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Wang H, Xu X, Polla RL, Silva PJ, Ong QK, Stellacci F. Ligand concentration determines antiviral efficacy of silica multivalent nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:327-333. [PMID: 38043234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We have learned from the recent COVID-19 pandemic that the emergence of a new virus can quickly become a global health burden and kill millions of lives. Antiviral drugs are essential in our fight against viral diseases, but most of them are virus-specific and are prone to viral mutations. We have developed broad-spectrum antivirals based on multivalent nanoparticles grafted with ligands that mimic the target of viral attachment ligands (VALs). We have shown that when the ligand has a sufficiently long hydrophobic tail, the inhibition mechanism switches from reversible (virustatic) to irreversible (virucidal). Here, we investigate further how ligand density and particle size affect antiviral efficacy, both in terms of half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) and of reversible vs irreversible mechanism. We designed antiviral silica nanoparticles modified with 11-mercaptoundecane-1-sulfonic acid (MUS), a ligand that mimics heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) and we showed that these nanoparticles can be synthesized with different sizes (4-200 nm) and ligand grafting densities (0.59-10.70 /nm2). By testing these particles against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), we show that within the size and density ranges studied, the antiviral IC50 is determined solely by equivalent ligand concentration. The nanoparticles are found to be virucidal at all sizes and densities studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Wang
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xufeng Xu
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rémi La Polla
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Jacob Silva
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Quy Khac Ong
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Polymers Inspired by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate for Viral Targeting. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7957-7973. [PMID: 36186574 PMCID: PMC9520969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Tang C, Zhao Z, Yang M, Lu X, Fu L, Jiang G. Preparation and characterization of sodium cellulose sulfate/chitosan composite films loaded with curcumin for monitoring pork freshness. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1475-1483. [PMID: 36132488 PMCID: PMC9483810 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorimetric films were prepared by incorporating curcumin into a sodium cellulose sulfate/chitosan composite. The morphology mechanical, and water vapor properties of the films were investigated, and their practical use in pork preservation was evaluated. The formula with the same charge ratio of sodium cellulose sulfate and chitosan had the highest tensile strength (TS). After the addition of curcumin, the tensile strength increased, whereas the water vapor permeability (WVP) decreased. The colorimetric film showed distinguishable color changes between the pH ranges of 3–10. The colorimetric film packaging extended the shelf life of the pork samples by 4 days. Moreover, the composite films were able to effectively monitor pork freshness. In conclusion, curcumin incorporated into sodium cellulose sulfate/chitosan composite films may have great potential in food packaging. Sodium cellulose sulfate/chitosan/curcumin films were produced for food packaging. The properties of composite films were enhanced due to electrostatic interaction. The composite films changed their colors in response to the change of pH. The composite films could monitor the freshness and extend shelf life of pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
- Dalian Fusheng Natural Medicinal Development Co. Limited, Dalian, Liaoning, 116600, China
- Corresponding author. College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.
| | - Zhixin Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Li Fu
- Dalian Fusheng Natural Medicinal Development Co. Limited, Dalian, Liaoning, 116600, China
| | - Ge Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Weitzel M, North BB, Waller D. Development of multipurpose technologies products for pregnancy and STI prevention: update on polyphenylene carboxymethylene MPT gel development†. Biol Reprod 2021; 103:299-309. [PMID: 32469052 PMCID: PMC7401404 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current modern contraceptives rely heavily on the use of hormones. These birth control drug products, including pills, patches, injections, and IUDS, have been extremely beneficial to millions of women and their families over the past 50 years. But a surprisingly high number of women abandon such modern methods, many because they cannot tolerate the side effects and others because they have medical issues for which hormonal methods are contraindicated. In addition, modern hormonal methods are simply not available to many women. The extent of this problem is steadily becoming more apparent. We present the case for developing simple nonhormonal vaginal products that women can use when needed, ideal products that are multipurpose and offer both contraception and sexually transmitted disease protection. Gel-based vaginal products are particularly well suited for this purpose. Gels are easy to use, highly acceptable to many women, and can be safely formulated to enhance natural vaginal defenses against infection. However, the development of a new chemical entity for this application faces significant technical and regulatory hurdles. These challenges and our solutions are described for polyphenylene carboxymethylene (PPCM), a novel topical drug in a vaginal gel nearing human clinical trials. We have advanced PPCM from benchtop to IND-enabling studies and provide a brief description of the complex development process. We also describe a simple lab assay which can be used as a biomarker for contraceptive activity to enable pharmacodynamic studies in vaginal contraceptive development, both preclinically and in early human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald Waller
- Yaso Therapeutics Inc, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Chen X, Han W, Wang G, Zhao X. Application prospect of polysaccharides in the development of anti-novel coronavirus drugs and vaccines. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:331-343. [PMID: 32679328 PMCID: PMC7358770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it has spread rapidly worldwide and poses a great threat to public health. This is the third serious coronavirus outbreak in <20 years, following SARS in 2002-2003 and MERS in 2012. So far, there are almost no specific clinically effective drugs and vaccines available for COVID-19. Polysaccharides with good safety, immune regulation and antiviral activity have broad application prospects in anti-virus, especially in anti-coronavirus applications. Here, we reviewed the antiviral mechanisms of some polysaccharides, such as glycosaminoglycans, marine polysaccharides, traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides, and their application progress in anti-coronavirus. In particular, the application prospects of polysaccharide-based vaccine adjuvants, nanomaterials and drug delivery systems in the fight against novel coronavirus were also analyzed and summarized. Additionally, we speculate the possible mechanisms of polysaccharides anti-SARS-CoV-2, and propose the strategy of loading S or N protein from coronavirus onto polysaccharide capped gold nanoparticles vaccine for COVID-19 treatment. This review may provide a new approach for the development of COVID-19 therapeutic agents and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao 266003, China,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenwei Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao 266003, China,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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6
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Ilomuanya MO, Hameedat AT, Akang EN, Ekama SO, Silva BO, Akanmu AS. Development and evaluation of mucoadhesive bigel containing tenofovir and maraviroc for HIV prophylaxis. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020; 6:81. [PMID: 33241057 PMCID: PMC7678373 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual transmission of HIV is the most common means of acquiring the disease. Topical microbicides have been investigated to prevent transmission. This study will use a specific entry inhibitor, maraviroc, and a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), tenofovir, a dual combination which will provide a synergist effect that can enhance the efficacy of HIV microbicides via a mucoadhesive dual compartment bigel. Bigel formulation via hydrogel organogel linkages were developed and evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics, safety, and anti-HIV efficacy. In vitro diffusion studies were performed with Franz diffusion cells having effective diffusion surface area of 1.76cm2 and receiver chamber volume of 15mL. RESULT The bigel formulations showed a viscosity ranging from 14179 to 14560 cPs and had a good spreadability and acidic pH in the range of 4.0 ± 0.34 to 5.2 ± 0.18. The bigel formulations showed good anti-HIV activity at a concentration of 0.1 μg/mL. The in vitro release study of maraviroc from the bigel formulations showed a release rate ranging from 2.675 to 3.838 μg/cm2/min½ while the release rate for tenofovir ranged from 3.475 to 3.825 μg/cm2/min½. The bigel formulations were non-toxic to the human vagina as there was < 1 log10 change in Lactobacilli crispatus viability. CONCLUSION This study successfully developed a dual compartment bigel containing maraviroc and tenofovir. BG C was found to be stable and safe towards vaginal and rectal epithelium, and it actively prevented HIV transmission. This bigel has the potential for long-term pre-exposure prophylaxis prevention of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O. Ilomuanya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, 10065 USA
| | - Ayotunde T. Hameedat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Edidiong N Akang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sabdat O. Ekama
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, 6 Edmund Crescent, P.M.B. 2013 Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Boladale O. Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alani S Akanmu
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
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7
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Xia M, Yang M, Wang Y, Tian F, Hu J, Yang W, Tao S, Lu L, Ding X, Jiang S, Li W. dl-Mandelic acid exhibits high sperm-immobilizing activity and low vaginal irritation: A potential non-surfactant spermicide for contraception. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110104. [PMID: 32224371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
