1
|
Hassan MZ, Shirin T, Satter SM, Rahman MZ, Bourner J, Cheyne A, Torreele E, Horby P, Olliaro P. Nipah virus disease: what can we do to improve patient care? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e463-e471. [PMID: 38185127 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The year 2023 marked the 25th anniversary of the first detected outbreak of Nipah virus disease. Despite Nipah virus being a priority pathogen in the WHO Research and Development blueprint, the disease it causes still carries high mortality, unchanged since the first reported outbreaks. Although candidate vaccines for Nipah virus disease exist, developing new therapeutics has been underinvested. Nipah virus disease illustrates the typical market failure of medicine development for a high-consequence pathogen. The unpredictability of outbreaks and low number of infections affecting populations in low-income countries does not make an attractive business case for developing treatments for Nipah virus disease-a situation compounded by methodological challenges in clinical trial design. Nipah virus therapeutics development is not motivated by commercial interest. Therefore, we propose a regionally led, patient-centred, and public health-centred, end-to-end framework that articulates a public health vision and a roadmap for research, development, manufacturing, and access towards the goal of improving patient outcomes. This framework includes co-creating a regulatory-compliant, clinically meaningful, and context-specific clinical development plan and establishing quality standards in clinical care and research capabilities at sites where the disease occurs. The success of this approach will be measured by the availability and accessibility of improved Nipah virus treatments in affected communities and reduced mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Zakiul Hassan
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syed M Satter
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Z Rahman
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Josephine Bourner
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashleigh Cheyne
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Els Torreele
- Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, University College London, London, UK; Independent Researcher and Advisor, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Horby
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Piero Olliaro
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mishra G, Prajapat V, Nayak D. Advancements in Nipah virus treatment: Analysis of current progress in vaccines, antivirals, and therapeutics. Immunology 2024; 171:155-169. [PMID: 37712243 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) causes severe encephalitis in humans. Three NiV strains NiV-Malaysia (NiVM ), NiV Bangladesh (NiVB ), and NiV India (NiVI reported in 2019) have been circulating in South-Asian nations. Sporadic outbreak observed in South-East Asian countries but human to human transmission raises the concern about its pandemic potential. The presence of the viral genome in reservoir bats has further confirmed that NiV has spread to the African and Australian continents. NiV research activities have gained momentum to achieve specific preparedness goals to meet any future emergency-as a result, several potential vaccine candidates have been developed and tested in a variety of animal models. Some of these candidate vaccines have entered further clinical trials. Research activities related to the discovery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have resulted in the identification of a handful of candidates capable of neutralizing the virion. However, progress in discovering potential antiviral drugs has been limited. Thus, considering NiV's pandemic potential, it is crucial to fast-track ongoing projects related to vaccine clinical trials, anti-NiV therapeutics. Here, we discuss the current progress in NiV-vaccine research and therapeutic options, including mAbs and antiviral medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatree Mishra
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Vishal Prajapat
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pigeaud DD, Geisbert TW, Woolsey C. Animal Models for Henipavirus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:1980. [PMID: 37896758 PMCID: PMC10610982 DOI: 10.3390/v15101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses in the genus Henipavirus (HNV) that emerged nearly thirty years ago. Outbreaks of HeV and NiV have led to severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and animals characterized by a high mortality rate. Despite the grave threat HNVs pose to public health and global biosecurity, no approved medical countermeasures for human use currently exist against HeV or NiV. To develop candidate vaccines and therapeutics and advance the field's understanding of HNV pathogenesis, animal models of HeV and NiV have been instrumental and remain indispensable. Various species, including rodents, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), have been employed for HNV investigations. Among these, NHPs have demonstrated the closest resemblance to human HNV disease, although other animal models replicate some key disease features. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the currently available animal models (mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, horses, and swine) to support HNV research. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of each model for conducting pathogenesis and transmission studies on HeV and NiV and for the evaluation of medical countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Declan D. Pigeaud
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Naeem I, Mateen RM, Sibtul Hassan S, Tariq A, Parveen R, Saqib MAN, Fareed MI, Hussain M, Afzal MS. In silico identification of potential drug-like molecules against G glycoprotein of Nipah virus by molecular docking, DFT studies, and molecular dynamic simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7104-7118. [PMID: 36036362 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a novel zoonotic pathogen that belongs to the Paramyxovirus family. The pathogen has infected a number of people in countries like Bangladesh, India, Singapore, and Malaysia with high mortality rates. Although the NiV has been classified as a biosafety level four pathogen (BSL-4), there is no drug approved for treatment against it. In this study, the G glycoprotein of the NiV was chosen as an antiviral target. Based on ADMET criteria, BBB- and BBB + group compounds were screened out of the Gold & platinum Asinex library containing 211620 compounds. After careful evaluation, the selected ligands were then virtually screened to identify the potential inhibitors against the G glycoprotein of the NiV through molecular docking, density functional theory (DFT), and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies. In our study we identified 5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-[(3-fluorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,7(1H,6H)-dione (from BBB- group) and 7,7-Dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(4-morpholinylcarbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-2,5(1H,6H)-quinolinedione) (from BBB + group) as potential compounds for the prevention and treatment of NiV related diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Naeem
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Mateen
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sibtul Hassan
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asma Tariq
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Parveen
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan Fareed
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mureed Hussain
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Orosco FL. Advancing the frontiers: Revolutionary control and prevention paradigms against Nipah virus. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1056-1070. [PMID: 37842102 PMCID: PMC10576574 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i9.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah Virus (NiV) is a highly virulent pathogen that poses a significant threat to human and animal populations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest control and prevention strategies against NiV, focusing on vaccine development, antiviral drug discovery, early diagnosis, surveillance, and high-level biosecurity measures. Advancements in vaccine research, including live-attenuated vaccines, virus-like particles, and mRNA-based vaccines, hold promise for preventing NiV infections. In addition, antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir, ribavirin, and favipiravir, have the potential to inhibit NiV replication. Early diagnosis through molecular and serological assays, immunohistochemistry, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction plays a crucial role in timely detection. Surveillance efforts encompassing cluster-based and case-based systems enhance outbreak identification and provide valuable insights into transmission dynamics. Furthermore, the implementation of high-level biosecurity measures in agriculture, livestock practices, and healthcare settings is essential to minimize transmission risks. Collaboration among researchers, public health agencies, and policymakers is pivotal in refining and implementing these strategies to effectively control and prevent NiV outbreaks and safeguard public health on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredmoore L. Orosco
- Virology and Vaccine Institute of the Philippines Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
- S&T Fellows Program, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chemarin M, Chenel A, Knoche A. [Nipah and measles ARN viruses trigger an alternative signaling pathway: cGAS-STING]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:395-397. [PMID: 37094276 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Chemarin
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences Santé, Lyon, France - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, faculté de médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Antonin Chenel
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Albane Knoche
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France - École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, faculté des sciences de la vie, Master Ingénierie des sciences du vivant, Lausanne, Suisse
