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Alfano F, Lucibelli MG, Serra F, Levante M, Rea S, Gallo A, Petrucci F, Pucciarelli A, Picazio G, Monini M, Di Bartolo I, d’Ovidio D, Santoro M, De Carlo E, Fusco G, Amoroso MG. Identification of Aichivirus in a Pet Rat ( Rattus norvegicus) in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1765. [PMID: 38929384 PMCID: PMC11200523 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of eight potential zoonotic viruses in 91 exotic companion mammals from pet shops in southern Italy via real-time PCR and end-point PCR. The animals were screened for aichivirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, noroviruses (GI and GII), rotavirus, circovirus, and SARS-CoV-2. Among the nine species of exotic pets studied, only one rat tested positive for aichivirus. The high sequence similarity to a murine kobuvirus-1 strain previously identified in China suggests that the virus may have been introduced into Italy through the importation of animals from Asia. Since exotic companion mammals live in close contact with humans, continuous sanitary monitoring is crucial to prevent the spread of new pathogens among domestic animals and humans. Further investigations on detecting and typing zoonotic viruses are needed to identify emerging and re-emerging viruses to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Lucibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Francesco Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Martina Levante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Simona Rea
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Amalia Gallo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Federica Petrucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Alessia Pucciarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Gerardo Picazio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Marina Monini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (I.D.B.)
| | | | | | - Mario Santoro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80122 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
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2
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Raymond P, St-Germain F, Paul S, Chabot D, Deschênes L. Impact of Nanoparticle-Based TiO 2 Surfaces on Norovirus Capsids and Genome Integrity. Foods 2024; 13:1527. [PMID: 38790828 PMCID: PMC11121413 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are among the main causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. HuNoVs can survive for several days up to weeks at room temperature in the environment, on food, and on food handling and processing surfaces. As a result, this could lead to viral spread through the ingestion of food in contact with contaminated surfaces. The development of stable surface materials with antiviral activity might be useful to reduce viral outbreaks. Metal-based compounds, including photoactivated titanium nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), are known for their antiviral activity. In this study, we tested the impact of 2000 µg/mL TiO2 NPs, with or without UV activation, on HuNoV GII and murine norovirus. Their recovery rates were reduced by 99.6%. We also evaluated a new TiO2 NP-coating process on a polystyrene surface. This process provided a homogenous coated surface with TiO2 NPs ranging between 5 nm and 15 nm. Without photoactivation, this TiO2 NP-coated polystyrene surface reduced the recovery rates of intact HuNoV GII by more than 94%. When a capsid integrity treatment with PtCl4 or a longer reverse transcription polymerase chain detection approach was used to evaluate virus integrity following contact with the TiO2 NP-coated polystyrene, the HuNoV GII recovery yield reduction varied between 97 and 100%. These results support the hypothesis that TiO2 NP-coated surfaces have the potential to prevent viral transmission associated with contaminated food surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Raymond
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), St-Hyacinthe Laboratory—Food Virology National Reference Centre, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - François St-Germain
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), St-Hyacinthe Food Research and Development Centre, 3600 Casavant W, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Sylvianne Paul
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), St-Hyacinthe Laboratory—Food Virology National Reference Centre, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Denise Chabot
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Ottawa Food Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Louise Deschênes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), St-Hyacinthe Food Research and Development Centre, 3600 Casavant W, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
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Aggarwal S, Walker FC, Weagley JS, McCune BT, Wu X, Schriefer LA, Makimaa H, Lawrence D, Sridhar P, Baldridge MT. Interferons and tuft cell numbers are bottlenecks for persistent murine norovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011961. [PMID: 38701091 PMCID: PMC11095769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis. Despite global clinical relevance, our understanding of how host factors, such as antiviral cytokines interferons (IFNs), modulate NoV population dynamics is limited. Murine NoV (MNoV) is a tractable in vivo model for the study of host regulation of NoV. A persistent strain of MNoV, CR6, establishes a reservoir in intestinal tuft cells for chronic viral shedding in stool. However, the influence of host innate immunity and permissive cell numbers on viral population dynamics is an open question. We generated a pool of 20 different barcoded viruses (CR6BC) by inserting 6-nucleotide barcodes at the 3' position of the NS4 gene and used this pool as our viral inoculum for in vivo infections of different mouse lines. We found that over the course of persistent CR6 infection, shed virus was predominantly colon-derived, and viral barcode richness decreased over time irrespective of host immune status, suggesting that persistent infection involves a series of reinfection events. In mice lacking the IFN-λ receptor, intestinal barcode richness was enhanced, correlating with increased viral intestinal replication. IL-4 treatment, which increases tuft cell numbers, also increased barcode richness, indicating the abundance of permissive tuft cells to be a bottleneck during CR6 infection. In mice lacking type I IFN signaling (Ifnar1-/-) or all IFN signaling (Stat1-/-), barcode diversity at extraintestinal sites was dramatically increased, implicating different IFNs as critical bottlenecks at specific tissue sites. Of interest, extraintestinal barcodes were overlapping but distinct from intestinal barcodes, indicating that disseminated virus represents a distinct viral population than that replicating in the intestine. Barcoded viruses are a valuable tool to explore the influence of host factors on viral diversity in the context of establishment and maintenance of infection as well as dissemination and have provided important insights into how NoV infection proceeds in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Forrest C. Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James S. Weagley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Broc T. McCune
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaofen Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Schriefer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Heyde Makimaa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dylan Lawrence
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pratyush Sridhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Cheng D, Zhu J, Liu G, Gack MU, MacDuff DA. HOIL1 mediates MDA5 activation through ubiquitination of LGP2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.02.587772. [PMID: 38617308 PMCID: PMC11014604 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.02.587772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I and MDA5, are innate sensors of RNA virus infections that are critical for mounting a robust antiviral immune response. We have shown previously that HOIL1, a component of the Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex (LUBAC), is essential for interferon (IFN) induction in response to viruses sensed by MDA5, but not for viruses sensed by RIG-I. LUBAC contains two unusual E3 ubiquitin ligases, HOIL1 and HOIP. HOIP generates methionine-1-linked polyubiquitin chains, whereas HOIL1 has recently been shown to conjugate ubiquitin onto serine and threonine residues. Here, we examined the differential requirement for HOIL1 and HOIP E3 ligase activities in RLR-mediated IFN induction. We determined that HOIL1 E3 ligase activity was critical for MDA5-dependent IFN induction, while HOIP E3 ligase activity played only a modest role in promoting IFN induction. HOIL1 E3 ligase promoted MDA5 oligomerization, its translocation to mitochondrial-associated membranes, and the formation of MAVS aggregates. We identified that HOIL1 can interact with and facilitate the ubiquitination of LGP2, a positive regulator of MDA5 oligomerization. In summary, our work identifies LGP2 ubiquitination by HOIL1 in facilitating the activation of MDA5 and the induction of a robust IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deion Cheng
- . Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Junji Zhu
- . Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - GuanQun Liu
- . Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- . Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Donna A. MacDuff
- . Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Gao J, Xue L, Li Y, Zhang J, Dai J, Ye Q, Wu S, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Wei X, Wu Q. A systematic review and meta-analysis indicates a high risk of human noroviruses contamination in vegetable worldwide, with GI being the predominant genogroup. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110603. [PMID: 38306773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the most predominant viral agents of acute gastroenteritis. Vegetables are important vehicles of HuNoVs transmission. This study aimed to assess the HuNoVs prevalence in vegetables. We searched the Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database, PubMed, and Cochrane databases until June 1, 2023. A total of 27 studies were included for the meta-analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 14.0 software. This analysis showed that the pooled HuNoVs prevalence in vegetables was 7 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 3-13) worldwide. The continent with largest number of studies was Europe, and the highest number of samples was lettuce. As revealed by the results of the subgroup meta-analysis, the prevalence of GI genogroup was the highest (3 %, 95 % CI: 1-7). A higher prevalence was seen in vegetables from farms (18 %, 95 % CI: 5-37), while only 4 % (95 % CI: 1-8) in retail. The HuNoVs prevalence of ready-to-eat vegetables and non-ready-to-eat vegetables was 2 % (95 % CI: 0-8) and 9 % (95 % CI: 3-16), respectively. The prevalence by quantitative real time RT-PCR was 8 % (95 % CI: 3-15) compared to 3 % (95 % CI: 0-13) by conventional RT-PCR. Furthermore, the HuNoVs prevalence in vegetables was 6 % (95 % CI: 1-14) in ISO pretreatment method and 8 % (95 % CI: 1-19) in non-ISO method, respectively. This study is helpful in comprehensively understanding the prevalence of HuNoVs contamination in vegetables worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China.
| | - Yijing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China.
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Locus T, Lambrecht E, Lamoral S, Willems S, Van Gucht S, Vanwolleghem T, Peeters M. A Multifaceted Approach for Evaluating Hepatitis E Virus Infectivity In Vitro: Cell Culture and Innovative Molecular Methods for Integrity Assessment. Vet Sci 2023; 10:676. [PMID: 38133227 PMCID: PMC10748075 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus is a prominent cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. In Western countries, most infections are asymptomatic. However, acute self-limiting hepatitis and chronic cases in immunocompromised individuals can occur. Studying HEV is challenging due to its difficulty to grow in cell culture. Consequently, the detection of the virus mainly relies on RT-qPCR, which cannot differentiate between infectious and non-infectious particles. To overcome this problem, methods assessing viral integrity offer a possible solution to differentiate between intact and damaged viruses. This study aims at optimizing existing HEV cell culture models and RT-qPCR-based assays for selectively detecting intact virions to establish a reliable model for assessing HEV infectivity. In conclusion, these newly developed methods hold promise for enhancing food safety by identifying approaches for inactivating HEV in food processing, thereby increasing food safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Locus
- Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Unit, Flemish Research Institute for Agriculture (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium or (T.L.); (E.L.)
