1
|
Chen JX, Dong HM, Cai YX, Tian LX, Yang ZC. Synthesis of narrow-spectrum anti-mycobacterial molecules without effect on the diversity of gut microbiota in mice based on the structure of rifampicin. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107282. [PMID: 38537334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Rifampicin (RIF) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is also a first-line drug for treating tuberculosis (TB). Based on the naphthyl ring structure of RIF this study synthesized 16 narrow-spectrum antimicrobial molecules that were specifically anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The most potent candidate was 2-((6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl) methylene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (compound 3c) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 μg/mL against Mtb. Synergistic anti-Mtb test indicated that none of the combinations of 3c with the major anti-TB drugs are antagonistic. Consistent with RIF, compound 3c induced large amounts of reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) in the cells of Mtb. The killing kinetics of compound 3c and RIF are very similar. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that compound 3c was able to access the RIF binding pocket of the β subunit of Mtb RNA polymerase (RNAP). Experiments in mice showed that compound 3c increased the variety of intestinal flora in mice, while RIF significantly decreased the diversity of intestinal flora in mice. In addition, compound 3c is non-toxic to animal cells with a selection index (SI) much more than 10. The evidence from this study suggests that the further development of 3c could contribute to the development of novel drug for TB treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong-Mei Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Xia Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zai-Chang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue J, Li W, Zhao Y, Wang L, Cheng P, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Bi Y, Chen Z, Jiang T, Sun Y. Antibiotic-induced ROS-mediated Fur allosterism contributes to Helicobacter pylori resistance by inhibiting arsR activation of mutS and mutY. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0167923. [PMID: 38386782 PMCID: PMC10989006 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01679-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori primarily driven by genetic mutations poses a significant clinical challenge. Although previous research has suggested that antibiotics could induce genetic mutations in H. pylori, the molecular mechanisms regulating the antibiotic induction remain unclear. In this study, we applied various techniques (e.g., fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and multifunctional microplate reader) to discover that three different types of antibiotics could induce the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H. pylori. It is well known that ROS, a critical factor contributing to bacterial drug resistance, not only induces damage to bacterial genomic DNA but also inhibits the expression of genes associated with DNA damage repair, thereby increasing the mutation rate of bacterial genes and leading to drug resistance. However, further research is needed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the ROS inhibition of the expression of DNA damage repair-related genes in H. pylori. In this work, we validated that ROS could trigger an allosteric change in the iron uptake regulatory protein Fur, causing its transition from apo-Fur to holo-Fur, repressing the expression of the regulatory protein ArsR, ultimately causing the down-regulation of key DNA damage repair genes (e.g., mutS and mutY); this cascade increased the genomic DNA mutation rate in H. pylori. This study unveils a novel mechanism of antibiotic-induced resistance in H. pylori, providing crucial insights for the prevention and control of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yican Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peiyuan Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yantong Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yakun Bi
- Science and Technology Management Center, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenghong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Jiangsu Luye Diagnostic Technology, Wuxi, China
| | - Yundong Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen TQ, Heo BE, Jeon S, Ash A, Lee H, Moon C, Jang J. Exploring antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium abscessus for enhanced therapeutic approaches. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1331508. [PMID: 38380095 PMCID: PMC10877060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1331508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus, a leading cause of severe lung infections in immunocompromised individuals, poses significant challenges for current therapeutic strategies due to resistance mechanisms. Therefore, understanding the intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance of M. abscessus is crucial for effective treatment. This review highlights the mechanisms employed by M. abscessus to sustain antibiotic resistance, encompassing not only conventional drugs but also newly discovered drug candidates. This comprehensive analysis aims to identify novel entities capable of overcoming the notorious resistance exhibited by M. abscessus, providing insights for the development of more effective therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Quang Nguyen
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Heo
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Jeon
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Anwesha Ash
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heehyun Lee
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Moon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jichan Jang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Fu H, Shi XJ, Zhao GP, Lyu LD. Genome-wide screen reveals cellular functions that counteract rifampicin lethality in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0289523. [PMID: 38054714 PMCID: PMC10782999 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02895-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Rifamycins are a group of antibiotics with a wide antibacterial spectrum. Although the binding target of rifamycin has been well characterized, the mechanisms underlying the discrepant killing efficacy between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria remain poorly understood. Using a high-throughput screen combined with targeted gene knockouts in the gram-negative model organism Escherichia coli, we established that rifampicin efficacy is strongly dependent on several cellular pathways, including iron acquisition, DNA repair, aerobic respiration, and carbon metabolism. In addition, we provide evidence that these pathways modulate rifampicin efficacy in a manner distinct from redox-related killing. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism of rifamycin efficacy and may aid in the development of new antimicrobial adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Fu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Dong Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sao Emani C, Reiling N. Spermine enhances the activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0356823. [PMID: 38095461 PMCID: PMC10782994 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03568-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This is the first study that attempted to demonstrate the mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by spermine (Spm) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Furthermore, this is the first study to demonstrate that it is able to enhance the activity of currently available and World Health Organization (WHO)-approved tuberculosis (TB) drugs. Spermine can easily be obtained since it is already found in our diet. Moreover, as opposed to conventional antibiotics, it is less toxic to humans since it is found in millimolar concentrations in the body. Finally, with the difficulty of curing TB with conventional antibiotics, this study suggests that less toxic molecules, such as Spm, could in a long-term perspective be incorporated in a TB regimen to boost the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Sao Emani
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cebrián-Sastre E, Chiner-Oms A, Torres-Pérez R, Comas I, Oliveros JC, Blázquez J, Castañeda-García A. Selective Pressure by Rifampicin Modulates Mutation Rates and Evolutionary Trajectories of Mycobacterial Genomes. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0101723. [PMID: 37436169 PMCID: PMC10433840 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01017-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the frontline antibiotic rifampicin constitutes a challenge to the treatment and control of tuberculosis. Here, we analyzed the mutational landscape of Mycobacterium smegmatis during long-term evolution with increasing concentrations of rifampicin, using a mutation accumulation assay combined with whole-genome sequencing. Antibiotic treatment enhanced the acquisition of mutations, doubling the genome-wide mutation rate of the wild-type cells. While antibiotic exposure led to extinction of almost all wild-type lines, the hypermutable phenotype of the ΔnucS mutant strain (noncanonical mismatch repair deficient) provided an efficient response to the antibiotic, leading to high rates of survival. This adaptative advantage resulted in the emergence of higher levels of rifampicin resistance, an accelerated acquisition of drug resistance mutations in rpoB (β RNA polymerase), and a wider diversity of evolutionary pathways that led to drug resistance. Finally, this approach revealed a subset of adaptive genes under positive selection with rifampicin that could be associated with the development of antibiotic resistance. IMPORTANCE Rifampicin is the most important first-line antibiotic against mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis, one of the top causes of death worldwide. Acquisition of rifampicin resistance constitutes a major global public health problem that makes the control of the disease challenging. Here, we performed an experimental evolution assay under antibiotic selection to analyze the response and adaptation of mycobacteria, leading to the acquisition of rifampicin resistance. This approach explored the total number of mutations that arose in the mycobacterial genomes under long-term rifampicin exposure, using whole-genome sequencing. Our results revealed the effect of rifampicin at a genomic level, identifying different mechanisms and multiple pathways leading to rifampicin resistance in mycobacteria. Moreover, this study detected that an increase in the rate of mutations led to enhanced levels of drug resistance and survival. In summary, all of these results could be useful to understand and prevent the emergence of drug-resistant isolates in mycobacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Cebrián-Sastre
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Chiner-Oms
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - R. Torres-Pérez
- Servicio de Bioinformática para Genómica y Proteómica. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Comas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - J. C. Oliveros
- Servicio de Bioinformática para Genómica y Proteómica. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Blázquez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Castañeda-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII), Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lanni A, Iacobino A, Fattorini L, Giannoni F. Eradication of Drug-Tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2022: Where We Stand. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1511. [PMID: 37375013 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs of tuberculosis (TB) patients contain a spectrum of granulomatous lesions, ranging from solid and well-vascularized cellular granulomas to avascular caseous granulomas. In solid granulomas, current therapy kills actively replicating (AR) intracellular bacilli, while in low-vascularized caseous granulomas the low-oxygen tension stimulates aerobic and microaerophilic AR bacilli to transit into non-replicating (NR), drug-tolerant and extracellular stages. These stages, which do not have genetic mutations and are often referred to as persisters, are difficult to eradicate due to low drug penetration inside the caseum and mycobacterial cell walls. The sputum of TB patients also contains viable bacilli called differentially detectable (DD) cells that, unlike persisters, grow in liquid, but not in solid media. This review provides a comprehensive update on drug combinations killing in vitro AR and drug-tolerant bacilli (persisters and DD cells), and sterilizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected BALB/c and caseum-forming C3HeB/FeJ mice. These observations have been important for testing new drug combinations in noninferiority clinical trials, in order to shorten the duration of current regimens against TB. In 2022, the World Health Organization, following the results of one of these trials, supported the use of a 4-month regimen for the treatment of drug-susceptible TB as a possible alternative to the current 6-month regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lanni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Iacobino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Fattorini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Giannoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sreelatha S, Nagarajan U, Natarajan S. Protein targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their inhibitors for therapeutic implications: A narrative review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125022. [PMID: 37244342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in the area of anti-tubercular drug development has been full-fledged, yet, a very less number of drug molecules have reached phase II clinical trials, and therefore "End-TB" is still a global challenge. Inhibitors to specific metabolic pathways of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) gain importance in strategizing anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. The lead compounds that target DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, bacterial virulence and energy metabolism are emerging as potential chemotherapeutic options against Mtb growth and survival within the host. In recent times, the in silico approaches have become most promising tools in the identification of suitable inhibitors for specific protein targets of Mtb. An update in the fundamental understanding of these inhibitors and the mechanism of interaction may bring hope to future perspectives in novel drug development and delivery approaches. This review provides a collective impression of the small molecules with potential antimycobacterial activities and their target pathways in Mtb such as cell wall biosynthesis, DNA replication, transcription and translation, efflux pumps, antivirulence pathways and general metabolism. The mechanism of interaction of specific inhibitor with their respective protein targets has been discussed. The comprehensive knowledge of such an impactful area of research would essentially reflect in the discovery of novel drug molecules and effective delivery approaches. This narrative review encompasses the knowledge of emerging targets and promising n that could potentially translate in to the anti-TB-drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souparnika Sreelatha
