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Rafiee M, Hosseini SA, Gholami-Borujeni F, Hesami Arani M, Niknejad H. Health risk assessment of swimming beaches microbial contamination: a case study - Mahmoudabad, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:355-366. [PMID: 36446029 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2149711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne organisms in marine water generally originate from untreated wastewater discharged into the sea. The presence of numerous leisure beaches in Mahmoudabad city, Iran, annually attracts thousands of tourists from all over the country to participate in recreational swimming activities. This study probabilistically characterized the health risks associated with recreational swimming engendered by waterborne pathogens, such as intestinal enterococci and Escherichia coli (E. coli) at 15 sampling points along the beaches of the study using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The mean annual infection risk of E. coli in children and adults was 0.424 and 0.229, respectively. The respective risk in terms of enterococci was 0.999 and 0.997, which were higher than the level recommended by the WHO and EPA. The results show that the risk of infection for children was higher than adults. Related authorities have to consider measures to improve environmental quality to protect tourists' and residents' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiee
- Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Arman Hosseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hesami Arani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Niknejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Denpetkul T, Pumkaew M, Sittipunsakda O, Sresung M, Chyerochana N, Kongprajug A, Rattanakul S, Patarapongsant Y, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of the gastrointestinal risks to swimmers at Southeast Asian urban beaches using site-specific and combined autochthonous and fecal bacteria exposure data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:165818. [PMID: 37517714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Recreational exposure to microbial pollution at urban beaches poses a health risk to beachgoers. The accurate quantification of such risks is crucial in managing beaches effectively and establishing warning guidelines. In this study, we employed a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) framework to assess marine water quality and estimate the risks associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an autochthonous pathogen that causes gastrointestinal illnesses, and enterococci, a traditional fecal bacteria indicator. The microbial contamination levels of V. parahaemolyticus and enterococci were determined from 48 water samples collected at two beaches in Thailand during dry and wet seasons. The accidentally ingested water volumes were obtained through a survey involving 438 respondents. The probability of illness (Pill) was estimated using dose-response models and Monte Carlo simulation. The results revealed that enterococci posed a higher risk of illness than V. parahaemolyticus at all seven study sites. The median combined gastrointestinal (GI) risk from both bacteria at all sites met the US EPA risk benchmark of 0.036 and the 0.05 benchmark set by the WHO, but the 95th percentile risk data at all sites exceeded the benchmarks. This emphasizes the need for the continuous monitoring and management of microbial pollution at these sites. The site-specific exposure data showed higher estimated risks with increased variations compared to the WHO-referenced values, which highlights the significance of locally measured microbial concentrations and survey exposure data to avoid underestimation. Estimating the risks from recreational exposure to waterborne bacteria can inform beach management policies aimed at reducing public health risks to swimmers. The study findings improve the understanding of the risks associated with water recreation activities at Southeast Asian beaches and offer valuable insights for the development of water quality guidelines, which are crucial for the sustainable development of the blue economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thammanitchpol Denpetkul
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Monchai Pumkaew
- Environmental Engineering and Disaster Management Program, School of Multidisciplinary, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand
| | - Oranoot Sittipunsakda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Montakarn Sresung
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yupin Patarapongsant
- Behavioral Research and Informatics in Social Sciences Research Unit (RU-BRI), SASIN School of Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Rehm C, Kolm C, Pleininger S, Heger F, Indra A, Reischer GH, Farnleitner AAH, Kirschner AKT. Vibrio cholerae-An emerging pathogen in Austrian bathing waters? Wien Klin Wochenschr 2023; 135:597-608. [PMID: 37530997 PMCID: PMC10651712 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-023-02241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, an important human pathogen, is naturally occurring in specific aquatic ecosystems. With very few exceptions, only the cholera-toxigenic strains belonging to the serogroups O1 and O139 are responsible for severe cholera outbreaks with epidemic or pandemic potential. All other nontoxigenic, non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae (NTVC) strains may cause various other diseases, such as mild to severe infections of the ears, of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts as well as wound and bloodstream infections. Older, immunocompromised people and patients with specific preconditions have an elevated risk. In recent years, worldwide reports demonstrated that NTVC infections are on the rise, caused amongst others by elevated water temperatures due to global warming.The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge gained during the past two decades on V. cholerae infections and its occurrence in bathing waters in Austria, with a special focus on the lake Neusiedler See. We investigated whether NTVC infections have increased and which specific environmental conditions favor the occurrence of NTVC. We present an overview of state of the art methods that are currently available for clinical and environmental diagnostics. A preliminary public health risk assessment concerning NTVC infections related to the Neusiedler See was established. In order to raise awareness of healthcare professionals for NTVC infections, typical symptoms, possible treatment options and the antibiotic resistance status of Austrian NTVC isolates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rehm
- Division Water Quality and Health, Karl-Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health
| | - Claudia Kolm
- Division Water Quality and Health, Karl-Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Pleininger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Reference Centre for Vibrio cholerae, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Heger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Reference Centre for Vibrio cholerae, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Indra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Reference Centre for Vibrio cholerae, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
- Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg H Reischer
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas A H Farnleitner
- Division Water Quality and Health, Karl-Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Division Water Quality and Health, Karl-Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, .