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Viral Hepatitis Research Group, University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ellen Lambrecht
- Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Unit, Flemish Research Institute for Agriculture (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium or (T.L.); (E.L.)
| | - Sophie Lamoral
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Sjarlotte Willems
- Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Unit, Flemish Research Institute for Agriculture (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium or (T.L.); (E.L.)
| | - Steven Van Gucht
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Viral Hepatitis Research Group, University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Michael Peeters
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
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7
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Hossain MI, Wang Z, Yeo D, Jung S, Kwon H, Zhang Y, Yoon D, Hwang S, Choi C. Comparison of the virucidal efficacy of essential oils (cinnamon, clove, and thyme) against hepatitis A virus in suspension and on food-contact surfaces. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100634. [PMID: 38034947 PMCID: PMC10682822 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have been used for centuries as flavor enhancers in foods, and owing to their antimicrobial properties, they have potential as natural food preservatives. However, their effect on food-borne viruses is unknown. Therefore, in this study, the virucidal effects of three EOs (cinnamon, clove, and thyme) on the infectivity of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) were investigated. Different concentrations of each EO (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%) were mixed with viral suspensions in accordance with ASTM E1052-11:2011 and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The EOs exhibited a concentration-dependent effect in the suspension tests, and HAV titers decreased by approximately 1.60 log PFU/mL when treated with EOs at the highest concentration of 1%. The antiviral effect of EOs treated at 1% for 1 h was also evidenced in surface disinfection tests according to the OECD:2013, as approximately 2 log PFU/mL reduction on hard food-contact surfaces (stainless steel and polypropylene) and approximately 2 and 1.4 log PFU/mL reduction on low-density polyethylene and kraft (soft food-contact surfaces), respectively. Moreover, RT-qPCR results revealed that HAV genome copies were negligibly reduced until treated with a high concentration (1%) in suspension and carrier tests. Overall, our findings highlighted the potential of cinnamon, clove, and thyme EOs as natural disinfectants capable of limiting HAV (cross-) contamination conveyed by food-contact surfaces. These findings advance our knowledge of EOs as antimicrobials and their potential in the food sector as alternative natural components to reduce viral contamination and improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
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8
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Vrablikova A, Fojtikova M, Hezova R, Simeckova P, Brezani V, Strakova N, Fraiberk M, Kotoucek J, Masek J, Psikal I. UV-C irradiation as an effective tool for sterilization of porcine chimeric VP1-PCV2bCap recombinant vaccine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19337. [PMID: 37935819 PMCID: PMC10630496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation is an effective method of virus and bacteria inactivation. The dose of UV-C light necessary for baculovirus inactivation by measurement of fluorescent GFP protein produced by baculovirus expression system after the irradiation of baculovirus culture in doses ranging from 3.5 to 42 J/m2 was determined. At a dose of 36.8 J/m2, only 0.5% of GFP-expressing cells were detected by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The stability of purified VP1-PCV2bCap protein produced by baculovirus expression system was analyzed after the irradiation at doses ranging from 3.5 to 19.3 J/m2. Up to the dose of 11 J/m2, no significant effect of UV-C light on the stability of VP1-PCV2bCap was detected. We observed a dose-dependent increase in VP1-PCV2bCap-specific immune response in BALB/c mice immunized by recombinant protein sterilized by irradiation in dose 11 J/m2 with no significant difference between vaccines sterilized by UV-C light and filtration. A substantial difference in the production of VP1-PCV2bCap specific IgG was observed in piglets immunized with VP1-PCV2bCap sterilized by UV-C in comparison with protein sterilized by filtration in combination with the inactivation of baculovirus by binary ethylenimine. UV-C irradiation represents an effective method for vaccine sterilization, where commonly used methods of sterilization are not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Vrablikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Fojtikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Hezova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Simeckova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Brezani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicol Strakova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Fraiberk
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotoucek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Masek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Psikal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Ingle H, Makimaa H, Aggarwal S, Deng H, Foster L, Li Y, Kennedy EA, Peterson ST, Wilen CB, Lee S, Suthar MS, Baldridge MT. IFN-λ derived from nonsusceptible enterocytes acts on tuft cells to limit persistent norovirus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2562. [PMID: 37703370 PMCID: PMC10499323 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a leading cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis, with no currently approved vaccines or antivirals. Murine norovirus (MNoV) is a well-characterized model of norovirus pathogenesis in vivo, and persistent strains exhibit lifelong intestinal infection. Interferon-λ (IFN-λ) is a potent antiviral that rapidly cures MNoV. We previously demonstrated that IFN-λ signaling in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) controls persistent MNoV, and here demonstrate that IFN-λ acts on tuft cells, the exclusive site of MNoV persistence, to limit infection. While interrogating the source of IFN-λ to regulate MNoV, we confirmed that MDA5-MAVS signaling, required for IFN-λ induction to MNoV in vitro, controls persistent MNoV in vivo. We demonstrate that MAVS in IECs and not immune cells controls MNoV. MAVS in nonsusceptible enterocytes, but not in tuft cells, restricts MNoV, implicating noninfected cells as the IFN-λ source. Our findings indicate that host sensing of MNoV is distinct from cellular tropism, suggesting intercellular communication between IECs for antiviral signaling induction in uninfected bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Ingle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Heyde Makimaa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hongju Deng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lynne Foster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefan T. Peterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Lombardi A, Voli A, Mancusi A, Girardi S, Proroga YTR, Pierri B, Olivares R, Cossentino L, Suffredini E, La Rosa G, Fusco G, Pizzolante A, Porta A, Campiglia P, Torre I, Pennino F, Tosco A. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Bivalve Mollusk Samples of Campania, Southern Italy. Viruses 2023; 15:1777. [PMID: 37632119 PMCID: PMC10459311 DOI: 10.3390/v15081777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the feces of infected people, consequently in wastewater, and in bivalve mollusks, that are able to accumulate viruses due to their ability to filter large amounts of water. This study aimed to monitor SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence in 168 raw wastewater samples collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 57 mollusk samples obtained from eight harvesting sites in Campania, Italy. The monitoring period spanned from October 2021 to April 2022, and the results were compared and correlated with the epidemiological situation. In sewage, the ORF1b region of SARS-CoV-2 was detected using RT-qPCR, while in mollusks, three targets-RdRp, ORF1b, and E-were identified via RT-dPCR. Results showed a 92.3% rate of positive wastewater samples with increased genomic copies (g.c.)/(day*inhabitant) in December-January and March-April 2022. In the entire observation period, 54.4% of mollusks tested positive for at least one SARS-CoV-2 target, and the rate of positive samples showed a trend similar to that of the wastewater samples. The lower SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate in bivalve mollusks compared to sewages is a direct consequence of the seawater dilution effect. Our data confirm that both sample types can be used as sentinels to detect SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and suggest their potential use in obtaining complementary information on SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lombardi
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.L.)
| | - Antonia Voli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.V.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Andrea Mancusi
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (S.G.); (Y.T.R.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Santa Girardi
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (S.G.); (Y.T.R.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Yolande Thérèse Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (S.G.); (Y.T.R.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Biancamaria Pierri
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (S.G.); (Y.T.R.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Renato Olivares
- Campania Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPAC), Via Vicinale Santa Maria del Pianto, 80143 Naples, Italy; (R.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Luigi Cossentino
- Campania Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPAC), Via Vicinale Santa Maria del Pianto, 80143 Naples, Italy; (R.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Pizzolante
- Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Amalia Porta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.V.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.V.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Ida Torre
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.L.)
| | - Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.L.)