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Usharani Nagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nisa A, Kipper FC, Panigrahy D, Tiwari S, Kupz A, Subbian S. Different modalities of host cell death and their impact on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1444-C1474. [PMID: 36189975 PMCID: PMC9662802 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00246.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), a leading infectious disease of humans worldwide. One of the main histopathological hallmarks of TB is the formation of granulomas comprised of elaborately organized aggregates of immune cells containing the pathogen. Dissemination of Mtb from infected cells in the granulomas due to host and mycobacterial factors induces multiple cell death modalities in infected cells. Based on molecular mechanism, morphological characteristics, and signal dependency, there are two main categories of cell death: programmed and nonprogrammed. Programmed cell death (PCD), such as apoptosis and autophagy, is associated with a protective response to Mtb by keeping the bacteria encased within dead macrophages that can be readily phagocytosed by arriving in uninfected or neighboring cells. In contrast, non-PCD necrotic cell death favors the pathogen, resulting in bacterial release into the extracellular environment. Multiple types of cell death in the PCD category, including pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, ETosis, parthanatos, and PANoptosis, may be involved in Mtb infection. Since PCD pathways are essential for host immunity to Mtb, therapeutic compounds targeting cell death signaling pathways have been experimentally tested for TB treatment. This review summarizes different modalities of Mtb-mediated host cell deaths, the molecular mechanisms underpinning host cell death during Mtb infection, and its potential implications for host immunity. In addition, targeting host cell death pathways as potential therapeutic and preventive approaches against Mtb infection is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Franciele C Kipper
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas, El Paso, Texas
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh A, Zhao X, Drlica K. Fluoroquinolone heteroresistance, antimicrobial tolerance, and lethality enhancement. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:938032. [PMID: 36250047 PMCID: PMC9559723 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.938032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With tuberculosis, the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance erodes the ability of treatment to interrupt the progression of MDR-TB to XDR-TB. One way to reduce the emergence of resistance is to identify heteroresistant infections in which subpopulations of resistant mutants are likely to expand and make the infections fully resistant: treatment modification can be instituted to suppress mutant enrichment. Rapid DNA-based detection methods exploit the finding that fluoroquinolone-resistant substitutions occur largely in a few codons of DNA gyrase. A second approach for restricting the emergence of resistance involves understanding fluoroquinolone lethality through studies of antimicrobial tolerance, a condition in which bacteria fail to be killed even though their growth is blocked by lethal agents. Studies with Escherichia coli guide work with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lethal action, which is mechanistically distinct from blocking growth, is associated with a surge in respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mutations in carbohydrate metabolism that attenuate ROS accumulation create pan-tolerance to antimicrobials, disinfectants, and environmental stressors. These observations indicate the existence of a general death pathway with respect to stressors. M. tuberculosis displays a variation on the death pathway idea, as stress-induced ROS is generated by NADH-mediated reductive stress rather than by respiration. A third approach, which emerges from lethality studies, uses a small molecule, N-acetyl cysteine, to artificially increase respiration and additional ROS accumulation. That enhances moxifloxacin lethality with M. tuberculosis in culture, during infection of cultured macrophages, and with infection of mice. Addition of ROS stimulators to fluoroquinolone treatment of tuberculosis constitutes a new direction for suppressing the transition of MDR-TB to XDR-TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Amit Singh, ; Karl Drlica,
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Amit Singh, ; Karl Drlica,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miotto P, Sorrentino R, De Giorgi S, Provvedi R, Cirillo DM, Manganelli R. Transcriptional regulation and drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:990312. [PMID: 36118045 PMCID: PMC9480834 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.990312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial drug resistance is one of the major challenges to present and future human health, as the continuous selection of multidrug resistant bacteria poses at serious risk the possibility to treat infectious diseases in the near future. One of the infection at higher risk to become incurable is tuberculosis, due to the few drugs available in the market against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug resistance in this species is usually due to point mutations in the drug target or in proteins required to activate prodrugs. However, another interesting and underexplored aspect of bacterial physiology with important impact on drug susceptibility is represented by the changes in transcriptional regulation following drug exposure. The main regulators involved in this phenomenon in M. tuberculosis are the sigma factors, and regulators belonging to the WhiB, GntR, XRE, Mar and TetR families. Better understanding the impact of these regulators in survival to drug treatment might contribute to identify new drug targets and/or to design new strategies of intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Miotto
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Div. of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Div. of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano De Giorgi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Maria Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Div. of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Riccardo Manganelli,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Surette MD, Waglechner N, Koteva K, Wright GD. HelR is a helicase-like protein that protects RNA polymerase from rifamycin antibiotics. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3151-3165.e9. [PMID: 35907401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycin antibiotics such as rifampin are potent inhibitors of prokaryotic RNA polymerase (RNAP) used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. Although resistance arises in the clinic principally through mutations in RNAP, many bacteria possess highly specific enzyme-mediated resistance mechanisms that modify and inactivate rifamycins. The expression of these enzymes is controlled by a 19-bp cis-acting rifamycin-associated element (RAE). Guided by the presence of RAE sequences, we identify a helicase-like protein, HelR, in Streptomyces venezuelae that confers broad-spectrum rifamycin resistance. We show that HelR also promotes tolerance to rifamycins, enabling bacterial evasion of the toxic properties of these antibiotics. HelR forms a complex with RNAP and rescues transcription inhibition by displacing rifamycins from RNAP, thereby providing resistance by target protection . Furthermore, HelRs are broadly distributed in Actinobacteria, including several opportunistic Mycobacterial pathogens, offering yet another challenge for developing new rifamycin antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Surette
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Nicholas Waglechner
- Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Kalinka Koteva
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Beever A, Kachour N, Owens J, Sasaninia K, Kolloli A, Kumar R, Ramasamy S, Sisliyan C, Khamas W, Subbian S, Venketaraman V. L-GSH Supplementation in Conjunction With Rifampicin Augments the Treatment Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Diabetic Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879729. [PMID: 35814213 PMCID: PMC9263396 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both active tuberculosis (TB) and asymptomatic latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection (LTBI) cause significant health burdens to humans worldwide. Individuals with immunocompromising health conditions, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), have a weakened ability to control M. tb infection and are more susceptible to reactivation of LTBI to active diseases. T2DM cases are known to have glutathione (GSH) deficiency and impaired immune cell function, including the granulomatous response to M. tb infection. We have previously reported that liposomal glutathione (L-GSH) supplementation can restore the immune cell effector responses of T2DM cases. However, the effects of L-GSH supplementation on the bactericidal activities of first-line anti-TB drug rifampicin (RIF) against M. tb infection have yet to be explored. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effects of L-GSH supplementation in conjunction with RIF treatment during an active M. tb infection in a diabetic mouse model. In this study, we evaluated total and reduced levels of GSH, cytokine profiles, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, M. tb burden, and granulomatous response in the lungs. We show that L-GSH supplementation caused a significant reduction in M. tb burden in the lungs, decreased oxidative stress, and increased the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-10, and TGF-β1compared to the untreated mice. In addition, L-GSH supplementation in conjunction with RIF treatment achieved better control of M. tb infection in the lungs and significantly reduced the levels of oxidative stress compared to treatment with RIF alone. Moreover, L-GSH in conjunction with RIF significantly increased TGF-β1 levels compared to treatment with RIF alone. These findings suggest potential therapeutic benefits of L-GSH supplementation in conjunction with first-line antibiotic therapy against M. tb infection in individuals with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrianna Beever
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Nala Kachour
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - James Owens
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Kayvan Sasaninia
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute(PHRI) Center at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute(PHRI) Center at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute(PHRI) Center at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Christina Sisliyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Wael Khamas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute(PHRI) Center at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Vishwanath Venketaraman,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rifampicin-Mediated Metabolic Changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060493. [PMID: 35736426 PMCID: PMC9228056 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered to be a devastating pathogen worldwide, affecting millions of people globally. Several drugs targeting distinct pathways are utilized for the treatment of tuberculosis. Despite the monumental efforts being directed at the discovery of drugs for Mtb, the pathogen has also developed mechanisms to evade the drug action and host processes. Rifampicin was an early anti-tuberculosis drug, and is still being used as the first line of treatment. This study was carried out in order to characterize the in-depth rifampicin-mediated metabolic changes in Mtb, facilitating a better understanding of the physiological processes based on the metabolic pathways and predicted protein interactors associated with the dysregulated metabolome. Although there are various metabolomic studies that have been carried out on rifampicin mutants, this is the first study that reports a large number of significantly altered metabolites in wild type Mtb upon rifampicin treatment. In this study, a total of 173 metabolites, associated with pyrimidine, purine, arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolic pathways, were significantly altered by rifampicin. The predicted host protein interactors of the rifampicin-dysregulated Mtb metabolome were implicated in transcription, inflammation, apoptosis, proteolysis, and DNA replication. Further, tricarboxylic acidcycle metabolites, arginine, and phosphoenolpyruvate were validated by multiple-reaction monitoring. This study provides a comprehensive list of altered metabolites that serves as a basis for understanding the rifampicin-mediated metabolic changes, and associated functional processes, in Mtb, which holds therapeutic potential for the treatment of Mtb.
