1
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Oliveira J, Antunes M, Godinho CP, Teixeira MC, Sá-Correia I, Monteiro PT. From a genome assembly to full regulatory network prediction: the case study of Rhodotorula toruloides putative Haa1-regulon. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:399. [PMID: 34376148 PMCID: PMC8353774 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous genomes are sequenced and made available to the community through the NCBI portal. However, and, unlike what happens for gene function annotation, annotation of promoter sequences and the underlying prediction of regulatory associations is mostly unavailable, severely limiting the ability to interpret genome sequences in a functional genomics perspective. Here we present an approach where one can download a genome of interest from NCBI in the GenBank Flat File (.gbff) format and, with a minimum set of commands, have all the information parsed, organized and made available through the platform web interface. Also, the new genomes are compared with a given genome of reference in search of homologous genes, shared regulatory elements and predicted transcription associations. We present this approach within the context of Community YEASTRACT of the YEASTRACT + portal, thus benefiting from immediate access to all the comparative genomics queries offered in the YEASTRACT + portal. Besides the yeast community, other communities can install the platform independently, without any constraints. In this work, we exemplify the usefulness of the presented tool, within Community YEASTRACT, in constructing a dedicated database and analysing the genome of the highly promising oleaginous red yeast species Rhodotorula toruloides currently poorly studied at the genome and transcriptome levels and with limited genome editing tools. Regulatory prediction is based on the conservation of promoter sequences and available regulatory networks. The case-study examined is focused on the Haa1 transcription factor—a key regulator of yeast resistance to acetic acid, an important inhibitor of industrial bioconversion of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The new tool described here led to the prediction of a RtHaa1 regulon with expected impact in the optimization of R. toruloides robustness for lignocellulosic and pectin-rich residue biorefinery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Antunes
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences/ i4HB - Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claudia P Godinho
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences/ i4HB - Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences/ i4HB - Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences/ i4HB - Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro T Monteiro
- INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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2
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Benzing A, Piepho HP, Malik WA, Finckh MR, Mittelhammer M, Strempel D, Jaschik J, Neuendorff J, Guamán L, Mancheno J, Melo L, Pavón O, Cangahuamín R, Ullauri JC. Appropriate sampling methods and statistics can tell apart fraud from pesticide drift in organic farming. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14776. [PMID: 34285248 PMCID: PMC8292382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide residues are much lower in organic than in conventional food. The article summarizes the available residue data from the EU and the U.S. organic market. Differences between samples from several sources suggest that organic products are declared conventional, when they have residues-but the origin of the residues is not always investigated. A large number of samples are being tested by organic certifiers, but the sampling methods often do not allow to determine if such residues stem from prohibited pesticide use by organic farmers, from mixing organic with conventional products, from short-range spray-drift from neighbour farms, from the ubiquitous presence of such substances due to long-distance drift, or from other sources of contamination. Eight case studies from different crops and countries are used to demonstrate that sampling at different distances from possible sources of short-distance drift in most cases allows differentiating deliberate pesticide application by the organic farmer from drift. Datasets from 67 banana farms in Ecuador, where aerial fungicide spraying leads to a heavy drift problem, were subjected to statistical analysis. A linear discriminant function including four variables was identified for distinguishing under these conditions application from drift, with an accuracy of 93.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans-Peter Piepho
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Waqas Ahmed Malik
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria R Finckh
- Department of Ecological Crop Protection, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Jaschik
- Eurofins Dr. Specht International GmbH, Am Neulaender Gewerbepark 2, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Neuendorff
- Gesellschaft für Ressourcenschutz (GfRS), Prinzenstr. 4, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - José Mancheno
- CERES GmbH, Vorderhaslach 1, 91230, Happurg, Germany
| | - Luis Melo
- CERES GmbH, Vorderhaslach 1, 91230, Happurg, Germany
| | - Omar Pavón
- CERES GmbH, Vorderhaslach 1, 91230, Happurg, Germany
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3
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Peetermans A, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Thevelein JM. Mechanisms underlying lactic acid tolerance and its influence on lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2021; 8:111-130. [PMID: 34055965 PMCID: PMC8144909 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.06.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the major bottlenecks in lactic acid production using microbial fermentation is the detrimental influence lactic acid accumulation poses on the lactic acid producing cells. The accumulation of lactic acid results in many negative effects on the cell such as intracellular acidification, anion accumulation, membrane perturbation, disturbed amino acid trafficking, increased turgor pressure, ATP depletion, ROS accumulation, metabolic dysregulation and metal chelation. In this review, the manner in which Saccharomyces cerevisiae deals with these issues will be discussed extensively not only for lactic acid as a singular stress factor but also in combination with other stresses. In addition, different methods to improve lactic acid tolerance in S. cerevisiae using targeted and non-targeted engineering methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Peetermans
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - María R Foulquié-Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium.,NovelYeast bv, Open Bio-Incubator, Erasmus High School, Laarbeeklaan 121, 1090 Brussels (Jette), Belgium
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4
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Ganeva V, Angelova B, Galutzov B, Goltsev V, Zhiponova M. Extraction of Proteins and Other Intracellular Bioactive Compounds From Baker's Yeasts by Pulsed Electric Field Treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:552335. [PMID: 33384987 PMCID: PMC7770146 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.552335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are rich source of proteins, antioxidants, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds. The main drawback in their utilization as valuable ingredients in functional foods and dietary supplements production is the thick, indigestible cell wall, as well as the high nucleic acid content. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment as an alternative method for extraction of proteins and other bioactive intracellular compounds from yeasts. Baker's yeast water suspensions with different concentration (12.5-85 g dry cell weight per liter) were treated with monopolar rectangular pulses using a continuous flow system. The PEF energy required to achieve irreversible electropermeabilization was significantly reduced with the increase of the biomass concentration. Upon incubation of the permeabilized cells in water, only relatively small intracellular compounds were released. Release of 90% of the free amino acids and low molecular UV absorbing compounds, 80% of the glutathione, and ∼40% of the total phenol content was achieved about 2 h after pulsation and incubation of the suspensions at room temperature. At these conditions, the macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids) were retained largely inside. Efficient protein release (∼90% from the total soluble protein) occurred only after dilution and incubation of the permeabilized cells in buffer with pH 8-9. Protein concentrates obtained by ultrafiltration (10 kDa cut off) had lower nucleic acid content (protein/nucleic acid ratio ∼100/4.5) in comparison with cell lysates obtained by mechanical disintegration. The obtained results allowed to conclude that PEF treatment can be used as an efficient alternative approach for production of yeast extracts with different composition, suitable for application in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ganeva