| | - Alessandra Tosco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.V.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
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11
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Cerracchio C, Salvatore MM, Del Sorbo L, Serra F, Amoroso MG, DellaGreca M, Nicoletti R, Andolfi A, Fiorito F. In Vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activities of Funicone-like Compounds Vermistatin and Penisimplicissin against Canine Coronavirus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1319. [PMID: 37627739 PMCID: PMC10451237 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that 3-O-methylfunicone (OMF), a fungal secondary metabolite from Talaromyces pinophilus belonging to the class of funicone-like compounds, has antiviral activity against canine coronaviruses (CCoV), which causes enteritis in dogs. Herein, we selected two additional funicone-like compounds named vermistatin (VER) and penisimplicissin (PS) and investigated their inhibitory activity towards CCoV infection. Thus, both compounds have been tested for their cytotoxicity and for antiviral activity against CCoV in A72 cells, a fibrosarcoma cell line suitable for investigating CCoV. Our findings showed an increase in cell viability, with an improvement of morphological features in CCoV-infected cells at the non-toxic doses of 1 μM for VER and 0.5 μM for PS. In addition, we observed that these compounds caused a strong inhibition in the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor which is activated during CCoV infection. Our results also showed the alkalinization of lysosomes in the presence of VER or PS, which may be involved in the observed antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cerracchio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Luca Del Sorbo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Francesco Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.S.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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12
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Nadjsombati MS, Niepoth N, Webeck LM, Kennedy EA, Jones DL, Billipp TE, Baldridge MT, Bendesky A, von Moltke J. Genetic mapping reveals Pou2af2/OCA-T1-dependent tuning of tuft cell differentiation and intestinal type 2 immunity. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5019. [PMID: 37172102 PMCID: PMC10308849 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensory epithelial tuft cells contribute to innate immunity at barrier surfaces, but their differentiation from epithelial progenitors is not well understood. Here, we exploited differences between inbred mouse strains to identify an epithelium-intrinsic mechanism that regulates tuft cell differentiation and tunes innate type 2 immunity in the small intestine. Balb/cJ (Balb) mice had fewer intestinal tuft cells than C57BL/6J (B6) mice and failed to respond to the tuft cell ligand succinate. Most of this differential succinate response was determined by the 50- to 67-Mb interval of chromosome 9 (Chr9), such that congenic Balb mice carrying the B6 Chr9 interval had elevated baseline numbers of tuft cells and responded to succinate. The Chr9 locus includes Pou2af2, which encodes the protein OCA-T1, a transcriptional cofactor essential for tuft cell development. Epithelial crypts expressed a previously unannotated short isoform of Pou2af2 predicted to use a distinct transcriptional start site and encode a nonfunctional protein. Low tuft cell numbers and the resulting lack of succinate response in Balb mice were explained by a preferential expression of the short isoform and could be rescued by expression of full-length Pou2af2. Physiologically, Pou2af2 isoform usage tuned innate type 2 immunity in the small intestine. Balb mice maintained responsiveness to helminth pathogens while ignoring commensal Tritrichomonas protists and reducing norovirus burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija S Nadjsombati
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Natalie Niepoth
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, NY, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Lily M Webeck
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Danielle L Jones
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tyler E Billipp
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andres Bendesky
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, NY, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Wang G, Zhang D, Orchard RC, Hancks DC, Reese TA. Norovirus MLKL-like protein initiates cell death to induce viral egress. Nature 2023; 616:152-158. [PMID: 36991121 PMCID: PMC10348409 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-enveloped viruses require cell lysis to release new virions from infected cells, suggesting that these viruses require mechanisms to induce cell death. Noroviruses are one such group of viruses, but there is no known mechanism that causes norovirus infection-triggered cell death and lysis1-3. Here we identify a molecular mechanism of norovirus-induced cell death. We found that the norovirus-encoded NTPase NS3 contains an N-terminal four-helix bundle domain homologous to the membrane-disruption domain of the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). NS3 has a mitochondrial localization signal and thus induces cell death by targeting mitochondria. Full-length NS3 and an N-terminal fragment of the protein bound the mitochondrial membrane lipid cardiolipin, permeabilized the mitochondrial membrane and induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Both the N-terminal region and the mitochondrial localization motif of NS3 were essential for cell death, viral egress from cells and viral replication in mice. These findings suggest that noroviruses have acquired a host MLKL-like pore-forming domain to facilitate viral egress by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dustin C Hancks
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Tiffany A Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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14
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Wang G, Zhang D, Orchard R, Hancks DC, Reese TA. Norovirus MLKL-like pore forming protein initiates programed cell death for viral egress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533118. [PMID: 36993770 PMCID: PMC10055165 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-enveloped viruses require cell lysis to release new virions from infected cells, suggesting that these viruses require mechanisms to induce cell death. Noroviruses are one such group of viruses, but a mechanism of norovirus-infection triggered cell death and lysis are unknown. Here we have identified a molecular mechanism of norovirus-induced cell death. We found that the norovirus-encoded NTPase contains a N-terminal four helix bundle domain homologous to the pore forming domain of the pseudokinase Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like (MLKL). Norovirus NTPase acquired a mitochondrial localization signal, thereby inducing cell death by targeting mitochondria. NTPase full length (NTPase-FL) and N-terminal fragment (NTPase-NT) bound mitochondrial membrane lipid cardiolipin, permeabilized mitochondrial membrane and induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Both the N-terminal region and the mitochondrial localization motif of NTPase were essential for cell death, virus egress from cells and virus replication in mice. These findings suggest that noroviruses stole a MLKL-like pore forming domain and co-opted it to facilitate viral egress by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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15
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Molecular Survey of Toxoplasma gondii in Wild Mammals of Southern Italy. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030471. [PMID: 36986393 PMCID: PMC10051445 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic wildlife surveillance is important to aid the prevention of zoonotic infections that jeopardize human health and undermine biodiversity. Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic zoonotic protozoan that can infect all endothermic vertebrates, causing severe disease in immunocompromised humans and cases of congenital transmission. Humans can be infected by ingestion of raw meat containing bradyzoites or water contaminated by oocysts. In our study, we assessed the potential circulation of Toxoplasma gondii in wild mammals by performing surveillance in the Campania region (southern Italy) and surveyed its presence from 2020 to 2022 within the framework of the Regional Plans for Wildlife Surveillance. In detail, 211 individuals belonging to five wild mammals (wolf, fox, wild boar, badger, and roe deer) underwent necropsy and the organs were analyzed by real-time PCR for the detection of the parasite. Toxoplasma gondii was found in 21.8% (46/211) of the subjects examined. No statistically significant differences were noticed between the prevalence and the host’s trophic level or age, rejecting the hypotheses that Toxoplasma gondii will have a higher prevalence in top predators and adult individuals, respectively. Our work emphasized the high circulation of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife and remarked on the critical role of anthropized areas where domestic cats and wildlife may come into contact, urging a systematic surveillance.
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16
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da Silva VC, Elois M, Savi BP, Miotto M, De Dea Lindner J, Fongaro G, Souza DSM. Bioaccumulation Dynamic by Crassostrea gigas Oysters of Viruses That Are Proposed as Surrogates for Enteric Virus Contamination in Environmental Samples. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:1-7. [PMID: 36287375 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are filter-feeders and retain sewage-derived pathogens in their organs or tissues. Since most enteric viruses involved in outbreaks cannot grow in cell culture, studies using viral surrogate models are essential. Some species are proposed as surrogates for enteric viruses in environmental samples, including in bivalve mollusk samples, such as murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) and somatic (as φX) or F-specific coliphages (as MS2) bacteriophages. This study evaluated the tissue distribution of viral surrogates for enteric virus contamination after their bioaccumulation by Crassostrea gigas. Oyster tissues were analyzed for the distribution of viral surrogates (MNV-1, φX-174, and MS2) in digestive tissue (DT), gills (GL), and mantle (MT) after 4, 6, and 24 h of experimental bioaccumulation. MNV-1 had higher counts at 6 h in DT (1.2 × 103 PFU/g), followed by GL and MT (9.5 × 102 and 3.8 × 102 PFU/g, respectively). The bacteriophage φX-174 had a higher concentration in the MT at 4 and 6 h (3.0 × 102 PFU/g, in both) and MS2 in the GL after 24 h (2.2 × 102 PFU/g). The bioaccumulation pattern of MNV-1 by oysters was similar to the other enteric viruses (more in DT), while that of phages followed distinct patterns from these. Since the MNV-1 is bioaccumulated by C. gigas and is adapted to grow in cell culture, it is an important tool for bioaccumulation and viral inactivation tests in oysters. Although bacteriophage bioaccumulation was not similar to enteric viruses, they can be indicated for viral bioaccumulation analysis, analyzing MT and GL, since they do not bioaccumulate in DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilaine Corrêa da Silva
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Elois
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Pereira Savi
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marília Miotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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17
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Raymond P, Paul S, Guy RA. Impact of Capsid and Genomic Integrity Tests on Norovirus Extraction Recovery Rates. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040826. [PMID: 36832901 PMCID: PMC9957022 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading pathogen responsible for food-borne illnesses. However, both infectious and non-infectious HuNoV can be detected by RT-qPCR. This study evaluated the efficiency of different capsid integrity treatments coupled with RT-qPCR or a long-range viral RNA (long RT-qPCR) detection to reduce the recovery rates of heat inactivated noroviruses and fragmented RNA. The three capsid treatments evaluated (RNase, the intercalating agent PMAxx and PtCl4) reduced the recovery of heat inactivated HuNoV and murine norovirus (MNV) spiked on lettuce, when combined with the ISO 15216-1:2017 extraction protocols. However, PtCl4 also reduced non-heat-treated noroviruses recovery as estimated by RT-qPCR. The PMAxx and RNase treatments had a similar effect on MNV only. The most efficient approaches, the RNase and PMAxx treatments, reduced the heat-inactivated HuNoV recovery rates estimated using RT-qPCR by 2 and >3 log, respectively. The long RT-qPCR detection approach also reduced the recovery rates of heat inactivated HuNoV and MNV by 1.0 and 0.5 log, respectively. Since the long-range viral RNA amplification could be applied to verify or confirm RT-qPCR results, it also provides some advantages by reducing the risk of false positive HuNoV results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Raymond
- St-Hyacinthe Laboratory—Food Virology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylvianne Paul
- St-Hyacinthe Laboratory—Food Virology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Rebecca A. Guy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Enteric Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
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18
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Kim KH, Kang G, Woo WS, Sohn MY, Son HJ, Park CI. Development of a Propidium Monoazide-Based Viability Quantitative PCR Assay for Red Sea Bream Iridovirus Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043426. [PMID: 36834834 PMCID: PMC9958570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is an important aquatic virus that causes high mortality in marine fish. RSIV infection mainly spreads through horizontal transmission via seawater, and its early detection could help prevent disease outbreaks. Although quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting RSIV, it cannot differentiate between infectious and inactive viruses. Here, we aimed to develop a viability qPCR assay based on propidium monoazide (PMAxx), which is a photoactive dye that penetrates damaged viral particles and binds to viral DNA to prevent qPCR amplification, to distinguish between infectious and inactive viruses effectively. Our results demonstrated that PMAxx at 75 μM effectively inhibited the amplification of heat-inactivated RSIV in viability qPCR, allowing the discrimination of inactive and infectious RSIV. Furthermore, the PMAxx-based viability qPCR assay selectively detected the infectious RSIV in seawater more efficiently than the conventional qPCR and cell culture methods. The reported viability qPCR method will help prevent the overestimation of red sea bream iridoviral disease caused by RSIV. Furthermore, this non-invasive method will aid in establishing a disease prediction system and in epidemiological analysis using seawater.