Collapse
|
15
|
Swaminath S, Pradhan A, Nair RR, Ajitkumar P. Deletion of rifampicin-inactivating mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase gene of Mycobacterium smegmatis globally altered gene expression profile that favoured increase in ROS levels and thereby antibiotic resister generation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100142. [PMID: 35909599 PMCID: PMC9325912 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological role of mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase (Arr) of Mycobacterium smegmatis revealed. Arr is required to maintain ROS levels in actively growing M. smegmatis. Arr influences gene expression at global level in several pathways. Expression of electron transfer, antioxidation, and DNA repair genes are influenced by Arr. Arr is required to maintain an optimal oxidative and metabolic status.
The physiological role of mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase (Arr) of Mycobacterium smegmatis, which inactivates rifampicin, remains unclear. An earlier study reported increased expression of arr during oxidative stress and DNA damage. This suggested a role for Arr in the oxidative status of the cell and its associated effect on DNA damage. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence oxidative status, we investigated whether Arr affected ROS levels in M. smegmatis. Significantly elevated levels of superoxide and hydroxyl radical were found in the mid-log phase (MLP) cultures of the arr knockout strain (arr-KO) as compared those in the wild-type strain (WT). Complementation of arr-KO with expression from genomically integrated arr under its native promoter restored the levels of ROS equivalent to that in WT. Due to the inherently high ROS levels in the actively growing arr-KO, rifampicin resisters with rpoB mutations could be selected at 0 hr of exposure itself against rifampicin, unlike in the WT where the resisters emerged at 12th hr of rifampicin exposure. Microarray analysis of the actively growing cultures of arr-KO revealed significantly high levels of expression of genes from succinate dehydrogenase I and NADH dehydrogenase I operons, which would have contributed to the increased superoxide levels. In parallel, expression of specific DNA repair genes was significantly decreased, favouring retention of the mutations inflicted by the ROS. Expression of several metabolic pathway genes also was significantly altered. These observations revealed that Arr was required for maintaining a gene expression profile that would provide optimum levels of ROS and DNA repair system in the actively growing M. smegmatis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Elevated Levels of Three Reactive Oxygen Species and Fe(II) in the Antibiotic-Surviving Population of Mycobacteria Facilitate De Novo Emergence of Genetic Resisters to Antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0228521. [PMID: 35435709 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02285-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We had earlier reported the de novo emergence of genetic resisters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis to rifampicin and moxifloxacin from the antibiotic-surviving population containing elevated levels of the non-DNA-specific mutagenic reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydroxyl radical. Since hydroxyl radical is generated by Fenton reaction between Fe(II) and H2O2, which is produced by superoxide dismutation, we here report significantly elevated levels of these three ROS and Fe(II) in the M. smegmatis rifampicin-surviving population. Elevated levels of superoxide and the consequential formation of high levels of H2O2 and Fe(II) led to the generation of hydroxyl radical, facilitating de novo high frequency emergence of antibiotic resisters. The M. smegmatis cultures, exposed to nontoxic concentrations of the ROS scavenger, thiourea (TU), and the NADH oxidase (one of the superoxide producers) inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), showed a reduction in the levels of the three ROS, Fe(II), and antibiotic resister generation frequency. The non-antibiotic-exposed cultures grown in the absence/presence of TU/DPI did not show increased ROS, Fe(II) levels, or antibiotic resister generation frequency. The antibiotic-surviving population showed significantly increased expression and activity of superoxide-producing genes and decreased expression of antioxidant and DNA repair genes, revealing an environment conducive for the acquisition and retention of mutations. Since we recently reported significant comparability between the antibiotic-survival gene expression profiles of the saprophyte-cum-opportunistic pathogens M. smegmatis and the M. tuberculosis in tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment, we discuss the clinical relevance of the findings on the mechanism of emergence of antibiotic-resistant mycobacterial strains.
Collapse
|
17
|
Paul A, Nair RR, Jakkala K, Ajitkumar P. Mycobacterium smegmatis strains genetically resistant to moxifloxacin emerge de novo from the moxifloxacin-surviving population containing high levels of superoxide, H 2O 2, hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II). Int J Mycobacteriol 2022; 11:150-158. [PMID: 35775547 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_58_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antibiotic-exposed bacteria often contain the reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radical, which inflicts genome-wide mutations, causing the de novo formation of antibiotic-resistant strains. Hydroxyl radical is generated by Fenton reaction of Fe (II) with the ROS, H2O2, which, in turn, is formed by the dismutation of the ROS, superoxide. Therefore, for the emergence of bacterial strains genetically resistant to antibiotics, increased levels of superoxide, H2O2, hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II) should be present in the antibiotic-exposed bacteria. Here, we verified this premise by finding out whether the in vitro cultures of M. smegmatis, exposed to MBC of moxifloxacin for a prolonged duration, contain significantly high levels of superoxide, H2O2, hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II). Methods Biological triplicate cultures of M. smegmatis, were exposed to MBC of moxifloxacin for 84 h. The colony-forming units (CFUs) of the cultures were determined on moxifloxacin-free and moxifloxacin-containing plates for the entire 84 h at a regular interval of 6 h. The cultures were analyzed at specific time points of killing phase (KP), antibiotic-surviving phase (ASP), and regrowth phase (RGP) for the presence of superoxide, H2O2, hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II) using the ROS- and Fe (II)-detecting fluorescence probes. The experimental cultures were grown in the presence of ROS and Fe (II) quenchers also and determined the levels of fluorescence corresponding to the ROS- and Fe (II)-specific probes. This was performed to establish the specificity of detection of ROS and Fe (II). Biological triplicate cultures, unexposed to moxifloxacin but cultured for 84 h, were used as the control for the measurement of ROS and Fe (II) levels. The CFUs of the cultures were determined on moxifloxacin-free and moxifloxacin-containing plates for the entire 84 h at regular intervals of 6 h. Flow cytometry analyses were performed for the detection and quantitation of the levels of fluorescence of the ROS-and Fe (II)-specific probes. The experimental cultures were grown in the presence of thiourea and bipyridyl as the ROS and Fe (II) quenchers, respectively, for the determination of the levels of fluorescence corresponding to the ROS- and Fe (II)-specific probes. Paired t-test was used to calculate statistical significance (n = 3). Results The moxifloxacin-exposed cultures, but not the cultures unexposed to moxifloxacin, showed a triphasic response with a KP, ASP, and RGP. The cells in the late KP and ASP contained significantly elevated levels of superoxide, H2O2, hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II). Thus, high levels of the ROS and Fe (II) were found in the small population (in the ASP) of M. smegmatis cells that survived the moxifloxacin-mediated killing. From this moxifloxacin-surviving population (in the ASP), moxifloxacin-resistant genetic resisters emerged de novo at high frequency, regrew, divided, and populated the cultures. The levels of these ROS, Fe (II), and the high moxifloxacin resister generation frequency were quenched in the cultures grown in the presence of the respective ROS and Fe (II) quenchers. The cultures unexposed to moxifloxacin did not show any of these responses, indicating that the whole response was specific to antibiotic exposure. Conclusions Significantly high levels of superoxide, H2O2, hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II) were generated in the M. smegmatis cultures exposed to moxifloxacin for a prolonged duration. It promoted the de novo emergence of genetic resisters to moxifloxacin at high frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avraneel Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Ravindran Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishor Jakkala
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parthasarathi Ajitkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang Z, Zhuang Z, Mi K. Experimental Evolution Reveals Redox State Modulates Mycobacterial Pathogenicity. Front Genet 2022; 13:758304. [PMID: 35368697 PMCID: PMC8965865 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.758304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved into a professional pathogen is helpful in studying its pathogenesis and for designing vaccines. We investigated how the evolutionary adaptation of M. smegmatis mc251 to an important clinical stressor H2O2 allows bacteria to undergo coordinated genetic mutations, resulting in increased pathogenicity. Whole-genome sequencing identified a mutation site in the fur gene, which caused increased expression of katG. Using a Wayne dormancy model, mc251 showed a growth advantage over its parental strain mc2155 in recovering from dormancy under anaerobic conditions. Meanwhile, the high level of KatG in mc251 was accompanied by a low level of ATP, which meant that mc251 is at a low respiratory level. Additionally, the redox-related protein Rv1996 showed different phenotypes in different specific redox states in M. smegmatis mc2155 and mc251, M. bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis mc27000. In conclusion, our study shows that the same gene presents different phenotypes under different physiological conditions. This may partly explain why M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis have similar virulence factors and signaling transduction systems such as two-component systems and sigma factors, but due to the different redox states in the corresponding bacteria, M. smegmatis is a nonpathogen, while M. tuberculosis is a pathogen. As mc251 overcomes its shortcomings of rapid removal, it can potentially be developed as a vaccine vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengfang Zhuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixia Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kaixia Mi,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nag A, Mehra S. Involvement of the SCO3366 efflux pump from S. coelicolor in rifampicin resistance and its regulation by a TetR regulator. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2175-2190. [PMID: 35194656 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of efflux pumps represents a key mechanism of resistance in bacteria. Soil bacteria such as Streptomyces harbour a vast array of efflux genes that are transcriptionally silent under laboratory conditions. However, dissemination of many of these genes into clinical pathogens via horizontal gene transfer results in conferring resistance to multiple drugs. In this study, we have identified the role of a MFS transporter, SCO3366 from Streptomyces coelicolor, in governing multidrug resistance. Overexpression and knockout studies revealed that SCO3366 provides resistance to several structurally unrelated drugs including ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and EtBr, with rifampicin being the major substrate. Beyond multidrug resistance, SCO3366 was efficient in providing tolerance towards oxidative stress. A combinatorial mechanism of increased oxidative stress tolerance decreased intracellular drug levels and decreased permeability act synergistically to provide resistance towards rifampicin. Shedding light on the regulation of SCO3366, we find the pump to be directly regulated by the TetR regulator SCO3367 in a negative manner and the repression was found to be relieved in presence of different compounds recognized as substrates of SCO3366. KEY POINTS: • First reported rifampicin efflux pump in Streptomyces coelicolor • Resistance to rifampicin is the result of a synergistic action of increased efflux with increased oxidative stress tolerance and decreased permeability, which can potentially arise in clinically relevant bacteria • SCO3366-SCO3367 to be a novel system that operates to protect the bacteria under varied environmental stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Nag