- Biological Faculty, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
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5
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Teixeira MC, Monteiro PT, Palma M, Costa C, Godinho CP, Pais P, Cavalheiro M, Antunes M, Lemos A, Pedreira T, Sá-Correia I. YEASTRACT: an upgraded database for the analysis of transcription regulatory networks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D348-D353. [PMID: 29036684 PMCID: PMC5753369 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The YEAst Search for Transcriptional Regulators And Consensus Tracking (YEASTRACT—www.yeastract.com) information system has been, for 11 years, a key tool for the analysis and prediction of transcription regulatory associations at the gene and genomic levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Since its last update in June 2017, YEASTRACT includes approximately 163000 regulatory associations between transcription factors (TF) and target genes in S. cerevisiae, based on more than 1600 bibliographic references; it also includes 247 specific DNA binding consensus recognized by 113 TFs. This release of the YEASTRACT database provides new visualization tools to visualize each regulatory network in an interactive fashion, enabling the user to select and observe subsets of the network such as: (i) considering only DNA binding evidence or both DNA binding and expression evidence; (ii) considering only either positive or negative regulatory associations; or (iii) considering only one set of related environmental conditions. A further tool to observe TF regulons is also offered, enabling a clear-cut understanding of the exact meaning of the available data. We believe that with this new version, YEASTRACT will improve its role as an open web resource instrumental for Yeast Biologists and Systems Biology researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro T Monteiro
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,INESC-ID, SW Algorithms and Tools for Constraint Solving Group, R. Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Palma
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia P Godinho
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Antunes
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Lemos
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,INESC-ID, SW Algorithms and Tools for Constraint Solving Group, R. Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Pedreira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Xu X, Williams TC, Divne C, Pretorius IS, Paulsen IT. Evolutionary engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals a TRK1-dependent potassium influx mechanism for propionic acid tolerance. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:97. [PMID: 31044010 PMCID: PMC6477708 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propionic acid (PA), a key platform chemical produced as a by-product during petroleum refining, has been widely used as a food preservative and an important chemical intermediate in many industries. Microbial PA production through engineering yeast as a cell factory is a potentially sustainable alternative to replace petroleum refining. However, PA inhibits yeast growth at concentrations well below the titers typically required for a commercial bioprocess. RESULTS Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) with PA concentrations ranging from 15 to 45 mM enabled the isolation of yeast strains with more than threefold improved tolerance to PA. Through whole genome sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated reverse engineering, unique mutations in TRK1, which encodes a high-affinity potassium transporter, were revealed as the cause of increased propionic acid tolerance. Potassium supplementation growth assays showed that mutated TRK1 alleles and extracellular potassium supplementation not only conferred tolerance to PA stress but also to multiple organic acids. CONCLUSION Our study has demonstrated the use of ALE as a powerful tool to improve yeast tolerance to PA. Potassium transport and maintenance is not only critical in yeast tolerance to PA but also boosts tolerance to multiple organic acids. These results demonstrate high-affinity potassium transport as a new principle for improving organic acid tolerance in strain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Thomas C. Williams
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Christina Divne
- KTH School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isak S. Pretorius
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
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7
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Palma M, Sá-Correia I. Physiological Genomics of the Highly Weak-Acid-Tolerant Food Spoilage Yeasts of Zygosaccharomyces bailii sensu lato. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 58:85-109. [PMID: 30911890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces bailii and two closely related species, Z. parabailii and Z. pseudobailii ("Z. bailii species complex", "Z. bailii sensu lato" or simply "Z. bailii (s.l.)"), are frequently implicated in the spoilage of acidified preserved foods and beverages due to their tolerance to very high concentrations of weak acids used as food preservatives. The recent sequencing and annotation of these species' genomes have clarified their genomic organization and phylogenetic relationship, which includes events of interspecies hybridization. Mechanistic insights into their adaptation and tolerance to weak acids (e.g., acetic and lactic acids) are also being revealed. Moreover, the potential of Z. bailii (s.l.) to be used in industrial biotechnological processes as interesting cell factories for the production of organic acids, reduction of the ethanol content, increase of alcoholic beverages aroma complexity, as well as of genetic source for increasing weak acid resistance in yeast, is currently being considered. This chapter includes taxonomical, ecological, physiological, and biochemical aspects of Z. bailii (s.l.). The focus is on the exploitation of physiological genomics approaches that are providing the indispensable holistic knowledge to guide the effective design of strategies to overcome food spoilage or the rational exploitation of these yeasts as promising cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Palma
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB) and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB) and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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8
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Dyer WE. Stress-induced evolution of herbicide resistance and related pleiotropic effects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1759-1768. [PMID: 29688592 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant weeds, especially those with resistance to multiple herbicides, represent a growing worldwide threat to agriculture and food security. Natural selection for resistant genotypes may act on standing genetic variation, or on a genetic and physiological background that is fundamentally altered because of stress responses to sublethal herbicide exposure. Stress-induced changes include DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations, transcriptional remodeling, and protein modifications, all of which can lead to herbicide resistance and a wide range of pleiotropic effects. Resistance selected in this manner is termed systemic acquired herbicide resistance, and the associated pleiotropic effects are manifested as a suite of constitutive transcriptional and post-translational changes related to biotic and abiotic stress adaptation, representing the evolutionary signature of selection. This phenotype is being investigated in two multiple herbicide-resistant populations of the hexaploid, self-pollinating weedy monocot Avena fatua that display such changes as well as constitutive reductions in certain heat shock proteins and their transcripts, which are well known as global regulators of diverse stress adaptation pathways. Herbicide-resistant populations of most weedy plant species exhibit pleiotropic effects, and their association with resistance genes presents a fertile area of investigation. This review proposes that more detailed studies of resistant A. fatua and other species through the lens of plant evolution under stress will inform improved resistant weed prevention and management strategies. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Edward Dyer
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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9
