH2 (MIC 1-4 μg/mL against ESKAPE strains; MBEC of S. aureus 4-16 μg/mL). Correlation between antimicrobial activity and self-assembly behavior of C14-KR12-NH2 and C8-KR12-NH2 has shown that the former self-assembled into larger aggregated structures, which reduced its antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, N-terminal modification can enhance antimicrobial activity of KR12-NH2; however, at the same time, the cytotoxicity increases. It seems that the selectivity against pathogens over human cells can be achieved through conjugation of peptide N-terminus with appropriate n-alkyl fatty and aromatic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kamysz
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Biological Macromolecules, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emilia Sikorska
- Laboratory of Structural Studies of Biopolymers, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Maciej Jaśkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Marta Bauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Damian Neubauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Wioletta Barańska-Rybak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
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Zhou YF, Li L, Tao MT, Sun J, Liao XP, Liu YH, Xiong YQ. Linezolid and Rifampicin Combination to Combat cfr-Positive Multidrug-Resistant MRSA in Murine Models of Bacteremia and Skin and Skin Structure Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3080. [PMID: 31993042 PMCID: PMC6971047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Linezolid resistance mediated by the cfr gene in MRSA represents a global concern. We investigated relevant phenotype differences between cfr-positive and -negative MRSA that contribute to pathogenesis, and the efficacy of linezolid-based combination therapies in murine models of bacteremia and skin and skin structure infection (SSSI). As a group, cfr-positive MRSA exhibited significantly reduced susceptibilities to the host defense peptides tPMPs, human neutrophil peptide-1 (hNP-1), and cathelicidin LL-37 (P < 0.01). In addition, increased binding to fibronectin (FN) and endothelial cells paralleled robust biofilm formation in cfr-positive vs. -negative MRSA. In vitro phenotypes of cfr-positive MRSA translated into poor outcomes of linezolid monotherapy in vivo in murine bacteremia and SSSI models. Importantly, rifampicin showed synergistic activity as a combinatorial partner with linezolid, and the EC50 of linezolid decreased 6-fold in the presence of rifampicin. Furthermore, this combination therapy displayed efficacy against cfr-positive MRSA at clinically relevant doses. Altogether, these data suggest that the use of linezolid in combination with rifampicin poses a viable therapeutic alternative for bacteremia and SSSI caused by cfr-positive multidrug resistant MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Meng-Ting Tao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Dijksteel GS, Nibbering PH, Ulrich MMW, Middelkoop E, Boekema BKHL. SPS-neutralization in tissue samples for efficacy testing of antimicrobial peptides. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1093. [PMID: 31888515 PMCID: PMC6937930 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate determination of the efficacy of antimicrobial agents requires neutralization of residual antimicrobial activity in the samples before microbiological assessment of the number of surviving bacteria. Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) is a known neutralizer for the antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides and polymyxins. In this study, we evaluated the ability of SPS to neutralize residual antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptides [SAAP-148 and pexiganan; 1% (wt/v) in PBS], antibiotics [mupirocin (Bactroban) and fusidic acid (Fucidin) in ointments; 2% (wt/wt))] and disinfectants [2% (wt/wt) silver sulfadiazine cream (SSD) and 0.5% (v/v) chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol]. Methods Homogenates of human skin models that had been exposed to various antimicrobial agents for 1 h were pipetted on top of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on agar plates to determine whether the antimicrobial agents display residual activity. To determine the optimal concentration of SPS for neutralization, antimicrobial agents were mixed with PBS or increasing doses of SPS in PBS (0.05–1% wt/v) and then 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL MRSA were added. After 30 min incubation, the number of viable bacteria was assessed. Next, the in vitro efficacy of SAAP-148 against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was determined using PBS or 0.05% (wt/v) SPS immediately after 30 min incubation of the mixture. Additionally, ex vivo excision wound models were inoculated with 105 CFU MRSA for 1 h and exposed to SAAP-148, pexiganan, chlorhexidine or PBS for 1 h. Subsequently, samples were homogenized in PBS or 0.05% (wt/v) SPS and the number of viable bacteria was assessed. Results All tested antimicrobials displayed residual activity in tissue samples, resulting in a lower recovery of surviving bacteria on agar. SPS concentrations at ≥0.05% (wt/v) were able to neutralize the antimicrobial activity of SAAP-148, pexiganan and chlorhexidine, but not of SSD, Bactroban and Fucidin. Finally, SPS-neutralization in in vitro and ex vivo efficacy tests of SAAP-148, pexiganan and chlorhexidine against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria resulted in significantly higher numbers of CFU compared to control samples without SPS-neutralization. Conclusions SPS was successfully used to neutralize residual activity of SAAP-148, pexiganan and chlorhexidine and this prevented an overestimation of their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Sherella Dijksteel
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ, Beverwijk, The Netherlands. .,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter H Nibbering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Magda M W Ulrich
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ, Beverwijk, The Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ, Beverwijk, The Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
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Anti-Biofilm Effects of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides Against Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Planktonic Cells and Biofilm. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244560. [PMID: 31842508 PMCID: PMC6943720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to manage or treat as biofilms or biofilm-embedded bacteria are difficult to eradicate. Antimicrobial peptides have gained increasing attention as a possible alternative to conventional drugs to combat drug-resistant microorganisms because they inhibit the growth of planktonic bacteria by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane. The current study investigated the effects of synthetic peptides (PS1-2, PS1-5, and PS1-6) and conventional antibiotics on the growth, biofilm formation, and biofilm reduction of drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The effects of PS1-2, PS1-5, and PS1-6 were also tested in vivo using a mouse model. All peptides inhibited planktonic cell growth and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. They also reduced preformed biofilm masses by removing the carbohydrates, extracellular DNA, and lipids that comprised extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) but did not affect proteins. In vivo, PS1-2 showed the greatest efficacy against preformed biofilms with no cytotoxicity. Our findings indicate that the PS1-2 peptide has potential as a next-generation therapeutic drug to overcome multidrug resistance and to regulate inflammatory response in biofilm-associated infections.