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19
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Min A, Hossain MI, Jung S, Yeo D, Wang Z, Song M, Zhao Z, Park S, Choi C. Evaluation of the efficacy of ethanol, peracetic acid, and quaternary ammonium compounds against murine norovirus using carrier and suspension tests. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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20
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Luz IS, Miagostovich MP. Evaluation of heat treatment for inactivation of norovirus genogroup II in foods. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1159-1165. [PMID: 35312990 PMCID: PMC9433490 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective food processing technology is a key step in eliminating human noroviruses in foods mainly due to their stability in diverse environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rising temperatures for inactivation of norovirus genogroup (G) II and murine norovirus 1 in samples of tomato sauce (72-74 °C for 1 min) and ground meat (100 °C for 30 min). Spiking experiments were carried out in triplicate using TRIzol® reagent method associated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) TaqMan™ system combined with previous free RNA digestion. Success rate and efficiency recoveries of both viruses as well limit of detection of a method for each matrix were also conducted. The heat treatment applied here proved to be efficient to reduce the burden of norovirus GII in a range of 1-4 log10 genomic copies per gram (percentage ranging from 0.45 to 104.54%) in both matrices. The experiments in this study showed that the results of norovirus GII and murine norovirus 1 in tomato sauce and ground meat tested during thermal treatments cannot be generalized to other food matrices, since there may be food-specific protective effects, as the presence of different components, that can interfere in virus inactivation. Studies using different food matrices reinforce the importance to investigate viruses' inactivation thermal processes in foods due to the resistance of these viruses to adverse conditions, contributing to food security in food virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle S Luz
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Marize P Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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21
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Steele M, Lambert D, Bissonnette R, Yamamoto E, Hardie K, Locas A. Norovirus GI and GII and hepatitis A virus in berries and pomegranate arils in Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109840. [PMID: 35905649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Between 2016 and 2021, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) collected 4218 samples of fresh and frozen berries (blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, strawberries and mixed berries) and pomegranate arils at retail across 11 major cities in Canada and tested these samples for the presence of norovirus GI, norovirus GII and hepatitis A virus RNA. The purpose of this testing was to provide information on the prevalence of these viruses in berries and pomegranate arils on the Canadian marketplace. Of the 926 fresh fruit samples tested, norovirus GI RNA was detected in one raspberry sample and norovirus GII RNA was detected in one strawberry sample. Of the 3292 frozen fruit samples tested, norovirus GI RNA was detected in one blackberry sample, one raspberry sample and one strawberry sample, and norovirus GII RNA was detected in one blueberry sample, three raspberry samples, four strawberry samples, one pomegranate arils sample and one mixed berry sample. None of the fresh or frozen fruit samples tested positive for hepatitis A virus RNA. No statistically significant associations were observed between the prevalence of viral RNA in samples of fresh and frozen fruit, between the prevalence of viral RNA in samples of domestic and imported fruit or between the prevalence of viral RNA in samples of specific fruit types. Overall, the prevalence of norovirus GI and GII RNA together in fresh and frozen fruit samples in Canada was 0.36 %. The results of this study may be used to refine surveillance programs for norovirus and hepatitis A virus in fresh and frozen berries and pomegranate arils, e.g. by adapting the commodities tested and/or the numbers of planned samples to better target these hazards. This information may also be used to inform other Government of Canada approaches to better understand the controls associated norovirus and hepatitis A virus in fresh and frozen berries and pomegranate arils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Steele
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0Y9.
| | - Dominic Lambert
- Food Virology National Reference Centre, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe Laboratory, 3400 Casavant Boulevard West, St-Hyacinthe J2S 8E3, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel Bissonnette
- Food Virology National Reference Centre, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe Laboratory, 3400 Casavant Boulevard West, St-Hyacinthe J2S 8E3, QC, Canada
| | - Etsuko Yamamoto
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Kate Hardie
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Annie Locas
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0Y9
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22
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Hrdy J, Vasickova P. Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples – The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Monteiro S, Rente D, Cunha MV, Marques TA, Cardoso E, Álvaro P, Vilaça J, Ribeiro J, Silva M, Coelho N, Brôco N, Carvalho M, Santos R. Recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from large volumes of raw wastewater is enhanced with the inuvai R180 system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114296. [PMID: 34923418 PMCID: PMC8673751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a powerful tool to complement syndromic surveillance. Although detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewater may be prompted with good recoveries during periods of high community prevalence, in the early stages of population outbreaks concentration procedures are required to overcome low viral concentrations. Several methods have become available for the recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from raw wastewater, generally involving filtration. However, these methods are limited to small sample volumes, possibly missing the early stages of virus circulation, and restrained applicability across different water matrices. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the performance of three methods enabling the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 from large volumes of wastewater: i) hollow fiber filtration using the inuvai R180, with an enhanced elution protocol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation; ii) PEG precipitation; and iii) skimmed milk flocculation. The performance of the three approaches was evaluated in wastewater from multiple wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) with distinct singularities, according to: i) effective volume; ii) percentage of recovery; iii) extraction efficiency; iv) inhibitory effect; and v) the limits of detection and quantification. The inuvai R180 system had the best performance, with detection of spiked control across all samples, with average recovery percentages of 68% for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), with low variability. Mean recoveries for PEG precipitation and skimmed milk flocculation were 9% and 14%, respectively. The inuvai R180 enables the scalability of volumes without negative impact on the costs, time for analysis, and recovery/inhibition. Moreover, hollow fiber ultrafilters favor the concentration of different microbial taxonomic groups. Such combined features make this technology attractive for usage in environmental waters monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio de Análises, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Rente
- Laboratorio de Análises, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica V Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago A Marques
- Centre for Research Into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, The Observatory, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9LZ, Scotland, UK; Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Cardoso
- Águas Do Tejo Atlântico, Fábrica de Águas de Alcântara, Avenida de Ceuta, 1300-254, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Álvaro
- Águas Do Tejo Atlântico, Fábrica de Águas de Alcântara, Avenida de Ceuta, 1300-254, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Vilaça
- SIMDOURO, ETAR de Gaia Litoral, 4400-356, Canidelo, Portugal
| | - Jorge Ribeiro
- SIMDOURO, ETAR de Gaia Litoral, 4400-356, Canidelo, Portugal
| | - Marco Silva
- Águas Do Norte, Lugar de Gaído, 4755-045, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Norberta Coelho
- Águas Do Norte, Lugar de Gaído, 4755-045, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Nuno Brôco
- AdP VALOR, Serviços Ambientais, S.A., Rua Visconde de Seabra, 3, 1700-421, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Carvalho
- AdP VALOR, Serviços Ambientais, S.A., Rua Visconde de Seabra, 3, 1700-421, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratorio de Análises, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Monteiro S, Rente D, Cunha MV, Gomes MC, Marques TA, Lourenço AB, Cardoso E, Álvaro P, Silva M, Coelho N, Vilaça J, Meireles F, Brôco N, Carvalho M, Santos R. A wastewater-based epidemiology tool for COVID-19 surveillance in Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150264. [PMID: 34798759 PMCID: PMC8432975 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater produced interest in its use for sentinel surveillance at a community level and as a complementary approach to syndromic surveillance. With this work, we set the foundations for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) in Portugal by monitoring the trends of SARS-CoV-2 RNA circulation in the community, on a nationwide perspective during different epidemiological phases of the pandemic. The Charité assays (E_Sarbecco, RdRP, and N_Sarbecco) were applied to monitor, over 32-weeks (April to December 2020), the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the inlet of five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), which together serve more than two million people in Portugal. Raw wastewater from three Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reference hospitals was also analyzed during this period. In total, more than 600 samples were tested. For the first weeks, detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was sporadic, with concentrations varying from 103 to 105 genome copies per liter (GC/L). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA increased steeply by the end of May into late June, mainly in Lisboa e Vale do Tejo region (LVT), during the reopening phase. After the summer, with the reopening of schools in mid-September and return to partial face-to-face work, a pronounced increase of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater was detected. In the LVT area, SARS-CoV-2 RNA load agreed with reported trends in hotspots of infection. Synchrony between trends of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in raw wastewater and daily new COVID-19 cases highlights the value of WBE as a surveillance tool, particularly after the phasing out of the epidemiological curve and when hotspots of disease re-emerge in the population which might be difficult to spot based solely on syndromic surveillance and contact tracing. This is the first study crossing several epidemiological stages highlighting the long-term use of WBE for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio de Análises, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Rente
- Laboratorio de Análises, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica V Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Carmo Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago A Marques
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, The Observatory, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Scotland, United Kingdom; Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Departamento de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Artur B Lourenço
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Cardoso
- Águas do Tejo Atlântico, Fábrica de Águas de Alcântara, Avenida de Ceuta, 1300-254 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Álvaro
- Águas do Tejo Atlântico, Fábrica de Águas de Alcântara, Avenida de Ceuta, 1300-254 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marco Silva
- Águas do Norte, Lugar de Gaído, 4755-045 Barcelos, Portugal
| | | | - João Vilaça
- SIMDOURO, ETAR de Gaia Litoral, 4400-356 Canidelo, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Brôco
- AdP VALOR, Serviços Ambientais, S.A., Rua Visconde de Seabra, 3, 1700-421 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Carvalho
- AdP VALOR, Serviços Ambientais, S.A., Rua Visconde de Seabra, 3, 1700-421 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratorio de Análises, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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25
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Silva MR, Ferreira FC, Maranhão AG, Lanzarini NM, de Carvalho Castro KN, Miagostovich MP. Assessment of Viral Contamination of Five Brazilian Artisanal Cheese Produced from Raw Milk: a Randomized Survey. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:528-534. [PMID: 34318441 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses have been described as important contaminants in fresh and ready-to-eat foods such as sandwiches, deli meat and dairy products. This is a cross-sectional randomized survey to estimate the prevalence of norovirus and human adenovirus (HAdV) from 100 Brazilian artisanal raw milk cheese samples (Minas and Coalho) obtained from different agroindustries in four producing regions in the states of Minas Gerais and one in Piauí, respectively. From October 2017 to April 2018, norovirus genogroups I and II and HAdV were investigated in these cheese samples by RT-qPCR and qPCR, respectively. Viruses were detected in 43 samples, being 26 norovirus GI strains, 14 HAdV, and 3 both viruses. Norovirus GII strains were not detected. Viral concentrations ranged from 6.17 × 104 to 1.44 × 107 genome copies/L-1 and murine norovirus 1 used as internal process control showed 100% success rate of recovery with efficiency of 10%. There was a trend towards a higher positivity rate for both viruses in the rainy season, and HAdV were more commonly found among samples with higher fecal coliform counts. This study is a first step in assessing the risk that this contamination may pose to the consumer of raw products as well as emphasizing the need for good manufacturing practices, quality control systems in the dairy industry and markets. As a randomized survey, we established baseline figures for viruses' prevalence in five types of ready-to-eat raw milk artisanal Brazilian cheese, to allow any monitoring trends, setting control targets and future local risk analyses studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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26
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Prevalence of Infection with Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3 in the Wild Boar Population in the Campania Region (Southern Italy). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113215. [PMID: 34827947 PMCID: PMC8614320 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, porcine circovirus (PCV) infection has been documented as an important and emerging health concern for livestock and wildlife worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to assess the molecular prevalence of PCV-2 and PCV-3 and to clarify the epidemiological role of wild boars in the circulation of this virus in Campania, Southern Italy. For this purpose, samples from several organs were collected during the hunting season 2017-2018 from 148 wild boars in the Campania region. Quantitative real-time PCR was used for the detection and quantification of PCV-2 and PCV-3 genomes. The combined prevalence of PCV-2 and PCV-3 was 74.32% in the wild boars tested. The proportions of wild boars positive for PCV-2 or PCV-3, or coinfected, were 47.30%, 49.32%, and 22.30%, respectively. No link was detected between PCV positivity and location, but gender was a risk factor for the disease (female; p < 0.0001; OR 0.29). Furthermore, our study provides a snapshot of PCV-2 and PCV-3 circulation in wild boars in the Campania region: our findings can help us to better understand the role of wildlife in PCV circulation.