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Bernat P, Nykiel-Szymańska J, Stolarek P, Słaba M, Szewczyk R, Różalska S. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced oxidative stress: Metabolome and membrane modifications in Umbelopsis isabellina, a herbicide degrader. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199677. [PMID: 29933393 PMCID: PMC6014680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study reports the response to herbicide of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-degrading fungal strain Umbelopsis isabellina. A comparative analysis covered 41 free amino acids as well as 140 lipid species of fatty acids, phospholipids, acylglycerols, sphingolipids, and sterols. 2,4-D presence led to a decrease in fungal catalase activity, associated with a higher amount of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Damage to cells treated with the herbicide resulted in increased membrane permeability and decreased membrane fluidity. Detailed lipidomic profiling showed changes in the fatty acids composition such as an increase in the level of linoleic acid (C18:2). Moreover, an increase in the phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylcholine ratio was observed. Analysis of fungal lipid profiles revealed that the presence of 2,4-D was accompanied by the accumulation of triacylglycerols, a decrease in ergosterol content, and a considerable rise in the level of sphingolipid ceramides. In the exponential phase of growth, increased levels of leucine, glycine, serine, asparagine, and hydroxyproline were found. The results obtained in our study confirmed that in the cultures of U. isabellina oxidative stress was caused by 2,4-D. The herbicide itself forced changes not only to membrane lipids but also to neutral lipids and amino acids, as the difference of tested compounds profiles between 2,4-D-containing and control samples was consequently lower as the pesticide degradation progressed. The presented findings may have a significant impact on the basic understanding of 2,4-D biodegradation and may be applied for process optimization on metabolomic and lipidomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Justyna Nykiel-Szymańska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Stolarek
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Szewczyk
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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10
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Bhat SV, Sultana T, Körnig A, McGrath S, Shahina Z, Dahms TES. Correlative atomic force microscopy quantitative imaging-laser scanning confocal microscopy quantifies the impact of stressors on live cells in real-time. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8305. [PMID: 29844489 PMCID: PMC5973941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to assess the effect of anthropogenic chemicals on model cells prior to their release, helping to predict their potential impact on the environment and human health. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have each provided an abundance of information on cell physiology. In addition to determining surface architecture, AFM in quantitative imaging (QI) mode probes surface biochemistry and cellular mechanics using minimal applied force, while LSCM offers a window into the cell for imaging fluorescently tagged macromolecules. Correlative AFM-LSCM produces complimentary information on different cellular characteristics for a comprehensive picture of cellular behaviour. We present a correlative AFM-QI-LSCM assay for the simultaneous real-time imaging of living cells in situ, producing multiplexed data on cell morphology and mechanics, surface adhesion and ultrastructure, and real-time localization of multiple fluorescently tagged macromolecules. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this method for disparate cell types, we show altered surface properties, internal molecular arrangement and oxidative stress in model bacterial, fungal and human cells exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. AFM-QI-LSCM is broadly applicable to a variety of cell types and can be used to assess the impact of any multitude of contaminants, alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya V Bhat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Taranum Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - André Körnig
- JPK Instruments, JPK Instruments AG, Colditzstr. 34-36, 12099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seamus McGrath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Zinnat Shahina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Tanya E S Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
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11
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Keith BK, Burns EE, Bothner B, Carey CC, Mazurie AJ, Hilmer JK, Biyiklioglu S, Budak H, Dyer WE. Intensive herbicide use has selected for constitutively elevated levels of stress-responsive mRNAs and proteins in multiple herbicide-resistant Avena fatua L. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2267-2281. [PMID: 28485049 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive use of herbicides has led to the evolution of two multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) Avena fatua (wild oat) populations in Montana that are resistant to members of all selective herbicide families available for A. fatua control in US small grain crops. We used transcriptome and proteome surveys to compare constitutive changes in MHR and herbicide-susceptible (HS) plants associated with non-target site resistance. RESULTS Compared to HS plants, MHR plants contained constitutively elevated levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with functions in xenobiotic catabolism, stress response, redox maintenance and transcriptional regulation that are similar to abiotic stress-tolerant phenotypes. Proteome comparisons identified similarly elevated proteins including biosynthetic and multifunctional enzymes in MHR plants. Of 25 DEGs validated by RT-qPCR assay, differential regulation of 21 co-segregated with flucarbazone-sodium herbicide resistance in F3 families, and a subset of 10 of these were induced or repressed in herbicide-treated HS plants. CONCLUSION Although the individual and collective contributions of these DEGs and proteins to MHR remain to be determined, our results support the idea that intensive herbicide use has selected for MHR populations with altered, constitutively regulated patterns of gene expression that are similar to those in abiotic stress-tolerant plants. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Keith
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Erin E Burns
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Research, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Charles C Carey
- Research Cyberinfrastructure, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Aurélien J Mazurie
- Research Cyberinfrastructure, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan K Hilmer
- Information Technology Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Sezgi Biyiklioglu
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - William E Dyer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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12
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Yeast response and tolerance to benzoic acid involves the Gcn4- and Stp1-regulated multidrug/multixenobiotic resistance transporter Tpo1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5005-5018. [PMID: 28409382 PMCID: PMC5486834 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The action of benzoic acid in the food and beverage industries is compromised by the ability of spoilage yeasts to cope with this food preservative. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and is an intermediate compound in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the response and resistance to benzoic acid stress in the eukaryotic model yeast is thus crucial to design more suitable strategies to deal with this toxic lipophilic weak acid. In this study, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae multidrug transporter Tpo1 was demonstrated to confer resistance to benzoic acid. TPO1 transcript levels were shown to be up-regulated in yeast cells suddenly exposed to this stress agent. This up-regulation is under the control of the Gcn4 and Stp1 transcription factors, involved in the response to amino acid availability, but not under the regulation of the multidrug resistance transcription factors Pdr1 and Pdr3 that have binding sites in TPO1 promoter region. Benzoic acid stress was further shown to affect the intracellular pool of amino acids and polyamines. The observed decrease in the concentration of these nitrogenous compounds, registered upon benzoic acid stress exposure, was not found to be dependent on Tpo1, although the limitation of yeast cells on nitrogenous compounds was found to activate Tpo1 expression. Altogether, the results described in this study suggest that Tpo1 is one of the key players standing in the crossroad between benzoic acid stress response and tolerance and the control of the intracellular concentration of nitrogenous compounds. Also, results can be useful to guide the design of more efficient preservation strategies and the biotechnological synthesis of benzoic acid or benzoic acid-derived compounds.