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sarika Mehra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yan Y, Jiang N, Liu X, Pan J, Li M, Wang C, Camargo PHC, Wang J. Enhanced Spontaneous Antibacterial Activity of δ-MnO 2 by Alkali Metals Doping. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:788574. [PMID: 35059387 PMCID: PMC8764136 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.788574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the widespread use of antibiotics is becoming a serious worldwide public health challenge, which causes antimicrobial resistance and the occurrence of superbugs. In this context, MnO2 has been proposed as an alternative approach to achieve target antibacterial properties on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). This requires a further understanding on how to control and optimize antibacterial properties in these systems. We address this challenge by synthesizing δ-MnO2 nanoflowers doped by magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) ions, thus displaying different bandgaps, to evaluate the effect of doping on the bacterial viability of S. mutans. All these samples demonstrated antibacterial activity from the spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) without external illumination, where doped MnO2 can provide free electrons to induce the production of ROS, resulting in the antibacterial activity. Furthermore, it was observed that δ-MnO2 with narrower bandgap displayed a superior ability to inhibit bacteria. The enhancement is mainly attributed to the higher doping levels, which provided more free electrons to generate ROS for antibacterial effects. Moreover, we found that δ-MnO2 was attractive for in vivo applications, because it could nearly be degraded into Mn ions completely following the gradual addition of vitamin C. We believe that our results may provide meaningful insights for the design of inorganic antibacterial nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yan
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Dental Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Biomaterials Research and Testing Center, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mai Li
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunrui Wang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jiale Wang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nair RR, Sharan D, Srinivasan V, Mukkayyan N, Jakkala K, Ajitkumar P. The H2O2 inherently released by the mycobacterial minor subpopulation enhances the survival of the major kin subpopulation against rifampicin. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100148. [PMID: 35909613 PMCID: PMC9325904 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress survival of mycobacterial minor (SCs) and major (NCs) subpopulations. The SCs enhance survival of the NCs against rifampicin. H2O2 released by the SCs increased KatG levels in the NCs. Increased KatG levels neutralised the H2O2 formed during rifampicin exposure. The enhanced survival was not observed in the furA-katG/katG knockout mutants.
Exposure to antibiotics most often generates oxidative stress in bacteria. Oxidative stress survival mechanisms would facilitate the evolution of antibiotic resistance. As part of an effort to understand oxidative stress survival mechanisms in mycobacteria, here we show that the minor subpopulation (SCs; short-sized cells constituting 10% of the population) of Mycobacterium smegmatis significantly increased the survival of its major kin subpopulation (NCs; normal/long-sized cells constituting 90% of the population) in the mid-log-phase (MLP) cultures against the oxidative stress induced by rifampicin and exogenously added H2O2 (positive control). We had earlier shown that the SCs in the MLP cultures inherently and naturally release significantly high levels of H2O2 into the medium. Addition of the SCs’ culture supernatant, unlike the supernatant of the dimethylthiourea (H2O2 scavenger) exposed SCs, enhanced the survival of NCs. It indicated that NCs’ survival required the H2O2 present in the SCs’ supernatant. This H2O2 transcriptionally induced high levels of catalase-peroxidase (KatG) in the NCs. The naturally high KatG levels in the NCs significantly neutralised the endogenous H2O2 formed upon exposure to rifampicin or H2O2, thereby enhancing the survival of NCs against oxidative stress. The absence of such enhanced survival in the furA-katG and katG knockout (KO) mutants of NCs in the presence of wild-type SCs, confirmed the requirement of the H2O2 present in the SCs’ supernatant and NCs’ KatG for enhanced oxidative stress survival. The presence of SCs:NCs at 1:9 in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients’ sputum alludes to the clinical significance of the finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ravindran Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Deepti Sharan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vijay Srinivasan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nagaraja Mukkayyan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, Maryland, USA
| | - Kishor Jakkala
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Parthasarathi Ajitkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Prabhu P, Fernandes T, Damani M, Chaubey P, Narayanan S, Sawarkar S. 2Receptor Specific Ligand conjugated Nanocarriers: an Effective Strategy for Targeted Therapy of Tuberculosis. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:830-845. [PMID: 34915835 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666211216141942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient chronic disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has affected mankind for more than 4,000 years. Compliance with the standard conventional treatment can assure recovery from tuberculosis, but emergence of drug resistant strains pose a great challenge for effective management of tuberculosis. The process of discovery and development of new therapeutic entities with better specificity and efficacy is unpredictable and time consuming. Hence, delivery of pre-existing drugs with improved targetability is the need of the hour. Enhanced delivery and targetability can ascertain improved bioavailability, reduced toxicity, decreased frequency of dosing and therefore better patient compliance. Nanoformulations are being explored for effective delivery of therapeutic agents, however optimum specificity is not guaranteed. In order to achieve specificity, ligands specific to receptors or cellular components of macrophage and Mycobacteria can be conjugatedto nanocarriers. This approach can improve localization of existing drug molecules at the intramacrophageal site where the parasites reside, improve targeting to the unique cell wall structure of Mycobacterium or improve adhesion to epithelial surface of intestine or alveolar tissue (lectins). Present review focuses on the investigation of various ligands like Mannose, Mycolic acid, Lectin, Aptamers etc. installed nanocarriers that are being envisaged for targeting antitubercular drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai. Saudi Arabia
| | - Trinette Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansi Damani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai. Saudi Arabia
| | - Pramila Chaubey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi. Saudi Arabia
| | - Shridhar Narayanan
- Foundation for Neglected Disease Research, 20A, KIADB Industrial Area Veerapura, Doddaballapur, Bengaluru, Karnataka 561203. India
| | - Sujata Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai. Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rodríguez-Beltrán É, López GD, Anzola JM, Rodríguez-Castillo JG, Carazzone C, Murcia MI. Heterogeneous fitness landscape cues, pknG low expression, and phthiocerol dimycocerosate low production of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC25618 rpoB S450L in enriched broth. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 132:102156. [PMID: 34891037 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (isoniazid/rifampin[RIF]-resistant TB) ravages developing countries. Fitness is critical in clinical outcomes. Previous studies on RIF-resistant TB (RR-TB) showed competitive fitness gains and losses, with rpoB-S450L as the most isolated/fit mutation. This study measured virulence/resistance genes, phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) levels and their relationship with rpoB S450L ATCC25618 RR-TB strain fitness. After obtaining 10 different RR-TB GenoType MTBDRplus 2.0-genotyped isolates (with nontyped, S441, H445 and S450 positions), only one S450L isolate (R9, rpoB-S450L ATCC 25618, RR 1 μg/mL) was observed, with H445Y being the most common. A competitive fitness in vitro assay with wild-type (wt) ATCC 25618: R9 1:1 in 50 mL Middlebrook 7H9/OADC was performed, and generation time (G) in vitro and relative fitness were obtained. mRNA and PDIM were extracted on log and stationary phases. Fitness decreased in rpoB S450L and H445Y strains, with heterogeneous fitness cues in three biological replicas of rpoB-S450L: one high and two low fitness replicas. S450L strain had significant pknG increase. Compared with S450L, wt-rpoB showed increased polyketide synthase ppsA expression and high PDIM peak measured by HPLC-MS in log phase compared to S450L. This contrasts with previously increased PDIM in other RR-TB isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Édgar Rodríguez-Beltrán
- MicobacUN Group, Microbiology Department, The National University of Colombia (NUC) School of Medicine, AV CR 30 45-03, Bogotá, D.C, 111321, Colombia
| | - Gerson-Dirceu López
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18A-12, Bogotá, D.C, 111711, Colombia
| | - Juan Manuel Anzola
- Corpogen, CR 4 20-41, Bogotá, D.C, 110311, Colombia; Universidad Central, CR 5 21-38, Bogotá, D.C, 110311, Colombia
| | - Juan Germán Rodríguez-Castillo
- MicobacUN Group, Microbiology Department, The National University of Colombia (NUC) School of Medicine, AV CR 30 45-03, Bogotá, D.C, 111321, Colombia
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18A-12, Bogotá, D.C, 111711, Colombia
| | - Martha I Murcia
- MicobacUN Group, Microbiology Department, The National University of Colombia (NUC) School of Medicine, AV CR 30 45-03, Bogotá, D.C, 111321, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li Y, Fu L, Zhang W, Chen X, Lu Y. The Transcription Factor Rv1453 Regulates the Expression of qor and Confers Resistant to Clofazimine in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:3937-3948. [PMID: 34594117 PMCID: PMC8478341 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s324043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Clofazimine plays an important role in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, the mechanism of clofazimine resistance remains unclear. In order to slow down the occurrence of clofazimine resistance, it is necessary to study its resistance mechanism. Methods In this study, we constructed Rv1453 knockout, complementary and overexpressed strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clofazimine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected by microplate alamar blue assay (MABA). The transcription levels of Rv1453 and its adjacent genes were detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The purified Rv1453 protein was used for electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) to identify the binding site of Rv1453 protein. Results The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clofazimine increased about 4-fold for the Rv1453 knockout strain and decreased about 4-fold for the Rv1453 overexpressed strain compared with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Further analysis showed that Rv1453 protein, as a regulatory protein, binds to the RNA polymerase binding site of qor and blocks the transcription process. Conclusion This study preliminarily revealed that Rv1453 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects its susceptibility to clofazimine by regulating the transcription level of qor, which is shedding a new light on the mechanism of clofazimine resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kunota TTR, Rahman MA, Truebody BE, Mackenzie JS, Saini V, Lamprecht DA, Adamson JH, Sevalkar RR, Lancaster JR, Berney M, Glasgow JN, Steyn AJC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 2S Functions as a Sink to Modulate Central Metabolism, Bioenergetics, and Drug Susceptibility. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1285. [PMID: 34439535 PMCID: PMC8389258 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