dl-Mandelic acid (MA), an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid, has been widely used as an intermediate of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Here, we evaluated the sperm-immobilizing activity of MA and its safety profiles. Spermatozoon motility was assessed by computer-aided sperm analysis, the integrity of the plasma membrane and. mitochondrial potential was assessed using fluorescein isothiocyanate-pisum sativum agglutinin and JC-1, respectively. The local tolerance of the MA-containing gel formulation was evaluated using a rabbit vaginal irritation test. We found that MA inhibited sperm motility and movement patterns in a concentration-dependent manner. Within 20 s, MA-induced spermatozoa immobilization occurred with a minimum effective concentration and a median effective concentration of 0.86 and 0.54 mg/mL, respectively. Plasma membrane disruptions of MA-treated spermatozoa were relatively mild, but mitochondrial depolarization occurred. Histopathological examination showed that MA exposure did not exert obvious effects on the integrity of spermatozoa membrane structures and only caused slight irritation to the rabbit vaginal epithelium. The vaginal irritation scores of the vehicle control and the nonoxynol -9 gel control groups were 1.38 ± 0.65 and 7.88 ± 1.67, respectively (p < 0.01), whereas those of the MA gel groups at 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL were 1.69 ± 1.04, 2.98 ± 0.77, and 4.35 ± 1.04 with p values of >0.05, >0.05, and <0.05 (vs. vehicle control), respectively, which were within the clinically acceptable range (<8). Therefore, our results confirmed that MA exhibited significant sperm-immobilizing effects and caused mild plasma membrane injury, suggesting that it has potential for development as a future non-surfactant spermicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mingjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shimin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuncheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Weihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Jones ST, Cagno V, Janeček M, Ortiz D, Gasilova N, Piret J, Gasbarri M, Constant DA, Han Y, Vuković L, Král P, Kaiser L, Huang S, Constant S, Kirkegaard K, Boivin G, Stellacci F, Tapparel C. Modified cyclodextrins as broad-spectrum antivirals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax9318. [PMID: 32064341 PMCID: PMC6989148 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections kill millions of people and new antivirals are needed. Nontoxic drugs that irreversibly inhibit viruses (virucidal) are postulated to be ideal. Unfortunately, all virucidal molecules described to date are cytotoxic. We recently developed nontoxic, broad-spectrum virucidal gold nanoparticles. Here, we develop further the concept and describe cyclodextrins, modified with mercaptoundecane sulfonic acids, to mimic heparan sulfates and to provide the key nontoxic virucidal action. We show that the resulting macromolecules are broad-spectrum, biocompatible, and virucidal at micromolar concentrations in vitro against many viruses [including herpes simplex virus (HSV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dengue virus, and Zika virus]. They are effective ex vivo against both laboratory and clinical strains of RSV and HSV-2 in respiratory and vaginal tissue culture models, respectively. Additionally, they are effective when administrated in mice before intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation. Lastly, they pass a mutation resistance test that the currently available anti-HSV drug (acyclovir) fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Jones
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Matej Janeček
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Gasilova
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- CHU of Québec-Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Matteo Gasbarri
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - David A. Constant
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanxiao Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Lela Vuković
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79966, USA
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU of Québec-Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Bionengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (C.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (C.T.); (F.S.)
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Barrios-Gumiel A, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Jiménez JL, Gómez R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, de la Mata FJ. Dendronized magnetic nanoparticles for HIV-1 capture and rapid diagnostic. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:360-368. [PMID: 31158698 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a global public health problem. Detection and reduction of the rates of late diagnosis of HIV-1 infection are one of the main challenges in combating the HIV-1 epidemic. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have several characteristics that make them susceptible to capture HIV-1 of a wide range of biological samples reducing waiting times between the acquisition of HIV-1 infection and its detection by current techniques. Carbosilane dendrons decorated with peripheral carboxyl groups and alcoxysilane function at the focal point have been used to stabilize MNPs by co-precipitation method in one step. The characterization of these systems and of their carboxylate analogues was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ potential and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The ability of carboxyl and carboxylate MNPs to capture R5-HIV-1 and X4-HIV-1 strains was evaluated to achieve a rapid and easy diagnostic method in order to reduce or eliminate the risk of HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barrios-Gumiel
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Spain
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Sección Inmunología. Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Jiménez
- Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Sección Inmunología. Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Sección Inmunología. Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; IiSGM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Spain.
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10
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Guryanov I, Real-Fernández F, Sabatino G, Prisco N, Korzhikov-Vlakh V, Biondi B, Papini AM, Korzhikova-Vlakh E, Rovero P, Tennikova T. Modeling interaction between gp120 HIV protein and CCR5 receptor. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3142. [PMID: 30680875 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of the process of HIV entry into the host cell and the creation of biomimetic nanosystems that are able to selectively bind viral particles and proteins is a high priority research area for the development of novel diagnostic tools and treatment of HIV infection. Recently, we described multilayer nanoparticles (nanotraps) with heparin surface and cationic peptides comprising the N-terminal tail (Nt) and the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of CCR5 receptor, which could bind with high affinity some inflammatory chemokines, in particular, Rantes. Because of the similarity of the binding determinants in CCR5 structure, both for chemokines and gp120 HIV protein, here we expand this approach to the study of the interactions of these biomimetic nanosystems and their components with the peptide representing the V3 loop of the activated form of gp120. According to surface plasmon resonance results, a conformational rearrangement is involved in the process of V3 and CCR5 fragments binding. As in the case of Rantes, ECL2 peptide showed much higher affinity to V3 peptide than Nt (KD = 3.72 × 10-8 and 1.10 × 10-6 M, respectively). Heparin-covered nanoparticles bearing CCR5 peptides effectively bound V3 as well. The presence of both heparin and the peptides in the structure of the nanotraps was shown to be crucial for the interaction with the V3 loop. Thus, short cationic peptides ECL2 and Nt proved to be excellent candidates for the design of CCR5 receptor mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Guryanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - F Real-Fernández
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Sabatino
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,CNR Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - N Prisco
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - V Korzhikov-Vlakh
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - B Biondi
- CNR-ICB, Padova Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - A M Papini
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,PeptLab@UCP Platform and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, University Paris-Seine, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise CEDEX, France
| | - E Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - P Rovero
- CNR Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, 95126, Catania, Italy.,Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - T Tennikova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
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11
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Gallegos KM, Taylor CR, Rabulinski DJ, Del Toro R, Girgis DE, Jourha D, Tiwari V, Desai UR, Ramsey KH. A Synthetic, Small, Sulfated Agent Is a Promising Inhibitor of Chlamydia spp. Infection in vivo. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3269. [PMID: 30700982 PMCID: PMC6343517 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted bacteria causing 2.9 million infections annually in the United States. Diagnosis, treatment, and sequelae of chlamydial disease cost billions of dollars each year in the United States alone. Considering that a heparin sulfate-like cell surface receptor is involved in Chlamydia infections, we reasoned that sulfated and sulfonated mimics of heparin sulfate would be useful in topical prophylactic prevention of Chlamydia. In this study, we tested a small, synthetic sulfated agent sulfated pentagalloyl glucoside (SPGG) and three synthetic sulfonated polymers PSS and SPS with average molecular weight in the range of 11 to 1000 kDa for inhibition against Chlamydia. Infection of HeLa cells with C. muridarum or C. trachomatis in the presence of increasing concentrations of SPGG or sulfonated polymers were quantified by immunofluorescence of Chlamydia inclusions. To determine whether in vitro pre-treatment of SPGG inhibits infection of C. muridarum, HeLa monolayers were incubated with SPGG-containing media, and then infected with Chlamydia. Our in vitro results show that SPGG pre-treatment inhibits Chlamydia infection in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we further determined if SPGG treatment has an inhibitory effect during infection, therefore cell monolayers were infected with C. muridarum in the concurrent presence of SPGG. Our results show that SPGG inhibits C. muridarum infection with an IC50 at 10 μg/ml levels. We also tested the inhibitory effect of synthetic polymers PSS and SPS against Chlamydia and found inhibition of C. muridarum and C. trachomatis infections with IC50 ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 μg/ml. SPGG, PSS, and SPS inhibit formation of Chlamydia inclusions in a concentration-dependent manner. For evaluation of in vivo efficacy of the most effective agent in blocking C. muridarum, SPGG, we intravaginally pre-treated mice with SPGG before infection with C. muridarum. Cervical swabs were collected post-infection to quantify Chlamydia inclusions in vitro. Our in vivo data show that the SPGG-treated group has a statistically significant reduction of infection compared to the no-treatment control. Overall, our results show that SPGG could serve as a promising topical inhibitor for preventing Chlamydia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Gallegos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Christopher R. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Daniel J. Rabulinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Rosalinda Del Toro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Danielle E. Girgis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Dapinder Jourha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kyle H. Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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12