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang S, Kar S. Are we ready to fight the Nipah virus pandemic? An overview of drug targets, current medications, and potential leads. Struct Chem 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37363045 PMCID: PMC9993391 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-023-02148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a high-lethality RNA virus from the family of Paramyxoviridae and genus Henipavirus, classified under Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) pathogen due to the severity of pathogenicity and lack of medications and vaccines. Direct contacts or the body fluids of infected animals are the major factor of transmission of NiV. As it is not an airborne infection, the transmission rate is relatively low. Still, mutations of the NiV in the animal reservoir over the years, followed by zoonotic transfer, can make the deadliness of the virus manifold in upcoming years. Therefore, there is no denial of the possibility of a pandemic after COVID-19 considering the severe pathogenicity of NiV, and that is why we need to be prepared with possible drugs in upcoming days. Considering the time constraints, computational aided drug design (CADD) is an efficient way to study the virus and perform the drug design and test the HITs to lead experimentally. Therefore, this review focuses primarily on NiV target proteins (covering NiV and human), experimentally tested repurposed drug details, and latest computational studies on potential lead molecules, which can be explored as potential drug candidates. Computationally identified drug candidates, including their chemical structures, docking scores, amino acid level interaction with corresponding protein, and the platform used for the studies, are thoroughly discussed. The review will offer a one-stop study to access what had been performed and what can be performed in the CADD of NiV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Yang
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083 USA
| | - Supratik Kar
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Satterfield BA, Mire CE, Geisbert TW. Overview of Experimental Vaccines and Antiviral Therapeutics for Henipavirus Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2682:1-22. [PMID: 37610570 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3283-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses, which have emerged in recent decades and cause sporadic outbreaks of respiratory and encephalitic disease in Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively. Over two billion people currently live in regions potentially at risk due to the wide range of the Pteropus fruit bat reservoir, yet there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics to protect against or treat henipavirus disease. In recent years, significant progress has been made toward developing various experimental vaccine platforms and therapeutics. Here, we describe these advances for both human and livestock vaccine candidates and discuss the numerous preclinical studies and the few that have progressed to human phase 1 clinical trial and the one approved veterinary vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- National Bio- and Agro-defense Facility, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bruno L, Nappo MA, Ferrari L, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010159. [PMID: 36611767 PMCID: PMC9817766 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a viral disease caused by a Henipavirus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, responsible for a zoonosis. The course of the disease can be very serious and lead to death. NiV natural hosts are fruit bats (also known as megabats) belonging to the Pteropodidae family, especially those of the Pteropus genus. Natural infection in domestic animals has been described in farming pigs, horses, domestic and feral dogs and cats. Natural NiV transmission is possible intra-species (pig-to-pig, human-to-human) and inter-species (flying bat-to-human, pig-to-human, horse-to-human). The infection can be spread by humans or animals in different ways. It is peculiar how the viral transmission modes among different hosts also change depending on the geographical area for different reasons, including different breeding methods, eating habits and the recently identified genetic traits/molecular features of main virus proteins related to virulence. Outbreaks have been described in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines with, in some cases, severe respiratory and neurological disease and high mortality in both humans and pigs. Diagnosis can be made using different methods including serological, molecular, virological and immunohistochemical methods. The cornerstones for control of the disease are biosecurity (via the correct management of reservoir and intermediate/amplifying hosts) and potential vaccines which are still under development. However, the evaluation of the potential influence of climate and anthropogenic changes on the NiV reservoir bats and their habitat as well as on disease spread and inter-specific infections is of great importance. Bats, as natural reservoirs of the virus, are responsible for the viral spread and, therefore, for the outbreaks of the disease in humans and animals. Due to the worldwide distribution of bats, potential new reports and spillovers are not to be dismissed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bruno
- Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Maria Anna Nappo
- Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Guarnieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cantoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liew YJM, Ibrahim PAS, Ong HM, Chong CN, Tan CT, Schee JP, Gómez Román R, Cherian NG, Wong WF, Chang LY. The Immunobiology of Nipah Virus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061162. [PMID: 35744680 PMCID: PMC9228579 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal zoonotic paramyxovirus that emerged in Malaysia in 1998. It is a human pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory infection and encephalitis. The natural reservoir of NiV, Pteropus fruit bats, remains a continuous virus source for future outbreaks, although infection in the bats is largely asymptomatic. NiV provokes serious disease in various mammalian species. In the recent human NiV outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, both bats-to-human and human-to-human transmissions have been observed. NiV has been demonstrated to interfere with the innate immune response via interferon type I signaling, promoting viral dissemination and preventing antiviral response. Studies of humoral immunity in infected NiV patients and animal models have shown that NiV-specific antibodies were produced upon infection and were protective. Studies on cellular immunity response to NiV infection in human and animal models also found that the adaptive immune response, specifically CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, was stimulated upon NiV infection. The experimental vaccines and therapeutic strategies developed have provided insights into the immunological requirements for the development of successful medical countermeasures against NiV. This review summarizes the current understanding of NiV pathogenesis and innate and adaptive immune responses induced upon infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Jing Mei Liew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.J.M.L.); (P.A.S.I.); (H.M.O.); (C.N.C.); (W.F.W.)
- Deputy Vice Chancellor’s Office (Research & Innovation), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Puteri Ainaa S. Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.J.M.L.); (P.A.S.I.); (H.M.O.); (C.N.C.); (W.F.W.)
| | - Hui Ming Ong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.J.M.L.); (P.A.S.I.); (H.M.O.); (C.N.C.); (W.F.W.)
| | - Chee Ning Chong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.J.M.L.); (P.A.S.I.); (H.M.O.); (C.N.C.); (W.F.W.)
| | - Chong Tin Tan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (C.T.T.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Jie Ping Schee
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (C.T.T.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Raúl Gómez Román
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Askekroken 11, 0277 Oslo, Norway; (R.G.R.); (N.G.C.)
| | - Neil George Cherian
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Askekroken 11, 0277 Oslo, Norway; (R.G.R.); (N.G.C.)
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.J.M.L.); (P.A.S.I.); (H.M.O.); (C.N.C.); (W.F.W.)
| | - Li-Yen Chang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.J.M.L.); (P.A.S.I.); (H.M.O.); (C.N.C.); (W.F.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaliappan A, Kaliappan V, Lakshmi JT, Raja S, Nikhat SS, Vidya MS, Saranya M, Sagar T, Chenna KD. Nipah amidst Covid-19 Pandemic, another Re-Emerging Infectious Disease of Pandemic Potential - a Narrative Review. MAEDICA 2022; 17:464-470. [PMID: 36032603 PMCID: PMC9375865 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.2.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Nipah virus (NiV) was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Since then, there have been multiple outbreaks, all of them in South- and South-East Asia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), up to 75% of Nipah infections were proven to be fatal. Nipah virus belongs to the group of Biosafety Level-4 pathogen associated with high case fatality rate (40-75%). Methodology:According to the PRISMA guidelines for 2020, we searched in four medical databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Scopus) and selected relevant studies from the past twenty years till November 2021. Review:Nipah virus was first detected in Malaysia's Kampung Sungai Nipah in 1998. By May 1999, the Malaysia Ministry of Health in association with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported a total of 258 cases with a case fatality rate of almost 40%. Nipah in Kozhikode:Experts from the Pune Institute and Bhopal's National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases had collected Bat samples from Pazhoor in Chathamangalam gram panchayat (where a 12-year-old died due to Nipah infection on September 5 carried antibodies of the virus). All Indian outbreaks have seen person-to-person transmission. The virus found in Kerala differed from those two variants in terms of genetic structure. It also differed by 1.96% from the Bangladesh variant. The difference with the Malaysian variant was 8.42%. While PCR is the most sensitive technique for diagnosing active NiV infection, NiV-specific IgM ELISA offers a serological option when PCR is not available. Conclusions:Understanding the fruit bat ecology, NiV illness seasonality, and the transmission risk of various intermediate species requires a One Health approach. The danger of reintroduction into animal or human populations cannot be handled without a thorough understanding of the wildlife reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariyanachi Kaliappan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, India