H2S is a potent gasotransmitter in eukaryotes and bacteria. Host-derived H2S has been shown to profoundly alter M. tuberculosis (Mtb) energy metabolism and growth. However, compelling evidence for endogenous production of H2S and its role in Mtb physiology is lacking. We show that multidrug-resistant and drug-susceptible clinical Mtb strains produce H2S, whereas H2S production in non-pathogenic M. smegmatis is barely detectable. We identified Rv3684 (Cds1) as an H2S-producing enzyme in Mtb and show that cds1 disruption reduces, but does not eliminate, H2S production, suggesting the involvement of multiple genes in H2S production. We identified endogenous H2S to be an effector molecule that maintains bioenergetic homeostasis by stimulating respiration primarily via cytochrome bd. Importantly, H2S plays a key role in central metabolism by modulating the balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, and it functions as a sink to recycle sulfur atoms back to cysteine to maintain sulfur homeostasis. Lastly, Mtb-generated H2S regulates redox homeostasis and susceptibility to anti-TB drugs clofazimine and rifampicin. These findings reveal previously unknown facets of Mtb physiology and have implications for routine laboratory culturing, understanding drug susceptibility, and improved diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tafara T. R. Kunota
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Md. Aejazur Rahman
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Barry E. Truebody
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Jared S. Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Dirk A. Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - John H. Adamson
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Ritesh R. Sevalkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
| | - Jack R. Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA;
| | - Joel N. Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rivera JGB, de Almeida LCN, da Silva NLL, Albério CAA, Sales CA, Vieira JLF. The effect of first-line antituberculosis drugs on the methemoglobin level among patients in treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis: A prospective study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:273-277. [PMID: 34160900 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Gutiérrez R, Ram Y, Berman J, Carstens Marques de Sousa K, Nachum-Biala Y, Britzi M, Elad D, Glaser G, Covo S, Harrus S. Adaptive resistance mutations at supra-inhibitory concentrations independent of SOS mutagenesis. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4095-4115. [PMID: 34175952 PMCID: PMC8476149 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of resistant bacteria during antimicrobial treatment is one of the most critical and universal health threats. It is known that several stress-induced mutagenesis and heteroresistance mechanisms can enhance microbial adaptation to antibiotics. Here, we demonstrate that the pathogen Bartonella can undergo stress-induced mutagenesis despite the fact it lacks error-prone polymerases, the rpoS gene and functional UV-induced mutagenesis. We demonstrate that Bartonella acquire de novo single mutations during rifampicin exposure at suprainhibitory concentrations at a much higher rate than expected from spontaneous fluctuations. This is while exhibiting a minimal heteroresistance capacity. The emerged resistant mutants acquired a single rpoB mutation, whereas no other mutations were found in their whole genome. Interestingly, the emergence of resistance in Bartonella occurred only during gradual exposure to the antibiotic, indicating that Bartonella sense and react to the changing environment. Using a mathematical model, we demonstrated that, to reproduce the experimental results, mutation rates should be transiently increased over 1,000-folds, and a larger population size or greater heteroresistance capacity is required. RNA expression analysis suggests that the increased mutation rate is due to downregulation of key DNA repair genes (mutS, mutY, and recA), associated with DNA breaks caused by massive prophage inductions. These results provide new evidence of the hazard of antibiotic overuse in medicine and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gutiérrez
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,The Center for Research in Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Yoav Ram
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.,School of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Judith Berman
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Malka Britzi
- The National Residue Control Laboratory, The Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Daniel Elad
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, The Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gad Glaser
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shay Covo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shimon Harrus
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bittencourt TL, da Silva Prata RB, de Andrade Silva BJ, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Dalcolmo MP, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy as a Target for Drug Development Of Skin Infection Caused by Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674241. [PMID: 34113346 PMCID: PMC8185338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria species may subvert the innate immune mechanisms and can modulate the activation of cells that cause disease in the skin. Cutaneous mycobacterial infection may present different clinical presentations and it is associated with stigma, deformity, and disability. The understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms related to mycobacterial infection in human skin is of pivotal importance to identify targets for new therapeutic strategies. The occurrence of reactional episodes and relapse in leprosy patients, the emergence of resistant mycobacteria strains, and the absence of effective drugs to treat mycobacterial cutaneous infection increased the interest in the development of therapies based on repurposed drugs against mycobacteria. The mechanism of action of many of these therapies evaluated is linked to the activation of autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that has been associated with the control of the mycobacterial bacillary load. Here, we review the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cutaneous mycobacterial infection and discuss the perspectives of autophagy as a target for drug development and repurposing against cutaneous mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Margareth Pretti Dalcolmo
- Helio Fraga Reference Center, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dow A, Sule P, O’Donnell TJ, Burger A, Mattila JT, Antonio B, Vergara K, Marcantonio E, Adams LG, James N, Williams PG, Cirillo JD, Prisic S. Zinc limitation triggers anticipatory adaptations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009570. [PMID: 33989345 PMCID: PMC8121289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has complex and dynamic interactions with the human host, and subpopulations of Mtb that emerge during infection can influence disease outcomes. This study implicates zinc ion (Zn2+) availability as a likely driver of bacterial phenotypic heterogeneity in vivo. Zn2+ sequestration is part of "nutritional immunity", where the immune system limits micronutrients to control pathogen growth, but this defense mechanism seems to be ineffective in controlling Mtb infection. Nonetheless, Zn2+-limitation is an environmental cue sensed by Mtb, as calprotectin triggers the zinc uptake regulator (Zur) regulon response in vitro and co-localizes with Zn2+-limited Mtb in vivo. Prolonged Zn2+ limitation leads to numerous physiological changes in vitro, including differential expression of certain antigens, alterations in lipid metabolism and distinct cell surface morphology. Furthermore, Mtb enduring limited Zn2+ employ defensive measures to fight oxidative stress, by increasing expression of proteins involved in DNA repair and antioxidant activity, including well described virulence factors KatG and AhpC, along with altered utilization of redox cofactors. Here, we propose a model in which prolonged Zn2+ limitation defines a population of Mtb with anticipatory adaptations against impending immune attack, based on the evidence that Zn2+-limited Mtb are more resistant to oxidative stress and exhibit increased survival and induce more severe pulmonary granulomas in mice. Considering that extracellular Mtb may transit through the Zn2+-limited caseum before infecting naïve immune cells or upon host-to-host transmission, the resulting phenotypic heterogeneity driven by varied Zn2+ availability likely plays a key role during early interactions with host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allexa Dow
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Preeti Sule
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. O’Donnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Andrew Burger
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brandi Antonio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Kevin Vergara
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Endrei Marcantonio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - L. Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas James
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Philip G. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sladjana Prisic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rankine-Wilson LI, Shapira T, Sao Emani C, Av-Gay Y. From infection niche to therapeutic target: the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167:001041. [PMID: 33826491 PMCID: PMC8289223 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen killing millions of people annually. Treatment for tuberculosis is lengthy and complicated, involving multiple drugs and often resulting in serious side effects and non-compliance. Mtb has developed numerous complex mechanisms enabling it to not only survive but replicate inside professional phagocytes. These mechanisms include, among others, overcoming the phagosome maturation process, inhibiting the acidification of the phagosome and inhibiting apoptosis. Within the past decade, technologies have been developed that enable a more accurate understanding of Mtb physiology within its intracellular niche, paving the way for more clinically relevant drug-development programmes. Here we review the molecular biology of Mtb pathogenesis offering a unique perspective on the use and development of therapies that target Mtb during its intracellular life stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carine Sao Emani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Udhaya Kumar S, Saleem A, Thirumal Kumar D, Anu Preethi V, Younes S, Zayed H, Tayubi IA, George Priya Doss C. A systemic approach to explore the mechanisms of drug resistance and altered signaling cascades in extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 127:343-364. [PMID: 34340773 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The persistence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) continue to pose a significant challenge to the treatment and control of tuberculosis infections worldwide. XDR-MTB strains exhibit resistance against first-line anti-TB drugs, fluoroquinolones, and second-line injectable drugs. The mechanisms of drug resistance of MTB remains poorly understood. Our study aims at identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), associated gene networks, and signaling cascades involved in rendering this pathogen resistant to multiple drugs, namely, isoniazid, rifampicin, and capreomycin. METHODS We used the microarray dataset GSE53843. The GEO2R tool was used to prioritize the most significant DEGs (top 250) of each drug exposure sample between XDR strains and non-resistant strains. The validation of the 250 DEGs was performed using volcano plots. Protein-protein interaction networks of the DEGs were created using STRING and Cytoscape tools, which helped decipher the relationship between these genes. The significant DEGs were functionally annotated using DAVID and ClueGO. The concomitant biological processes (BP) and molecular functions (MF) were represented as dot plots. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We identified relevant molecular pathways and biological processes, such as cell wall biogenesis, lipid metabolic process, ion transport, phosphopantetheine binding, and triglyceride lipase activity. These processes indicated the involvement of multiple interconnected mechanisms in drug resistance. Our study highlighted the impact of cell wall permeability, with the dysregulation of the mur family of proteins, as essential factors in the inference of resistance. Additionally, upregulation of genes responsible for ion transport such as ctpF, arsC, and nark3, emphasizes the importance of transport channels and efflux pumps in potentially driving out stress-inducing compounds. This study investigated the upregulation of the Lip family of proteins, which play a crucial role in triglyceride lipase activity. Thereby illuminating the potential role of drug-induced dormancy and subsequent resistance in the mycobacterial strains. Multiple mechanisms such as carboxylic acid metabolic process, NAD biosynthetic process, triglyceride lipase activity, phosphopantetheine binding, organic acid biosynthetic process, and growth of symbiont in host cell were observed to partake in resistance of XDR-MTB. This study ultimately provides a platform for important mapping targets for potential therapeutics against XDR-MTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Udhaya Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aisha Saleem