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Panda B, Sundaray L, Mishra A, Palai S, Padhi SR, Patro S, Mohanty PK. Preliminary assessment of the water quality of Rushikulya estuary based on the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1169. [PMID: 37682420 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are among the most dynamic ecosystems in coastal regions and are facing serious threats due to increasing anthropogenic activities. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the water quality of the Rushikulya estuary by analyzing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria in both its water and sediment. Water and sediment samples were collected from five different stations at the mouth of the Rushikulya estuary during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. These samples were analyzed to assess the abundance of pathogenic bacteria and environmental parameters. The results revealed that bacterial abundance is significantly higher in the sediment than in the water, possibly due to a longer residence time of pathogenic bacteria in the sediment. Seasonal observations indicated an increase in pathogenic bacterial abundance during the monsoon season, suggesting an impact from monsoonal discharge. Escherichia coli-like organism, faecal coliforms, Shigella-like organisms, and Vibrio cholera-like organisms were the dominant pathogenic bacteria in both the water and sediment of the Rushikulya estuary. The higher abundance of these pathogens and the results of statistical analysis, which showed a strong correlation between Total Streptococci and BOD (r = 0.79), indicate the influence of human settlement and the mixing of untreated sewage in the Rushikulya estuary. The elevated levels of E. coli, faecal coliforms, and Shigella-like organisms in the Rushikulya estuary raise significant concerns that require immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhubaneswari Panda
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Lokeshwara Sundaray
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Ankita Mishra
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Subhadarshani Palai
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Sanjukta Rani Padhi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Shesdev Patro
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India.
| | - Pratap Kumar Mohanty
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
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Velez KEC, Leighton RE, Decho AW, Pinckney JL, Norman RS. Modeling pH and Temperature Effects as Climatic Hazards in V ibrio Vulnificus and Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Planktonic Growth and Biofilm Formation. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000769. [PMID: 37091291 PMCID: PMC10114089 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate-induced stressors, such as changes in temperature, salinity, and pH, contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases. These changes alter geographical constraint, resulting in increased Vibrio spread, exposure, and infection rates, thus facilitating greater Vibrio-human interactions. Multiple efforts have been developed to predict Vibrio exposure and raise awareness of health risks, but most models only use temperature and salinity as prediction factors. This study aimed to better understand the potential effects of temperature and pH on V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus planktonic and biofilm growth. Vibrio strains were grown in triplicate at 25°, 30°, and 37°C in 96 well plates containing Modified Seawater Yeast Extract modified with CaCl2 at pH's ranging from 5 to 9.6. AMiGA software was used to model growth curves using Gaussian process regression. The effects of temperature and pH were evaluated using randomized complete block analysis of variance, and the growth rates of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were modeled using the interpolation fit on the MatLab Curve Fitting Toolbox. Different optimal conditions involving temperature and pH were observed for planktonic and biofilm Vibrio growth within- and between-species. This study showed that temperature and pH factors significantly affect Vibrio planktonic growth rates and V. parahaemolyticus biofilm formation. Therefore, pH effects must be added to the Vibrio growth modeling efforts to better predict Vibrio risk in estuarine and coastal zones that can potentially experience the cooccurrence of Vibrio and harmful algal bloom outbreak events.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Correa Velez
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change InteractionsUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
| | - R. E. Leighton
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change InteractionsUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
| | - A. W. Decho
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change InteractionsUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
| | - J. L. Pinckney
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
- School of the Earth, Ocean and EnvironmentUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
| | - R. S. Norman
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change InteractionsUniversity of South CarolinaSCColumbiaUSA
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6
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Conrad JW, Harwood VJ. Sewage Promotes Vibrio vulnificus Growth and Alters Gene Transcription in Vibrio vulnificus CMCP6. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0191321. [PMID: 35171011 PMCID: PMC8849060 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01913-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a naturally occurring, potentially lethal pathogen found in coastal waters, fish, and shellfish. Sewage spills in coastal waters occur when infrastructure fails due to severe storms or age, and may affect bacterial populations by altering nutrient levels. This study investigated effects of sewage on clonal and natural V. vulnificus populations in microcosms. Addition of 1% sewage to estuarine water caused the density of a pure culture of V. vulnificus CMCP6 and a natural V. vulnificus population to increase significantly, by two to three orders of magnitude, whether measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) or culture and in batch and continuous cultures. Changes in the transcription of six virulence- and survival-associated genes in response to sewage were assessed using continuous culture. Exposure to sewage affected transcription of genes that may be associated with virulence, i.e., it modulated the oxidative stress response by altering superoxide dismutase transcription, significantly increasing sodB transcription while repressing sodA. Sewage also repressed transcription of nptA, which encodes a sodium-phosphate cotransporter. Sewage had no effect on sodC transcription or the putative virulence-associated genes hupA or wza. The effects of environmentally relevant levels of sewage on V. vulnificus populations and gene transcription suggest that sewage spills that impact warm coastal waters could lead to an increased risk of V. vulnificus infections. IMPORTANCE Vibrio vulnificus infections have profound impacts such as limb amputation and death for individuals with predisposing conditions. The warming climate is contributing to rising V. vulnificus prevalence in waters that were previously too cold to support high levels of the pathogen. Climate change is also expected to increase precipitation in many regions, which puts more pressure on wastewater infrastructure and will result in more frequent sewage spills. The finding that 1% wastewater in estuarine water leads to 100 to over 1,000-fold greater V. vulnificus concentrations suggests that human exposure to oysters and estuarine water could have greater health impacts in the future. Further, wastewater had a significant effect on gene transcription and has the potential to affect virulence during the initial environment-to-host transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Conrad
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Valerie J. Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Kongprajug A, Chyerochana N, Rattanakul S, Denpetkul T, Sangkaew W, Somnark P, Patarapongsant Y, Tomyim K, Sresung M, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Integrated analyses of fecal indicator bacteria, microbial source tracking markers, and pathogens for Southeast Asian beach water quality assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117479. [PMID: 34365192 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of coastal water quality from fecal pollution poses a health risk to visitors at recreational beaches. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are a proxy for fecal pollution; however the accuracy of their representation of fecal pollution health risks at recreational beaches impacted by non-point sources is disputed due to non-human derivation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FIB and a range of culturable and molecular-based microbial source tracking (MST) markers and pathogenic bacteria, and physicochemical parameters and rainfall. Forty-two marine water samples were collected from seven sampling stations during six events at two tourist beaches in Thailand. Both beaches were contaminated with fecal pollution as evident from the GenBac3 marker at 88%-100% detection and up to 8.71 log10 copies/100 mL. The human-specific MST marker human polyomaviruses JC and BK (HPyVs) at up to 4.33 log10 copies/100 mL with 92%-94% positive detection indicated that human sewage was likely the main contamination source. CrAssphage showed lower frequencies and concentrations; its correlations with the FIB group (i.e., total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci) and GenBac3 diminished its use as a human-specific MST marker for coastal water. Human-specific culturable AIM06 and SR14 bacteriophages and general fecal indicator coliphages also showed less sensitivity than the human-specific molecular assays. The applicability of the GenBac3 endpoint PCR assay as a lower-cost prescreening step prior to the GenBac3 qPCR assay was supported by its 100% positive predictive value, but its limited negative predictive values required subsequent qPCR confirmation. Human enteric adenovirus and Vibrio cholerae were not found in any of the samples. The HPyVs related to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and 5-d rainfall records, all of which were more prevalent and concentrated during the wet season. More monitoring is therefore recommended during wet periods. Temporal differences but no spatial differences were observed, suggesting the need for a sentinel site at each beach for routine monitoring. The exceedance of FIB water quality standards did not indicate increased prevalence or concentrations of the HPyVs or Vibrio spp. pathogen group, so the utility of FIB as an indicator of health risks at tropical beaches maybe challenged. Accurate assessment of fecal pollution by incorporating MST markers could lead to developing a more effective water quality monitoring plan to better protect human health risks in tropical recreational beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Thammanitchpol Denpetkul