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27
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Raymond P, Paul S, Perron A, Deschênes L, Hara K. Extraction of human noroviruses from leafy greens and fresh herbs using magnetic silica beads. Food Microbiol 2021; 99:103827. [PMID: 34119112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of leafy greens and to a lesser extent fresh herbs has been associated with several foodborne outbreaks including human norovirus (HuNoV). However, the extraction and detection of viruses from these matrices present multiple challenges such as low recovery yields and relatively high PCR inhibition. A new magnetic silica bead based (MSB) extraction protocol was developed and used to recover norovirus from leafy greens and fresh herbs. The performance results were compared to the ISO 15216-1:2017 standard. The HuNoV GII.4 and GI.5 recovery yields from spiked lettuce using the MSB extraction protocol range from 33 to 82%. There was a good correlation between murine norovirus (MNV) and HuNoV recovery yields from fresh herbs and leafy greens. No reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) inhibition was detected from leafy green extracts using the MSB methodology. The selected commercial RT-qPCR detection kit had a major impact on RT-qPCR inhibition levels detected in the ISO 15216-1:2017 RNA extracts. RNase treatment was used to estimate genome recovery from HuNoV with intact capsids. This treatment resulted in similar HuNoV and MNV recovery yields. Between 2019 and 2020, the MSB protocol was used to conduct a survey of HuNoV in domestic and imported leafy greens and fresh herbs sold at retail in Canada. All of the 280 samples tested were negative. Overall, the use of MSB was shown to be an efficient approach to recover HuNoV from leafy greens and certain types of fresh herbs and to conduct surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Raymond
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), Saint-Hyacinthe Laboratory - Food Virology, St.Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sylvianne Paul
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), Saint-Hyacinthe Laboratory - Food Virology, St.Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - André Perron
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), Saint-Hyacinthe Laboratory - Food Virology, St.Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Louise Deschênes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, St.Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Kenji Hara
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), Burnaby Laboratory - Microbiology and Virology, Burnaby, British-Columbia, Canada
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28
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Ortiz-Solà J, Viñas I, Aguiló-Aguayo I, Bobo G, Abadias M. An innovative water-assisted UV-C disinfection system to improve the safety of strawberries frozen under cryogenic conditions. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Parsa SM, Momeni S, Hemmat A, Afrand M. Effectiveness of solar water disinfection in the era of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic for contaminated water/wastewater treatment considering UV effect and temperature. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2021; 43:102224. [PMID: 35592836 PMCID: PMC8285244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Long is the way and hard, that out of COVID-19 leads up to light. The virus is highly contagious and spread rapidly and the number of infections increases exponentially. The colossal number of infections and presence of the novel coronavirus RNA in human wastes (e.g. Excreta/urine) even after the patients recovered and the RT-PCR tests were negative, results in massive load of the viral in water environments. Numerous studies reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples. The risk of contaminating water bodies in the regions which suffer from the lack of proper sanitation system and wastewater treatment plants (mostly in developing countries) is higher. Since solar water disinfection (SODIS) is usually used by people in developing countries, there is a concern about using this method during the pandemic. Because the SARS-CoV-2 can be eliminated by high temperature (>56 °C) and UVC wavelength (100-280 nm) while SODIS systems mainly work at lower temperature (<45 °C) and use the available UVA (315-400 nm). Thus, during a situation like the ongoing pandemic using SODIS method for wastewater treatment (or providing drinking water) is not a reliable method. It should be reminded that the main aim of the present study is not just to give insights about the possibilities and risks of using SODIS during the ongoing pandemic but it has broader prospect for any future outbreak/pandemic that results in biological contamination of water bodies. Nevertheless, some experimental studies seem to be necessary by all researchers under conditions similar to developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Parsa
- Department of Energy Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Momeni
- Guilan University of Medical Science, Anzali International Campus, Bandar Anzali, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Hemmat
- Department of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Masoud Afrand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
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30
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Dycke JV, Rymenants J, Neyts J, Rocha-Pereira J. Assessment of the anti-norovirus activity in cell culture using the mouse norovirus: Early mechanistic studies. Antivir Chem Chemother 2021; 29:20402066211025175. [PMID: 34525875 PMCID: PMC8450984 DOI: 10.1177/20402066211025175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the main cause of viral gastroenteritis, resulting annually in ∼ 700 million infections and 200,000 deaths, of whom most are children <5 years. Mouse norovirus-infected macrophages are the most widely used in vitro system to screen and characterize the antiviral effect of norovirus-targeting small molecules. We have previously established antiviral assays using this system, identified novel inhibitors and performed additional studies in order to have a first insight into their mechanism of action. After the identification of novel small molecules with anti-norovirus activity (part 1 of this protocol), we here describe the logical next step which entails the generation of early information of their mode of action. This information together with a continuous improvement of the potency of compounds will contribute to the optimization of a compound class towards in vivo efficacy and a successful preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Rymenants
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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Lee S, Kalugotla G, Ingle H, Rodgers R, Wu C, Wang Y, Li Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Borella NR, Deng H, Droit L, Hill R, Peterson ST, Desai C, Lawrence D, Lu Q, Baldridge MT. Intestinal antiviral signaling is controlled by autophagy gene Epg5 independent of the microbiota. Autophagy 2021; 18:1062-1077. [PMID: 34520306 PMCID: PMC9196718 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1968607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the macroautophagy/autophagy gene EPG5 are responsible for Vici syndrome, a human genetic disease characterized by combined immunodeficiency. Previously, we found that epg5-/- mice exhibit hyperinflammation in the lungs mediated by IL1B/IL-1β and TNF/TNFα, resulting in resistance to influenza. Here, we find that disruption of Epg5 results in protection against multiple enteric viruses including norovirus and rotavirus. Gene expression analysis reveals IFNL/IFN-λ responsive genes as a key alteration. Further, mice lacking Epg5 exhibit substantial alterations of the intestinal microbiota. Surprisingly, germ-free mouse studies indicate Epg5-associated inflammation of both the intestine and lung is microbiota-independent. Genetic studies support IFNL signaling as the primary mediator of resistance to enteric viruses, but not of microbial dysbiosis, in epg5-/- mice. This study unveils an important role, unexpectedly independent of the microbiota, for autophagy gene Epg5 in host organism protection by modulating intestinal IFNL responses.Abbreviations: CTNNB1: catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EPG5: ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog (C. elegans); FT: fecal transplant; IFI44: interferon-induced protein 44; IFIT1: interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IFNL/IFN-λ: interferon lambda; IFNLR1: interferon lambda receptor 1; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; ISG: interferon stimulated gene; GF: germ-free; LEfSe: linear discriminant analysis effect size; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MNoV: murine norovirus; MX2: MX dynamin-like GTPase 2; OAS1A: 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1A; RV: rotavirus; SPF: specific-pathogen free; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TNF/TNFα: tumor necrosis factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gowri Kalugotla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harshad Ingle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Nicolette R Borella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hongju Deng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Hill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefan T Peterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dylan Lawrence
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qun Lu
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Degenhardt R, Sobral Marques Souza D, Acordi Menezes LA, de Melo Pereira GV, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G, De Dea Lindner J. Detection of Enteric Viruses and Core Microbiome Analysis in Artisanal Colonial Salami-Type Dry-Fermented Sausages from Santa Catarina, Brazil. Foods 2021; 10:1957. [PMID: 34441733 PMCID: PMC8392621 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation plays an important role in the manufacturing of artisanal sausages and can have major effects on product quality and safety. We used metagenomics and culture-dependent methods to study the presence of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and Rotavirus-A (RV-A), and fungal and bacterial communities, in artisanal Colonial salami-type dry-fermented sausages in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast dominated the microbiome. Latilactobacillus sakei and Debaryomyces hansenii were ubiquitous and the most abundant species. The DNA of some foodborne pathogens was found in very low concentrations although viable cells of most of these species were undetectable by cultivation methods. The characteristics of the raw material and hygiene of the artisanal sausage manufacturing process resulted in high loads of beneficial microorganisms and the absence of HEV and RV-A viruses as determined by RT-qPCR assays. In conclusion, high LAB load in sausages was more relevant to preventing pathogen growth than the ripening time and/or physicochemical characteristics. However, the presence of Clostridium spp. and other pathogens in some samples must be taken into account for the development of future preservation methods; appropriate LAB starter cultures and health surveillance are required in the production process to prevent foodborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Degenhardt
- Food Technology and Bioprocess Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil; (R.D.); (D.S.M.S.); (L.A.A.M.)