| | - Vanangamudi Kaliappan
- Department of Orthopedics, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jyothi Tadi Lakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, India
| | - S Raja
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, India
| | - Shalam Shireen Nikhat
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, India
| | - Meena S Vidya
- Department of Anatomy, Tiruvallur Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mallamgunta Saranya
- Department of Microbiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Triveni Sagar
- Department of Medicine, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050936. [PMID: 35632678 PMCID: PMC9146692 DOI: 10.3390/v14050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah henipavirus (NiV) and Hendra henipavirus (HeV) are zoonotic emerging paramyxoviruses causing severe disease outbreaks in humans and livestock, mostly in Australia, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Both are bat-borne viruses and in humans, their mortality rates can reach 60% in the case of HeV and 92% for NiV, thus being two of the deadliest viruses known for humans. Several factors, including a large cellular tropism and a wide zoonotic potential, con-tribute to their high pathogenicity. This review provides an overview of HeV and NiV pathogenicity mechanisms and provides a summary of their interactions with the immune systems of their different host species, including their natural hosts bats, spillover-hosts pigs, horses, and humans, as well as in experimental animal models. A better understanding of the interactions between henipaviruses and their hosts could facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and vaccine measures against these re-emerging viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Centre (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gómez Román R, Tornieporth N, Cherian NG, Shurtleff AC, L'Azou Jackson M, Yeskey D, Hacker A, Mungai E, Le TT. Medical countermeasures against henipaviruses: a review and public health perspective. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 22:e13-e27. [PMID: 34735799 PMCID: PMC8694750 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Henipaviruses, including Nipah virus, are regarded as pathogens of notable epidemic potential because of their high pathogenicity and the paucity of specific medical countermeasures to control infections in humans. We review the evidence of medical countermeasures against henipaviruses and project their cost in a post-COVID-19 era. Given the sporadic and unpredictable nature of henipavirus outbreaks, innovative strategies will be needed to circumvent the infeasibility of traditional phase 3 clinical trial regulatory pathways. Stronger partnerships with scientific institutions and regulatory authorities in low-income and middle-income countries can inform coordination of appropriate investments and development of strategies and normative guidelines for the deployment and equitable use of multiple medical countermeasures. Accessible measures should include global, regional, and endemic in-country stockpiles of reasonably priced small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines as part of a combined collection of products that could help to control henipavirus outbreaks and prevent future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Gómez Román
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Tornieporth
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway; University of Applied Sciences & Arts, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Amy C Shurtleff
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Debra Yeskey
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Adam Hacker
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Mungai
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Tung Thanh Le
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, Nipah virus (NiV) has emerged as a significant, highly pathogenic bat-borne paramyxovirus causing severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans, and human-to-human transmission has been demonstrated in multiple outbreaks. In addition to causing serious illness in humans, NiV is a zoonotic pathogen capable of infecting a wide range of other mammalian species, including pigs and horses. While NiV has caused less than 700 human cases since its discovery in 1998/1999, the involvement of intermediate agricultural hosts can result in significant economic consequences. Owing to the severity of disease, capacity for human-to-human transmission, zoonotic potential, and lack of available approved therapeutic treatment options, NiV has been listed by the World Health Organization in their Blueprint list of priority pathogens as one of the eight most dangerous pathogens to monitor and prepare countermeasures to prevent a pandemic. Here, we discuss progress towards the development of therapeutic measures for the treatment of NiV infection and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michelle Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hauser N, Gushiken AC, Narayanan S, Kottilil S, Chua JV. Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010024. [PMID: 33672796 PMCID: PMC8005932 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus of the Henipavirus genus first identified in Malaysia in 1998. Henipaviruses have bat reservoir hosts and have been isolated from fruit bats found across Oceania, Asia, and Africa. Bat-to-human transmission is thought to be the primary mode of human NiV infection, although multiple intermediate hosts are described. Human infections with NiV were originally described as a syndrome of fever and rapid neurological decline following contact with swine. More recent outbreaks describe a syndrome with prominent respiratory symptoms and human-to-human transmission. Nearly annual outbreaks have been described since 1998 with case fatality rates reaching greater than 90%. The ubiquitous nature of the reservoir host, increasing deforestation, multiple mode of transmission, high case fatality rate, and lack of effective therapy or vaccines make NiV’s pandemic potential increasingly significant. Here we review the epidemiology and microbiology of NiV as well as the therapeutic agents and vaccines in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hauser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Alexis C. Gushiken
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.C.G.); (S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Shivakumar Narayanan
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.C.G.); (S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.C.G.); (S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Joel V. Chua
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.C.G.); (S.N.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-5704
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Piperazine-substituted derivatives of favipiravir for Nipah virus inhibition: What do in silico studies unravel? SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 3:110. [PMID: 33458565 PMCID: PMC7799160 DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-04051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir is found to show excellent in-vitro inhibition activity against Nipah virus. To explore the structure-property relationship of Favipiravir, in silico designing of a series of piperazine substituted Favipiravir derivatives are attempted and computational screening has been done to evaluate its bimolecular interactions with Nipah virus. The geometrical features of all the molecules have been addressed from Density Functional Theory calculations. Chemical reactivity descriptor analysis was carried out to understand various reactivity parameters. The drug-likeness properties were estimated by a detailed ADMET study. The binding ability and the mode of binding of these derivatives into the Nipah virus are obtained from molecular docking studies. Our calculations show greater binding ability for the designed inhibitors compared to that of the experimentally reported molecule. Overall, the present work proves to offers new insights and guidelines for synthetic chemists to develop new drugs using piperazine substituted Favipiravir in the treatment of Nipah virus. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42452-020-04051-9.
Collapse
|
17
|
Khusro A, Aarti C, Pliego AB, Cipriano-Salazar M. Hendra Virus Infection in Horses: A Review on Emerging Mystery Paramyxovirus. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103149. [PMID: 32684248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus which causes acute and deadly infection in horses (Equus caballus). It is a rare and unmanaged emerging viral infection in horses which is harbored by bats of the genus Pteropus (Australian flying foxes or fruit bats). The virus is pleomorphic in shape and its genome contains nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA with 18234 nucleotides in length. The virus is transmitted from flying foxes to horses, horse to horse, and horse to humans. Human-to-human transmission of HeV infection is not reported yet. The infection of HeV in horses is highly variable and shows broad range of signs and lesions including distinct respiratory and neurological disorders. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs available for the treatment of HeV infection in horses. Vaccination is considered as prime option to prevent HeV infection in horses. A subunit vaccine, called as "Equivac HeV vaccine" has been approved recently for preventing this viral infection in horses. In addition, a plethora of common preventive strategies could help restrict the inter- and intra-species transmission of HeV. Considering the scanty but severe fatality cases of this mystery virus as well as lack of proper attention by veterinary scientists, this review article spotlights not only on the clinical signs, transmission, epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of HeV but also the preventive managements of this uncommon infection in horses by vaccination and other precautious strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Khusro
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chirom Aarti
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alberto Barbabosa Pliego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico.