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watsawan Sangkaew
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Pornjira Somnark
- Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Yupin Patarapongsant
- Behavioral Research and Informatics in Social Sciences Research Unit, SASIN School of Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanokpon Tomyim
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Montakarn Sresung
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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8
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Yoon JH, Bae YM, Song H, Lee S, Moon SK, Oh SW, Lee SY. Development of enhanced selective media for detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:475-485. [PMID: 33868758 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to develop enhanced selective media for detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters. Primarily, tryptic soy agar (TSA) was supplemented with 4.5-5% NaCl, 0.1-0.5% oxgall, and/or 1-2% sodium citrate, and adjusted to pH 8-9. A total of 21 Vibrio spp., 24 indicators, and 26 food-borne isolates were streaked on the modified media, followed by 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. While all the indicators and isolates failed to grow on TSA containing 5% NaCl, 0.5% oxgall, and 2% sodium citrate (TSAOSS1; pH 9), V. parahaemolyticus was culturable on this selective medium. Particularly, the ability of TSAOSS1 to quantify V. parahaemolyticus in oysters was superior to thiosulphate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar. V. parahaemolyticus distinctly produced its white-yellowish, round, and edge-pointed colony on TSAOSS1. TSAOSS1 with high selectivity potentials over TCBS may be a promising alternative for detection of V. parahaemolyticus in seafoods or natural reservoirs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s10068-021-00877-0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Yoon
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Bae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Seodong-daero, 4726 Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Seodong-daero, 4726 Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Soyul Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Seodong-daero, 4726 Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Seodong-daero, 4726 Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Wook Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Seodong-daero, 4726 Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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Bonny SQ, Hossain MAM, Uddin SMK, Pulingam T, Sagadevan S, Johan MR. Current trends in polymerase chain reaction based detection of three major human pathogenic vibrios. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1317-1335. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1841728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Quazi Bonny
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M. A. Motalib Hossain
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed Muhammad Kamal Uddin
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiruchelvi Pulingam
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hossain MMM, Uddin MI, Islam H, Fardoush J, Rupom MAH, Hossain MM, Farjana N, Afroz R, Roy HS, Shehab MAS, Rahman MA. Diagnosis, genetic variations, virulence, and toxicity of AHPND-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus monodon. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2020; 28:2531-2546. [PMID: 33013009 PMCID: PMC7520379 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-020-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging shrimp (Penaeus monodon) disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) since 2013 in Bangladesh. The aim of this work was to evaluate a PCR and RT-PCR techniques as rapid methods for detecting V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-positive P. monodon using genetic markers. Healthy and diseased shrimp (P. monodon) samples were collected from three monitoring stations. The samples were enriched in TCBS plates and DNA extraction from the cultured bacteria. DNA quantifications, PCR amplification, RT-PCR, and gene sequencing were done for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-positive P. monodon. The sequence of PCR amplicons showed 100% identity and significant alignment with V. parahaemolyticus. The primers used provided high specificity for V. parahaemolyticus in PCR detection compared with another Vibrio species. In the PCR, amplification resulted positive amplicons, whereas, non-AHPND isolates showed no amplicons. Neighbor-joining methods indicated that all genes evolved from a common ancestor and clades have different traits with very low genetic distance and low variability. The pairwise alignment scores of atpA, tox, blaCARB, 16S rRNA, and pirA genes were 100.0, 98.90, 98.89, 95.53, and 41.42, respectively. The RT-qPCR exposed variable expression levels for all genes in the AHPND-positive strain. Homology analysis and distance matrix exhibited all genes to have the lowest similarity and most divergence, offering the highest specificity. In this study, the expression and variability of target genes confirmed the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in all sampling sites. The results suggested that PCR amplification, RT-qPCR, and gene sequencing can be used for the rapid detection of V. parahaemolyticus in AHPND-positive P. monodon that may lead to subsequent prevention and treatment research in the future for managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md. Imtiaz Uddin
- Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Habiba Islam
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Nawshin Farjana
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Rukaiya Afroz
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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11
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Gyraite G, Katarzyte M, Schernewski G. First findings of potentially human pathogenic bacteria Vibrio in the south-eastern Baltic Sea coastal and transitional bathing waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110546. [PMID: 31543486 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio spp. are bacteria that inhabit fresh and marine waters throughout the world and can cause severe infections in humans. This study aimed to investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio bacteria in the coastal waters of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon. The results of cultivation on TCBS media showed that total abundance of Vibrio spp. varied from 1.2 × 102 to 6 × 104 CFU L-1. Real-time PCR revealed that the V. vulnificus vvhA gene varied from 2.8 × 103 to 3.7 × 104 copies L-1, with the highest amounts in sites with average water salinity of 7.1 PSU. Both green and blue-green algae and lower salinity play a role in the growth and spread of total Vibrio spp. Although potential infection risk was low at the time of this study, regular monitoring of Vibrio spp. and infection risk assessments are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gyraite
- Klaipeda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marija Katarzyte
- Klaipeda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Gerald Schernewski
- Klaipeda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
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12
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Nielsen MC, Jiang SC. Alterations of the human skin microbiome after ocean water exposure. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:595-603. [PMID: 31590829 PMCID: PMC8061468 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the body's first line of defense against invading microorganisms. The skin microbiome has been shown to provide immunity against exogenous bacterial colonization. Recreational water exposures may alter the skin microbiome and potentially induce skin infections. This study explored the link between ocean water exposures and the human skin microbiome. Skin microbiome samples were collected, using swabs, from human participants' calves before and after they swam in the ocean, and at 6 hour and 24 hour post-swim. Genomic analysis showed that skin microbiomes were different among individuals before swimming. But after swimming, microbial communities were no longer different, which was demonstrated by a decrease in inter-sample diversity. Taxonomic analysis showed that ocean bacteria, including potential pathogens, replaced the native skin bacteria and remained on the skin for at least 24 hour post-swim. This research provides insight into the relationship between the human skin microbiome and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunny C Jiang
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, United States of America; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, United States of America.