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Cao Y, Naseri M, He Y, Xu C, Walsh LJ, Ziora ZM. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents to combat biofilm-forming bacteria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 21:445-451. [PMID: 31830536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms can be produced by multiple species or by a single strain of bacteria. The biofilm state enhances the resistance of the resident microorganisms to antimicrobial agents by producing extracellular polymeric substances. Typically, antibiotics are used to stop the growth of bacteria, but emerging resistance has limited their effectiveness. Bacteria in biofilms are less susceptible to antibiotics compared with their free-floating state, as biofilms impair antibiotic penetration. To obviate this challenge, non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents are needed. This review describes two classes of these agents, namely antimicrobial nanoparticles and antimicrobial peptides. Applications of these antimicrobials in the food industry and medical applications are discussed, and the directions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Cao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Mahdi Naseri
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yan He
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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50
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Dijksteel GS, Ulrich MMW, Vlig M, Nibbering PH, Cordfunke RA, Drijfhout JW, Middelkoop E, Boekema BKHL. Potential factors contributing to the poor antimicrobial efficacy of SAAP-148 in a rat wound infection model. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2019; 18:38. [PMID: 31796055 PMCID: PMC6891976 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-019-0336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the efficacy of a synthetic antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148, which was shown to be effective against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on tape-stripped mice skin. Unexpectedly, SAAP-148 was not effective against MRSA in our pilot study using rats with excision wounds. Therefore, we investigated factors that might have contributed to the poor efficacy of SAAP-148. Subsequently, we optimised the protocol and assessed the efficacy of SAAP-148 in an adapted rat study. METHODS We incubated 100 µL of SAAP-148 with 1 cm2 of a wound dressing for 1 h and determined the unabsorbed volume of peptide solution. Furthermore, 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL MRSA were exposed to increasing dosages of SAAP-148 in 50% (v/v) human plasma, eschar- or skin extract or PBS. After 30 min incubation, the number of viable bacteria was determined. Next, ex vivo skin models were inoculated with MRSA for 1 h and exposed to SAAP-148. Finally, excision wounds on the back of rats were inoculated with 107 CFU MRSA overnight and treated with SAAP-148 for 4 h or 24 h. Subsequently, the number of viable bacteria was determined. RESULTS Contrary to Cuticell, Parafilm and Tegaderm film, < 20% of peptide solution was recovered after incubation with gauze, Mepilex border and Opsite Post-op. Furthermore, in plasma, eschar- or skin extract > 20-fold higher dosages of SAAP-148 were required to achieve a 2-log reduction (LR) of MRSA versus SAAP-148 in PBS. Exposure of ex vivo models to SAAP-148 for 24 h resulted in a 4-fold lower LR than a 1 h or 4 h exposure period. Additionally, SAAP-148 caused a 1.3-fold lower mean LR at a load of 107 CFU compared to 105 CFU MRSA. Moreover, exposure of ex vivo excision wound models to SAAP-148 resulted in a 1.5-fold lower LR than for tape-stripped skin. Finally, SAAP-148 failed to reduce the bacterial counts in an adapted rat study. CONCLUSIONS Several factors, such as absorption of SAAP-148 by wound dressings, components within wound exudates, re-colonisation during the exposure of SAAP-148, and a high bacterial load may contribute to the poor antimicrobial effect of SAAP-148 against MRSA in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S. Dijksteel
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Plastic Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda M. W. Ulrich
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Plastic Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Nibbering
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Cordfunke
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Drijfhout
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Plastic Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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