- Biological and Health Sciences Department, West of Santa Catarina State University (UNOESC), Joaçaba 89600-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Food Technology and Bioprocess Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil; (R.D.); (D.S.M.S.); (L.A.A.M.)
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil;
| | - Leidiane A. Acordi Menezes
- Food Technology and Bioprocess Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil; (R.D.); (D.S.M.S.); (L.A.A.M.)
- Neoprospecta Microbiome Technologies, Sapiens Park, Florianópolis 88056-000, SC, Brazil
| | | | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 9070 Burgos, Spain;
- Center for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 9070 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil;
| | - Juliano De Dea Lindner
- Food Technology and Bioprocess Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil; (R.D.); (D.S.M.S.); (L.A.A.M.)
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Dallari S, Heaney T, Rosas-Villegas A, Neil JA, Wong SY, Brown JJ, Urbanek K, Herrmann C, Depledge DP, Dermody TS, Cadwell K. Enteric viruses evoke broad host immune responses resembling those elicited by the bacterial microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1014-1029.e8. [PMID: 33894129 PMCID: PMC8192460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The contributions of the viral component of the microbiome-the virome-to the development of innate and adaptive immunity are largely unknown. Here, we systematically defined the host response in mice to a panel of eukaryotic enteric viruses representing six different families. Infections with most of these viruses were asymptomatic in the mice, the magnitude and duration of which was dependent on the microbiota. Flow cytometric and transcriptional profiling of mice mono-associated with these viruses unveiled general adaptations by the host, such as lymphocyte differentiation and IL-22 signatures in the intestine, as well as numerous viral-strain-specific responses that persisted. Comparison with a dataset derived from analogous bacterial mono-association in mice identified bacterial species that evoke an immune response comparable with the viruses we examined. These results expand an understanding of the immune space occupied by the enteric virome and underscore the importance of viral exposure events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dallari
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Heaney
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Rosas-Villegas
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica A Neil
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serre-Yu Wong
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judy J Brown
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biology, Trevecca Nazarene University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelly Urbanek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christin Herrmann
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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Raymond P, Paul S, Perron A, Deschênes L. Norovirus Extraction from Frozen Raspberries Using Magnetic Silica Beads. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:248-258. [PMID: 33651330 PMCID: PMC8116234 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are among the main causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Frozen raspberries have been linked to several HuNoV food-related outbreaks. However, the extraction of HuNoV RNA from frozen raspberries remains challenging. Recovery yields are low, and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) inhibitors limit the sensitivity of the detection methodologies. A new approach using fine magnetic silica beads was developed for the extraction of HuNoV spiked on frozen raspberries. Relatively low recovery yields were observed with both the magnetic silica bead and the reference ISO 15216-1:2017 methods. High RT-qPCR inhibition was observed with the ISO 15216-1:2017 recommended amplification kit but could be reduced by using an alternative kit. Reducing RT-qPCR inhibition is important to limit the number of inconclusive HuNoV assays thus increasing the capacity to assess the HuNoV prevalence in frozen raspberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Raymond
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), St. Hyacinthe Laboratory, Food Virology, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
| | - Sylvianne Paul
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), St. Hyacinthe Laboratory, Food Virology, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - André Perron
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), St. Hyacinthe Laboratory, Food Virology, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Louise Deschênes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), St. Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Bonanno Ferraro G, Suffredini E, Mancini P, Veneri C, Iaconelli M, Bonadonna L, Montagna MT, De Giglio O, La Rosa G. Pepper Mild Mottle Virus as Indicator of Pollution: Assessment of Prevalence and Concentration in Different Water Environments in Italy. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:117-125. [PMID: 33432501 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant pathogenic virus belonging to the family Virgoviridae, has been proposed as a potential viral indicator for human faecal pollution in aquatic environments. The present study investigated the occurrence, amount and diversity of PMMoV in water environments in Italy. A total of 254 water samples, collected between 2017 and 2019 from different types of water, were analysed. In detail, 92 raw sewage, 32 treated sewage, 16 river samples, 9 estuarine waters, 20 bathing waters, 67 groundwater samples and 18 drinking waters were tested. PMMoV was detected in 79% and 75% of untreated and treated sewage samples, respectively, 75% of river samples, 67% and 25% of estuarine and bathing waters and 13% of groundwater samples. No positive was detected in drinking water. The geometric mean of viral concentrations (genome copies/L) was ranked as follows: raw sewage (2.2 × 106) > treated sewage (2.9 × 105) > river waters (6.1 × 102) > estuarine waters (4.8 × 102) > bathing waters (8.5 × 101) > groundwater (5.9 × 101). A statistically significant variation of viral loads could be observed between raw and treated sewage and between these and all the other water matrices. PMMoV occurrence and viral loads did not display seasonal variation in raw sewage nor correlation with faecal indicator bacteria in marine waters and groundwater. This study represents the first report on the occurrence and quantification PMMoV in different water environments in Italy. Further studies are required to evaluate the suitability of PMMoV as a viral indicator for human faecal pollution and for viral pathogens in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Hygiene, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - O De Giglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Hygiene, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Walker FC, Hassan E, Peterson ST, Rodgers R, Schriefer LA, Thompson CE, Li Y, Kalugotla G, Blum-Johnston C, Lawrence D, McCune BT, Graziano VR, Lushniak L, Lee S, Roth AN, Karst SM, Nice TJ, Miner JJ, Wilen CB, Baldridge MT. Norovirus evolution in immunodeficient mice reveals potentiated pathogenicity via a single nucleotide change in the viral capsid. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009402. [PMID: 33705489 PMCID: PMC7987144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key controllers of viral replication, with intact IFN responses suppressing virus growth and spread. Using the murine norovirus (MNoV) system, we show that IFNs exert selective pressure to limit the pathogenic evolutionary potential of this enteric virus. In animals lacking type I IFN signaling, the nonlethal MNoV strain CR6 rapidly acquired enhanced virulence via conversion of a single nucleotide. This nucleotide change resulted in amino acid substitution F514I in the viral capsid, which led to >10,000-fold higher replication in systemic organs including the brain. Pathogenicity was mediated by enhanced recruitment and infection of intestinal myeloid cells and increased extraintestinal dissemination of virus. Interestingly, the trade-off for this mutation was reduced fitness in an IFN-competent host, in which CR6 bearing F514I exhibited decreased intestinal replication and shedding. In an immunodeficient context, a spontaneous amino acid change can thus convert a relatively avirulent viral strain into a lethal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest C. Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan T. Peterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Schriefer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cassandra E. Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yuhao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gowri Kalugotla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carla Blum-Johnston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dylan Lawrence
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Broc T. McCune
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vincent R. Graziano
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Larissa Lushniak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alexa N. Roth
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Miner
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Trudel-Ferland M, Jubinville E, Jean J. Persistence of Hepatitis A Virus RNA in Water, on Non-porous Surfaces, and on Blueberries. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:618352. [PMID: 33613487 PMCID: PMC7890088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.618352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses, such as human norovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV), are the leading cause of transmissible foodborne illness. Fresh produce such as berries are often contaminated by infected food handlers, soiled water, or food contact surfaces. The gold-standard method for virus detection throughout the food chain is RT-qPCR, which detects portions of genomes including non-infectious viral particles and naked viral RNA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence of heat-inactivated HAV in water, phosphate-buffered saline, on stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride, and on blueberries at −80°C, −20°C, 4°C, and room temperature. In water and phosphate-buffered saline, viral RNA could be detected for up to 90 days regardless of temperature when the initial load was 2.5 × 104 or 2.5 × 106 genome copies. It was detected on polyvinyl chloride and blueberries under most conditions. On stainless steel, the large initial load persisted for 90 days, while the medium-level load was detected only up to 16 days at room temperature or 60 days at 4°C. The detection of non-infectious viral RNA can confound investigations of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Pretreatments that discriminate between naked RNA, non-infectious virions and infectious virions need to be included in the RT-qPCR method in order to reduce the risk of positive results associated with non-infectious viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Trudel-Ferland
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Jubinville
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Jean
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Hepatitis E Virus Occurrence in Pigs Slaughtered in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020277. [PMID: 33499160 PMCID: PMC7911034 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatitis E is now recognized as an emerging zoonotic disease in Europe caused by an RNA virus (HEV) and foodborne is the main route of transmission. Human cases have been linked to the consumption of contaminated pig liver sausages, raw venison, or undercooked wild boar meat. The zoonotic genotype HEV-3 is widespread in pigs at farm level but little information is available on the occurrence of HEV-positive pigs at the slaughterhouse. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HEV-positive pigs during slaughtering, to understand which biological samples (feces and organs) were more frequently HEV positive. Our results showed that pigs positive for HEV can be slaughtered and that the percentage of positive animals depends on the age of animals. The other main result is the presence of the virus in the plasma of animals, which may contribute to the contamination of meat (muscle). Nevertheless, muscles are rarely contaminated by HEV-RNA compared to liver, which is the organ of replication. Abstract In Europe, foodborne transmission has been clearly associated to sporadic cases and small clusters of hepatitis E in humans linked to the consumption of contaminated pig liver sausages, raw venison, or undercooked wild boar meat. In Europe, zoonotic HEV-genotype 3 strains are widespread in pig farms but little information is available on the prevalence of HEV positive pigs at slaughterhouse. In the present study, the prevalence of HEV-RNA positive pigs was assessed on 585 animals from 4 abattoirs located across Italy. Twenty-one pigs (3.6%) tested positive for HEV in either feces or liver by real-time RT-PCR. In these 21 pigs, eight diaphragm muscles resulted positive for HEV-RNA. Among animals collected in one abattoir, 4 out of 91 plasma tested positive for HEV-RNA. ELISA tests for the detection of total antibodies against HEV showed a high seroprevalence (76.8%), confirming the frequent exposure of pigs to the virus. The phylogenetic analyses conducted on sequences of both ORF1 and ORF2 fragments, shows the circulation of HEV-3c and of a novel unclassified subtype. This study provides information on HEV occurrence in pigs at the slaughterhouse, confirming that muscles are rarely contaminated by HEV-RNA compared to liver, which is the most frequently positive for HEV.