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13
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Federigi I, Verani M, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. The application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to natural recreational waters: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:334-350. [PMID: 31180003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the aims of and approaches to the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of untreated recreational waters. The literature search was conducted on four databases and yielded 54 papers, which were analyzed on a quantitative (time-trend, geographical distribution, water type) and qualitative (aims, source of microbial data, pathogens and their measurement or estimation, ways to address variability and uncertainty, sensitivity analysis) basis. In addition, the parameters, implications, and limitations were discussed for each QMRA step. Since 2003, the number of papers has greatly increased, highlighting the importance of QMRA for the risk management of recreational waters. Nevertheless, QMRA still exhibits critical issues, above all regarding contamination data and dose-response relationships. To our knowledge, this is the first review to give a wide panoramic view on QMRA in relation to recreational exposure to untreated waters. This could be useful in identifying the current knowledge gaps and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Federigi
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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Brouwer AF, Masters NB, Eisenberg JNS. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Infectious Disease Transmission Modeling of Waterborne Enteric Pathogens. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 5:293-304. [PMID: 29679300 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Waterborne enteric pathogens remain a global health threat. Increasingly, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and infectious disease transmission modeling (IDTM) are used to assess waterborne pathogen risks and evaluate mitigation. These modeling efforts, however, have largely been conducted independently for different purposes and in different settings. In this review, we examine the settings where each modeling strategy is employed. RECENT FINDINGS QMRA research has focused on food contamination and recreational water in high-income countries (HICs) and drinking water and wastewater in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). IDTM research has focused on large outbreaks (predominately LMICs) and vaccine-preventable diseases (LMICs and HICs). Human ecology determines the niches that pathogens exploit, leading researchers to focus on different risk assessment research strategies in different settings. To enhance risk modeling, QMRA and IDTM approaches should be integrated to include dynamics of pathogens in the environment and pathogen transmission through populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nina B Masters
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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15
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Gularte JS, Girardi V, Demoliner M, de Souza FG, Filippi M, Eisen AKA, Mena KD, de Quevedo DM, Rigotto C, de Barros MP, Spilki FR. Human mastadenovirus in water, sediment, sea surface microlayer, and bivalve mollusk from southern Brazilian beaches. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 142:335-349. [PMID: 31232312 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic contamination of beaches in the south of Brazil was assessed by detection of Escherichia coli, human mastadenovirus species C (HAdV-C) and F (HAdV-F) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Sampling was carried out in October (2016), and in January, April and July (2017). Water, sediment, sea surface microlayer (SML), bivalves, and air sentinel samples were evaluated. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) was used to estimate the probability of swimmer infection. HAdV-C was present in 26% of the samples, for both qPCR and viral isolation. The highest rates of detection in genomic copies (GC) were in water (2.42E+10 GC/L), SML (2.08E+10 GC/L), sediment (3.82E+08 GC/g) and bivalves (3.91E+07 GC/g). QMRA estimated daily and annual risks with a maximum value (9.99E-01) in almost all of the samples. Viable HAdV-C was often detected in the SML, pointing that this is a source of infection for people bathing in these waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Schons Gularte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gil de Souza
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Micheli Filippi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Karolina Antunes Eisen
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Kristina D Mena
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Daniela Muller de Quevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pereira de Barros
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
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17
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Shin WR, Sekhon SS, Rhee SK, Ko JH, Ahn JY, Min J, Kim YH. Aptamer-Based Paper Strip Sensor for Detecting Vibrio fischeri. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:261-268. [PMID: 29553704 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aptamer-based paper strip sensor for detecting Vibrio fischeri was developed. Our method was based on the aptamer sandwich assay between whole live cells, V. fischeri and DNA aptamer probes. Following 9 rounds of Cell-SELEX and one of the negative-SELEX, V. fischeri Cell Aptamer (VFCA)-02 and -03 were isolated, with the former showing approximately 10-fold greater avidity (in the subnanomolar range) for the target cells when arrayed on a surface. The colorimetric response of a paper sensor based on VFCA-02 was linear in the range of 4 × 101 to 4 × 105 CFU/mL of target cell by using scanning reader. The linear regression correlation coefficient ( R2) was 0.9809. This system shows promise for use in aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticle probes in paper strip format for in-field detection of marine bioindicating bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ri Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Simranjeet Singh Sekhon
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Sung-Keun Rhee
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona California 91766, United States
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
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Jang CS, Liang CP. Characterizing health risks associated with recreational swimming at Taiwanese beaches by using quantitative microbial risk assessment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:534-547. [PMID: 29377838 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Taiwan is surrounded by oceans, and therefore numerous pleasure beaches attract millions of tourists annually to participate in recreational swimming activities. However, impaired water quality because of fecal pollution poses a potential threat to the tourists' health. This study probabilistically characterized the health risks associated with recreational swimming engendered by waterborne enterococci at 13 Taiwanese beaches by using quantitative microbial risk assessment. First, data on enterococci concentrations at coastal beaches monitored by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration were reproduced using nonparametric Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The ingestion volumes of recreational swimming based on uniform and gamma distributions were subsequently determined using MCS. Finally, after the distribution combination of the two parameters, the beta-Poisson dose-response function was employed to quantitatively estimate health risks to recreational swimmers. Moreover, various levels of risk to recreational swimmers were classified and spatially mapped to explore feasible recreational and environmental management strategies at the beaches. The study results revealed that although the health risks associated with recreational swimming did not exceed an acceptable benchmark of 0.019 illnesses daily at all beaches, they approached to this benchmark at certain beaches. Beaches with relatively high risks are located in Northwestern Taiwan owing to the current movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shin Jang
- Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan City 338, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Ching-Ping Liang
- Department of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 831, Taiwan
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Ng C, Goh SG, Saeidi N, Gerhard WA, Gunsch CK, Gin KYH. Occurrence of Vibrio species, beta-lactam resistant Vibrio species, and indicator bacteria in ballast and port waters of a tropical harbor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:651-656. [PMID: 28822933 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water discharges are potential sources for the spread of invasive and pathogenic aquatic organisms. Ballast waters from six ships docked in the Port of Singapore were tested to determine if indictor organisms fell within proposed standards for ballast water discharge according to regulation D-2 of the Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) guidelines. Vibrio species were cultured on media supplemented with beta-lactam antibiotics to determine the presence of antibiotic resistant Vibrio species in the ballast waters of these vessels. Indicator organisms were quantified using culture media Colilert-18 and Enterolert in ballast waters of six ships docked in a tropical harbor, with uptake from different geographical locations. Of the six ships, one had ballast water originating from the Persian Gulf, another from the East China Sea, and four from the South China Sea. Two of the six ships which carried ballast waters from the East China Sea and the South China Sea did not meet the D-2 stipulated requirements of the Ballast Water Management Convention for indicator organisms with Enterococci values more than three times higher than the acceptable limit of <100CFU/100mL. Using the most-probable-number-PCR (MPN-PCR) method for Vibrio species detection, non-toxigenic species of V. cholerae (2 MPN/100mL), Vibrio vulnificus (>110 MPN/100mL), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (2 to >110 MPN/100mL) were detected in at least one of six ballast water samples. Using thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) supplemented with beta-lactam antibiotics (meropenem, ceftazidime), 11 different Vibrio species, exhibiting resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics were isolated; with Vibrio campbellii (44%) and Vibrio alginolyticus (15%) the most detected antibiotic resistant Vibrio species. A practical approach of prioritized screening of high-risk vessels should be conducted to ensure that the water quality meets D-2 standards prior to discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Ng
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Drive 1, T-lab Building, TL08-03, 117576, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Drive 1, T-lab Building, TL08-03, 117576, Singapore
| | - Nazanin Saeidi
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Drive 1, T-lab Building, TL08-03, 117576, Singapore
| | - William A Gerhard
- Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 100 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708-0287, United States
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 100 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708-0287, United States
| | - Karina Yew Hoong Gin
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Drive 1, T-lab Building, TL08-03, 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Engineering Drive 1, T-lab Building, #02-01, 117576, Singapore.
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Han F, Gu RR, Shen XS, Chen YG, Tian LL, Zhou WF, Cai YQ. Detection of Total and Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shellfish Growing along the South Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1882-1889. [PMID: 29039708 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to monitor the densities of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in 300 samples of nine shellfish species harvested from the coasts of the South Yellow Sea and the East China Sea (N 23° to 34°, E 116° to 124°), People's Republic of China, between May and October 2015. Total V. parahaemolyticus densities were measured, and V. parahaemolyticus isolates were biochemically identified with probes for the thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh) and the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin gene (trh). We found that 202 of the 300 samples were positive for V. parahaemolyticus from all the sites: 58 of the 100 samples from the Fujian province, 71 of the 100 samples from the Zhejiang province, and 73 of the 100 samples from the Jiangsu province. In most (170) of the 300 samples, V. parahaemolyticus densities were 0.3 to 10 most probable number (MPN)/g; five lots exceeded 110 MPN/g, and two lots were estimated at 110 MPN/g. Among the 202 V. parahaemolyticus strains, only one was trh positive. Densities of V. parahaemolyticus in these shellfish were temperature dependent, with highest densities in June and July. Among the nine mollusk species, V. parahaemolyticus was most abundant in the agemaki clam (Sinonovacula constricta). The highest and lowest V. parahaemolyticus prevalences were found in oriental cyclina (Cyclina sinensis, 93.8%) and mussels (Mytilus edulis, 28.1%), respectively. Overall, although V. parahaemolyticus is widely distributed in marine environments, the density of V. parahaemolyticus was low and the prevalence of the main virulence factor was very low in shellfish along the coasts of the South Yellow Sea and East China Sea, which is important from a public health perspective. Data presented here will be useful for correlational research and can be utilized for developing risk management plans that establish food safety guidelines for V. parahaemolyticus in Chinese shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Run Gu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Shen
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ge Chen
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Liang Tian
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiong Cai
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
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Jiang Y, He L, Wu P, Shi X, Jiang M, Li Y, Lin Y, Qiu Y, Bai F, Liao Y, Li Q, Zhang R, Hu Q. Simultaneous Identification of Ten Bacterial Pathogens Using the Multiplex Ligation Reaction Based on the Probe Melting Curve Analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5902. [PMID: 28724932 PMCID: PMC5517457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides are associated with human gastroenteritis and wound infections, as well as fish diseases. The comprehensive and accurate identification of these pathogens is crucial for the current public health. The present study describes the development of a multiplex assay for the simultaneous identification of ten bacterial pathogens in a single reaction by using a multiplex ligation reaction based on probe melting curve analysis (MLMA). The specificity for target genes was 100%, as assessed with a panel of 67 bacterial pathogens, which indicated no cross-reactions. The detection limit of this assay ranged from 0.8 × 107 CFU/mL to 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL at the pure bacterial culture level and from 0.1 ng to 1.0 ng at the DNA level. The MLMA assay was used to detect ten species of pathogens in 269 clinical and seafood samples, and for further validation, the results were compared with the conventional culture method. The results indicated greater than 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity for each bacterial pathogen tested, and the kappa correlation for all the pathogens ranged from 0.95 to 1.00. Overall, this assay is well suited for public health laboratories for its high throughput, accuracy, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Lianhua He
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Pingfang Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yiman Lin
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yaqun Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Fang Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqun Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qingge Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian Province, China
| | - RenLi Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China.