| | - Moises Cipriano-Salazar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Cd. Altamirano, Guerrero, México
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gupta AK, Kumar A, Rajput A, Kaur K, Dar SA, Thakur A, Megha K, Kumar M. NipahVR: a resource of multi-targeted putative therapeutics and epitopes for the Nipah virus. Database (Oxford) 2020; 2020:baz159. [PMID: 32090261 PMCID: PMC7036594 DOI: 10.1093/database/baz159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging and priority pathogen from the Paramyxoviridae family with a high fatality rate. It causes various diseases such as respiratory ailments and encephalitis and poses a great threat to humans and livestock. Despite various efforts, there is no approved antiviral treatment available. Therefore, to expedite and assist the research, we have developed an integrative resource NipahVR (http://bioinfo.imtech.res.in/manojk/nipahvr/) for the multi-targeted putative therapeutics and epitopes for NiV. It is structured into different sections, i.e. genomes, codon usage, phylogenomics, molecular diagnostic primers, therapeutics (siRNAs, sgRNAs, miRNAs) and vaccine epitopes (B-cell, CTL, MHC-I and -II binders). Most decisively, potentially efficient therapeutic regimens targeting different NiV proteins and genes were anticipated and projected. We hope this computational resource would be helpful in developing combating strategies against this deadly pathogen. Database URL: http://bioinfo.imtech.res.in/manojk/nipahvr/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Gupta
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Archit Kumar
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Akanksha Rajput
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Karambir Kaur
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Showkat Ahmed Dar
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Anamika Thakur
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Kirti Megha
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bhattacharya S, Dhar S, Banerjee A, Ray S. Detailed Molecular Biochemistry for Novel Therapeutic Design Against Nipah and Hendra Virus: A Systematic Review. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 13:108-125. [PMID: 31657692 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666191023123732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) of genus Henipavirus are the deadliest zoonotic viruses, which cause severe respiratory ailments and fatal encephalitis in humans and other susceptible animals. The fatality rate for these infections had been alarmingly high with no approved treatment available to date. Viral attachment and fusion with host cell membrane is essential for viral entry and is the most essential event of viral infection. Viral attachment is mediated by interaction of Henipavirus attachment glycoprotein (G) with the host cell receptor: Ephrin B2/B3, while viral fusion and endocytosis are mediated by the combined action of both viral glycoprotein (G) and fusion protein (F). CONCLUSION This review highlights the mechanism of viral attachment, fusion and also explains the basic mechanism and pathobiology of this infection in humans. The drugs and therapeutics used either experimentally or clinically against NiV and HeV infection have been documented and classified in detail. Some amino acid residues essential for the functionality of G and F proteins were also emphasized. Therapeutic designing to target and block these residues can serve as a promising approach in future drug development against NiV and HeV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shreyeshi Dhar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
| | - Arundhati Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, India
| | - Sujay Ray
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Miao J, Chard LS, Wang Z, Wang Y. Syrian Hamster as an Animal Model for the Study on Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2329. [PMID: 31632404 PMCID: PMC6781508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases still remain one of the biggest challenges for human health. In order to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and develop effective diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and preventive vaccines, a suitable animal model which can represent the characteristics of infectious is required. The Syrian hamster immune responses to infectious pathogens are similar to humans and as such, this model is advantageous for studying pathogenesis of infection including post-bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, along with assessing the efficacy and interactions of medications and vaccines for those pathogens. This review summarizes the current status of Syrian hamster models and their use for understanding the underlying mechanisms of pathogen infection, in addition to their use as a drug discovery platform and provides a strong rationale for the selection of Syrian hamster as animal models in biomedical research. The challenges of using Syrian hamster as an alternative animal model for the research of infectious diseases are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Miao
- Department of Science and Technology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Louisa S Chard
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sayed A, Bottu A, Qaisar M, Mane MP, Acharya Y. Nipah virus: a narrative review of viral characteristics and epidemiological determinants. Public Health 2019; 173:97-104. [PMID: 31261032 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this article are to highlight the properties of the Nipah virus (NiV) and discuss its epidemiological determinants. STUDY DESIGN A review of conjectures, epidemiological and clinically related studies, and identification and discussion of preventive approaches is conducted. METHODS A review of the current literature is performed going through online search engines: PubMed and Google Scholar. The search strategy was focused on two main components, first on the NiV ('Nipah' OR 'Nipah Virus') and subsequently on its epidemiology, including determinants and preventive measures ('Epidemiology/determinants' OR 'Epidemiology/prevention'). RESULTS NiV infection is an emerging zoonotic infectious disease causing sporadic outbursts in many developing countries within Asia, Africa, and South America. Pteroid bats are the natural reservoirs, but human-to-human transmission is possible. Clinical course ranges from non-specific influenza-like symptoms to rapidly progressive respiratory and neurologic complications. Vector control has been challenging because of its widely distributed ecological niche. Currently, no definitive treatment protocols are available in humans, but profound breakthrough in vaccine technology and successful equine vaccines has shown the way for the development of NiV vaccine and immunization in the near future. CONCLUSIONS The NiV poses a significant public health risk because of its intricate transmission cycle, unpredictable viral course, murky management protocol, and unavailability of vaccine. Complicated by emergence and subsequent reemergence, prevention and containment are the two most important public health promotion strategies. Early anticipation, intergovernmental preparedness and cooperation, and surveillance of zoonotic infections still remain the key to mitigate the risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sayed
- Avalon University School of Medicine (AUSOM), Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles
| | - A Bottu
- Avalon University School of Medicine (AUSOM), Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles
| | - M Qaisar
- Avalon University School of Medicine (AUSOM), Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles
| | - M P Mane
- Avalon University School of Medicine (AUSOM), Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles
| | - Y Acharya
- Avalon University School of Medicine (AUSOM), Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rajput A, Kumar A, Kumar M. Computational Identification of Inhibitors Using QSAR Approach Against Nipah Virus. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:71. [PMID: 30809147 PMCID: PMC6379726 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) caused several outbreaks in Asian countries including the latest one from Kerala state of India. There is no drug available against NiV till now, despite its urgent requirement. In the current study, we have provided a computational one-stop solution for NiV inhibitors. We have developed the first “anti-Nipah” web resource, which comprising of a data repository, prediction method, and data visualization module. The database contains of 313 (181 unique) chemicals extracted from research articles and patents, which were tested for different strains of NiV isolated from various outbreaks. Moreover, the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) based regression predictors were developed using chemicals having half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Predictive models were accomplished using support vector machine employing 10-fold cross validation technique. The overall predictor showed the Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.82 on training/testing dataset. Likewise, it also performed equally well on the independent validation dataset. The robustness of the predictive model was confirmed by applicability domain (William's plot) and scatter plot between actual and predicted efficiencies. Further, the data visualization module from chemical clustering analysis displayed the diversity in the NiV inhibitors. Therefore, this web platform would be of immense help to the researchers working in developing effective inhibitors against NiV. The user-friendly web server is freely available on URL: http://bioinfo.imtech.res.in/manojk/antinipah/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Rajput
- Virology Discovery Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Archit Kumar
- Virology Discovery Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Virology Discovery Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Banerjee S, Gupta N, Kodan P, Mittal A, Ray Y, Nischal N, Soneja M, Biswas A, Wig N. Nipah virus disease: A rare and intractable disease. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2019; 8:1-8. [PMID: 30881850 PMCID: PMC6409114 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2018.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus, an enveloped ribonucleic acid virus, has been a major cause of encephalitis out-breaks with high mortality, primarily in the Indo-Bangladesh regions. Except for the first outbreak in Malaysia-Singapore, which was related to contact with pigs and the outbreak in Philippines associated with horse slaughter, most other outbreaks have affected the Indo- Bangladesh regions. The Indo-Bangladesh outbreaks were associated with consumption of raw date palm sap contaminated by fruit bats and had a very high secondary attack rate. The patient usually presents with fever, encephalitis and/or respiratory involvement with or without thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and transaminitis. Diagnosis can be confirmed by isolation and nucleic acid amplification in the acute phase or antibody detection during the convalescent phase. Treatment is mostly limited to supportive care and syndromic management of acute encephalitis syndrome. Ribavirin, m102.4 monoclonal antibody and favipiravir are the only anti-virals with some activity against Nipah virus. Standard precautions, hand hygiene and personal protective equipments are the cornerstone of comprehensive infection prevention and control strategy. With the recent outbreaks affecting newer geographical areas, there is a need for physicians to be aware of this disease and keep abreast of its current detection and management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manish Soneja
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Manish Soneja, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 11029, India. E-mail:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mazzola LT, Kelly-Cirino C. Diagnostics for Nipah virus: a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001118. [PMID: 30815286 PMCID: PMC6361328 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging pathogen that, unlike other priority pathogens identified by WHO, is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is most commonly transmitted through exposure to saliva or excrement from the Pteropus fruit bat, or direct contact with intermediate animal hosts, such as pigs. NiV infection causes severe febrile encephalitic disease and/or respiratory disease; treatment options are limited to supportive care. A number of in-house diagnostic assays for NiV using serological and nucleic acid amplification techniques have been developed for NiV and are used in laboratory settings, including some early multiplex panels for differentiation of NiV infection from other febrile diseases. However, given the often rural and remote nature of NiV outbreak settings, there remains a need for rapid diagnostic tests that can be implemented at the point of care. Additionally, more reliable assays for surveillance of communities and livestock will be vital to achieving a better understanding of the ecology of the fruit bat host and transmission risk to other intermediate hosts, enabling implementation of a ‘One Health’ approach to outbreak prevention and the management of this zoonotic disease. An improved understanding of NiV viral diversity and infection kinetics or dynamics will be central to the development of new diagnostics, and access to clinical specimens must be improved to enable effective validation and external quality assessments. Target product profiles for NiV diagnostics should be refined to take into account these outstanding needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Mazzola
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Emerging Threats Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra Kelly-Cirino
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Emerging Threats Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chakraborty S, Deb B, Barbhuiya PA, Uddin A. Analysis of codon usage patterns and influencing factors in Nipah virus. Virus Res 2019; 263:129-138. [PMID: 30664908 PMCID: PMC7114725 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) genes are AT-rich. Codon usage bias of NiV genes is low. Patterns of codon usage bias differ across the genomes of NiV. Both mutation pressure and natural selection influenced codon usage bias of NiV genes.