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13
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Development of a new yeast surface display system based on Spi1 as an anchor protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:287-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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Palma M, Roque FDC, Guerreiro JF, Mira NP, Queiroz L, Sá-Correia I. Search for genes responsible for the remarkably high acetic acid tolerance of a Zygosaccharomyces bailii-derived interspecies hybrid strain. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1070. [PMID: 26673744 PMCID: PMC4681151 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zygosaccharomyces bailii is considered the most problematic acidic food spoilage yeast species due to its exceptional capacity to tolerate high concentrations of weak acids used as fungistatic preservatives at low pH. However, the mechanisms underlying its intrinsic remarkable tolerance to weak acids remain poorly understood. The identification of genes and mechanisms involved in Z. bailii acetic acid tolerance was on the focus of this study. For this, a genomic library from the highly acetic acid tolerant hybrid strain ISA1307, derived from Z. bailii and a closely related species and isolated from a sparkling wine production plant, was screened for acetic acid tolerance genes. This screen was based on the transformation of an acetic acid susceptible Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant deleted for the gene encoding the acetic acid resistance determinant transcription factor Haa1. Results The expression of 31 different DNA inserts from ISA1307 strain genome was found to significantly increase the host cell tolerance to acetic acid. The in silico analysis of these inserts was facilitated by the recently available genome sequence of this strain. In total, 65 complete or truncated ORFs were identified as putative determinants of acetic acid tolerance and an S. cerevisiae gene homologous to most of them was found. These include genes involved in cellular transport and transport routes, protein fate, protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism and transcription. The role of strong candidates in Z. bailii and S. cerevisiae acetic acid tolerance was confirmed based on homologous and heterologous expression analyses. Conclusions ISA1307 genes homologous to S. cerevisiae genes GYP8, WSC4, PMT1, KTR7, RKR1, TIF3, ILV3 and MSN4 are proposed as strong candidate determinants of acetic acid tolerance. The ORF ZBAI_02295 that contains a functional domain associated to the uncharacterised integral membrane proteins of unknown function of the DUP family is also suggested as a relevant tolerance determinant. The genes ZbMSN4 and ZbTIF3, encoding a putative stress response transcription factor and a putative translation initiation factor, were confirmed as determinants of acetic acid tolerance in both Z. bailii and S. cerevisiae. This study provides valuable indications on the cellular components, pathways and processes to be targeted in order to control food spoilage by the highly acetic acid tolerant Z. bailii and Z. bailii-derived strains. Additionally, this information is essential to guide the improvement of yeast cells robustness against acetic acid if the objective is their use as cell factories. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2278-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Palma
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Filipa de Canaveira Roque
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Joana Fernandes Guerreiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Pereira Mira
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Lise Queiroz
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Pais P, Costa C, Pires C, Shimizu K, Chibana H, Teixeira MC. Membrane Proteome-Wide Response to the Antifungal Drug Clotrimazole in Candida glabrata: Role of the Transcription Factor CgPdr1 and the Drug:H+ Antiporters CgTpo1_1 and CgTpo1_2. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:57-72. [PMID: 26512119 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.045344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Azoles are widely used antifungal drugs. This family of compounds includes triazoles, mostly used in the treatment of systemic infections, and imidazoles, such as clotrimazole, often used in the case of superficial infections. Candida glabrata is the second most common cause of candidemia worldwide and presents higher levels of intrinsic azole resistance when compared with Candida albicans, thus being an interesting subject for the study of azole resistance mechanisms in fungal pathogens.Since resistance often relies on the action of membrane transporters, including drug efflux pumps from the ATP-binding cassette family or from the Drug:H(+) antiporter (DHA)(1) family, an iTRAQ-based membrane proteomics analysis was performed to identify all the membrane-associated proteins whose abundance changes in C. glabrata cells exposed to the azole drug clotrimazole. Proteins found to have significant expression changes in this context were clustered into functional groups, namely: glucose metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial import, ribosome components and translation machinery, lipid metabolism, multidrug resistance transporters, cell wall assembly, and stress response, comprising a total of 37 proteins. Among these, the DHA transporter CgTpo1_2 (ORF CAGL0E03674g) was identified as overexpressed in the C. glabrata membrane in response to clotrimazole. Functional characterization of this putative drug:H(+) antiporter, and of its homolog CgTpo1_1 (ORF CAGL0G03927g), allowed the identification of these proteins as localized to the plasma membrane and conferring azole drug resistance in this fungal pathogen by actively extruding the drug to the external medium. The cell wall protein CgGas1 was also shown to confer azole drug resistance through cell wall remodeling. Finally, the transcription factor CgPdr1 in the clotrimazole response was observed to control the expression of 20 of the identified proteins, thus highlighting the existence of additional unforeseen targets of this transcription factor, recognized as a major regulator of azole drug resistance in clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- From the ‡Department of Bioengineering and §IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- From the ‡Department of Bioengineering and §IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Pires
- From the ‡Department of Bioengineering and §IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kiminori Shimizu
- ¶Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- ¶Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- From the ‡Department of Bioengineering and §IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal;
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16
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Teixeira MC, Monteiro PT, Sá-Correia I. Predicting Gene and Genomic Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using the YEASTRACT Database: A Step-by-Step Guided Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1361:391-404. [PMID: 26483034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3079-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is one of the key steps in the control of gene expression, with huge impact on the survival, adaptation, and fitness of all organisms. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that transcriptional regulation is far more complex than initially foreseen. In model organisms such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae evidence has been piling up showing that the expression of each gene can be controlled by several transcription factors, in the close dependency of the environmental conditions. Furthermore, transcription factors work in intricate networks, being themselves regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels, working in cooperation or antagonism in the promoters of their target genes.In this chapter, a step-by-step guide using the YEASTRACT database is provided, for the prediction and ranking of the transcription factors required for the regulation of the expression a single gene and of a genome-wide response. These analyses are illustrated with the regulation of the PDR18 gene and of the transcriptome-wide changes induced upon exposure to the herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), respectively. The newest potentialities of this information system are explored, and the various results obtained in the dependency of the querying criteria are discussed in terms of the knowledge gathered on the biological responses considered as case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Teixeira
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Pedro T Monteiro
- INESC-ID, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Electroinduced release of recombinant β-galactosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 2015; 211:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Braconi D, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model in ecotoxicological studies: A post-genomics perspective. J Proteomics 2015; 137:19-34. [PMID: 26365628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents a well-consolidated and widely used eukaryotic model, with a number of features that make it an ideal organism to carry out functional toxicological studies. Several advantages are permitted by the use of yeast cells, as the possibility to identify molecular biomarkers, unknown mechanisms of action and novel potential targets. Thanks to the evolutionary conservation, yeast can provide also useful clues allowing the prioritization of more complex analyses and toxicity predictions in higher eukaryotes. The last two decades were incredibly fruitful for yeast "omics", but referring to the analysis of the effects of pesticides on yeast much still remains to be done. Furthermore, a deeper knowledge of the effects of environmental pollutants on biotechnological processes associated with the use of yeasts is to be hoped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via A. Moro 2, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via A. Moro 2, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via A. Moro 2, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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19