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Riverbed Sediments as Reservoirs of Multiple Vibrio cholerae Virulence-Associated Genes: A Potential Trigger for Cholera Outbreaks in Developing Countries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28642796 PMCID: PMC5470021 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5646480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Africa remains the most cholera stricken continent in the world as many people lacking access to safe drinking water rely mostly on polluted rivers as their main water sources. However, studies in these countries investigating the presence of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments have paid little attention to bed sediments. Also, information on the presence of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) in environmental ctx-negative V. cholerae strains in this region is lacking. Thus, we investigated the presence of V. cholerae VAGs in water and riverbed sediment of the Apies River, South Africa. Altogether, 120 samples (60 water and 60 sediment samples) collected from ten sites on the river (January and February 2014) were analysed using PCR. Of the 120 samples, 37 sediment and 31 water samples were positive for at least one of the genes investigated. The haemolysin gene (hlyA) was the most isolated gene. The cholera toxin (ctxAB) and non-O1 heat-stable (stn/sto) genes were not detected. Genes were frequently detected at sites influenced by human activities. Thus, identification of V. cholerae VAGs in sediments suggests the possible presence of V. cholerae and identifies sediments of the Apies River as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic V. cholerae with possible public health implications.
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Goh SG, Bayen S, Burger D, Kelly BC, Han P, Babovic V, Gin KYH. Occurrence and distribution of bacteria indicators, chemical tracers and pathogenic vibrios in Singapore coastal waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:627-634. [PMID: 27712861 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water quality in Singapore's coastal area was evaluated with microbial indicators, pathogenic vibrios, chemical tracers and physico-chemical parameters. Sampling sites were grouped into two clusters (coastal sites at (i) northern and (ii) southern part of Singapore). The coastal sites located at northern part of Singapore along the Johor Straits exhibited greater pollution. Principal component analysis revealed that sampling sites at Johor Straits have greater loading on carbamazepine, while turbidity poses greater influence on sampling sites at Singapore Straits. Detection of pathogenic vibrios was also more prominent at Johor Straits than the Singapore Straits. This study examined the spatial variations in Singapore's coastal water quality and provided the baseline information for health risk assessment and future pollution management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Giek Goh
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Blk E1A #07-03, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - David Burger
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Ping Han
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Vladan Babovic
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Blk E1A #07-03, 117576 Singapore, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Lab Building #02-01, Engineering Drive 1, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.
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Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Genthe B, Momba MNB. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) shows increased public health risk associated with exposure to river water under conditions of riverbed sediment resuspension. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1143-1151. [PMID: 27297265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although higher microbial concentrations have been reported in sediments than in the overlying water column, most quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) studies have not clearly indicated the contribution of sediment-borne pathogens to estimated risks. Thus, the present study aimed at determining the public health risk associated with exposure to pathogenic bacteria in polluted river water under undisturbed conditions and conditions of sediment resuspension in the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa. Microbial pathogens were isolated and identified using culture and molecular methods. The beta-Poisson dose-response model was used to estimate the probability of infection (Pi) with the various pathogens, following accidental/intentional ingestion of 1mL or 100mL (or 50mL) of untreated river water. Mean wet season Escherichia coli counts ranged between 5.8E+01 and 8.8E+04MPN/100mL (water column) and between 2.40E+03 and 1.28E+05MPN/100mL (sediments). Mean dry season E. coli counts ranged between 5.11E+00 and 3.40E+03MPN/100mL (water column) and between 5.09E+00 and 6.30E+03MPN/100mL (sediments). Overall (water and sediments) Vibrio cholerae was the most detected pathogen (58.8%) followed by Salmonella spp. (23.9%) and Shigella (10.1%). Ingestion of 1mL of river water could lead to 0%-4% and 1%-74% Pi with E. coli during the dry and wet season, respectively. During the dry season, the Pi with V. cholerae, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were 0%-1.39%, 0%-4.11% and 0%-0.16% respectively, depending on volume of water ingested. The risks of infections with all microorganisms increased during the wet season. A 2-log increase in water E. coli count following sediments disturbance led to approximately 10 times higher Pi with E. coli than when sediments were undisturbed. Therefore, the use of the untreated water from the Apies River for drinking, household purposes or recreational activities poses a potential health risk to the users of the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akebe Luther King Abia
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Bettina Genthe
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Rodrigues VFV, Rivera ING, Lim KY, Jiang SC. Detection and risk assessment of diarrheagenic E. coli in recreational beaches of Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:163-170. [PMID: 27301685 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine beaches are important recreational and economic resources in Brazil, but the beaches' water quality is negatively impacted by the discharge of domestic sewage effluent. The occurrence of diarrheagenic Escherichiacoli among the E. coli isolated from three Brazilian marine beaches was investigated. Multiplex and single step PCR were used to screen 99 E. coli isolates for ten target toxin genes. Six toxin genes, stx1, eae, estp, esth, astA, and bfpA, were identified in 1% to 35% of the isolates. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of human exposure to diarrheagenic E. coli during marine recreation was carried out. The results indicated that the diarrheagenic E. coli risk is well below the U.S. EPA's recommended daily recreational risk benchmark. However, the overall recreational health risk due to all pathogens in the water could be much higher and exceeded the U.S. EPA's benchmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F V Rodrigues
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology Department, University of São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Irma N G Rivera
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology Department, University of São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Keah-Ying Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Sunny C Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA.
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Draft Genome Sequence of an ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-d-Galactoside (ONPG)-Negative Strain of Vibrio cholerae, Isolated from Drakes Bay, California. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00135-16. [PMID: 26988050 PMCID: PMC4796129 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00135-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present the draft whole-genome sequence of a Vibrio cholerae strain (Vc25-3) isolated from Drakes Bay, California. This environmental isolate has an atypical morphology and is ortho-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (ONPG)-negative.