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Cagno V, Andreozzi P, D'Alicarnasso M, Jacob Silva P, Mueller M, Galloux M, Le Goffic R, Jones ST, Vallino M, Hodek J, Weber J, Sen S, Janeček ER, Bekdemir A, Sanavio B, Martinelli C, Donalisio M, Rameix Welti MA, Eleouet JF, Han Y, Kaiser L, Vukovic L, Tapparel C, Král P, Krol S, Lembo D, Stellacci F. Broad-spectrum non-toxic antiviral nanoparticles with a virucidal inhibition mechanism. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:195-203. [PMID: 29251725 DOI: 10.1038/nmat5053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections kill millions yearly. Available antiviral drugs are virus-specific and active against a limited panel of human pathogens. There are broad-spectrum substances that prevent the first step of virus-cell interaction by mimicking heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), the highly conserved target of viral attachment ligands (VALs). The reversible binding mechanism prevents their use as a drug, because, upon dilution, the inhibition is lost. Known VALs are made of closely packed repeating units, but the aforementioned substances are able to bind only a few of them. We designed antiviral nanoparticles with long and flexible linkers mimicking HSPG, allowing for effective viral association with a binding that we simulate to be strong and multivalent to the VAL repeating units, generating forces (∼190 pN) that eventually lead to irreversible viral deformation. Virucidal assays, electron microscopy images, and molecular dynamics simulations support the proposed mechanism. These particles show no cytotoxicity, and in vitro nanomolar irreversible activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papilloma virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dengue and lenti virus. They are active ex vivo in human cervicovaginal histocultures infected by HSV-2 and in vivo in mice infected with RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cagno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Univerisità degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Department of Microbiology and Molecular medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Andreozzi
- IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy
- CIC biomaGUNE Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group San Sebastian-Donostia, 20014 Donastia San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Paulo Jacob Silva
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Mueller
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Galloux
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Samuel T Jones
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Jones Lab, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Marta Vallino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Torino, Italy
| | - Jan Hodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soumyo Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Emma-Rose Janeček
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmet Bekdemir
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Sanavio
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Univerisità degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix Welti
- UMR INSERM U1173 I2, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil-UVSQ, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Yanxiao Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Geneva University Hospitals, Infectious Diseases Divisions, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lela Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Department of Microbiology and Molecular medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva University Hospitals, Infectious Diseases Divisions, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Silke Krol
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Univerisità degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Muhitdinov B, Heinze T, Normakhamatov N, Turaev A. Preparation of sodium cellulose sulfate oligomers by free-radical depolymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:631-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Zhernov YV, Kremb S, Helfer M, Schindler M, Harir M, Mueller C, Hertkorn N, Avvakumova NP, Konstantinov AI, Brack-Werner R, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Perminova IV. Supramolecular combinations of humic polyanions as potent microbicides with polymodal anti-HIV-activities. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00960c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anti-HIV potency of humic PAs is governed by scaffolds diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Zhernov
- State Research Center “Institute of Immunology” of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Stephan Kremb
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Markus Helfer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- University Hospital Tübingen
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases
- Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Constanze Mueller
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Nadezhda P. Avvakumova
- Samara State Medical University
- Department of General, Bioinorganic and Bioorganic Chemistry
- Samara
- Russia
| | | | - Ruth Brack-Werner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
- Technical University of Munich
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15
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Alexandre KB, Mufhandu HT, London GM, Chakauya E, Khati M. Progress and Perspectives on HIV-1 microbicide development. Virology 2016; 497:69-80. [PMID: 27429040 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of HIV-1 infections occur via sexual intercourse. Women are the most affected by the epidemic, particularly in developing countries, due to their socio-economic dependence on men and the fact that they are often victims of gender based sexual violence. Despite significant efforts that resulted in the reduction of infection rates in some countries, there is still need for effective prevention methods against the virus. One of these methods for preventing sexual transmission in women is the use of microbicides. In this review we provide a summary of the progress made toward the discovery of affordable and effective HIV-1 microbicides and suggest future directions. We show that there is a wide range of compounds that have been proposed as potential microbicides. Although most of them have so far failed to show protection in humans, there are many promising ones currently in pre-clinical studies and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabamba B Alexandre
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pioneering Health Sciences Laboratory, Biosciences Unit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Hazel T Mufhandu
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pioneering Health Sciences Laboratory, Biosciences Unit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Grace M London
- Department of Health Free State District Health Services and Health Programs, South Africa
| | - E Chakauya
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pioneering Health Sciences Laboratory, Biosciences Unit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - M Khati
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pioneering Health Sciences Laboratory, Biosciences Unit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Ceña-Diez R, García-Broncano P, de la Mata FJ, Gómez R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Efficacy of HIV antiviral polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer G2-S16 in the presence of semen. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2443-50. [PMID: 27313457 PMCID: PMC4892848 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a safe and effective microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 is urgently needed. Unfortunately, the majority of microbicides, such as poly(L-lysine)-dendrimers, anionic polymers, or antiretrovirals, have proved inactive or even increased the risk of HIV infection in clinical trials, most probably due to the fact that these compounds failed to prevent semen-exposed HIV infection. We showed that G2-S16 dendrimer exerts anti-HIV-1 activity at an early stage of viral replication, blocking the gp120/CD4/CCR5 interaction and providing a barrier to infection for long periods, confirming its multifactorial and nonspecific ability. Previously, we demonstrated that topical administration of G2-S16 prevents HIV transmission in humanized BLT mice without irritation or vaginal lesions. Here, we demonstrated that G2-S16 is active against mock- and semen-exposed HIV-1 and could be a promising microbicide against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ceña-Diez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Majadahonda, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañon, Majadahonda, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM Biobank, Majadahonda, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Broncano
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Majadahonda, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañon, Majadahonda, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM Biobank, Majadahonda, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Majadahonda, Spain; Laboratory of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center of Microbiology, Health Institute of Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Majadahonda, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Majadahonda, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Majadahonda, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañon, Majadahonda, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM Biobank, Majadahonda, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Majadahonda, Spain
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17
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Peña-González CE, García-Broncano P, Ottaviani MF, Cangiotti M, Fattori A, Hierro-Oliva M, González-Martín ML, Pérez-Serrano J, Gómez R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Sánchez-Nieves J, de la Mata FJ. Dendronized Anionic Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiviral Activity. Chemistry 2016; 22:2987-99. [PMID: 26875938 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anionic carbosilane dendrons decorated with sulfonate functions and one thiol moiety at the focal point have been used to synthesize water-soluble gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through the direct reaction of dendrons, gold precursor, and reducing agent in water, and also through a place-exchange reaction. These nanoparticles have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, TEM, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and zeta-potential measurements. The interacting ability of the anionic sulfonate functions was investigated by EPR spectroscopy with copper(II) as a probe. Different structures and conformations of the AuNPs modulate the availability of sulfonate and thiol groups for complexation by copper(II). Toxicity assays of AuNPs showed that those produced through direct reaction were less toxic than those obtained by ligand exchange. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection was higher in the case of dendronized AuNPs than in dendrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia E Peña-González