Codon usage bias (CUB) is the unequal usage of synonymous codons of an amino acid in which some codons are used more often than others and is widely used in understanding molecular biology, genetics, and functional regulation of gene expression. Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal disease in both humans and animals. NiV was first identified during an outbreak of a disease in Malaysia in 1998 and then occurred periodically since 2001 in India, Bangladesh, and the Philippines. We used bioinformatics tools to analyze the codon usage patterns in a genome-wide manner among 11 genomes of NiV as no work was reported yet. The compositional properties revealed that the overall GC and AT contents were 41.96 and 58.04%, respectively i.e. Nipah virus genes were AT-rich. Correlation analysis between overall nucleotide composition and its 3rd codon position suggested that both mutation pressure and natural selection might influence the CUB across Nipah genomes. Neutrality plot revealed natural selection might have played a major role while mutation pressure had a minor role in shaping the codon usage bias in NiV genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriyo Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India.
| | - Bornali Deb
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Parvin A Barbhuiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Arif Uddin
- Department of Zoology, Moinul Hoque Choudhury Memorial Science College, Algapur, Hailakandi 788150, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aditi, Shariff M. Nipah virus infection: A review. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e95. [PMID: 30869046 PMCID: PMC6518547 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne pathogen. It was first identified 20 years ago in Malaysia and has since caused outbreaks in other parts of South and Southeast Asia. It causes severe neurological and respiratory disease which is highly lethal. It is highly infectious and spreads in the community through infected animals or other infected people. Different strains of the virus show differing clinical and epidemiological features. Rapid diagnosis and implementation of infection control measures are essential to contain outbreaks. A number of serological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for diagnosis and surveillance. Difficulties in diagnosis and management arise when a new area is affected. The high mortality associated with infection and the possibility of spread to new areas has underscored the need for effective management and control. However, no effective treatment or prophylaxis is readily available, though several approaches show promise. Given the common chains of transmission from bats to humans, a One Health approach is necessary for the prevention and control of NiV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - M. Shariff
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Henipavirus Infection: Natural History and the Virus-Host Interplay. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-018-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
28
|
Dawes BE, Kalveram B, Ikegami T, Juelich T, Smith JK, Zhang L, Park A, Lee B, Komeno T, Furuta Y, Freiberg AN. Favipiravir (T-705) protects against Nipah virus infection in the hamster model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7604. [PMID: 29765101 PMCID: PMC5954062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah and Hendra viruses are recently emerged bat-borne paramyxoviruses (genus Henipavirus) causing severe encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans with fatality rates ranging from 40–75%. Despite the severe pathogenicity of these viruses and their pandemic potential, no therapeutics or vaccines are currently approved for use in humans. Favipiravir (T-705) is a purine analogue antiviral approved for use in Japan against emerging influenza strains; and several phase 2 and 3 clinical trials are ongoing in the United States and Europe. Favipiravir has demonstrated efficacy against a broad spectrum of RNA viruses, including members of the Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Arenaviridae families, and the Bunyavirales order. We now demonstrate that favipiravir has potent antiviral activity against henipaviruses. In vitro, favipiravir inhibited Nipah and Hendra virus replication and transcription at micromolar concentrations. In the Syrian hamster model, either twice daily oral or once daily subcutaneous administration of favipiravir for 14 days fully protected animals challenged with a lethal dose of Nipah virus. This first successful treatment of henipavirus infection in vivo with a small molecule drug suggests that favipiravir should be further evaluated as an antiviral treatment option for henipavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Dawes
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Jennifer K Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Arnold Park
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA. .,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA. .,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Welch SR, Chakrabarti AK, Wiggleton Guerrero L, Jenks HM, Lo MK, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Albariño CG. Development of a reverse genetics system for Sosuga virus allows rapid screening of antiviral compounds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018. [PMID: 29522528 PMCID: PMC5862516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sosuga virus (SOSV) is a recently discovered zoonotic paramyxovirus isolated from a single human case in 2012; it has been ecologically and epidemiologically associated with transmission by the Egyptian rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Bats have long been recognized as sources of novel zoonotic pathogens, including highly lethal paramyxoviruses like Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV). The ability of SOSV to cause severe human disease supports the need for studies on SOSV pathogenesis to better understand the potential impact of this virus and to identify effective treatments. Here we describe a reverse genetics system for SOSV comprising a minigenome-based assay and a replication-competent infectious recombinant reporter SOSV that expresses the fluorescent protein ZsGreen1 in infected cells. First, we used the minigenome assay to rapidly screen for compounds inhibiting SOSV replication at biosafety level 2 (BSL-2). The antiviral activity of candidate compounds was then tested against authentic viral replication using the reporter SOSV at BSL-3. We identified several compounds with anti-SOSV activity, several of which also inhibit NiV and HeV. Alongside its utility in screening for potential SOSV therapeutics, the reverse genetics system described here is a powerful tool for analyzing mechanisms of SOSV pathogenesis, which will facilitate our understanding of how to combat the potential public health threats posed by emerging bat-borne paramyxoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ayan K. Chakrabarti
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lisa Wiggleton Guerrero
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Harley M. Jenks
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - César G. Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chattu VK, Kumar R, Kumary S, Kajal F, David JK. Nipah virus epidemic in southern India and emphasizing "One Health" approach to ensure global health security. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7:275-283. [PMID: 30090764 PMCID: PMC6060941 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_137_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) encephalitis first reported in "Sungai Nipah" in Malaysia in 1999 has emerged as a global public health threat in the Southeast Asia region. From 1998 to 2018, more than 630 cases of NiV human infections were reported. NiV is transmitted by zoonotic (from bats to humans, or from bats to pigs, and then to humans) as well as human-to-human routes. Deforestation and urbanization of some areas have contributed to greater overlap between human and bat habitats resulting in NiV outbreaks. Common symptoms of NiV infection in humans are similar to that of influenza such as fever and muscle pain and in some cases, the inflammation of the brain occurs leading to encephalitis. The recent epidemic in May 2018 in Kerala for the first time has killed over 17 people in 7 days with high case fatality and highlighted the importance of One Health approach. The diagnosis is often not suspected at the time of presentation and creates challenges in outbreak detection, timely control measures, and outbreak response activities. Currently, there are no drugs or vaccines specific for NiV infection although this is a priority disease on the World Health Organization's agenda. Antivirals (Ribavirin, HR2-based fusion inhibitor), biologicals (convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies), immunomodulators, and intensive supportive care are the mainstay to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications. There is a great need for strengthening animal health surveillance system, using a One Health approach, to detect new cases and provide early warning for veterinary and human public health authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Chattu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad And Tobago
| | - Raman Kumar
- Academy of Family Physicians of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Fnu Kajal
- Global Health Researcher, University of San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph K David
- Medical Laboratory Specialist, Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
DeBuysscher BL, Scott D, Thomas T, Feldmann H, Prescott J. Peri-exposure protection against Nipah virus disease using a single-dose recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2016; 1:16002. [PMID: 28706736 PMCID: PMC5505655 DOI: 10.1038/npjvaccines.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe disease in humans and animals. Due to almost yearly outbreaks in Bangladesh, and a large outbreak in Malaysia that lead to the shutdown of swine export, Nipah virus is both a threat to public health and the economy. Infection is associated with respiratory distress, encephalitis and human-to-human transmission, resulting in high case fatality rates during outbreaks. This study aims to address the amount of time needed until protection from a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine candidate expressing the Nipah virus glycoprotein (G), which we have previously shown to protect hamsters and non-human primates when administered 28 days before challenge. We found that a single-dose vaccination, when administered 1 day before challenge, reduced viral load, limited pathology and fully protected hamsters from Nipah virus infection. The vaccine was even partially protective when administered at early time points following challenge with Nipah virus. These data indicate that a single administration of this vaccine to high-risk individuals, such as family members and health-care workers of infected patients, could be protective and useful for reducing human-to-human transmission and curbing an outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blair L DeBuysscher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Tina Thomas