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Li R, Chiou J, Chan EWC, Chen S. A Novel PCR-Based Approach for Accurate Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:44. [PMID: 26858713 PMCID: PMC4729947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR-based assay was developed for more accurate identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus through targeting the blaCARB-17 like element, an intrinsic β-lactamase gene that may also be regarded as a novel species-specific genetic marker of this organism. Homologous analysis showed that blaCARB-17 like genes were more conservative than the tlh, toxR and atpA genes, the genetic markers commonly used as detection targets in identification of V. parahaemolyticus. Our data showed that this blaCARB-17-specific PCR-based detection approach consistently achieved 100% specificity, whereas PCR targeting the tlh and atpA genes occasionally produced false positive results. Furthermore, a positive result of this test is consistently associated with an intrinsic ampicillin resistance phenotype of the test organism, presumably conferred by the products of blaCARB-17 like genes. We envision that combined analysis of the unique genetic and phenotypic characteristics conferred by blaCARB-17 shall further enhance the detection specificity of this novel yet easy-to-use detection approach to a level superior to the conventional methods used in V. parahaemolyticus detection and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Li
- Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research InstituteShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Jiachi Chiou
- Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research InstituteShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research InstituteShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research InstituteShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong
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Abstract
This paper reviews the latest evidence provided by epidemiological studies and quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRAs) of infection risk from recreational water use. Studies for review were selected following a PubMed search for articles published between January 2010 and April 2014. Epidemiological studies show a generally elevated risk of gastrointestinal illness in bathers compared to non-bathers but often no clear association with water quality as measured by faecal indicator bacteria; this is especially true where study sites are impacted by non-point source pollution. Evidence from QMRAs support the lack of a consistent water quality association for non-point source-impacted beaches. It is suggested that source attribution, through quantified microbial source apportionment, linked with appropriate use of microbial source tracking methods should be employed as an integral part of future epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Fewtrell
- Centre for Research into Environment and Health (CREH), Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB UK
| | - David Kay
- Centre for Research into Environment and Health (CREH), Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB UK
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29
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Ng C, Le TH, Goh SG, Liang L, Kim Y, Rose JB, Yew-Hoong KG. A Comparison of Microbial Water Quality and Diversity for Ballast and Tropical Harbor Waters. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143123. [PMID: 26575481 PMCID: PMC4648578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indicator organisms and antibiotic resistance were used as a proxy to measure microbial water quality of ballast tanks of ships, and surface waters in a tropical harbor. The survival of marine bacteria in ballast tanks appeared to diminish over longer water retention time, with a reduction of cell viability observed after a week based on heterotrophic plate counts. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed distinct differences in microbial composition of ballast and harbor waters. The harbor waters had a higher abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned to Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp.) and α-proteobacteria (SAR11 members), while marine hydrocarbon degraders such as γ-proteobacteria (Ocenspirillaes spp., Thiotrchales spp.) and Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteriales spp.) dominated the ballast water samples. Screening of indicator organisms found Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in two or more of the ballast and harbor water samples tested. Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp. were detected exclusively in harbor water samples. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), we screened for 13 antibiotic resistant gene (ARG) targets and found higher abundances of sul1 (4.13-3.44 x 102 copies/mL), dfrA (0.77-1.80 x10 copies/mL) and cfr (2.00-5.21 copies/mL) genes compared to the other ARG targets selected for this survey. These genes encode for resistance to sulfonamides, trimethoprim and chloramphenicol-florfenicol antibiotics, which are also known to persist in sediments of aquaculture farms and coastal environments. Among the ARGs screened, we found significant correlations (P<0.05) between ereA, ermG, cfr and tetO genes to one or more of the indicator organisms detected in this study, which may suggest that these members contribute to the environmental resistome. This study provides a baseline water quality survey, quantitatively assessing indicators of antibiotic resistance, potentially pathogenic organisms and a broad-brush description of difference in microbial composition and diversity between open oceans and tropical coastal environments through the use of next generation sequencing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Ng
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thai-Hoang Le
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Liang
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiseul Kim
- Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joan B. Rose
- Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karina Gin Yew-Hoong
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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30
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Sterk A, Schets FM, de Roda Husman AM, de Nijs T, Schijven JF. Effect of Climate Change on the Concentration and Associated Risks of Vibrio Spp. in Dutch Recreational Waters. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2015; 35:1717-1729. [PMID: 25809307 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the number of reported cases of recreational- water-related Vibrio illness in the Netherlands is low. However, a notable higher incidence of Vibrio infections has been observed in warm summers. In the future, such warm summers are expected to occur more often, resulting in enhanced water temperatures favoring Vibrio growth. Quantitative information on the increase in concentration of Vibrio spp. in recreational water under climate change scenarios is lacking. In this study, data on occurrence of Vibrio spp. at six different bathing sites in the Netherlands (2009-2012) were used to derive an empirical formula to predict the Vibrio concentration as a function of temperature, salinity, and pH. This formula was used to predict the effects of increased temperatures in climate change scenarios on Vibrio concentrations. For Vibrio parahaemolyticus, changes in illness risks associated with the changed concentrations were calculated as well. For an average temperature increase of 3.7 °C, these illness risks were calculated to be two to three times higher than in the current situation. Current illness risks were, varying per location, on average between 10(-4) and 10(-2) per person for an entire summer. In situations where water temperatures reached maximum values, illness risks are estimated to be up to 10(-2) and 10(-1) . If such extreme situations occur more often during future summers, increased numbers of ill bathers or bathing-water-related illness outbreaks may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ton de Nijs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jack F Schijven
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chaturvedi P, Kumar Agrawal M, Nath Bagchi S. Microcystin-producing and non-producing cyanobacterial blooms collected from the Central India harbor potentially pathogenic Vibrio cholerae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 115:67-74. [PMID: 25682583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of relative abundance, frequency and biovolume, the important value index ranks were assigned to individual cyanobacteria in phytoplankton samples collected from fourteen water resources of Central India. The mcyABDE genes were detected in all the blooms with Microcystis (-aeruginosa, -viridis, -panniformis, -botrys) as being the major constituent morphospecies. On the other hand, blooms composed of primarily Oscillatoria (-limosa,-agardhii, -laetevirens) along with Anabaena, Nostoc, Phormidium and Spirulina as sub-dominant forms exhibited quite a patchy distribution of one or the other mcy genes. Fifty percent of Microcystis- but none of the Oscillatoria dominant blooms produced microcystins-RR and desmethyl-RR at 0.03-0.41mgg(-1) bloom dry mass. Traces of dissolved microcystin was detected in lake water, which is well below the WHO guideline. Irrespective of cyanobacterial composition and microcystin production ability, during the study period 43-64% of the cyanobacterial bloom samples exhibited association of viable but nonculturable forms of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, as evident from amplification of the antigen genes. We believe that spread of endemic cholera is the major threat associated with harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chaturvedi
- Department of Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482001, India
| | - Manish Kumar Agrawal
- Excellent Bio Research Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 1370 Napier Town, Home Science College Road, Jabalpur 482001, India
| | - Suvendra Nath Bagchi
- Department of Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482001, India.