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Anu Preethi
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Salma Younes
- Translational Research Institute, Women's Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Iftikhar Aslam Tayubi
- Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdul-Aziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bulman CA, Chappell L, Gunderson E, Vogel I, Beerntsen B, Slatko BE, Sullivan W, Sakanari JA. The Eagle effect in the Wolbachia-worm symbiosis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:118. [PMID: 33627171 PMCID: PMC7905570 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04545-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onchocerciasis (river blindness) and lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) are two human neglected tropical diseases that cause major disabilities. Mass administration of drugs targeting the microfilarial stage has reduced transmission and eliminated these diseases in several countries but a macrofilaricidal drug that kills or sterilizes the adult worms is critically needed to eradicate the diseases. The causative agents of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis are filarial worms that harbor the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. Because filarial worms depend on Wolbachia for reproduction and survival, drugs targeting Wolbachia hold great promise as a means to eliminate these diseases. Methods To better understand the relationship between Wolbachia and its worm host, adult Brugia pahangi were exposed to varying concentrations of doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline and rifampicin in vitro and assessed for Wolbachia numbers and worm motility. Worm motility was monitored using the Worminator system, and Wolbachia titers were assessed by qPCR of the single copy gene wsp from Wolbachia and gst from Brugia to calculate IC50s and in time course experiments. Confocal microscopy was also used to quantify Wolbachia located at the distal tip region of worm ovaries to assess the effects of antibiotic treatment in this region of the worm where Wolbachia are transmitted vertically to the microfilarial stage. Results Worms treated with higher concentrations of antibiotics had higher Wolbachia titers, i.e. as antibiotic concentrations increased there was a corresponding increase in Wolbachia titers. As the concentration of antibiotic increased, worms stopped moving and never recovered despite maintaining Wolbachia titers comparable to controls. Thus, worms were rendered moribund by the higher concentrations of antibiotics but Wolbachia persisted suggesting that these antibiotics may act directly on the worms at high concentration. Surprisingly, in contrast to these results, antibiotics given at low concentrations reduced Wolbachia titers. Conclusion Wolbachia in B. pahangi display a counterintuitive dose response known as the “Eagle effect.” This effect in Wolbachia suggests a common underlying mechanism that allows diverse bacterial and fungal species to persist despite exposure to high concentrations of antimicrobial compounds. To our knowledge this is the first report of this phenomenon occurring in an intracellular endosymbiont, Wolbachia, in its filarial host.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Bulman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Chappell
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Emma Gunderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Beerntsen
- Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Barton E Slatko
- Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Inc, Ipswich, MA, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Judy A Sakanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Song Z, Zuo L, Li C, Tian Y, Wang H. Copper Ions Facilitate the Conjugative Transfer of SXT/R391 Integrative and Conjugative Element Across Bacterial Genera. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:616792. [PMID: 33603719 PMCID: PMC7884315 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.616792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper can persist stably in the environment for prolonged periods. Except for inducing antibiotic resistance in bacteria, copper ions (Cu2+) can facilitate the horizontal transfer of plasmid DNA. However, whether and how Cu2+ can accelerate the conjugative transfer of SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element (ICE) is still largely unknown. In this study, Proteus mirabilis ChSC1905, harboring an SXT/R391 ICE that carried 21 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), was used as a donor, and Escherichia coli EC600 was used as a recipient. Cu2+, at subinhibitory and environmentally relevant concentrations (1–10 μmol/L), significantly accelerated the conjugative transfer of SXT/R391 ICE across bacterial genera (from P. mirabilis to E. coli) (p < 0.05). The combined analyses of phenotypic tests and genome-wide sequencing indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell membrane permeability were critical in the enhanced conjugative transfer of SXT/R391 ICE. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to cell adhesion and ATP synthesis was also significantly upregulated on exposure to Cu2+ at a concentration of 5 μmol/L. This study clarified the potential mechanisms of Cu2+ to promote the conjugative transfer of SXT/R391 ICE, revealing the potential risk imposed by Cu2+ on the horizontal transfer of SXT/R391 ICE-mediated ARGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Song
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zuo
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiming Tian
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hasenoehrl EJ, Wiggins TJ, Berney M. Bioenergetic Inhibitors: Antibiotic Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:611683. [PMID: 33505923 PMCID: PMC7831573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.611683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel anti-tuberculosis combination regimens that increase efficacy and reduce treatment timelines will improve patient compliance, limit side-effects, reduce costs, and enhance cure rates. Such advancements would significantly improve the global TB burden and reduce drug resistance acquisition. Bioenergetics has received considerable attention in recent years as a fertile area for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. Targeting the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation machinery promises not only to kill growing cells but also metabolically dormant bacilli that are inherently more drug tolerant. Over the last two decades, a broad array of drugs targeting various ETC components have been developed. Here, we provide a focused review of the current state of art of bioenergetic inhibitors of Mtb with an in-depth analysis of the metabolic and bioenergetic disruptions caused by specific target inhibition as well as their synergistic and antagonistic interactions with other drugs. This foundation is then used to explore the reigning theories on the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced cell death and we discuss how bioenergetic inhibitors in particular fail to be adequately described by these models. These discussions lead us to develop a clear roadmap for new lines of investigation to better understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs with complex mechanisms as well as how to leverage that knowledge for the development of novel, rationally-designed combination therapies to cure TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Wiggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Unique Mode of Cell Division by the Mycobacterial Genetic Resister Clones Emerging De Novo from the Antibiotic-Surviving Population. mSphere 2020; 5:5/6/e00994-20. [PMID: 33208519 PMCID: PMC7677009 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00994-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogens that are tolerant to antibiotics and survive in the continued presence of antibiotics have the chance to acquire genetically resistant mutations against the antibiotics and emerge de novo as antibiotic resisters. Once the antibiotic resister clone has emerged, often with compromise on growth characteristics, for the protection of the species, it is important to establish an antibiotic-resistant population quickly in the continued presence of the antibiotic. In this regard, the present study has unraveled multinucleation and multiseptation followed by multiple constrictions as the cellular processes used by the bacteria for quick multiplication to establish antibiotic-resistant populations. The study also points out the same phenomenon occurring in other bacterial systems investigated in our laboratory and others’ laboratories. Identification of these specific cellular events involved in quick multiplication offers additional cellular processes that can be targeted in combination with the existing antibiotics’ targets to preempt the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. The emergence of antibiotic genetic resisters of pathogenic bacteria poses a major public health challenge. The mechanism by which bacterial antibiotic genetic resister clones formed de novo multiply and establish a resister population remained unknown. Here, we delineated the unique mode of cell division of the antibiotic genetic resisters of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis formed de novo from the population surviving in the presence of bactericidal concentrations of rifampicin or moxifloxacin. The cells in the rifampicin/moxifloxacin-surviving population generated elevated levels of hydroxyl radical-inflicting mutations. The genetic mutants selected against rifampicin/moxifloxacin became multinucleated and multiseptated and developed multiple constrictions. These cells stochastically divided multiple times, producing sister-daughter cells phenomenally higher in number than what could be expected from their generation time. This caused an abrupt, unexpectedly high increase in the rifampicin/moxifloxacin resister colonies. This unique cell division behavior was not shown by the rifampicin resisters formed naturally in the actively growing cultures. We could detect such abrupt increases in the antibiotic resisters in others’ and our earlier data on the antibiotic-exposed laboratory/clinical M. tuberculosis strains, M. smegmatis and other bacteria in in vitro cultures, infected macrophages/animals, and tuberculosis patients. However, it went unnoticed/unreported in all those studies. This phenomenon occurring in diverse bacteria surviving against different antibiotics revealed the broad significance of the present study. We speculate that the antibiotic-resistant bacillary clones, which emerge in patients with diverse bacterial infections, might be using the same mechanism to establish an antibiotic resister population quickly in the continued presence of antibiotics. IMPORTANCE The bacterial pathogens that are tolerant to antibiotics and survive in the continued presence of antibiotics have the chance to acquire genetically resistant mutations against the antibiotics and emerge de novo as antibiotic resisters. Once the antibiotic resister clone has emerged, often with compromise on growth characteristics, for the protection of the species, it is important to establish an antibiotic-resistant population quickly in the continued presence of the antibiotic. In this regard, the present study has unraveled multinucleation and multiseptation followed by multiple constrictions as the cellular processes used by the bacteria for quick multiplication to establish antibiotic-resistant populations. The study also points out the same phenomenon occurring in other bacterial systems investigated in our laboratory and others’ laboratories. Identification of these specific cellular events involved in quick multiplication offers additional cellular processes that can be targeted in combination with the existing antibiotics’ targets to preempt the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lai LY, Hsu LY, Weng SH, Chung SE, Ke HE, Lin TL, Hsieh PF, Lee WT, Tsai HY, Lin WH, Jou R, Wang JT. A Glutamine Insertion at Codon 432 of RpoB Confers Rifampicin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:583194. [PMID: 33193223 PMCID: PMC7604305 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.583194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Treating TB is challenging; successful treatment requires a long course of multiple antibiotics. Rifampicin (RIF) is a first-line drug for treating TB, and the development of RIF-resistant M. tuberculosis makes treatment even more difficult. To determine the mechanism of RIF resistance in these strains, we searched for novel mutations by sequencing. Four isolates, CDC-1, CDC-2, CDC-3, and CDC-4, had high-level RIF resistance and unique mutations encoding RpoB G158R, RpoB V168A, RpoB S188P, and RpoB Q432insQ, respectively. To evaluate their correlation with RIF resistance, plasmids carrying rpoB genes encoding these mutant proteins were transfected into the H37Rv reference strain. The plasmid complementation of RpoB indicated that G158R, V168A, and S188P did not affect the MIC of RIF. However, the MIC of RIF was increased in H37Rv carrying RpoB Q432insQ. To confirm the correlation between RIF resistance and Q432insQ, we cloned an rpoB fragment carrying the insertion (encoding RpoB Q432insQ) into H37Rv by homologous recombination using a suicide vector. All replacement mutants expressing RpoB Q432insQ were resistant to RIF (MIC > 1 mg/L). These results indicate that RpoB Q432insQ causes RIF resistance in M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yin Lai