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Pilar García-Broncano
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Campus Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Francesca Ottaviani
- Department of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, 61029, Italy
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, 61029, Italy
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, 61029, Italy
| | - Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luisa González-Martín
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio de InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Nieves
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. .,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. .,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Mak WC, Cheung KY, Orban J, Lee CJ, Turner APF, Griffith M. Surface-Engineered Contact Lens as an Advanced Theranostic Platform for Modulation and Detection of Viral Infection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25487-94. [PMID: 26512953 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated an entirely new concept of a wearable theranostic device in the form of a contact lens (theranostic lens) with a dual-functional hybrid surface to modulate and detect a pathogenic attack, using a the corneal HSV serotype-1 (HSV-1) model. The theranostic lenses were constructed using a facile layer-by-layer surface engineering technique, keeping the theranostic lenses with good surface wettability, optically transparency, and nontoxic toward human corneal epithelial cells. The theranostic lenses were used to capture and concentrate inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α), which is upregulated during HSV-1 reactivation, for sensitive, noninvasive diagnostics. The theranostic lens also incorporated an antiviral coating to serve as a first line of defense to protect patients against disease. Our strategy tackles major problems in tear diagnostics that are mainly associated with the sampling of a relatively small volume of fluid and the low concentration of biomarkers. The theranostic lenses show effective anti-HSV-1 activity and good analytical performance for the detection of IL-1α, with a limit of detection of 1.43 pg mL(-1) and a wide linear range covering the clinically relevant region. This work offers a new paradigm for "wearable" noninvasive healthcare devices combining "diagnosis" and "protection" against disease, while supporting patient compliance. We believe that this approach holds immense promise as a next-generation point-of-care and decentralized diagnostic/theranostic platform for a range of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Cheung Mak
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , 58185 Linköping, Sweden
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kwan Yee Cheung
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Orban
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Chyan-Jang Lee
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anthony P F Turner
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - May Griffith
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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In vitro antiretroviral activity and in vivo toxicity of the potential topical microbicide copper phthalocyanine sulfate. Virol J 2015; 12:132. [PMID: 26319137 PMCID: PMC4552998 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copper has antimicrobial properties and has been studied for its activity against viruses, including HIV. Copper complexed within a phthalocyanine ring, forming copper (II) phthalocyanine sulfate (CuPcS), may have a role in microbicide development when used intravaginally. Methods CuPcS toxicity was tested against cervical epithelial cells, TZM-BL cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and cervical explant tissues using cell viability assays. In vivo toxicity was assessed following intravaginal administration of CuPcS in female BALB/C mice and measured using a standardized histology grading system on reproductive tract tissues. Efficacy studies for preventing infection with HIV in the presence of various non-toxic concentrations of CuPcS were carried out in TZM-BL, PBMC, and cervical explant cultures using HIV-1BAL and various pseudovirus subtypes. Non-linear regression was applied to the data to determine the EC50/90 and CC50/90. Results CuPcS demonstrated inhibition of HIV infection in PBMCs at concentrations that were non-toxic in cervical epithelial cells and PBMCs with EC50 values of approximately 50 μg/mL. Reproductive tract tissue analysis revealed no toxicity at 100 mg/mL. Human cervical explant tissues challenged with HIV in the presence of CuPcS also revealed a dose–response effect at preventing HIV infection at non-toxic concentrations with an EC50 value of 65 μg/mL. Conclusion These results suggest that CuPcS may be useful as a topical microbicide in concentrations that can be achieved in the female genital tract. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0358-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Sánchez-Rodríguez J, Serramía MJ, Gómez R, De La Mata FJ, Jiménez JL, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Triple combination of carbosilane dendrimers, tenofovir and maraviroc as potential microbicide to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:899-914. [PMID: 25867856 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To research the synergistic activity by triple combinations of carbosilane dendrimers with tenofovir and maraviroc as topical microbicide. METHODS Cytotoxicity, anti-HIV-1 activity, vaginal irritation and histological analysis of triple combinations were determined. Analysis of combined effects and the median effective concentration were performed using CalcuSyn software. RESULTS Combinations showed a greater broad-spectrum anti-HIV-1 activity than the single-drug, and preserved this activity in acid environment or seminal fluid. The strongest combinations were G2-STE16/G2-S24P/tenofovir, G2-STE16/G2-S16/maraviroc and G2-STE16/tenofovir/maraviroc at 2:2:1, 10:10:1 10:5:1 ratios, respectively. They demonstrated strong synergistic activity profile due to the weighted average combination indices varied between 0.06 and 0.38. No irritation was detected in female BALB/c mice. CONCLUSION The three-drug combination increases their antiviral potency and act synergistically as potential microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Spanish HIV-HGM Biobank, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Zirafi O, Kim KA, Roan NR, Kluge SF, Müller JA, Jiang S, Mayer B, Greene WC, Kirchhoff F, Münch J. Semen enhances HIV infectivity and impairs the antiviral efficacy of microbicides. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:262ra157. [PMID: 25391483 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Topically applied microbicides potently inhibit HIV in vitro but have largely failed to exert protective effects in clinical trials. One possible reason for this discrepancy is that the preclinical testing of microbicides does not faithfully reflect the conditions of HIV sexual transmission. We report that candidate microbicides that target HIV components show greatly reduced antiviral efficacy in the presence of semen, the main vector for HIV transmission. This diminished antiviral activity was dependent on the ability of amyloid fibrils in semen to enhance the infectivity of HIV. Thus, the anti-HIV efficacy of microbicides determined in the absence of semen greatly underestimated the drug concentrations needed to block semen-exposed virus. One notable exception was maraviroc. This HIV entry inhibitor targets the host cell CCR5 co-receptor and was highly active against both untreated and semen-exposed HIV. These data help to explain why microbicides have failed to protect against HIV in clinical trials and suggest that antiviral compounds targeting host factors hold promise for further development. These findings also suggest that the in vitro efficacy of candidate microbicides should be determined in the presence of semen to identify the best candidates for the prevention of HIV sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onofrio Zirafi
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kyeong-Ae Kim
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Silvia F Kluge
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Gordts SC, Férir G, D’huys T, Petrova MI, Lebeer S, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Schols D. The Low-Cost Compound Lignosulfonic Acid (LA) Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Anti-HIV and Anti-HSV Activity and Has Potential for Microbicidal Applications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131219. [PMID: 26132818 PMCID: PMC4488490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lignosulfonic acid (LA), a low-cost lignin-derived polyanionic macromolecule, was extensively studied for its anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity in various cellular assays, its mechanism of viral inhibition and safety profile as potential microbicide. Results LA demonstrated potent inhibitory activity of HIV replication against a wide range of R5 and X4 HIV strains and prevented the uptake of HIV by bystander CD4+ T cells from persistently infected T cells in vitro (IC50: 0.07 – 0.34 μM). LA also inhibited HSV-2 replication in vitro in different cell types (IC50: 0.42 – 1.1 μM) and in rodents in vivo. Furthermore, LA neutralized the HIV-1 and HSV-2 DC-SIGN-mediated viral transfer to CD4+ T cells (IC50: ∼1 μM). In addition, dual HIV-1/HSV-2 infection in T cells was potently blocked by LA (IC50: 0.71 μM). No antiviral activity was observed against the non-enveloped viruses Coxsackie type B4 and Reovirus type 1. LA is defined as a HIV entry inhibitor since it interfered with gp120 binding to the cell surface of T cells. Pretreatment of PBMCs with LA neither increased expression levels of cellular activation markers (CD69, CD25 and HLA-DR), nor enhanced HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, we found that LA had non-antagonistic effects with acyclovir, PRO2000 or LabyA1 (combination index (CI): 0.46 – 1.03) in its anti-HSV-2 activity and synergized with tenofovir (CI: 0.59) in its anti-HIV-1 activity. To identify mechanisms of LA resistance, we generated in vitro a mutant HIV-1 NL4.3LAresistant virus, which acquired seven mutations in the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: S160N, V170N, Q280H and R389T in gp120 and K77Q, N113D and H132Y in gp41. Additionally, HIV-1 NL4.3LAresistant virus showed cross-resistance with feglymycin, enfuvirtide, PRO2000 and mAb b12, four well-described HIV binding/fusion inhibitors. Importantly, LA did not affect the growth of vaginal Lactobacilli strains. Conclusion Overall, these data highlight LA as a potential and unique low-cost microbicide displaying broad anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey Férir