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nipah Virus C and W Proteins Contribute to Respiratory Disease in Ferrets. J Virol 2016; 90:6326-6343. [PMID: 27147733 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00215-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal paramyxovirus that recently emerged as a causative agent of febrile encephalitis and severe respiratory disease in humans. The ferret model has emerged as the preferred small-animal model with which to study NiV disease, but much is still unknown about the viral determinants of NiV pathogenesis, including the contribution of the C protein in ferrets. Additionally, studies have yet to examine the synergistic effects of the various P gene products on pathogenesis in animal models. Using recombinant NiVs (rNiVs), we examine the sole contribution of the NiV C protein and the combined contributions of the C and W proteins in the ferret model of NiV pathogenesis. We show that an rNiV void of C expression resulted in 100% mortality, though with limited respiratory disease, like our previously reported rNiV void of W expression; this finding is in stark contrast to the attenuated phenotype observed in previous hamster studies utilizing rNiVs void of C expression. We also observed that an rNiV void of both C and W expression resulted in limited respiratory disease; however, there was severe neurological disease leading to 60% mortality, and the surviving ferrets demonstrated sequelae similar to those for human survivors of NiV encephalitis. IMPORTANCE Nipah virus (NiV) is a human pathogen capable of causing lethal respiratory and neurological disease. Many human survivors have long-lasting neurological impairment. Using a ferret model, this study demonstrated the roles of the NiV C and W proteins in pathogenesis, where lack of either the C or the W protein independently decreased the severity of clinical respiratory disease but did not decrease lethality. Abolishing both C and W expression, however, dramatically decreased the severity of respiratory disease and the level of destruction of splenic germinal centers. These ferrets still suffered severe neurological disease: 60% succumbed to disease, and the survivors experienced long-term neurological impairment, such as that seen in human survivors. This new ferret NiV C and W knockout model may allow, for the first time, the examination of interventions to prevent or mitigate the neurological damage and sequelae experienced by human survivors.
Collapse
|
33
|
Henipaviruses. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153454 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33133-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The first henipaviruses, Hendra virus (HeV), and Nipah virus (NiV) were pathogenic zoonoses that emerged in the mid to late 1990s causing serious disease outbreaks in livestock and humans. HeV was recognized in Australia 1994 in horses exhibiting respiratory disease along with a human case fatality, and then NiV was identified during a large outbreak of human cases of encephalitis with high mortality in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999 along with respiratory disease in pigs which served as amplifying hosts. The recently identified third henipavirus isolate, Cedar virus (CedPV), is not pathogenic in animals susceptible to HeV and NiV disease. Molecular detection of additional henipavirus species has been reported but no additional isolates of virus have been reported. Central pathological features of both HeV and NiV infection in humans and several susceptible animal species is a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. In people, both viruses can also manifest relapsed encephalitis following recovery from an acute infection, particularly NiV. The recognized natural reservoir hosts of HeV, NiV, and CedPV are pteropid bats, which do not show clinical illness when infected. With spillovers of HeV continuing to occur in Australia and NiV in Bangladesh and India, these henipaviruses continue to be important transboundary biological threats. NiV in particular possesses several features that highlight a pandemic potential, such as its ability to infect humans directly from natural reservoirs or indirectly from other susceptible animals along with a capacity of limited human-to-human transmission. Several henipavirus animal challenge models have been developed which has aided in understanding HeV and NiV pathogenesis as well as how they invade the central nervous system, and successful active and passive immunization strategies against HeV and NiV have been reported which target the viral envelope glycoproteins.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ong KC, Wong KT. Henipavirus Encephalitis: Recent Developments and Advances. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:605-13. [PMID: 26276024 PMCID: PMC7161744 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae includes the Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) which were discovered in the 1990s in Australia and Malaysia, respectively, after emerging to cause severe and often fatal outbreaks in humans and animals. While HeV is confined to Australia, more recent NiV outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh, India and the Philippines. The clinical manifestations of both henipaviruses in humans appear similar, with a predominance of an acute encephalitic syndrome. Likewise, the pathological features are similar and characterized by disseminated, multi-organ vasculopathy comprising endothelial infection/ulceration, vasculitis, vasculitis-induced thrombosis/occlusion, parenchymal ischemia/microinfarction, and parenchymal cell infection in the central nervous system (CNS), lung, kidney and other major organs. This unique dual pathogenetic mechanism of vasculitis-induced microinfarction and neuronal infection causes severe tissue damage in the CNS. Both viruses can also cause relapsing encephalitis months and years after the acute infection. Many animal models studied to date have largely confirmed the pathology of henipavirus infection, and provided the means to test new therapeutic agents and vaccines. As the bat is the natural host of henipaviruses and has worldwide distribution, spillover events into human populations are expected to occur in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department ofPathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The immunomodulating V and W proteins of Nipah virus determine disease course. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7483. [PMID: 26105519 PMCID: PMC4482017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral determinants that contribute to Nipah virus (NiV)-mediated disease are poorly understood compared with other paramyxoviruses. Here we use recombinant NiVs (rNiVs) to examine the contributions of the NiV V and W proteins to NiV pathogenesis in a ferret model. We show that a V-deficient rNiV is susceptible to the innate immune response in vitro and behaves as a replicating non-lethal virus in vivo. Remarkably, rNiV lacking W expression results in a delayed and altered disease course with decreased respiratory disease and increased terminal neurological disease associated with altered in vitro inflammatory cytokine production. This study confirms the V protein as the major determinant of pathogenesis, also being the first in vivo study to show that the W protein modulates the inflammatory host immune response in a manner that determines the disease course. Nipah virus (NiV) can be transmitted from bats and other animals to humans, causing severe encephalitis and respiratory disease. Here, Satterfield et al. show that the W protein of NiV modulates the host immune response and determines disease course in a ferret model of infection.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Hendra virus and Nipah virus are closely related, recently emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses, belonging to the Henipavirus genus. Both viruses induce generalized vasculitis affecting particularly the respiratory tract and CNS. The exceptionally broad species tropism of Henipavirus, the high case fatality rate and person-to-person transmission associated with Nipah virus outbreaks emphasize the necessity of effective antiviral strategies for these intriguing threatening pathogens. Current therapeutic approaches, validated in animal models, target early steps in viral infection; they include the use of neutralizing virus-specific antibodies and blocking membrane fusion with peptides that bind the viral fusion protein. A better understanding of Henipavirus pathogenesis is critical for the further advancement of antiviral treatment, and we summarize here the recent progress in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lo MK, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Evaluation of luciferase and GFP-expressing Nipah viruses for rapid quantitative antiviral screening. Antiviral Res 2014; 106:53-60. [PMID: 24680955 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, India, and Bangladesh, and the virus continues to cause annual outbreaks of fatal human encephalitis in Bangladesh due to spillover from its bat host reservoir. Due to its high pathogenicity, its potential use for bio/agro-terrorism, and to the current lack of approved therapeutics, NiV is designated as an overlap select agent requiring biosafety level-4 containment. Although the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and soluble protein subunit vaccines have shown great promise, the paucity of effective antiviral drugs against NiV merits further exploration of compound libraries using rapid quantitative antiviral assays. As a proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the use of fluorescent and luminescent reporter NiVs for antiviral screening. We constructed and rescued NiVs expressing either Renilla luciferase or green fluorescent protein, and characterized their reporter signal kinetics in different cell types as well as in the presence of several inhibitors. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) derived for inhibitors against both reporter viruses are within range of EC50s derived from virus yield-based dose-response assays against wild-type NiV (within 1Log10), thus demonstrating that both reporter NiVs can serve as robust antiviral screening tools. Utilizing these live NiV-based reporter assays requires modest instrumentation, and circumvents the time and labor-intensive steps associated with cytopathic effect or viral antigen-based assays. These reporter NiVs will not only facilitate antiviral screening, but also the study of host cell components that influence the virus life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rockx B. Recent developments in experimental animal models of Henipavirus infection. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:199-206. [PMID: 24488776 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV) viruses (genus Henipavirus (HNV; family Paramyxoviridae) are emerging zoonotic agents that can cause severe respiratory distress and acute encephalitis in humans. Given the lack of effective therapeutics and vaccines for human use, these viruses are considered as public health concerns. Several experimental animal models of HNV infection have been developed in recent years. Here, we review the current status of four of the most promising experimental animal models (mice, hamsters, ferrets, and African green monkeys) and their suitability for modeling the clinical disease, transmission, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment for HNV infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Rockx
- Galveston National Laboratory, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mire CE, Versteeg KM, Cross RW, Agans KN, Fenton KA, Whitt MA, Geisbert TW. Single injection recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccines protect ferrets against lethal Nipah virus disease. Virol J 2013; 10:353. [PMID: 24330654 PMCID: PMC3878732 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic agent in the family Paramyxoviridae that is maintained in nature by bats. Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India, and Bangladesh and have been associated with 40 to 75% case fatality rates. There are currently no vaccines or postexposure treatments licensed for combating human NiV infection. Methods and results Four groups of ferrets received a single vaccination with different recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing: Group 1, control with no glycoprotein; Group 2, the NiV fusion protein (F); Group 3, the NiV attachment protein (G); and Group 4, a combination of the NiV F and G proteins. Animals were challenged intranasally with NiV 28 days after vaccination. Control ferrets in Group 1 showed characteristic clinical signs of NiV disease including respiratory distress, neurological disorders, viral load in blood and tissues, and gross lesions and antigen in target tissues; all animals in this group succumbed to infection by day 8. Importantly, all specifically vaccinated ferrets in Groups 2-4 showed no evidence of clinical illness and survived challenged. All animals in these groups developed anti-NiV F and/or G IgG and neutralizing antibody titers. While NiV RNA was detected in blood at day 6 post challenge in animals from Groups 2-4, the levels were orders of magnitude lower than animals from control Group 1. Conclusions These data show protective efficacy against NiV in a relevant model of human infection. Further development of this technology has the potential to yield effective single injection vaccines for NiV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd,, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zinzula L, Tramontano E. Strategies of highly pathogenic RNA viruses to block dsRNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors: hide, mask, hit. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:615-35. [PMID: 24129118 PMCID: PMC7113674 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
dsRNA species are byproducts of RNA virus replication and/or transcription. Prompt detection of dsRNA by RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) is a hallmark of the innate immune response. RLRs activation triggers production of the type I interferon (IFN)-based antiviral response. Highly pathogenic RNA viruses encode proteins that block the RLRs pathway. Hide, mask and hit are 3 strategies of RNA viruses to avoid immune system activation.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is synthesized during the course of infection by RNA viruses as a byproduct of replication and transcription and acts as a potent trigger of the host innate antiviral response. In the cytoplasm of the infected cell, recognition of the presence of viral dsRNA as a signature of “non-self” nucleic acid is carried out by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), a set of dedicated helicases whose activation leads to the production of type I interferon α/β (IFN-α/β). To overcome the innate antiviral response, RNA viruses encode suppressors of IFN-α/β induction, which block RLRs recognition of dsRNA by means of different mechanisms that can be categorized into: (i) dsRNA binding and/or shielding (“hide”), (ii) dsRNA termini processing (“mask”) and (iii) direct interaction with components of the RLRs pathway (“hit”). In light of recent functional, biochemical and structural findings, we review the inhibition mechanisms of RLRs recognition of dsRNA displayed by a number of highly pathogenic RNA viruses with different disease phenotypes such as haemorrhagic fever (Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Lujo, Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, Crimean-Congo, Rift Valley fever, dengue), severe respiratory disease (influenza, SARS, Hendra, Hantaan, Sin Nombre, Andes) and encephalitis (Nipah, West Nile).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zinzula
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato, SS554, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hazelton B, Ba Alawi F, Kok J, Dwyer DE. Hendra virus: a one health tale of flying foxes, horses and humans. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:461-74. [PMID: 23534359 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus, a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, was first recognized following a devastating outbreak in Queensland, Australia, in 1994. The naturally acquired symptomatic infection, characterized by a rapidly progressive illness involving the respiratory system and/or CNS, has so far only been recognized in horses and humans. However, there is potential for other species to be infected, with significant consequences for animal and human health. Prevention of infection involves efforts to interrupt the bat-to-horse and horse-to-human transmission interfaces. Education and infection-control efforts remain the key to reducing risk of transmission, particularly as no effective antiviral treatment is currently available. The recent release of an equine Hendra G glycoprotein subunit vaccine is an exciting advance that offers the opportunity to curb the recent increase in equine transmission events occurring in endemic coastal regions of Australia and thereby reduce the risk of infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briony Hazelton
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tang R, Cui XB, Wang JN, Chen SY. CTP synthase 1, a smooth muscle-sensitive therapeutic target for effective vascular repair. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2336-44. [PMID: 24008161 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular remodeling as a result of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and neointima formation is a major medical challenge in cardiovascular intervention. However, antineointima drugs often indistinguishably block re-endothelialization, an essential step toward successful vascular repair, because of their nonspecific effect on endothelial cells (ECs). The objective of this study is to identify a therapeutic target that differentially regulates SMC and EC proliferation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using both rat balloon injury and mouse wire injury models, we identified CTP synthase 1 (CTPS1) as one of the potential targets that may be used for developing therapeutics for treating neointima-related disorders. CTPS1 was induced in proliferative SMCs in vitro and neointima SMCs in vivo. Blockade of CTPS1 expression by small hairpin RNA or activity by cyclopentenyl cytosine suppressed SMC proliferation and neointima formation. Surprisingly, cyclopentenyl cytosine had much less effect on EC proliferation. Of importance, blockade of CTPS1 in vivo sustained the re-endothelialization as a result of induction of CTP synthesis salvage pathway enzymes nucleoside-diphosphate kinase A and B in ECs. Diphosphate kinase B seemed to preserve EC proliferation via use of extracellular cytidine to synthesize CTP. Indeed, blockade of both CTPS1 and diphosphate kinase B suppressed EC proliferation in vitro and the re-endothelialization in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovered a fundamental difference in CTP biosynthesis between SMCs and ECs during vascular remodeling, which provided a novel strategy by using cyclopentenyl cytosine or other CTPS1 inhibitors to selectively block SMC proliferation without disturbing or even promoting re-endothelialization for effective vascular repair after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (R.T., X.-B.C., J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Croser EL, Marsh GA. The changing face of the henipaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:151-8. [PMID: 23993256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Henipavirus genus represents a group of paramyxoviruses that are some of the deadliest of known human and veterinary pathogens. Hendra and Nipah viruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause respiratory and encephalitic illness in humans with mortality rates that exceed 70%. Over the past several years, we have seen an increase in the number of cases and an altered clinical presentation of Hendra virus in naturally infected horses. Recent increase in the number of cases has also been reported with human Nipah virus infections in Bangladesh. These factors, along with the recent discovery of henipa and henipa-like viruses in Africa, Asia and South and Central America adds, a truly global perspective to this group of emerging viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Croser