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Hsu
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hui Weng
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-En Chung
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-En Ke
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Lee
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yuan Tsai
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Lin
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruwen Jou
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Town Wang
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The control of tuberculosis (TB) is hampered by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains, defined as resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two bactericidal drugs essential for the treatment of the disease. Due to the worldwide estimate of almost half a million incident cases of MDR/rifampin-resistant TB, it is important to continuously update the knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the development of this phenomenon. Clinical, biological and microbiological reasons account for the generation of resistance, including: (i) nonadherence of patients to their therapy, and/or errors of physicians in therapy management, (ii) complexity and poor vascularization of granulomatous lesions, which obstruct drug distribution to some sites, resulting in resistance development, (iii) intrinsic drug resistance of tubercle bacilli, (iv) formation of non-replicating, drug-tolerant bacilli inside the granulomas, (v) development of mutations in Mtb genes, which are the most important molecular mechanisms of resistance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these issues, and releases up-dated information on the therapeutic strategies recently endorsed and recommended by the World Health Organization to facilitate the clinical and microbiological management of drug-resistant TB at the global level, with attention also to the most recent diagnostic methods.
Collapse
|
38
|
A Screen for Antibiotic Resistance Determinants Reveals a Fitness Cost of the Flagellum in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00682-19. [PMID: 31871033 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00682-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to many antibiotics limits treatment options for pseudomonal infections. P. aeruginosa's outer membrane is highly impermeable and decreases antibiotic entry into the cell. We used an unbiased high-throughput approach to examine mechanisms underlying outer membrane-mediated antibiotic exclusion. Insertion sequencing (INSeq) identified genes that altered fitness in the presence of linezolid, rifampin, and vancomycin, antibiotics to which P. aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant. We reasoned that resistance to at least one of these antibiotics would depend on outer membrane barrier function, as previously demonstrated in Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae This approach demonstrated a critical role of the outer membrane barrier in vancomycin fitness, while efflux pumps were primary contributors to fitness in the presence of linezolid and rifampin. Disruption of flagellar assembly or function was sufficient to confer a fitness advantage to bacteria exposed to vancomycin. These findings clearly show that loss of flagellar function alone can confer a fitness advantage in the presence of an antibiotic.IMPORTANCE The cell envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria render them intrinsically resistant to many classes of antibiotics. We used insertion sequencing to identify genes whose disruption altered the fitness of a highly antibiotic-resistant pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the presence of antibiotics usually excluded by the cell envelope. This screen identified gene products involved in outer membrane biogenesis and homeostasis, respiration, and efflux as important contributors to fitness. An unanticipated fitness cost of flagellar assembly and function in the presence of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin was further characterized. These findings have clinical relevance for individuals with cystic fibrosis who are infected with P. aeruginosa and undergo treatment with vancomycin for a concurrent Staphylococcus aureus infection.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mycobacterium smegmatis moxifloxacin persister cells produce high levels of hydroxyl radical, generating genetic resisters selectable not only with moxifloxacin, but also with ethambutol and isoniazid. Microbiology (Reading) 2020; 166:180-198. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
40
|
Tung QN, Busche T, Van Loi V, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The redox-sensing MarR-type repressor HypS controls hypochlorite and antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:252-261. [PMID: 31887453 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MarR-family transcription factors often control antioxidant enzymes, multidrug efflux pumps or virulence factors in bacterial pathogens and confer resistance towards oxidative stress and antibiotics. In this study, we have characterized the function and redox-regulatory mechanism of the MarR-type regulator HypS in Mycobacterium smegmatis. RNA-seq transcriptomics and qRT-PCR analyses of the hypS mutant revealed that hypS is autoregulated and represses transcription of the co-transcribed hypO gene which encodes a multidrug efflux pump. DNA binding activity of HypS to the 8-5-8 bp inverted repeat sequence upstream of the hypSO operon was inhibited under NaOCl stress. However, the HypSC58S mutant protein was not impaired in DNA-binding under NaOCl stress in vitro, indicating an important role of Cys58 in redox sensing of NaOCl stress. HypS was shown to be inactivated by Cys58-Cys58' intersubunit disulfide formation under HOCl stress, resulting in derepression of hypO transcription. Phenotype results revealed that the HypS regulon confers resistance towards HOCl, rifampicin and erythromycin stress. In conclusion, HypS was identified as a novel redox-sensitive repressor that contributes to mycobacterial resistance towards HOCl stress and antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quach Ngoc Tung
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nair RR, Sharan D, Ajitkumar P. A Minor Subpopulation of Mycobacteria Inherently Produces High Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species That Generate Antibiotic Resisters at High Frequency From Itself and Enhance Resister Generation From Its Major Kin Subpopulation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1842. [PMID: 31456773 PMCID: PMC6700507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-exposed bacteria produce elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), to which either they succumb or get mutated genome-wide to generate antibiotic resisters. We recently showed that mycobacterial cultures contained two subpopulations, short-sized cells (SCs; ∼10%) and normal/long-sized cells (NCs; ∼90%). The SCs were significantly more antibiotic-susceptible than the NCs. It implied that the SCs might naturally be predisposed to generate significantly higher levels of ROS than the NCs. This in turn could make the SCs more susceptible to antibiotics or generate more resisters as compared to the NCs. Investigation into this possibility showed that the SCs in the actively growing mid-log phase culture naturally generated significantly high levels of superoxide, as compared to the equivalent NCs, due to the naturally high expression of a specific NADH oxidase in the SCs. This caused labile Fe2+ leaching from 4Fe-4S proteins and elevated H2O2 formation through superoxide dismutation. Thus, the SCs of both Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis inherently contained significantly higher levels of H2O2 and labile Fe2+ than the NCs. This in turn produced significantly higher levels of hydroxyl radical through Fenton reaction, promoting enhanced antibiotic resister generation from the SCs than from the NCs. The SCs, when mixed back with the NCs, at their natural proportion in the actively growing mid-log phase culture, enhanced antibiotic resister generation from the NCs, to a level equivalent to that from the unfractionated whole culture. The enhanced antibiotic resister generation from the NCs in the reconstituted SCs-NCs natural mixture was found to be due to the high levels of H2O2 secreted by the SCs. Thus, the present work unveils and documents the metabolic designs of two mycobacterial subpopulations where one subpopulation produces high ROS levels, despite higher susceptibility, to generate significantly higher number of antibiotic resisters from itself and to enhance resister generation from its kin subpopulation. These findings show the existence of an inherent natural mechanism in both the non-pathogenic and pathogenic mycobacteria to generate antibiotic resisters. The presence of the SCs and the NCs in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients’ sputum, reported by us earlier, alludes to the clinical significance of the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ravindran Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deepti Sharan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yew WW, Chan DP, Chang KC, Zhang Y. Does oxidative stress contribute to antituberculosis drug resistance? J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:E100-E102. [PMID: 31463157 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.06.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Wai Yew
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Denise P Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Chiu Chang
- Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nair RR, Sharan D, Sebastian J, Swaminath S, Ajitkumar P. Heterogeneity of ROS levels in antibiotic-exposed mycobacterial subpopulations confers differential susceptibility. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:668-682. [PMID: 31091187 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypically heterogeneous but genetically identical mycobacterial subpopulations exist in in vitro cultures, in vitro-infected macrophages, infected animal models and tuberculosis patients. In this regard, we recently reported the presence of two subpopulations of cells, which are phenotypically different in length and buoyant density, in mycobacterial cultures. These are the low-buoyant-density short-sized cells (SCs), which constitute ~10-20 % of the population, and the high-buoyant-density normal/long-sized cells (NCs), which form ~80-90 % of the population. The SCs were found to be significantly more susceptible to rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), H2O2 and acidified nitrite than the NCs. Here we report that the RIF-/INH-/H2O2-exposed SCs showed significantly higher levels of oxidative stress and therefore higher susceptibility than the equivalent number of exposed NCs. Significantly higher levels of hydroxyl radical and superoxide were found in the antibiotic-exposed SCs than in the equivalently exposed NCs. Different proportions of the subpopulation of SCs were found to have different levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The hydroxyl radical quencher, thiourea, and the superoxide dismutase mimic, TEMPOL, significantly reduced hydroxyl radical and superoxide levels, respectively, in the antibiotic-exposed SCs and NCs and thereby decreased their differential susceptibility to antibiotics. Thus, the present study shows that the heterogeneity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in these mycobacterial subpopulations confers differential susceptibility to antibiotics. We have discussed the possible mechanisms that can generate differential ROS levels in the antibiotic-exposed SCs and NCs. The present study advances our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying antibiotic tolerance in mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ravindran Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepti Sharan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Jees Sebastian