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas D’huys
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mariya I. Petrova
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Serramía MJ, Tager AM, Vrbanac V, Gómez R, De La Mata FJ, Jiménez JL, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Prevention vaginally of HIV-1 transmission in humanized BLT mice and mode of antiviral action of polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer G2-S16. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1299-308. [PMID: 25959924 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The development of a safe, effective, and low-priced topical microbicide to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission is urgently needed. The emerging field of nanotechnology plays an important role in addressing this challenge. We demonstrate that topical vaginal administration of 3% G2-S16 prevents HIV-1JR-CSF transmission in humanized (h)-BLT mice in 84% with no presence of HIV-1 RNA and vaginal lesions. Second-generation polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer G2-S16 with silica core and 16 sulfonate end-groups exerts anti-HIV-1 activity at an early stage of viral replication, blocking the gp120/CD4 interaction, acting on the virus, and inhibiting the cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission, confirming its multifactorial and non-specific ability. This study represents the first demonstration that transmission of HIV-1 can be efficiently blocked by vaginally applied G2-S16 in h-BLT mice. These findings provide a step forward in the development of G2-S16-based vaginal microbicides to prevent vaginal HIV-1 transmission in humans. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR HIV infections remain a significant problem worldwide and the major route of transmission is through sexual activity. In this article, the authors developed an antiviral agent containing polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer with silica core and 16 sulfonate end-groups. When applied vaginally, this was shown to exert anti-HIV protection. These positive findings may offer hope in the fight against the spread of HIV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, Spanish HIV-HGM Biobank, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Plataforma-Laboratorio, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Serramía
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, Spanish HIV-HGM Biobank, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Plataforma-Laboratorio, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir Vrbanac
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Jiménez
- Plataforma-Laboratorio, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, Spanish HIV-HGM Biobank, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Plataforma-Laboratorio, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
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Irvin SC, Herold BC. Molecular mechanisms linking high dose medroxyprogesterone with HIV-1 risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121135. [PMID: 25798593 PMCID: PMC4370479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies suggest that medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) may increase the risk of HIV-1. The current studies were designed to identify potential underlying biological mechanisms. Methods Human vaginal epithelial (VK2/E6E7), peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC), and polarized endometrial (HEC-1-A) cells were treated with a range of concentrations of MPA (0.015-150 μg/ml) and the impact on gene expression, protein secretion, and HIV infection was evaluated. Results Treatment of VK2/E6E7 cells with high doses (>15μg/ml] of MPA significantly upregulated proinflammatory cytokines, which resulted in a significant increase in HIV p24 levels secreted by latently infected U1 cells following exposure to culture supernatants harvested from MPA compared to mock-treated cells. MPA also increased syndecan expression by VK2/E6E7 cells and cells treated with 15 μg/ml of MPA bound and transferred more HIV-1 to T cells compared to mock-treated cells. Moreover, MPA treatment of epithelial cells and PBMC significantly decreased cell proliferation resulting in disruption of the epithelial barrier and decreased cytokine responses to phytohaemagglutinin, respectively. Conclusion We identified several molecular mechanisms that could contribute to an association between DMPA and HIV including proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses that could activate the HIV promoter and recruit immune targets, increased expression of syndecans to facilitate the transfer of virus from epithelial to immune cells and decreased cell proliferation. The latter could impede the ability to maintain an effective epithelial barrier and adversely impact immune cell function. However, these responses were observed primarily following exposure to high (15-150 μg/ml) MPA concentrations. Clinical correlation is needed to determine whether the prolonged MPA exposure associated with contraception activates these mechanisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Irvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Costantini LM, Irvin SC, Kennedy SC, Guo F, Goldstein H, Herold BC, Snapp EL. Engineering and exploitation of a fluorescent HIV-1 gp120 for live cell CD4 binding assays. Virology 2014; 476:240-248. [PMID: 25555152 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, binds the host cell receptor, CD4, in the initial step of HIV viral entry and infection. This process is an appealing target for the development of inhibitory drugs and neutralizing antibodies. To study gp120 binding and intracellular trafficking, we engineered a fluorescent fusion of the humanized gp120 JRFL HIV-1 variant and GFP. Gp120-sfGFP is glycosylated with human sugars, robustly expressed, and secreted from cultured human cells. Protein dynamics, quality control, and trafficking can be visualized in live cells. The fusion protein can be readily modified with different gp120 variants or fluorescent proteins. Finally, secreted gp120-sfGFP enables a sensitive and easy binding assay that can quantitatively screen potential inhibitors of gp120-CD4 binding on live cells via fluorescence imaging or laser scanning cytometry. This adaptable research tool should aid in studies of gp120 cell biology and the development of novel anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Costantini
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Susan C Irvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven C Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Erik L Snapp
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Abstract
Condoms remain the most effective barrier against the sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Male condoms have proven to be 80% to 90% effective, and female condoms have similar results. Poor adherence and improper use limit their effectiveness. In addition to condoms, microbicides are a promising barrier against HIV transmission. More than 50 candidate topical microbicide compounds have undergone preclinical or clinical testing in the last 10 years, but there are currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds. Rectal microbicides are also being developed, as anal receptive sex is an effective mode of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F Eaton
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 229 Tinsley Harrison Tower, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Craig J Hoesley
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 229 Tinsley Harrison Tower, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Fernández Romero JA, Gil PI, Ré V, Robbiani M, Paglini G. [Microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections: Current status and strategies for preclinical evaluation of new candidates]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014; 46:256-68. [PMID: 25444135 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(14)70080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbicides are a new tool, still under investigation, which could help prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Increasing evidence shows that the complexity of sexual transmission of viral pathogens requires the identification of compounds able to block the early events during the cycle of viral infection. In this manuscript we provide a comprehensive review of the different microbicide strategies that have been studied or are currently being considered for STI prevention, particularly emphasizing those having the potential to block HIV infection. The manuscript also reviews the complex process that is required to conduct future clinical studies in humans and concludes with a brief discussion of the strategies that could be part of the immediate future in microbicide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Fernández Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, Nueva York, Nueva York, EE. UU; Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro I Gil
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, Nueva York, Nueva York, EE. UU
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Microbicides: Molecular Strategies for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Viral Disease. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen G, Liu B, Zhang B. Characterization of composite hydrocolloid film based on sodium cellulose sulfate and cassava starch. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mauck CK, Lai JJ, Weiner DH, Chandra N, Fichorova RN, Dezzutti CS, Hillier SL, Archer DF, Creinin MD, Schwartz JL, Callahan MM, Doncel GF. Toward early safety alert endpoints: exploring biomarkers suggestive of microbicide failure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1475-86. [PMID: 23885658 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several microbicides, including nonoxynol-9 (N-9) and cellulose sulfate (CS), looked promising during early trials but failed in efficacy trials. We aimed to identify Phase I mucosal safety endpoints that might explain that failure. In a blinded, randomized, parallel trial, 60 healthy premenopausal sexually abstinent women applied Universal HEC placebo, 6% CS or 4% N-9 gel twice daily for 13½ days. Endpoints included immune biomarkers in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) and endocervical cytobrushes, inflammatory infiltrates in vaginal biopsies, epithelial integrity by naked eye, colposcopy, and histology, CVL anti-HIV activity, vaginal microflora, pH, and adverse events. Twenty women enrolled per group. Soluble/cellular markers were similar with CS and placebo, except secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) levels decreased in CVL, and CD3(+) and CD45(+) cells increased in biopsies after CS use. Increases in interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1, IL-1RA, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and decreases in SLPI were significant with N-9. CVL anti-HIV activity was significantly higher during CS use compared to N-9 or placebo. CS users tended to have a higher prevalence of intermediate Nugent score, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus and fewer gram-negative rods. Most Nugent scores diagnostic for bacterial vaginosis were in N-9 users. All cases of histological inflammation or deep epithelial disruption occurred in N-9 users. While the surfactant N-9 showed obvious biochemical and histological signs of inflammation, more subtle changes, including depression of SLPI, tissue influx of CD45(+) and CD3(+) cells, and subclinical microflora shifts were associated with CS use and may help to explain the clinical failure of nonsurfactant microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaim Jou Lai
- FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Debra H. Weiner
- FHI 360 (formerly Family Health International), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Neelima Chandra
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Raina N. Fichorova
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charlene S. Dezzutti
- University of Pittsburgh and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon L. Hillier
- University of Pittsburgh and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David F. Archer
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), Norfolk, Virginia
| | | | - Jill L. Schwartz
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), Arlington, Virginia
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Karim QA, Baxter C. Microbicides for the prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:13-23. [PMID: 23428099 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impetus for, and efforts in the past 20 years toward a women-initiated method for preventing sexual transmission of HIV has been previously well described. To date, four classes of topical agents categorized by mechanism of action as: surfactants, buffers, cell entry blockers and antiretroviral agents have undergone advanced clinical testing. Thus far, only coitally linked use of 1% tenofovir gel has demonstrated moderate effectiveness in preventing HIV and HSV-2 infection and has generated renewed hope for microbicide development. Studies of new antiviral agents, novel delivery mechanisms and combination/multipurpose products that address challenges of adherence and enhance the effectiveness of tenofovir gel are already underway to further enhance sexual and reproductive health needs of men and women and efforts to prevent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
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Gupta SK, Nutan. Clinical use of vaginal or rectally applied microbicides in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2013; 5:295-307. [PMID: 24174883 PMCID: PMC3808211 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s39164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbicides, primarily used as topical pre-exposure prophylaxis, have been proposed to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. This review covers the trends and challenges in the development of safe and effective microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV Initial phases of microbicide development used such surfactants as nonoxynol-9 (N-9), C13G, and sodium lauryl sulfate, aiming to inactivate the virus. Clinical trials of microbicides based on N-9 and C31G failed to inhibit sexual transmission of HIV. On the contrary, N-9 enhanced susceptibility to sexual transmission of HIV-1. Subsequently, microbicides based on polyanions and a variety of other compounds that inhibit the binding, fusion, or entry of virus to the host cells were evaluated for their efficacy in different clinical setups. Most of these trials failed to show either safety or efficacy for prevention of HIV transmission. The next phase of microbicide development involved antiretroviral drugs. Microbicide in the form of 1% tenofovir vaginal gel when tested in a Phase IIb trial (CAPRISA 004) in a coitally dependent manner revealed that tenofovir gel users were 39% less likely to become HIV-infected compared to placebo control. However, in another trial (VOICE MTN 003), tenofovir gel used once daily in a coitally independent mode failed to show any efficacy to prevent HIV infection. Tenofovir gel is currently in a Phase III safety and efficacy trial in South Africa (FACTS 001) employing a coitally dependent dosing regimen. Further, long-acting microbicide-delivery systems (vaginal ring) for slow release of such antiretroviral drugs as dapivirine are also undergoing clinical trials. Discovering new markers as correlates of protective efficacy, novel long-acting delivery systems with improved adherence in the use of microbicides, discovering new compounds effective against a broad spectrum of HIV strains, developing multipurpose technologies incorporating additional features of efficacy against other sexually transmitted infections, and contraception will help in moving the field of microbicide development forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Lorente R, Leal M, Gómez R, De la Mata FJ, Jiménez JL, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Synergistic activity profile of carbosilane dendrimer G2-STE16 in combination with other dendrimers and antiretrovirals as topical anti-HIV-1 microbicide. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:609-18. [PMID: 24135563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers represent opportunities to develop new anti-HIV microbicides. Dendrimers and antiretrovirals (ARVs) acting at different stages of HIV replication have been proposed as compounds to decrease new HIV infections. Thus, we determined the potential use of our G2-STE16 carbosilane dendrimer in combination with other carbosilane dendrimers and ARVs for the use as topical microbicide against HIV-1. We showed that these combinations obtained 100% inhibition and displayed a synergistic profile against different HIV-1 isolates in our model of TZM.bl cells. Our results also showed their potent activity in the presence of an acidic vaginal or seminal fluid environment and did not activate an inflammatory response. This study is the first step toward exploring the use of different anionic carbosilane dendrimers in combination and toward making a safe microbicide. Therefore, our results support further studies on dendrimer/dendrimer or dendrimer/ARV combinations as topical anti-HIV-1 microbicide. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This paper describes the first steps toward the use of anionic carbosilane dendrimers in combination with antivirals to address HIV-1, paving the way to further studies on dendrimer/dendrimer or dendrimer/ARV combinations as topical anti-HIV-1 microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain; Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Lorente
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain; Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J De la Mata
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Jiménez
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain; Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain; Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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Development of sulphated and naphthylsulphonated carbosilane dendrimers as topical microbicides to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. AIDS 2013; 27:1219-29. [PMID: 23925376 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835f2b7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For the last 20 years, the idea of alternative prevention strategies based on the use of topical vaginally products to inhibit HIV-1 infection in women has been established. The concept of a 'microbicide' product has been born out of the unavailability of a vaccine against HIV-1 and the problems of women in negotiating the use of preventive prophylaxis by their partners, especially in developing countries. DESIGN We have developed and evaluated polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers G3-S16 and G2-NF16 with sulphated and naphthylsulphonated end groups as nonspecific microbicides. METHODS Cellular in-vitro or in-vivo models were used to evaluate the safety, biocompatibility and anti-HIV ability of two polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers. RESULTS Both dendrimers showed high biosafety in human epithelial cell lines derived from uterus and vagina and in primary blood human cells (PBMC). These dendrimers not only have a partial capacity to block the entry of different X4 and R5 HIV-1 isolates inside epithelial cells but protect the epithelial monolayer from cell disruption and also reduce HIV-1 infection of activated PBMC. Additionally, treatment of epithelial cells with G3-S16 or G2-NF16 dendrimers did not produce changes in proinflammatory cytokines profile, in proliferation of PBMC, on microbiota or sperm survival. Finally, no irritation or vaginal lesions were detected in female CD1(ICR) mice after dendrimers vaginal administration. CONCLUSION These interesting results suggest that G3-S16 or G2-NF16 could be effective to inhibit HIV infection and transmission within genital mucosa as well as the spread of HIV transmission to human PBMC.
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Tan S, Lu L, Li L, Liu J, Oksov Y, Lu H, Jiang S, Liu S. Polyanionic candidate microbicides accelerate the formation of semen-derived amyloid fibrils to enhance HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59777. [PMID: 23544097 PMCID: PMC3609764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyanionic candidate microbicides, including cellulose sulfate, carrageenan, PRO 2000, were proven ineffective in preventing HIV-1 transmission and even cellulose sulfate showed increased risk of HIV acquisition in the Phase III efficacy trials. Semen plays critical roles in HIV-1 sexual transmission. Specifically, amyloid fibrils formed by fragments of prostatic acidic phosphatase (PAP) in semen termed semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI) could drastically enhance HIV-1 infection. Here we investigated the interaction between polyanions and PAP248-286, a prototype peptide of SEVI, to understand the possible cause of polyanionic candidate microbicides to fail in clinical trials. We found anionic polymers could efficiently promote SEVI fibril formation, most likely mediated by the natural electrostatic interaction between polyanions and PAP248-286, as revealed by acid native PAGE and Western blot. The overall anti-HIV-1 activity of polyanions in the presence or absence of PAP248-286 or semen was evaluated. In the viral infection assay, the supernatants of polyanions/PAP248-286 or polyanions/semen mixtures containing the free, unbound polyanionic molecules showed a general reduction in antiviral efficacy, while the pellets containing amyloid fibrils formed by the polyanion-bound PAP248-286 showed aggravated enhancement of viral infection. Collectively, from the point of drug-host protein interaction, our study revealed that polyanions facilitate SEVI fibril formation to promote HIV-1 infection, thus highlighting a molecular mechanism underlying the failure of polyanions in clinical trials and the importance of drug-semen interaction in evaluating the anti-HIV-1 efficacy of candidate microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiyi Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixiang Liu
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yelena Oksov
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong Lu
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shibo Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SL)
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SL)