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Van Dycke J, Rymenants J, Neyts J, Rocha-Pereira J. Assessment of the anti-norovirus activity in cell culture using the mouse norovirus: Identification of active compounds. Antivir Chem Chemother 2021; 29:20402066211026852. [PMID: 34187186 PMCID: PMC8256251 DOI: 10.1177/20402066211026852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the main cause of viral gastroenteritis, resulting annually in ∼ 700 million infections and 200,000 deaths, of whom most are children <5 years. Mouse norovirus-infected macrophages are the most widely used in vitro system to screen and characterize the antiviral effect of norovirus-targeting small molecules. We have previously established antiviral assays using this system, identified novel inhibitors and performed additional studies in order to have a first insight into their mechanism of action. As potent and safe anti-norovirus small molecules are urgently needed, we here describe the detailed protocol for a set of assays that will allow the identification of novel norovirus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven – Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy,
Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Rymenants
- KU Leuven – Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy,
Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven – Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy,
Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven – Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy,
Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Gallo M, Ferrara L, Calogero A, Montesano D, Naviglio D. Relationships between food and diseases: What to know to ensure food safety. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Alsved M, Widell A, Dahlin H, Karlson S, Medstrand P, Löndahl J. Aerosolization and recovery of viable murine norovirus in an experimental setup. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15941. [PMID: 32994471 PMCID: PMC7525472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause for viral acute gastroenteritis in the world. Despite the existing infection prevention strategies in hospitals, the disease continues to spread and causes extensive and numerous outbreaks. Hence, there is a need to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission of norovirus. In this study, we developed an experimental setup for studies on the infectivity of aerosolized murine norovirus (MNV), a model for the human norovirus. Two aerosol generation principles were evaluated: bubble bursting, a common natural aerosolization mechanism, and nebulization, a common aerosolization technique in laboratory studies. The aerosolization setup was characterized by physical and viral dilution factors, generated aerosol particle size distributions, and the viral infectivity after aerosolization. We found a lower physical dilution factor when using the nebulization generator than with the bubble bursting generator. The viral dilution factor of the system was higher than the physical dilution; however, when comparing the physical and viral dilution factors, bubble bursting generation was more efficient. The infectivity per virus was similar using either generation principle, suggesting that the generation itself had a minor impact on MNV infectivity and that instead, the effect of drying in air could be a major reason for infectivity losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Alsved
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Widell
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dahlin
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Karlson
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Medstrand
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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42
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Boxman ILA, Jansen CCC, Zwartkruis-Nahuis AJT, Hägele G, Sosef NP, Dirks RAM. Detection and quantification of hepatitis E virus RNA in ready to eat raw pork sausages in the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108791. [PMID: 32758861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess raw pork sausages collected on the Dutch market for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA. 46 of 316 (14.6%) products sampled from Dutch retail stores in 2017-2019 were positive for HEV RNA. HEV RNA was detected in 10.8% of "cervelaat" (n = 74), 18.5% of salami (n = 92), 26.1% of "metworst" (n = 46), 16.3% of "snijworst" (n = 43) samples. This was significantly more often than in other raw pork sausages like dried sausages, fuet or chorizo (3.3%, n = 61). The percentage of HEV RNA positive products was not significantly different for products sold as either sliced or unsliced deli meat. The average viral load in positive tested products was 2.76 log10 genome copies per 5 g, incidentally reaching up to 4.5 log10 genome copies per 5 g. The average HEV RNA level was significantly higher in samples collected in 2017 than those in samples collected in 2018, and most of the samples in 2019. Typing by sequence analysis was successful for 33 samples, all revealing genotype 3c. The results support recent epidemiological studies that identified specific raw pork sausages as risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection in the Netherlands. Persons at risk, including Dutch transplant recipients, have been advised to avoid the consumption of raw pork sausages. The study warrants a continuation of monitoring to follow the HEV RNA levels in pork products for use in risk assessments and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg L A Boxman
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Mailbox 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Claudia C C Jansen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Mailbox 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ans J T Zwartkruis-Nahuis
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Mailbox 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geke Hägele
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Mailbox 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nils P Sosef
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Mailbox 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - René A M Dirks
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Mailbox 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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43
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Alhadrami HA, Al-Amer S, Aloraij Y, Alhamlan F, Chinnappan R, Abu-Salah KM, Almatrrouk S, Zourob MM. Development of a Simple, Fast, and Cost-Effective Nanobased Immunoassay Method for Detecting Norovirus in Food Samples. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12162-12165. [PMID: 32548397 PMCID: PMC7271352 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a quick, low-cost, and easy technique for the detection of norovirus in several food samples, including cucumber, lettuce, and chicken. The developed sandwich immunoassay method depends on employing nanotechnology for the detection step. Lactoferrin immobilized on activated Q-tips cotton swabs was used as a general capturing reagent to bind viruses from the sample surface. The cotton swabs were then submerged in a gold nanoparticle solution, which had previously decorated with a specific antibody for noroviruses. Positive samples retained the red color of the gold nanoparticles on the surface of Q-tips, even after washing, while the negative control samples easily lost their color through washing. The results confirmed that the developed assay has superior sensitivity and selectivity with a LOD between 10 and 53 pfu/mL for all tested samples. In light of the difficulty, complexity, and high cost of the methods recently used for detecting viruses in food samples, this method presents a promising reliable technique that can be employed for the rapid detection of norovirus in food samples with an acceptable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani A. Alhadrami
- Faculty
of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special
Infectious Agent Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Amer
- Department
of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi
Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yumna Aloraij
- Department
of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi
Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alhamlan
- King
Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
- College
of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi
Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raja Chinnappan
- Department
of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi
Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Abu-Salah
- Department
of Nanomedicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin
Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaihana Almatrrouk
- National
Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, King Abdulaziz Rd, Riyadh 13354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Zourob
- Department
of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi
Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- King
Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
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Blanchard EL, Lawrence JD, Noble JA, Xu M, Joo T, Ng NL, Schmidt BE, Santangelo PJ, Finn M. Enveloped Virus Inactivation on Personal Protective Equipment by Exposure to Ozone. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.23.20111435. [PMID: 32511511 PMCID: PMC7273279 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.23.20111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is a highly oxidizing gas easily generated from atmospheric oxygen with inexpensive equipment and is commonly used for the disinfection of municipal water, foods, and surfaces. We report tests of the ability of ozone to inactivate enveloped respiratory viruses (influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus), chosen as more easily handled surrogates for SARS-CoV-2, on N95 respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE) commonly used in hospitals. At 20 ppm, an ozone concentration easily achieved by standard commercial equipment, the viruses were inactivated with high efficiency as long as the relative humidity was above a threshold value of approximately 50%. In the absence of humidity control, disinfection is more variable and requires considerably longer exposure under relatively dry conditions. This report extends the observations of a previous publication (http://doi.org/10.1080/01919510902747969) to hospital-relevant materials and provides additional details about the relationship of humidity to the antiviral activity of ozone. Home CPAP disinfection devices using ozone can provide effective results for individuals. Ozone did not appear to degrade any of the materials tested except for elastic bands if strained during treatment (such as by the pressure exerted by stapled attachment to N95 respirators). The filtration efficiency of N95 respirator material was not compromised. Overall, we recommend exposures of at least 40 minutes to 20 ppm ozone and >70% relative humidity at ambient temperatures (21-24°C) for 4-log (99.99%) reduction of viral infectivity on a variety of PPE, including gowns, face shields, and respirators. Shorter exposure times are likely to be effective under these conditions, but at the risk of some variability for different materials. Higher ozone concentrations and higher humidity levels promoted faster inactivation of viruses. Our work suggests that ozone exposure can be a widely accessible method for disinfecting PPE, permitting safer re-use for healthcare workers and patients alike in times of shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline L. Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin D. Lawrence
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery A. Noble
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Minghao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taekyu Joo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Britney E. Schmidt
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M.G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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45