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharmada Swaminath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Parthasarathi Ajitkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pal R, Hameed S, Kumar P, Singh S, Fatima Z. Understanding lipidomic basis of iron limitation induced chemosensitization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:122. [PMID: 30863701 PMCID: PMC6401079 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Under limited micronutrients condition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has to struggle for acquisition of the limited micronutrients available in the host. One such crucial micronutrient that MTB requires for the growth and sustenance is iron. The present study aimed to sequester the iron supply of MTB to control drug resistance in MTB. We found that iron restriction renders hypersensitivity to multidrug-resistant MTB strains against first-line anti-TB drugs. To decipher the effect of iron restriction on possible mechanisms of chemosensitization and altered cellular circuitry governing drug resistance and virulence of MTB, we explored MTB cellular architecture. We could identify non-intact cell envelope, tampered MTB morphology and diminished mycolic acid under iron restricted MDR-MTB cells. Deeper exploration unraveled altered lipidome profile observed through conventional TLC and advanced mass spectrometry-based LC-ESI-MS techniques. Lipidome analysis not only depicted profound alterations of various lipid classes which are crucial for pathogenecity but also exposed leads such as indispensability of iron to sustain metabolic, genotoxic and oxidative stresses. Furthermore, iron deprivation led to inhibited biofilm formation and capacity of MTB to adhere buccal epithelial cells. Lastly, we demonstrated enhanced survival of Mycobacterium-infected Caenorhabditis elegans model under iron limitation. The present study offers evidence and proposes alteration of lipidome profile and affected virulence traits upon iron chelation. Taken together, iron deprivation could be a potential strategy to rescue MDR and enhance the effectiveness of existing anti-TB drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pal
- 0000 0004 1805 0217grid.444644.2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Saif Hameed
- 0000 0004 1805 0217grid.444644.2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- 0000 0004 1767 6103grid.413618.9Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Sarman Singh
- 0000 0004 1767 6103grid.413618.9Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- 0000 0004 1805 0217grid.444644.2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, 122413 India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ngwane AH, Petersen RD, Baker B, Wiid I, Wong HN, Haynes RK. The evaluation of the anti-cancer drug elesclomol that forms a redox-active copper chelate as a potential anti-tubercular drug. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:532-538. [PMID: 30698324 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The observations that the innate immune system employs copper to eliminate bacterial infection and that resistance to copper enhances virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) prompted us to examine the effects the anti-cancer agent elesclomol on Mtb. As a bis-thionohydrazide, elesclomol chelates with copper to form a copper complex in situ that via redox cycling of the metal ion greatly enhances oxidative stress in tumour cells. Here, we demonstrate that elesclomol is relatively potent against Mtb H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 μM (4 mg/L) and against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Mtb, displays additive interactions with known tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid and ethambutol, and a synergistic interaction with rifampicin. Controlled supplementation of elesclomol with copper in culture medium increased Mtb sensitivity by >65 fold. Overall, the activities of elesclomol in principle indicate the possibility of repurposing elesclomol or designing new thionohydrazides as potential drugs for use against Mtb. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(5):532-538, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andile H Ngwane
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Petersen
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ian Wiid
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Libardo MDJ, de la Fuente-Nuñez C, Anand K, Krishnamoorthy G, Kaiser P, Pringle SC, Dietz C, Pierce S, Smith MB, Barczak A, Kaufmann SHE, Singh A, Angeles-Boza AM. Phagosomal Copper-Promoted Oxidative Attack on Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1623-1634. [PMID: 30141623 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) ions are critical in controlling bacterial infections, and successful pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) possess multiple Cu resistance mechanisms. We report, as proof of concept, that a novel Cu hypersensitivity phenotype can be generated in mycobacteria, including Mtb, through a peptide, DAB-10, that is able to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) following Cu-binding. DAB-10 induces intramycobacterial oxidative stress in a Cu-dependent manner in vitro and during infection. DAB-10 penetrates murine macrophages and encounters intracellular mycobacteria. Significant intracellular Cu-dependent protection was observed when Mtb-infected macrophages were treated with DAB-10 alongside a cell-permeable Cu chelator. Treatment with the Cu chelator reversed the intramycobacterial oxidative shift induced by DAB-10. We conclude that DAB-10 utilizes the pool of phagosomal Cu ions in the host-Mtb interface to augment the mycobactericidal activity of macrophages while simultaneously exploiting the susceptibility of Mtb to ROS. DAB-10 serves as a model with which to develop next-generation, multifunctional antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Daben J. Libardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nuñez
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 21 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kushi Anand
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gopinath Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Virchowweg 12, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Peggy Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Virchowweg 12, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Stephanie C. Pringle
- The Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT, and Massachusetts General Hospital, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher Dietz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Scott Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Michael B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Amy Barczak
- The Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT, and Massachusetts General Hospital, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Virchowweg 12, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Alfredo M. Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Singh A, Surolia A. Tuberculosis: Today's researches-tomorrow's therapies. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:814-817. [PMID: 30120871 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huang X, Duan X, Li J, Niu J, Yuan S, Wang X, Lambert N, Li X, Xu J, Gong Z, Yan S, Xie L, Xie J. The Synergistic Effect of Exogenous Glutamine and Rifampicin Against Mycobacterium Persisters. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1625. [PMID: 30079057 PMCID: PMC6062616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persisters, stochastic dormant variants of normal bacteria cell, represent a significant portion of the survivors upon exposure to antibiotics and other environmental stresses, which contributes substantially to high level antibiotics tolerance. Glutamine is a crucial component of the Mycobacteria nitrogen pool that is indispensable for survival upon stresses. To study whether a synergistic effect exists between glutamine and antibiotics against Mycobacterial persisters, the efficacy of rifampicin alone or together with exogenous glutamine upon Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 persisters was monitored. The result showed that glutamine decreases M. smegmatis tolerance to rifampicin upon starvation. The reactive oxygen species level of the strains treated with rifampicin and glutamine increased. The synergism of glutamine and rifampicin to kill persisters might derive from altering the oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle, as both evidenced by both ATP level increase and transcriptome change. Glutamine might represent a synergistic agent of rifampicin to kill Mycobacteria persisters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangke Duan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Niu
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Yuan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nzungize Lambert
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junqi Xu
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangquan Yan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longxiang Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sao Emani C, Williams MJ, Wiid IJ, Baker B. The functional interplay of low molecular weight thiols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:55. [PMID: 30001196 PMCID: PMC6042322 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three low molecular weight thiols are synthesized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), namely ergothioneine (ERG), mycothiol (MSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC). They are able to counteract reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In addition, the production of ERG is elevated in the MSH-deficient M.tb mutant, while the production of MSH is elevated in the ERG-deficient mutants. Furthermore, the production of GGC is elevated in the MSH-deficient mutant and the ERG-deficient mutants. The propensity of one thiol to be elevated in the absence of the other prompted further investigations into their interplay in M.tb. METHODS To achieve that, we generated two M.tb mutants that are unable to produce ERG nor MSH but are able to produce a moderate (ΔegtD-mshA) or significantly high (ΔegtB-mshA) amount of GGC relative to the wild-type strain. In addition, we generated an M.tb mutant that is unable to produce GGC nor MSH but is able to produce a significantly low level of ERG (ΔegtA-mshA) relative to the wild-type strain. The susceptibilities of these mutants to various in vitro and ex vivo stress conditions were investigated and compared. RESULTS The ΔegtA-mshA mutant was the most susceptible to cellular stress relative to its parent single mutant strains (ΔegtA and ∆mshA) and the other double mutants. In addition, it displayed a growth-defect in vitro, in mouse and human macrophages suggesting; that the complete inhibition of ERG, MSH and GGC biosynthesis is deleterious for the growth of M.tb. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that ERG, MSH and GGC are able to compensate for each other to maximize the protection and ensure the fitness of M.tb. This study therefore suggests that the most effective strategy to target thiol biosynthesis for anti-tuberculosis drug development would be the simultaneous inhibition of the biosynthesis of ERG, MSH and GGC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sao Emani
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 8000, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. J. Williams
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 8000, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - I. J. Wiid
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 8000, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B. Baker
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 8000, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sarkar R, Mdladla C, Macingwana L, Pietersen RD, Ngwane A, Tabb D, van Helden P, Wiid I, Baker B. Proteomic analysis reveals that sulfamethoxazole induces oxidative stress in M. tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|