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Abdool Karim SS, Baxter C. Microbicides for prevention of HIV infection: clinical efficacy trials. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 383:97-115. [PMID: 23695725 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbicides are an important HIV prevention technology under development, but the clinical testing of candidate products for efficacy faces many design and ethical challenges. Nevertheless, several microbicide candidates have been tested or are under development. Eight candidate products have entered late stage microbicide effectiveness trials. Following 11 disappointing effectiveness trial results of six candidate products over the past 20 years, substantial progress is now being made in microbicide development following the release of the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel trial results in 2010, which provided proof of concept that topical antiretroviral microbicides can prevent sexual transmission of HIV and herpes simplex type-2 infection. A trial is currently underway to confirm the effectiveness of tenofovir gel and two others have recently been initiated to assess ring formulations of the antiretroviral drug, dapivirine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Abdool Karim
- Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, CAPRISA-Centre of AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella, Durban, 4013, South Africa ,
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Tiwari V, Maus E, Sigar IM, Ramsey KH, Shukla D. Role of heparan sulfate in sexually transmitted infections. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1402-12. [PMID: 22773448 PMCID: PMC3481906 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS), a polysaccharide composed of alternating uronic acid and glucosamine residues, represents a common link that many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) require for infection. Variable modifications within the monomeric units of HS chains together with their unique structural conformations generate heterogeneity, which expands the ability of HS to bind a diverse array of host and microbial proteins. Recent advances made in the field of glycobiology have critically enhanced our understanding of HS and its interactions with microbes and their significance in important human diseases. The role of HS has been elaborated for several STIs to include those caused by herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, and Chlamydia. In addition, gonorrhea, syphilis, and yeast infections are also dependent on the presence of HS on human target cells. Critical steps such as pathogen adhesion or binding to host cells followed by internalization to enhance intracellular survival and possible spread to other cells are mediated by HS. In addition, HS guided cell signaling plays a role in the development of angiogenesis and inflammation associated with many STIs. Past and ongoing investigations are providing new push for the development of HS-mimetics and analogs as novel prevention strategies against many different STIs. This review article summarizes the significance of HS in STIs and describes how emerging new products that target HS can be used to control the spread of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Erika Maus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Ira M Sigar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Férir G, Hänchen A, François KO, Hoorelbeke B, Huskens D, Dettner F, Süssmuth RD, Schols D. Feglymycin, a unique natural bacterial antibiotic peptide, inhibits HIV entry by targeting the viral envelope protein gp120. Virology 2012; 433:308-19. [PMID: 22959895 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Feglymycin (FGM), a natural Streptomyces-derived 13mer peptide, consistently inhibits HIV replication in the lower μM range. FGM also inhibits HIV cell-to-cell transfer between HIV-infected T cells and uninfected CD4(+) T cells and the DC-SIGN-mediated viral transfer to CD4(+) T cells. FGM potently interacts with gp120 (X4 and R5) as determined by SPR analysis and shown to act as a gp120/CD4 binding inhibitor. Alanine-scan analysis showed an important role for l-aspartic acid at position 13 for its anti-HIV activity. In vitro generated FGM-resistant HIV-1 IIIB virus (HIV-1 IIIB(FGMres)) showed two unique mutations in gp120 at positions I153L and K457I. HIV-1 IIIB(FGMres) virus was equally susceptible to other viral binding/adsorption inhibitors with the exception of dextran sulfate (9-fold resistance) and cyclotriazadisulfonamide (>15-fold), two well-described compounds that interfere with HIV entry. In conclusion, FGM is a unique prototype lead peptide with potential for further development of more potent anti-HIV derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Férir
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Qiu M, Chen Y, Song S, Song H, Chu Y, Yuan Z, Cheng L, Zheng D, Chen Z, Wu Z. Poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) is an entry inhibitor against both HIV-1 and HSV infections - potential as a dual functional microbicide. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:138-47. [PMID: 22940611 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (STD) caused by herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2). HSV is considered as a major risk factor in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection and rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Here, we reported the finding of a polymer of styrenesulfonic acid and maleic acid (PSM) which exhibited antiviral activity with low cytotoxicity. PSM exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity against HIV-1 pseudovirus and HSV-1 and -2. In vivo efficacy of PSM against HSV-2 (G) was also investigated. We found that both 1% and 5% PSM gels protected mice from HSV-2 vaginal infection and disease progression significantly. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that PSM was likely an entry inhibitor that disrupted viral attachment to the target cells. In particular, PSM disrupted gp120 binding to CD4 by interacting with the gp120 V3-loop and the CD4-binding site. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that PSM did not stimulate NF-κB activation and up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and IL-8 in vaginal epithelial cells. In addition, PSM also showed low adverse effect on the growth of vaginal Lactobacillus strains. PSM is, therefore, a novel viral entry inhibitor and a potential microbicide candidate against both HIV-1 and HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Center for Public Health Research, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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Chonco L, Pion M, Vacas E, Rasines B, Maly M, Serramía M, López-Fernández L, De la Mata J, Alvarez S, Gómez R, Muñoz-Fernández M. Carbosilane dendrimer nanotechnology outlines of the broad HIV blocker profile. J Control Release 2012; 161:949-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abdool Karim SS, Baxter C. Overview of microbicides for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26:427-39. [PMID: 22386823 PMCID: PMC3383397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention tools that women can use and control are urgently needed. Microbicides are chemical products applied to the vagina or rectum to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. Four classes of candidate microbicides have been tested to date: those that (1) enhance the natural defences in the vagina to inactivate HIV; (2) inactivate HIV in the vagina; (3) prevent HIV from attaching to, and fusing with, the host cells; and (4) prevent HIV from replicating in genital tract host cells. Despite numerous disappointing efficacy trial results over the past 20 years, substantial progress is now being made in microbicide development after the release of the CAPRISA 004 trial, which provided proof-of-concept that topical antiretroviral microbicides can prevent sexual transmission of HIV and herpes simplex type-2 infection. Microbicides, which fill an important gap for women-controlled prevention methods, have the potential to alter the course of the HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Abdool Karim
- CAPRISA - Centre of AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a global health concern. To control its transmission, safe sex has been proposed as one of the strategies. Microbicides- intravaginal/intrarectal topical formulations of anti-HIV agents have also been proposed to prevent HIV transmission. Microbicides would provide protection by directly inactivating HIV or preventing the attachment, entry or replication of HIV in susceptible target cells as well as their dissemination from target cells present in semen or the host cells lining the vaginal/rectal wall to other migratory cells. Microbicides must be safe, effective following vaginal or rectal administration, and should cause minimal or no genital symptoms or inflammations following long-term repeated usage. However, a safe and efficacious anti-HIV microbicide is not yet available despite the fact that more than 60 candidate agents have been identified to have in vitro activity against HIV, several of which have advanced to clinical testing. Nonetheless, proof-of-concept of microbicides has been established based on the results of recent CAPRISA 004 clinical trials. In this article, the trends and challenges in the development of effective and safe microbicides to combat HIV transmission are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg,New Delhi, India
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Majid A, Redfield RR, Gilliam BL. The use of preexposure treatments for HIV prophylaxis. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2012; 4:17-28. [PMID: 22347807 PMCID: PMC3280625 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s25082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus remains a global concern with a significant number of incident infections still reported worldwide. The use of prophylaxis prior to exposure to the virus to prevent infection has been a growing area of recent research. Results in nonhuman primates and clinical trials in high-risk patient populations using preexposure prophylaxis have shown promising results in terms of efficacy and safety, especially relating to oral preexposure prophylaxis. The potential use of oral antiretroviral agents traditionally used for human immunodeficiency virus treatment as prophylaxis raises interesting considerations, such as the best agents available for such a role, long-term safety in healthy individuals, and the potential development of resistance to these agents should infection occur. From a public health perspective, the cost-effectiveness of implementing this preventive strategy has not been fully defined at this point in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Majid