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Costa C, Ponte A, Pais P, Santos R, Cavalheiro M, Yaguchi T, Chibana H, Teixeira MC. New Mechanisms of Flucytosine Resistance in C. glabrata Unveiled by a Chemogenomics Analysis in S. cerevisiae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135110. [PMID: 26267134 PMCID: PMC4534419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Flucytosine is currently used as an antifungal drug in combination therapy, but fungal pathogens are rapidly able to develop resistance against this drug, compromising its therapeutic action. The understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms is crucial to deal with this problem. In this work, the S. cerevisiae deletion mutant collection was screened for increased resistance to flucytosine. Through this chemogenomics analysis, 183 genes were found to confer resistance to this antifungal agent. Consistent with its known effect in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, the most significant Gene Ontology terms over-represented in the list of 5-flucytosine resistance determinants are related to DNA repair, RNA and protein metabolism. Additional functional classes include carbohydrate and nitrogen-particularly arginine-metabolism, lipid metabolism and cell wall remodeling. Based on the results obtained for S. cerevisiae as a model system, further studies were conducted in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Arginine supplementation was found to relieve the inhibitory effect exerted by 5-flucytosine in C. glabrata. Lyticase susceptibility was found to increase within the first 30min of 5-flucytosine exposure, suggesting this antifungal drug to act as a cell wall damaging agent. Upon exponential growth resumption in the presence of 5-flucytosine, the cell wall exhibited higher resistance to lyticase, suggesting that cell wall remodeling occurs in response to 5-flucytosine. Additionally, the aquaglyceroporin encoding genes CgFPS1 and CgFPS2, from C. glabrata, were identified as determinants of 5-flucytosine resistance. CgFPS1 and CgFPS2 were found to mediate 5-flucytosine resistance, by decreasing 5-flucytosine accumulation in C. glabrata cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Ponte
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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20
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Bhat SV, Booth SC, McGrath SGK, Dahms TES. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 Adapts to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with "Auxin-Like" Morphological Changes, Cell Envelope Remodeling and Upregulation of Central Metabolic Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123813. [PMID: 25919284 PMCID: PMC4412571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need to characterize the effects of environmental stressors at the molecular level on model organisms with the ever increasing number and variety of anthropogenic chemical pollutants. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), as one of the most widely applied pesticides in the world, is one such example. This herbicide is known to have non-targeted undesirable effects on humans, animals and soil microbes, but specific molecular targets at sublethal levels are unknown. In this study, we have used Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 (Rlv) as a nitrogen fixing, beneficial model soil organism to characterize the effects of 2,4-D. Using metabolomics and advanced microscopy we determined specific target pathways in the Rlv metabolic network and consequent changes to its phenotype, surface ultrastructure, and physical properties during sublethal 2,4-D exposure. Auxin and 2,4-D, its structural analogue, showed common morphological changes in vitro which were similar to bacteroids isolated from plant nodules, implying that these changes are related to bacteroid differentiation required for nitrogen fixation. Rlv showed remarkable adaptation capabilities in response to the herbicide, with changes to integral pathways of cellular metabolism and the potential to assimilate 2,4-D with consequent changes to its physical and structural properties. This study identifies biomarkers of 2,4-D in Rlv and offers valuable insights into the mode-of-action of 2,4-D in soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya V. Bhat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Sean C. Booth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr, NW Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Seamus G. K. McGrath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Tanya E. S. Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2 Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Ganeva V, Galutzov B, Teissie J. Evidence that pulsed electric field treatment enhances the cell wall porosity of yeast cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1540-52. [PMID: 24222499 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The application of rectangular electric pulses, with 0.1-2 ms duration and field intensity of 2.5-4.5 kV/cm, to yeast suspension mediates liberation of cytoplasmic proteins without cell lysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulsed electric field with similar parameters on cell wall porosity of different yeast species. We found that electrically treated cells become more susceptible to lyticase digestion. In dependence on the strain and the electrical conditions, cell lysis was obtained at 2-8 times lower enzyme concentration in comparison with control untreated cells. The increase of the maximal lysis rate was between two and nine times. Furthermore, when applied at low concentration (1 U/ml), the lyticase enhanced the rate of protein liberation from electropermeabilized cells without provoking cell lysis. Significant differences in the cell surface of control and electrically treated cells were revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Data presented in this study allow us to conclude that electric field pulses provoke not only plasma membrane permeabilization, but also changes in the cell wall structure, leading to increased wall porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ganeva
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Sofia University, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria,
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22
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Costa C, Henriques A, Pires C, Nunes J, Ohno M, Chibana H, Sá-Correia I, Teixeira MC. The dual role of candida glabrata drug:H+ antiporter CgAqr1 (ORF CAGL0J09944g) in antifungal drug and acetic acid resistance. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:170. [PMID: 23805133 PMCID: PMC3693063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic Candida species often have to cope with inhibitory concentrations of acetic acid, in the acidic environment of the vaginal mucosa. Given that the ability of these yeast species to tolerate stress induced by weak acids and antifungal drugs appears to be a key factor in their persistence and virulence, it is crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the drug:H+ antiporter CgAqr1 (ORF CAGL0J09944g), from Candida glabrata, was identified as a determinant of resistance to acetic acid, and also to the antifungal agents flucytosine and, less significantly, clotrimazole. These antifungals were found to act synergistically with acetic acid against this pathogen. The action of CgAqr1 in this phenomenon was analyzed. Using a green fluorescent protein fusion, CgAqr1 was found to localize to the plasma membrane and to membrane vesicles when expressed in C. glabrata or, heterologously, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Given its ability to complement the susceptibility phenotype of its S. cerevisiae homolog, ScAqr1, CgAqr1 was proposed to play a similar role in mediating the extrusion of chemical compounds. Significantly, the expression of this gene was found to reduce the intracellular accumulation of 3H-flucytosine and, to a moderate extent, of 3H-clotrimazole, consistent with a direct role in antifungal drug efflux. Interestingly, no effect of CgAQR1 deletion could be found on the intracellular accumulation of 14C-acetic acid, suggesting that its role in acetic acid resistance may be indirect, presumably through the transport of a still unidentified physiological substrate. Although neither of the tested chemicals induces changes in CgAQR1 expression, pre-exposure to flucytosine or clotrimazole was found to make C. glabrata cells more sensitive to acetic acid stress. Results from this study show that CgAqr1 is an antifungal drug resistance determinant and raise the hypothesis that it may play a role in C. glabrata persistent colonization and multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal ; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
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23
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Ullah A, Lopes MI, Brul S, Smits GJ. Intracellular pH homeostasis in Candida glabrata in infection-associated conditions. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:803-813. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.063610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azmat Ullah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Inês Lopes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertien J. Smits
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Orlean P. Architecture and biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Genetics 2012; 192:775-818. [PMID: 23135325 PMCID: PMC3522159 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.144485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The wall gives a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell its osmotic integrity; defines cell shape during budding growth, mating, sporulation, and pseudohypha formation; and presents adhesive glycoproteins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of β1,3- and β1,6-glucans, a small amount of chitin, and many different proteins that may bear N- and O-linked glycans and a glycolipid anchor. These components become cross-linked in various ways to form higher-order complexes. Wall composition and degree of cross-linking vary during growth and development and change in response to cell wall stress. This article reviews wall biogenesis in vegetative cells, covering the structure of wall components and how they are cross-linked; the biosynthesis of N- and O-linked glycans, glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors, β1,3- and β1,6-linked glucans, and chitin; the reactions that cross-link wall components; and the possible functions of enzymatic and nonenzymatic cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orlean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Phylogenetic origin and transcriptional regulation at the post-diauxic phase of SPI1, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2012; 17:393-407. [PMID: 22610976 PMCID: PMC6275683 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene SPI1, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encodes a cell wall protein that is induced in several stress conditions, particularly in the postdiauxic and stationary phases of growth. It has a paralogue, SED1, which shows some common features in expression regulation and in the null mutant phenotype. In this work we have identified homologues in other species of yeasts and filamentous fungi, and we have also elucidated some aspects of the origin of SPI1, by duplication and diversification of SED1. In terms of regulation, we have found that the expression in the post-diauxic phase is regulated by genes related to the PKA pathway and stress response (MSN2/4, YAK1, POP2, SOK2, PHD1, and PHO84) and by genes involved in the PKC pathway (WSC2, PKC1, and MPK1).