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32
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A novel triplex quantitative PCR strategy for quantification of toxigenic and nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3077-85. [PMID: 25724966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03516-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a severe human pathogen and a frequent member of aquatic ecosystems. Quantification of V. cholerae in environmental water samples is therefore fundamental for ecological studies and health risk assessment. Beside time-consuming cultivation techniques, quantitative PCR (qPCR) has the potential to provide reliable quantitative data and offers the opportunity to quantify multiple targets simultaneously. A novel triplex qPCR strategy was developed in order to simultaneously quantify toxigenic and nontoxigenic V. cholerae in environmental water samples. To obtain quality-controlled PCR results, an internal amplification control was included. The qPCR assay was specific, highly sensitive, and quantitative across the tested 5-log dynamic range down to a method detection limit of 5 copies per reaction. Repeatability and reproducibility were high for all three tested target genes. For environmental application, global DNA recovery (GR) rates were assessed for drinking water, river water, and water from different lakes. GR rates ranged from 1.6% to 76.4% and were dependent on the environmental background. Uncorrected and GR-corrected V. cholerae abundances were determined in two lakes with extremely high turbidity. Uncorrected abundances ranged from 4.6×10(2) to 2.3×10(4) cell equivalents liter(-1), whereas GR-corrected abundances ranged from 4.7×10(3) to 1.6×10(6) cell equivalents liter(-1). GR-corrected qPCR results were in good agreement with an independent cell-based direct detection method but were up to 1.6 log higher than cultivation-based abundances. We recommend the newly developed triplex qPCR strategy as a powerful tool to simultaneously quantify toxigenic and nontoxigenic V. cholerae in various aquatic environments for ecological studies as well as for risk assessment programs.
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33
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Shaw KS, Sapkota AR, Jacobs JM, He X, Crump BC. Recreational swimmers' exposure to Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:99-105. [PMID: 25454225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are ubiquitous in the marine-estuarine environment, but the magnitude of human non-ingestion exposure to these waterborne pathogens is largely unknown. We evaluated the magnitude of dermal exposure to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus among swimmers recreating in Vibrio-populated waters by conducting swim studies at four swimming locations in the Chesapeake Bay in 2009 and 2011. Volunteers (n=31) swam for set time periods, and surface water (n=25) and handwash (n=250) samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for Vibrio concentrations using quantitative PCR. Linear and logistic regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with recreational exposures. Mean surface water V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus concentrations were 1128CFUmL(-1) (95% confidence interval (CI): 665.6, 1591.4) and 18CFUmL(-1) (95% CI: 9.8, 26.1), respectively, across all sampling locations. Mean Vibrio concentrations in handwash samples (V. vulnificus, 180CFUcm(-2) (95% CI: 136.6, 222.5); V. parahaemolyticus, 3CFUcm(-2) (95% CI: 2.4, 3.7)) were significantly associated with Vibrio concentrations in surface water (V. vulnificus, p<0.01; V. parahaemolyticus, p<0.01), but not with salinity or temperature (V. vulnificus, p=0.52, p=0.17; V. parahaemolyticus, p=0.82, p=0.06). Handwashing reduced V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus on subjects' hands by approximately one log (93.9%, 89.4%, respectively). It can be concluded that when Chesapeake Bay surface waters are characterized by elevated concentrations of Vibrio, swimmers and individuals working in those waters could experience significant dermal exposures to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, increasing their risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi S Shaw
- University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21601, USA; University of Maryland, School of Public Health, Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, 2234P SPH Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- University of Maryland, School of Public Health, Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, 2234P SPH Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - John M Jacobs
- National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Cooperative Oxford Laboratory (COL), 904 S. Morris Street, Oxford, MD 21654, USA
| | - Xin He
- University of Maryland, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 2234H SPH Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Byron C Crump
- University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21601, USA; Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, 104 CEOAS Administration Building, Corvallis, OR, USA
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34
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Lutz C, Erken M, Noorian P, Sun S, McDougald D. Environmental reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence of Vibrio cholerae. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:375. [PMID: 24379807 PMCID: PMC3863721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the water-borne disease cholera, is acquired from environmental sources where it persists between outbreaks of the disease. Recent advances in molecular technology have demonstrated that this bacterium can be detected in areas where it has not previously been isolated, indicating a much broader, global distribution of this bacterium outside of endemic regions. The environmental persistence of V. cholerae in the aquatic environment can be attributed to multiple intra- and interspecific strategies such as responsive gene regulation and biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic surfaces, as well as interactions with a multitude of other organisms. This review will discuss some of the mechanisms that enable the persistence of this bacterium in the environment. In particular, we will discuss how V. cholerae can survive stressors such as starvation, temperature, and salinity fluctuations as well as how the organism persists under constant predation by heterotrophic protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lutz
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martina Erken
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parisa Noorian
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuyang Sun
- The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diane McDougald
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
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