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Broder CC, Xu K, Nikolov DB, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS, Middleton D, Pallister J, Geisbert TW, Bossart KN, Wang LF. A treatment for and vaccine against the deadly Hendra and Nipah viruses. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:8-13. [PMID: 23838047 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus and Nipah virus are bat-borne paramyxoviruses that are the prototypic members of the genus Henipavirus. The henipaviruses emerged in the 1990s, spilling over from their natural bat hosts and causing serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock. Hendra virus emerged in Australia and since 1994 there have been 7 human infections with 4 case fatalities. Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia and subsequent outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh and India. In total, there have been an estimated 582 human cases of Nipah virus and of these, 54% were fatal. Their broad species tropism and ability to cause fatal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in humans and animals make them important transboundary biological threats. Recent experimental findings in animals have demonstrated that a human monoclonal antibody targeting the viral G glycoprotein is an effective post-exposure treatment against Hendra and Nipah virus infection. In addition, a subunit vaccine based on the G glycoprotein of Hendra virus affords protection against Hendra and Nipah virus challenge. The vaccine has been developed for use in horses in Australia and is the first vaccine against a Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) agent to be licensed and commercially deployed. Together, these advances offer viable approaches to address Hendra and Nipah virus infection of livestock and people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
McCaskill JL, Marsh GA, Monaghan P, Wang LF, Doran T, McMillan NAJ. Potent inhibition of Hendra virus infection via RNA interference and poly I:C immune activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64360. [PMID: 23691205 PMCID: PMC3653894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal disease in a wide range of species, including humans. HeV was first described in Australia in 1994, and has continued to re-emerge with increasing frequency. HeV is of significant concern to human health due to its high mortality rate, increasing emergence, absence of vaccines and limited post exposure therapies. Here we investigate the use of RNA interference (RNAi) based therapeutics targeting HeV in conjunction with the TLR3 agonist Poly I:C and show that they are potent inhibitors of HeV infection in vitro. We found that short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the abundantly expressed N, P and M genes of HeV caused over 95% reduction of HeV virus titre, protein and mRNA. Furthermore, we found that the combination of HeV targeting siRNA and Poly I:C had an additive effect in suppressing HeV infection. Our results demonstrate for the first time that RNAi and type I interferon stimulation are effective inhibitors of HeV replication in vitro and may provide an effective therapy for this highly lethal, zoonotic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana L. McCaskill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Monaghan
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy Doran
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel A. J. McMillan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Health Institute and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dhondt KP, Horvat B. Henipavirus infections: lessons from animal models. Pathogens 2013; 2:264-87. [PMID: 25437037 PMCID: PMC4235719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Henipavirus genus contains two highly lethal viruses, the Hendra and Nipah viruses and one, recently discovered, apparently nonpathogenic member; Cedar virus. These three, negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, are hosted by fruit bats and use EphrinB2 receptors for entry into cells. The Hendra and Nipah viruses are zoonotic pathogens that emerged in the middle of 90s and have caused severe, and often fatal, neurologic and/or respiratory diseases in both humans and different animals; including spillover into equine and porcine species. Development of relevant models is critical for a better understanding of viral pathogenesis, generating new diagnostic tools, and assessing anti-viral therapeutics and vaccines. This review summarizes available data on several animal models where natural and/or experimental infection has been demonstrated; including pteroid bats, horses, pigs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, and nonhuman primates. It recapitulates the principal features of viral pathogenesis in these animals and current knowledge on anti-viral immune responses. Lastly it describes the recently characterized murine animal model, which provides the possibility to use numerous and powerful tools available for mice to further decipher henipaviruses immunopathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment. The utility of different models to analyze important aspects of henipaviruses-induced disease in humans, potential routes of transmission, and therapeutic approaches are equally discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kévin P Dhondt
- International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon 1, 21 Avenue T. Garnier, Lyon 69007, France.
| | - Branka Horvat
- International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon 1, 21 Avenue T. Garnier, Lyon 69007, France.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dhondt KP, Mathieu C, Chalons M, Reynaud JM, Vallve A, Raoul H, Horvat B. Type I interferon signaling protects mice from lethal henipavirus infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:142-51. [PMID: 23089589 PMCID: PMC7107294 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are closely related, recently emerged paramyxoviruses that form Henipavirus genus and are capable of causing considerable morbidity and mortality in a number of mammalian species, including humans. However, in contrast to many other species and despite expression of functional virus entry receptors, mice are resistant to henipavirus infection. We report here the susceptibility of mice deleted for the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR-KO) to both HeV and NiV. Intraperitoneally infected mice developed fatal encephalitis, with pathology and immunohistochemical features similar to what was found in humans. Viral RNA was found in the majority of analyzed organs, and sublethally infected animals developed virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. Altogether, these results reveal IFNAR-KO mice as a new small animal model to study HeV and NiV pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment and suggest the critical role of type I interferon signaling in the control of henipavirus infection.
Collapse
|
48
|
Prescott J, de Wit E, Feldmann H, Munster VJ. The immune response to Nipah virus infection. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1635-41. [PMID: 22669317 PMCID: PMC3432143 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus has recently emerged as a zoonotic agent that is highly pathogenic in humans. Outbreaks have occurred regularly over the last two decades in South and Southeast Asia, where mortality rates reach as high as 100 %. The natural reservoir of Nipah virus has been identified as bats from the Pteropus family, where infection is largely asymptomatic. Human disease is characterized by both respiratory and encephalitic components, and thus far, no effective vaccine or intervention strategies are available. Little is know about how the immune response of either the reservoir host or incidental hosts responds to infection, and how this immune response is either inadequate or might contribute to disease in the dead-end host. Experimental vaccines strategies have given us some insight into the immunological requirements for protection. This review summarizes our current understanding of the immune response to Nipah virus infection and emphasizes the need for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Prescott
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Hendra virus, first identified in 1994 in Queensland, is an emerging zoonotic pathogen gaining importance in Australia because a growing number of infections are reported in horses and people. The virus, a member of the family Paramyxoviridae (genus Henipavirus), is transmitted to horses by pteropid bats (fruit bats or flying foxes), with human infection a result of direct contact with infected horses. Case-fatality rate is high in both horses and people, and so far, more than 60 horses and four people have died from Hendra virus infection in Australia. Human infection is characterised by an acute encephalitic syndrome or relapsing encephalitis, for which no effective treatment is currently available. Recent identification of Hendra virus infection in a domestic animal outside the laboratory setting, and the large range of pteropid bats in Australia, underpins the potential of this virus to cause greater morbidity and mortality in both rural and urban populations and its importance to both veterinary and human health. Attempts at treatment with ribavirin and chloroquine have been unsuccessful. Education, hygiene, and infection control measures have hitherto been the mainstay of prevention, while access to monoclonal antibody treatment and development of an animal vaccine offer further opportunities for disease prevention and control.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The henipaviruses, Hendra virus (HeV), and Nipah virus (NiV), are enigmatic emerging pathogens that causes severe and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease in both animals and humans. Amongst people, case fatality rates range between 40 and 75% and there are no vaccines or treatments approved for human use. A number of species of animals including guinea pigs, hamsters, cats, ferrets, pigs, and African green monkeys have been employed as animal models of human henipavirus infection. Here, we review the development of animal models for henipavirus infection, discuss the pathology and pathogenesis of these models, and assess the utility of each model to recapitulate important aspects of henipavirus-mediated disease seen in humans.
Collapse
|