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Fichorova RN, Yamamoto HS, Delaney ML, Onderdonk AB, Doncel GF. Novel vaginal microflora colonization model providing new insight into microbicide mechanism of action. mBio 2011; 2:e00168-11. [PMID: 22027006 PMCID: PMC3202752 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00168-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several broad-spectrum microbicides, including cellulose sulfate (CS), have passed conventional preclinical and phase I clinical safety evaluation and yet have failed to protect women from acquiring HIV-1 in phase II/III trials. Concerns have been raised that current preclinical algorithms are deficient in addressing the complexity of the microflora-regulated vaginal mucosal barrier. We applied a novel microflora-colonized model to evaluate CS and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), which is used as a "universal placebo" in microbicide trials. Cervicovaginal epithelial cultures were colonized with normal vaginal microflora isolates representing common Lactobacillus species used as probiotics (L. acidophilus and L. crispatus) or Prevotella bivia and Atopobium vaginae, most prevalent in the disturbed microflora of bacterial vaginosis (BV). At baseline, all strains maintained constant epithelium-associated CFUs without inducing cytotoxicity and apoptosis. CS selectively reduced epithelium-associated CFUs and (to a lesser extent) planktonic CFUs, most significantly affecting L. crispatus. Inducing only minor changes in sterile epithelial cultures, CS induced expression of innate immunity mediators (RANTES, interleukin-8 [IL-8], and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor [SLPI]) in microflora-colonized epithelia, most significantly potentiating effects of bacteria causing BV. In the absence of CS, all bacterial strains except L. acidophilus activated NF-κB, although IL-8 and RANTES levels were increased by the presence of BV-causing bacteria only. CS enhanced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner under all conditions, including L. acidophilus colonization. HEC remained inert. These results offer insights into possible mechanisms of CS clinical failure. The bacterially colonized cervicovaginal model reveals unique aspects of microflora-epithelium-drug interactions and innate immunity in the female genital tract and should become an integral part of preclinical safety evaluation of anti-HIV microbicides and other vaginal formulations. IMPORTANCE This report provides experimental evidence supporting the concept that the vaginal microflora regulates the epithelial innate immunity in a species- and strain-specific manner and that topically applied microbicides may alter both the bacterial and epithelial components of this homeostatic interaction. Our data also highlight the importance of differentiating the effects of biomedical interventions on epithelium-associated versus conventional planktonic bacterial growth when assessing vaginal mucosal health and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina N Fichorova
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide SPL7013 against HIV-1. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:195-9. [PMID: 21459115 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Topical microbicides for use by women to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. Dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. SPL7013 is a dendrimer with broad-spectrum activity against HIV type I (HIV-1) and -2 (HIV-2), herpes simplex viruses type-1 (HSV-1) and -2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus. SPL7013 [3% (w/w)] has been formulated in a mucoadhesive carbopol gel (VivaGel®) for use as a topical microbicide. Previous studies showed that SPL7013 has similar potency against CXCR4-(X4) and CCR5-using (R5) strains of HIV-1 and that it blocks viral entry. However, the ability of SPL7013 to directly inactivate HIV-1 is unknown. We examined whether SPL7013 demonstrates virucidal activity against X4 (NL4.3, MBC200, CMU02 clade EA and 92UG046 clade D), R5 (Ba-L, NB25 and 92RW016 clade A) and dual-tropic (R5X4; MACS1-spln) HIV-1 using a modified HLA-DR viral capture method and by polyethylene glycol precipitation. Evaluation of virion integrity was determined by ultracentrifugation through a sucrose cushion and detection of viral proteins by Western blot analysis. SPL7013 demonstrated potent virucidal activity against X4 and R5X4 strains, although virucidal activity was less potent for the 92UG046 X4 clade D isolate. Where potent virucidal activity was observed, the 50% virucidal concentrations were similar to the 50% effective concentrations previously reported in drug susceptibility assays, indicating that the main mode of action of SPL7013 is by direct viral inactivation for these strains. In contrast, SPL7013 lacked potent virucidal activity against R5 HIV-1 strains. Evaluation of the virucidal mechanism showed that SPL7013-treated NL4.3, 92UG046 and MACS1-spln virions were intact with no significant decrease in gp120 surface protein with respect to p24 capsid content compared to the corresponding untreated virus. These studies demonstrate that SPL7013 is virucidal against HIV-1 strains that utilize the CXCR4 coreceptor but not viruses tested in this study that solely use CCR5 by a mechanism that is distinct from virion disruption or loss of gp120. In addition, the mode of action by which SPL7013 prevents infection of cells with X4 and R5X4 strains is likely to differ from R5 strains of HIV-1.
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Ariën KK, Jespers V, Vanham G. HIV sexual transmission and microbicides. Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:110-33. [PMID: 21412935 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens often rely on the contacts between hosts for transmission. Most viruses have adapted their transmission mechanisms to defined behaviours of their host(s) and have learned to exploit these for their own propagation. Some viruses, such as HIV, the human papillomavirus (HPV), HSV-2 and HCV, cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Understanding the transmission of particular viral variants and comprehending the early adaptation and evolution is fundamental to eventually inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms of sexual transmission and the biology of the transmitted HIV. Next, we present a timely overview of candidate microbicides, including past, ongoing and future clinical trials of HIV topical microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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Wegmann F, Krashias G, Lühn K, Laamanen K, Vieira S, Jeffs SA, Shattock RJ, Sattentau QJ. A novel strategy for inducing enhanced mucosal HIV-1 antibody responses in an anti-inflammatory environment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15861. [PMID: 21253014 PMCID: PMC3017049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination against HIV-1 sexual transmission will probably require antibody elicitation at genital mucosal surfaces. However, HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-based antigens are weakly immunogenic, particularly when applied mucosally. The polyanion PRO 2000 is safe for human vaginal application, and thus may represent a potential formulating agent for vaginal delivery of experimental vaccine immunogens. Based upon its biochemical properties, we hypothesized that PRO 2000 might enhance mucosal immunogenicity of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-based antigens, promoting local and systemic immune responses. Vaginal immunization with Env-PRO 2000 resulted in significantly increased titres of Env-specific mucosal IgA and IgG in mice and rabbits, respectively, compared to Env alone, revealing modest but significant mucosal adjuvant activity for PRO 2000. In vitro, PRO 2000 associated with Env, protecting the glycoprotein from proteolytic degradation in human vaginal lavage. Unexpectedly, PRO 2000 antagonized TLR4 activation, suppressing local production of inflammatory cytokines. Since inflammation-mediated recruitment of viral target cells is a major risk factor in HIV-1 transmission, the immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of PRO 2000 combined with its intravaginal safety profile suggests promise as an HIV-1 mucosal vaccine formulating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wegmann
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Ding J, Rapista A, Teleshova N, Lu W, Klotman ME, Chang TL. Mucosal human defensins 5 and 6 antagonize the anti-HIV activity of candidate polyanion microbicides. J Innate Immun 2010; 3:208-12. [PMID: 21160168 DOI: 10.1159/000322355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are highly abundant antimicrobial peptides in the female genital mucosa. We have previously shown that human defensins 5 and 6 (HD5 and HD6), produced by cervicovaginal epithelial cells, significantly enhance HIV infectivity in vitro. Candidate polyanion microbicides, including PRO 2000, cellulose sulfate and carrageenan, failed to protect women against HIV infection in large-scale clinical trials, but the molecular basis of ineffectiveness was not clear. We hypothesized that mucosal host factors such as HD5 an HD6 may alter the activity of polyanion microbicides against HIV. Our results demonstrated that HD5 and HD6 but not their linear analogs antagonized the anti-HIV activity of PRO 2000, cellulose sulfate and carrageenan in vitro. Polyanion microbicides also reduced the HIV-enhancing effect of these defensins. We conclude that mucosal host factors could negatively impact the efficacy of topical microbicides against HIV, and their impact on the activity of candidate microbicides needs to be considered during the preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ding
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Agarwal HK, Kumar A, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis, antiviral and contraceptive activities of nucleoside–sodium cellulose sulfate acetate and succinate conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6993-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
More than 28 years since the first cases of HIV/AIDS, there is still no cure or vaccine. The worst affected region is sub-Saharan Africa and, increasingly, it is young women who are bearing the brunt of the epidemic. Consequently, there is an urgent need for HIV prevention options for women in developing countries. Microbicides are topical products that can be used vaginally by women to impede sexual transmission of HIV and thus represent one of the most promising prevention strategies. Efficacy trials with early nonspecific microbicide gels have so far been unsuccessful, but the field has now switched its focus to products containing highly potent and highly specific antiretroviral drugs that are easier to use, and can be formulated in a variety of dosage forms to suit individual and regional preferences. However, these products have their own challenges, with a greater likelihood of absorption, and the potential for systemic toxicities or the development of resistance in infected individuals who are unaware of their HIV status. The conduct of clinical trials is complex for all microbicides, with limited availability of trial sites, difficulties in dose selection and safety monitoring, and a lack of a truly objective measure of adherence. Once a microbicide has been shown to be safe and effective, there will need to be a clear pathway to regulatory approval, and the successful launch of a product will depend on having in place appropriate methods for distribution to the women who need it, along with a strategy for ensuring that they use it correctly. This will require substantial effort in terms of education and community engagement, and these activities need to be initiated well in advance of microbicide rollout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Nuttall
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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