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Dos Santos SC, Teixeira MC, Cabrito TR, Sá-Correia I. Yeast toxicogenomics: genome-wide responses to chemical stresses with impact in environmental health, pharmacology, and biotechnology. Front Genet 2012; 3:63. [PMID: 22529852 PMCID: PMC3329712 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging transdisciplinary field of Toxicogenomics aims to study the cell response to a given toxicant at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. This approach is expected to provide earlier and more sensitive biomarkers of toxicological responses and help in the delineation of regulatory risk assessment. The use of model organisms to gather such genomic information, through the exploitation of Omics and Bioinformatics approaches and tools, together with more focused molecular and cellular biology studies are rapidly increasing our understanding and providing an integrative view on how cells interact with their environment. The use of the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the field of Toxicogenomics is discussed in this review. Despite the limitations intrinsic to the use of such a simple single cell experimental model, S. cerevisiae appears to be very useful as a first screening tool, limiting the use of animal models. Moreover, it is also one of the most interesting systems to obtain a truly global understanding of the toxicological response and resistance mechanisms, being in the frontline of systems biology research and developments. The impact of the knowledge gathered in the yeast model, through the use of Toxicogenomics approaches, is highlighted here by its use in prediction of toxicological outcomes of exposure to pesticides and pharmaceutical drugs, but also by its impact in biotechnology, namely in the development of more robust crops and in the improvement of yeast strains as cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Dos Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
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Mira NP, Teixeira MC, Sá-Correia I. Adaptive response and tolerance to weak acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a genome-wide view. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 14:525-40. [PMID: 20955006 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Weak acids are widely used as food preservatives (e.g., acetic, propionic, benzoic, and sorbic acids), herbicides (e.g., 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and as antimalarial (e.g., artesunic and artemisinic acids), anticancer (e.g., artesunic acid), and immunosuppressive (e.g., mycophenolic acid) drugs, among other possible applications. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the adaptive response and resistance to these weak acids is a prerequisite to develop more effective strategies to control spoilage yeasts, and the emergence of resistant weeds, drug resistant parasites or cancer cells. Furthermore, the identification of toxicity mechanisms and resistance determinants to weak acid-based pharmaceuticals increases current knowledge on their cytotoxic effects and may lead to the identification of new drug targets. This review integrates current knowledge on the mechanisms of toxicity and tolerance to weak acid stress obtained in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae using genome-wide approaches and more detailed gene-by-gene analysis. The major features of the yeast response to weak acids in general, and the more specific responses and resistance mechanisms towards a specific weak acid or a group of weak acids, depending on the chemical nature of the side chain R group (R-COOH), are highlighted. The involvement of several transcriptional regulatory networks in the genomic response to different weak acids is discussed, focusing on the regulatory pathways controlled by the transcription factors Msn2p/Msn4p, War1p, Haa1p, Rim101p, and Pdr1p/Pdr3p, which are known to orchestrate weak acid stress response in yeast. The extrapolation of the knowledge gathered in yeast to other eukaryotes is also attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno P Mira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Lee H, Damsz B, Woloshuk CP, Bressan RA, Narasimhan ML. Use of the plant defense protein osmotin to identify Fusarium oxysporum genes that control cell wall properties. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:558-68. [PMID: 20190074 PMCID: PMC2863404 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00316-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is the causative agent of fungal wilt disease in a variety of crops. The capacity of a fungal pathogen such as F. oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae to establish infection on its tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) host depends in part on its capacity to evade the toxicity of tobacco defense proteins, such as osmotin. Fusarium genes that control resistance to osmotin would therefore reflect coevolutionary pressures and include genes that control mutual recognition, avoidance, and detoxification. We identified FOR (Fusarium Osmotin Resistance) genes on the basis of their ability to confer osmotin resistance to an osmotin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FOR1 encodes a putative cell wall glycoprotein. FOR2 encodes the structural gene for glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, the first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of hexosamine and cell wall chitin. FOR3 encodes a homolog of SSD1, which controls cell wall composition, longevity, and virulence in S. cerevisiae. A for3 null mutation increased osmotin sensitivity of conidia and hyphae of F. oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae and also reduced cell wall beta-1,3-glucan content. Together our findings show that conserved fungal genes that determine cell wall properties play a crucial role in regulating fungal susceptibility to the plant defense protein osmotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeseung Lee
- Departments of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and
| | - Barbara Damsz
- Departments of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and
| | - Charles P. Woloshuk
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, and
| | - Ray A. Bressan
- Departments of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and
- Plant Stress Genomics and Technology Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meena L. Narasimhan
- Departments of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and
- Plant Stress Genomics and Technology Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Genome-wide identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes required for maximal tolerance to ethanol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5761-72. [PMID: 19633105 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00845-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the molecular basis of yeast resistance to ethanol may guide the design of rational strategies to increase process performance in industrial alcoholic fermentations. In this study, the yeast disruptome was screened for mutants with differential susceptibility to stress induced by high ethanol concentrations in minimal growth medium. Over 250 determinants of resistance to ethanol were identified. The most significant gene ontology terms enriched in this data set are those associated with intracellular organization, biogenesis, and transport, in particular, regarding the vacuole, the peroxisome, the endosome, and the cytoskeleton, and those associated with the transcriptional machinery. Clustering the proteins encoded by the identified determinants of ethanol resistance by their known physical and genetic interactions highlighted the importance of the vacuolar protein sorting machinery, the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase complex, and the peroxisome protein import machinery. Evidence showing that vacuolar acidification and increased resistance to the cell wall lytic enzyme beta-glucanase occur in response to ethanol-induced stress was obtained. Based on the genome-wide results, the particular role of the FPS1 gene, encoding a plasma membrane aquaglyceroporin which mediates controlled glycerol efflux, in ethanol stress resistance was further investigated. FPS1 expression contributes to decreased [(3)H]ethanol accumulation in yeast cells, suggesting that Fps1p may also play a role in maintaining the intracellular ethanol level during active fermentation. The increased expression of FPS1 confirmed the important role of this gene in alcoholic fermentation, leading to increased final ethanol concentration under conditions that lead to high ethanol production.