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Bindari YR, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. Methods to prevent PCR amplification of DNA from non-viable virus were not successful for infectious laryngotracheitis virus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232571. [PMID: 32442180 PMCID: PMC7244108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-based testing of poultry dust has been used as a fast, sensitive and specific way to monitor viruses in chicken flocks but it provides no information on viral viability. Differentiation of viable and nonviable virus would expand the usefulness of PCR-based detection. This study tested three treatments (1. DNAse, 2. propidium monoazide [PMA], 3. immunomagnetic separation [IMS]) applied to dust or virus stock prior to nucleic acid extraction for their ability to exclude nonviable virus from PCR amplification. Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) was used as a model. These treatments assume loss of viral viability due to damage to the capsid or to denaturation of epitope proteins. DNAse and PMA assess the integrity of the capsid to penetration by enzyme or intercalating dye, while IMS assesses the integrity of epitope proteins. Treatments were evaluated for their ability to reduce PCR signal, measured as ILTV log10 genomic copies (ILTV GC), of heat and chemically inactivated ILTV in poultry dust and virus stock. Compared to untreated dust samples, there was an overall reduction of 1.7 ILTV GC after IMS treatment (p<0.01), and a reduction of 2.0 ILTV GC after PMA treatment (p<0.0001). DNAse treatment did not reduce ILTV GC in dust (p = 0.68). Compared to untreated virus stocks, there was an overall reduction of 0.5 ILTV GC after DNAse treatment (p = 0.04), a reduction of 1.8 ILTV GC after IMS treatment (p<0.001) and a reduction of 1.4 ILTV GC after PMA treatment (p<0.0001). None of the treatments completely suppressed the detection of inactivated ILTV GC. In conclusion, treatments that use capsid integrity or protein epitope denaturation as markers to assess ILTV infectivity are unsuitable to accurately estimate proportions of viable virus in poultry dust and virus stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugal Raj Bindari
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen W. Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Priscilla F. Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Graziano VR, Walker FC, Kennedy EA, Wei J, Ettayebi K, Strine MS, Filler RB, Hassan E, Hsieh LL, Kim AS, Kolawole AO, Wobus CE, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS, Estes MK, Orchard RC, Baldridge MT, Wilen CB. CD300lf is the primary physiologic receptor of murine norovirus but not human norovirus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008242. [PMID: 32251490 PMCID: PMC7162533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNoV) is an important model of human norovirus (HNoV) and mucosal virus infection more broadly. Viral receptor utilization is a major determinant of cell tropism, host range, and pathogenesis. The bona fide receptor for HNoV is unknown. Recently, we identified CD300lf as a proteinaceous receptor for MNoV. Interestingly, its paralogue CD300ld was also sufficient for MNoV infection in vitro. Here we explored whether CD300lf is the sole physiologic receptor in vivo and whether HNoV can use a CD300 ortholog as an entry receptor. We report that both CD300ld and CD300lf are sufficient for infection by diverse MNoV strains in vitro. We further demonstrate that CD300lf is essential for both oral and parenteral MNoV infection and to elicit anti-MNoV humoral responses in vivo. In mice deficient in STAT1 signaling, CD300lf is required for MNoV-induced lethality. Finally, we demonstrate that human CD300lf (huCD300lf) is not essential for HNoV infection, nor does huCD300lf inhibit binding of HNoV virus-like particles to glycans. Thus, we report huCD300lf is not a receptor for HNoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R. Graziano
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Forrest C. Walker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jin Wei
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Madison S. Strine
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renata B. Filler
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Leon L. Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abimbola O. Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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De Sabato L, Amoroso MG, Ianiro G, Esposito C, De Grossi L, Fusco G, Barone A, Martini E, Ostanello F, Di Bartolo I. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Livers and Muscle Tissues of Wild Boars in Italy. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:1-8. [PMID: 31506837 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In industrialized countries, hepatitis E is now recognized as an emerging zoonosis. Autochthonous cases have been increased over recent years in Europe and are mainly associated with HEV-3 infections. Pigs and wild boars are considered the main reservoirs of the zoonotic HEV-3 and HEV-4 genotypes. Over the past decade, the number of wild boars has drastically increased in Europe. Due to habitats closer to humans and domestic animals, the role of wild boar as a reservoir of the zoonotic HEV is considered to be an emerging issue. In this study, we investigated the presence of HEV RNA by a real-time RT-PCR assay in paired liver and muscle samples collected from 196 wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in the two areas of Central and Southern Italy. Twenty animals (10.2%) were HEV RNA positive in livers, 11 of which were also positive in muscles. The ORF2 and ORF1 partial viral sequences were obtained for nine paired livers and muscles, and when aligned were identical to each other. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed detection of different HEV-3 subtypes: 3c, 3f, 3i and some that were not assigned to any subtypes that have so far been identified. Results need further investigation because they are based on analyses of sequences of short genome regions. Nevertheless, we observed that the same strains were circulating in the wild boar populations from the two investigated areas, confirming persistence of the same HEV strains in the wild boar population over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Esposito
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Luigi De Grossi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Latium and Tuscany "M. Aleandri", Strada Terme 4a, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Antonino Barone
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Latium and Tuscany "M. Aleandri", Strada Terme 4a, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Enrica Martini
- ASL Viterbo, via Enrico Fermi, 15, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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48
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Pilotto MR, Souza DSM, Barardi CRM. Viral uptake and stability in Crassostrea gigas oysters during depuration, storage and steaming. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110524. [PMID: 31543476 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
More stable than bacteria in environmental samples, enteric viruses are generally related to outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by the consumption of contaminated oysters. This study evaluated: i) the dynamic processes of enteric viral models bioaccumulation by Crassostrea gigas oysters artificially contaminated; ii) the stability of these viruses in oysters in controlled temperature conditions and iii) the effect of UV light in inactivating these viruses in depurated oysters. Plaque assay (PA) was used to assess the infectivity of both viral models. Cell culture coupled with RT-qPCR (ICC-RT-qPCR) was used to measure infectious adenovirus type 2 (HAdV-2) genomes and qPCR to measure genome copies of murine norovirus (MNV-1). The virus uptake through bioaccumulation behave differently: HAdV-2 reached its peak of uptake faster than MNV-1. Both viruses showed high stability in oysters when maintained under 4 °C, but were completely inactivated in steamed oysters. The HAdV-2 was completely inactivated after 12 h of depuration with UV light and after 24 h without UV light. After 72 h of depuration, MNV-1 was still detected in both tanks, probably due to the stronger interaction of this virus with the oyster's tissues. This study demonstrated the importance of a secure depuration time in ensuring a clean and safe product, and that the steaming process is the safest way to prepare oysters for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rangel Pilotto
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centre of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Applied Virology, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centre of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Applied Virology, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Monte Barardi
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centre of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Applied Virology, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-970, Brazil..
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49
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Disruption of Type III Interferon (IFN) Genes Ifnl2 and Ifnl3 Recapitulates Loss of the Type III IFN Receptor in the Mucosal Antiviral Response. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01073-19. [PMID: 31462571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01073-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III interferon (IFN), or IFN lambda (IFN-λ), is an essential component of the innate immune response to mucosal viral infections. In both the intestine and the lung, signaling via the IFN-λ receptor (IFNLR) controls clinically important viral pathogens, including influenza virus, norovirus, and rotavirus. While it is thought that IFN-λ cytokines are the exclusive ligands for signaling through IFNLR, it is not known whether genetic ablation of these cytokines phenotypically recapitulates disruption of the receptor. Here, we report the serendipitous establishment of Ifnl2- / - Ifnl3- / - mice, which lack all known functional murine IFN-λ cytokines. We demonstrate that, like Ifnlr1- / - mice lacking IFNLR signaling, these mice display defective control of murine norovirus, reovirus, and influenza virus and therefore genocopy Ifnlr1- / - mice. Thus, for regulation of viral infections at mucosal sites of both the intestine and lung, signaling via IFNLR can be fully explained by the activity of known cytokines IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3. Our results confirm the current understanding of ligand-receptor interactions for type III IFN signaling and highlight the importance of this pathway in regulation of mucosal viral pathogens.IMPORTANCE Type III interferons are potent antiviral cytokines important for regulation of viruses that infect at mucosal surfaces. Studies using mice lacking the Ifnlr1 gene encoding the type III interferon receptor have demonstrated that signaling through this receptor is critical for protection against influenza virus, norovirus, and reovirus. Using a genetic approach to disrupt murine type III interferon cytokine genes Ifnl2 and Ifnl3, we found that mice lacking these cytokines fully recapitulate the impaired control of viruses observed in mice lacking Ifnlr1 Our results support the idea of an exclusive role for known type III interferon cytokines in signaling via IFNLR to mediate antiviral effects at mucosal surfaces. These findings emphasize the importance of type III interferons in regulation of a variety of viral pathogens and provide important genetic evidence to support our understanding of the ligand-receptor interactions in this pathway.
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Van Dycke J, Ny A, Conceição-Neto N, Maes J, Hosmillo M, Cuvry A, Goodfellow I, Nogueira TC, Verbeken E, Matthijnssens J, de Witte P, Neyts J, Rocha-Pereira J. A robust human norovirus replication model in zebrafish larvae. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008009. [PMID: 31536612 PMCID: PMC6752765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the most common cause of foodborne illness, with a societal cost of $60 billion and 219,000 deaths/year. The lack of robust small animal models has significantly hindered the understanding of norovirus biology and the development of effective therapeutics. Here we report that HuNoV GI and GII replicate to high titers in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae; replication peaks at day 2 post infection and is detectable for at least 6 days. The virus (HuNoV GII.4) could be passaged from larva to larva two consecutive times. HuNoV is detected in cells of the hematopoietic lineage and the intestine, supporting the notion of a dual tropism. Antiviral treatment reduces HuNoV replication by >2 log10, showing that this model is suited for antiviral studies. Zebrafish larvae constitute a simple and robust replication model that will largely facilitate studies of HuNoV biology and the development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelii Ny
- KU Leuven–Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Maes
- KU Leuven–Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- University of Cambridge–Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arno Cuvry
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- University of Cambridge–Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiane C. Nogueira
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- KU Leuven–Department of Imaging & Pathology, Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- KU Leuven–Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Centers of Excellence
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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