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Induction of hsp70, hsp60, hsp83 and hsp26 and oxidative stress markers in benzene, toluene and xylene exposed Drosophila melanogaster: Role of ROS generation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 235:226-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Schüller C, Mamnun YM, Wolfger H, Rockwell N, Thorner J, Kuchler K. Membrane-active compounds activate the transcription factors Pdr1 and Pdr3 connecting pleiotropic drug resistance and membrane lipid homeostasis in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:4932-44. [PMID: 17881724 PMCID: PMC2096591 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-06-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae zinc cluster transcription factors Pdr1 and Pdr3 mediate general drug resistance to many cytotoxic substances also known as pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR). The regulatory mechanisms that activate Pdr1 and Pdr3 in response to the various xenobiotics are poorly understood. In this study, we report that exposure of yeast cells to 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), benzyl alcohol, nonionic detergents, and lysophospholipids causes rapid activation of Pdr1 and Pdr3. Furthermore, Pdr1/Pdr3 target genes encoding the ATP-binding cassette proteins Pdr5 and Pdr15 confer resistance against these compounds. Genome-wide transcript analysis of wild-type and pdr1Delta pdr3Delta cells treated with DCP reveals most prominently the activation of the PDR response but also other stress response pathways. Polyoxyethylene-9-laurylether treatment produced a similar profile with regard to activation of Pdr1 and Pdr3, suggesting activation of these by detergents. The Pdr1/Pdr3 response element is sufficient to confer regulation to a reporter gene by these substances in a Pdr1/Pdr3-dependent manner. Our data indicate that compounds with potential membrane-damaging or -perturbing effects might function as an activating signal for Pdr1 and Pdr3, and they suggest a role for their target genes in membrane lipid organization or remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schüller
- *Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Yasmine M. Mamnun
- *Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Hubert Wolfger
- *Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Nathan Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jeremy Thorner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Karl Kuchler
- *Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; and
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32
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Teixeira MC, Duque P, Sá-Correia I. Environmental genomics: mechanistic insights into toxicity of and resistance to the herbicide 2,4-D. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:363-70. [PMID: 17576017 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genomic information and tools are beginning to be used to increase our understanding of how organisms of all types interact with their environment. The study of the expression of all genes, at the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome level, in response to exposure to a toxicant, is known as toxicogenomics. Here, we show how this new field of environmental genomics has enhanced the development of fundamental knowledge on the mechanisms behind the toxicity of and resistance to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Although 2,4-D is one of the most successfully and widely used herbicides, its intensive use has led to the emergence of resistant weeds and might give rise to several toxicological problems when present in concentrations above those recommended. This review summarizes recent mechanistic insights into 2,4-D toxicity and the corresponding adaptive responses based on studies carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana as model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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33
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Papadimitriou MNB, Resende C, Kuchler K, Brul S. High Pdr12 levels in spoilage yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) correlate directly with sorbic acid levels in the culture medium but are not sufficient to provide cells with acquired resistance to the food preservative. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 113:173-9. [PMID: 17141908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 04/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sorbic acid is a commonly used food preservative against yeast and fungal food spoilage. Understanding its effect on the molecular physiology of yeast cells will allow the food industry to develop knowledge-based strategies to make more optimal use of its preservative action. Here we show that the yeast membrane protein Pdr12, previously shown to be prominently involved in sorbic acid resistance development in laboratory strains, was strongly induced by the presence of sorbic acid in the culture medium in Saccharomyces strains isolated from spoiled foods. Induction of Pdr12 expression was seen both under laboratory conditions and upon growth in a commercial soft drink. Induction was rapid and maintained for the duration of the stress. No Pdr12-like protein induction was seen in Zygosaccharomyces bailii or Zygosaccharomyces lentus, two well-known beverages spoilage organisms. Finally, unexpectedly, our studies showed for the first time that pre-inducing Pdr12p to maximal levels by subjecting cells to a mild sorbic acid stress did not lead to cells with an acquired resistance. Neither more rapid growth in the presence of the acid nor growth at higher sorbic acid concentrations at a given environmental pH was observed. Thus we have shown that while important in resistance development against sorbic acid, by itself induction of the pump is not sufficient to acquire resistance to the preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas N B Papadimitriou
- Microbiological Control, Unilever Foods Research Centre, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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34
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Simões T, Mira NP, Fernandes AR, Sá-Correia I. The SPI1 gene, encoding a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell wall protein, plays a prominent role in the development of yeast resistance to lipophilic weak-acid food preservatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7168-75. [PMID: 16980434 PMCID: PMC1636168 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01476-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPI1 gene encodes a member of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell wall protein family. In this work we show results indicating that SPI1 expression protects the yeast cell from damage caused by weak acids used as food preservatives. This is documented by a less extended period of adaptation to growth in their presence and by a less inhibited specific growth rate for a parental strain compared with a mutant with SPI1 deleted. Maximal protection exerted by Spi1p against equivalent concentrations of the various weak acids tested was registered for the more lipophilic acids (octanoic acid, followed by benzoic acid) and was minimal for acetic acid. Weak-acid adaptation was found to involve the rapid activation of SPI1 transcription, which is dependent on the presence of the Msn2p transcription factor. Activation of SPI1 transcription upon acetic acid stress also requires Haa1p, whereas this recently described transcription factor has a negligible role in the adaptive response to benzoic acid. The expression of SPI1 was found to play a prominent role in the development of yeast resistance to 1,3-beta-glucanase in benzoic acid-stressed cells, while its involvement in acetic acid-induced resistance to the cell wall-lytic enzyme is slighter. The results are consistent with the notion that Spi1p expression upon weak-acid stress leads to cell wall remodeling, especially for the more lipophilic acids, decreasing cell wall porosity. Decreased cell wall porosity, in turn, reduces access to the plasma membrane, reducing membrane damage, intracellular acidification, and viability loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Simões
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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35
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Abstract
An extracellular matrix composed of a layered meshwork of beta-glucans, chitin, and mannoproteins encapsulates cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This organelle determines cellular morphology and plays a critical role in maintaining cell integrity during cell growth and division, under stress conditions, upon cell fusion in mating, and in the durable ascospore cell wall. Here we assess recent progress in understanding the molecular biology and biochemistry of cell wall synthesis and its remodeling in S. cerevisiae. We then review the regulatory dynamics of cell wall assembly, an area where functional genomics offers new insights into the integration of cell wall growth and morphogenesis with a polarized secretory system that is under cell cycle and cell type program controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lesage
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada
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36
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Braconi D, Sotgiu M, Millucci L, Paffetti A, Tasso F, Alisi C, Martini S, Rappuoli R, Lusini P, Sprocati AR, Rossi C, Santucci A. Comparative analysis of the effects of locally used herbicides and their active ingredients on a wild-type wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:3163-72. [PMID: 16608247 DOI: 10.1021/jf052453z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are released to the environment with potential ecotoxicological risks for mammals. Yeast is a good model to elucidate toxicity mechanisms. We investigated how three commercial herbicides (Proper Energy, Pointer, and Silglif) and their active ingredients (respectively, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, tribenuron methyl, and glyphosate) can affect biological activities of an oenological Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, which may be resident on grape vineyards of the same geographical areas where herbicides are used. The use of commercial grade herbicides employed in Italy allowed us to reproduce the same conditions applied in crops; at the same time, assaying pure single active compounds made it possible to compare the effects obtained with commercial formulations. Interestingly, we found that while pure active compounds affect cell growth and metabolism at a lower extent, commercial preparations have a significant major negative influence on yeast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
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37
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Teixeira MC, Santos PM, Fernandes AR, Sá-Correia I. A proteome analysis of the yeast response to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Proteomics 2005; 5:1889-901. [PMID: 15832368 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The intensive use of herbicides may give rise to a number of toxicological problems in non-target organisms and has led to the emergence of resistant weeds. To gain insights into the mechanisms of adaptation to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), we have identified variations in protein expression level in the eukaryotic experimental model Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to herbicide aggression, based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We show results suggesting that during the adaptation period preceding the resumption of inhibited exponential growth under herbicide stress, the antioxidant enzyme Ahp1p and the heat shock proteins Hsp12p and Ssb2p (or Ssb1p) are present in higher amounts. The increased level of other enzymes involved in protein (Cdc48p) and mRNA (Dcp1p) degradation, in carbohydrate metabolism (Eno1p, Eno2p and Glk1p) and in vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) function (Vma1p and Vma2p, two subunits of the peripheral catalytic sector) was also registered. V-ATPase is involved in the homeostasis of intracellular pH and in the compartmentalization of amino acids and other metabolites in the vacuole. The increased expression of amino acid biosynthetic enzymes (Arg1p, Aro3p, Aro8p, Gdh1p, His4p, Ilv3p and Met6p), also suggested by comparative analysis of the proteome, was correlated with the reduction of amino acid concentration registered in both the vacuole and the cytosol of 2,4-D-stressed cells, possibly due to the disturbance of vacuolar and plasma membrane functions by the lipophilic acid herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Teixeira
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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38
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Fernandes AR, Mira NP, Vargas RC, Canelhas I, Sá-Correia I. Saccharomyces cerevisiae adaptation to weak acids involves the transcription factor Haa1p and Haa1p-regulated genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:95-103. [PMID: 16176797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to counteract the deleterious effects of organic acids as fungistatic agents is essential to guide suitable preservation strategies. In this work, we show that the recently identified transcription factor Haa1p is required for a more rapid adaptation of a yeast cell population to several weak acid food preservatives. Maximal protection is exerted against the short-chain length acetic or propionic acids. The transcription of nine Haa1p-target genes, many of which are predicted to encode membrane proteins of unknown or poorly characterized function, is activated under weak acid stress. The Haa1-regulated genes required for a more rapid yeast adaptation to weak acids include TPO2 and TPO3, encoding two predicted plasma membrane multidrug transporters of the major facilitator superfamily, and YGP1, encoding a poorly characterized cell wall glycoprotein. The acetic acid-induced prolongation of the lag phase of unadapted cell populations lacking HAA1 or TPO3, compared with wild-type population, was correlated with the level of the acid accumulated into the stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fernandes
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Viegas CA, Cabral MG, Teixeira MC, Neumann G, Heipieper HJ, Sá-Correia I. Yeast adaptation to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid involves increased membrane fatty acid saturation degree and decreased OLE1 transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:271-8. [PMID: 15781260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Yeast cells adapted to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) exhibit a plasma membrane less susceptible to 2,4-D-induced disruption and are more tolerant than unadapted cells to lethal concentrations of the herbicide. These cells, adapted to grow in the presence of increasing concentrations of 2,4-D, were found to exhibit a dose-dependent increase of the saturation degree of membrane fatty acids, associated to the higher percentage of stearic (C(18:0)) and palmitic (C(16:0)) acids, and to the decreased percentage of palmitoleic (Delta9-cisC(16:1)) and oleic (Delta9-cisC(18:1)) acids. The decreased transcription of the OLE1 gene (encoding the Delta9 fatty acid desaturase that catalyses the conversion of palmitic and stearic acids to palmitoleic and oleic acids, respectively) registered in 2,4-D adapted cells suggests that yeast adaptation to the herbicide involves the enhancement of the ratio of saturated (C(16:0) and C(18:0)) to monounsaturated (C(16:1) and C(18:1)) membrane fatty acids through a reduced OLE1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A Viegas
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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40
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Teixeira MC, Telo JP, Duarte NF, Sá-Correia I. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid induces the generation of free-radicals and associated oxidative stress responses in yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:1101-7. [PMID: 15485668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pro-oxidant action of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is demonstrated in this study using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic experimental model. Evidence is presented for the generation of hydroxyl-radicals, in yeast cells suddenly exposed to 2,4-D, detected by in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide and 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide as spin-traps. The intensity of the EPR spectra was dependent on the concentration of herbicide tested and was consistently higher in a mutant (Deltasod1) devoid of the cytosolic CuZn-superoxide dismutase. A time-course-dependent variation of the level of free-radical adducts was registered upon sudden exposure of an yeast cell population to concentrations of 2,4-D that lead to an initial period of viability loss, before resumption of inhibited growth by the viable adapted population. The variation pattern of the level of hydroxyl-radical adducts correlated with the one determined for the activity of Sod1p, cytosolic catalase Ctt1p, and the dithiol glutaredoxins Grx1p and Grx2p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Teixeira
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Quimica, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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41
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Guadalupe Cabral M, Sá-Correia I, Viegas CA. Adaptative responses in yeast to the herbicide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid at the level of intracellular pH homeostasis. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:603-12. [PMID: 14962141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this work was to examine adaptative responses occurring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae following exposure to the herbicide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). METHODS AND RESULTS The exposure of a yeast cell population to MCPA concentrations of moderate toxicity led to a period of latency before eventual resumption of inhibited growth. During this period of adaptation, the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase was activated, in coordination with the decrease of intracellular pH (pHi), cell viability and average cell volume. The in vivo activation of this ATPase was demonstrated either by assaying PM-ATPase activity in membrane suspensions extracted from cells grown in the presence or absence of MCPA or by measuring the in vivo H+-pumping activity in the same cells. The PM-H+-ATPase activation could not be attributed to transcriptional activation of the encoding genes PMA1 and PMA2. CONCLUSIONS The activity of PM-H+-ATPase was stimulated and the internal cell volume decreased during yeast adaptation to growth under MCPA stress. Based on the values estimated for the pHi, we hypothesize that these cell responses may contribute to the restoration of pHi homeostasis during recovery from MCPA stress. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work is a contribution to the understanding of the toxic effects of the herbicide MCPA and of physiological mechanisms underlying adaptation to MCPA, in the eukaryotic model S. cerevisiae. Results may be useful to elucidate the adaptation mechanisms to this xenobiotic compound in more complex and experimentally less-accessible eukaryotes. They also provide indications to assist the use of yeast cells as a bioassay system to assess the toxicity of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and of other lipophilic xenobiotics, aiming at reducing the use of animals in toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guadalupe Cabral
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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Fernandes AR, Durão PJ, Santos PM, Sá-Correia I. Activation and significance of vacuolar H+-ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae adaptation and resistance to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:1317-24. [PMID: 14652018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of the activity of the H(+)-ATPase present in the vacuolar membrane (V-ATPase) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is here described in response to a moderate stress induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). This in vivo activation (up to 5-fold) took place essentially during the adaptation period, preceding cell division under herbicide stress, in coordination with a marked activation of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (PM-ATPase) (up to 30-fold) and the decrease of intracellular and vacuolar pH values, suggesting that activation may be triggered by acidification. Single deletion of VMA1 and genes encoding other V-ATPase subunits led to a more extended period of adaptation and to slower growth under 2,4-D stress. Results suggest that a functional V-ATPase is required to counteract, more rapidly and efficiently, the dissipation of the physiological H(+)-gradient across vacuolar membrane registered during 2,4-D adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fernandes
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2003; 20:1309-16. [PMID: 14664230 DOI: 10.1002/yea.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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