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Blanch AR, Méndez J, Lucena F, Casas-Mangas R, Chesa-Marro MJ, Llopart-Mascaró A, Jofre J. Somatic Coliphages as an Operational Tool to Assess Loss of Bathing Water Quality after Heavy Rain Events. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120981. [PMID: 38091698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rapid population growth and coastal development has led to increased fecal contamination of coastal surface waters worldwide, enhancing the potential risk of waterborne human pathogens in bathing areas. More frequent heavy rainfall events, attributed to global warming, have further exacerbated the problem by causing sometimes sewer overflows into recreational waters. As traditional bacterial indicators have limited accuracy for predicting health risks associated with waterborne viruses, the additional use of viral indicators such as coliphages is recommended. In this study, we compared the behavior of bacterial and viral indicators of water quality at 10 Barcelona beaches during three bathing seasons, in dry conditions, and after four rainstorms that caused specific pollution events due to rain runoff with combined sewer overflows (CSO). Levels of all target indicators increased after the rainstorms, but compared to Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci, somatic coliphages exhibited a slower decline and higher environmental persistence following a rain event. Daily continuous sampling carried out during the days following a rainstorm allowed not only the determination of the decay kinetics of each target indicator but also the day when the water quality recovered the values established in the current European regulation in approximately 2 -3 days after each CSO. These observations indicate that the combined use of bacterial and viral indicators can enhance the surveillance of microbial quality of bathing waters. Moreover, coliphages can swiftly provide insights into transient fecal pollution linked to rainfall episodes, thanks to available analytical techniques that enable same-day recommendations. The management of urban wastewater and recreational water regulations should consistently employ microbial indicators to address rainwater runoff or sewer overflows resulting from heavy rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Blanch
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Méndez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Lucena
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Casas-Mangas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Chesa-Marro
- Barcelona Cicle de l'Aigua, S.A. (BCASA). Ajuntament de Barcelona. Barcelona. Spain
| | - A Llopart-Mascaró
- Barcelona Cicle de l'Aigua, S.A. (BCASA). Ajuntament de Barcelona. Barcelona. Spain
| | - J Jofre
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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CrAssphage May Be Viable Markers of Contamination in Pristine and Contaminated River Water. mSystems 2023; 8:e0128222. [PMID: 36744944 PMCID: PMC9948693 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01282-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most biologically abundant entities and may be ideal indicators of fecal pollutants in water. Anthropogenic activities have triggered drastic ecosystem changes in rivers, leading to substantial shifts in chemical and biological attributes. Here, we evaluate the viability of using the presence of crAssphage as indicators of fecal contamination in South African rivers. Shotgun analysis revealed diverse crAssphage viruses in these rivers, which are impacted by chemical and biological pollution. Overall, the diversity and relative abundances of these viruses was higher in contaminated sites compared to pristine locations. In contrast to fecal coliform counts, crAssphage sequences were detected in pristine rivers, supporting the assertion that the afore mentioned marker may be a more accurate indicator of fecal contamination. Our data demonstrate the presence of diverse putative hosts which includes members of the phyla Bacteroidota, Pseudomonadota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Bacillota. Phylogenetic analysis revealed novel subfamilies, suggesting that rivers potentially harbor distinct and uncharacterized clades of crAssphage. These data provide the first insights regarding the diversity, distribution, and functional roles of crAssphage in rivers. Taken together, the results support the potential application of crAssphage as viable markers for water quality monitoring. IMPORTANCE Rivers support substantial populations and provide important ecosystem services. Despite the application of fecal coliform tests and other markers, we lack rapid and reproducible approaches for determining fecal contamination in rivers. Waterborne viral outbreaks have been reported even after fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were suggested to be absent or below regulated levels of coliforms. This indicates a need to develop and apply improved indicators of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the viability of crAssphage as indicators of fecal contamination in two South African rivers. We assess the abundance, distribution, and diversity of these viruses in sites that had been predicted pristine or contaminated by FIB analysis. We show that crAssphage are ideal and sensitive markers for fecal contamination and describe novel clades of crAss-like phages. Known crAss-like subfamilies were unrepresented in our data, suggesting that the diversity of these viruses may reflect geographic locality and dependence.
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Monitoring coliphages to reduce waterborne infectious disease transmission in the One Water framework. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 240:113921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Teixeira de Souza A, Carneiro LATX, da Silva Junior OP, de Carvalho SL, Américo-Pinheiro JHP. Assessment of water quality using principal component analysis: a case study of the Marrecas stream basin in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:4286-4295. [PMID: 32272869 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1754922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring water quality is a fundamental process to ensure proper anthropogenic usage and environmental protection of this resource. This study collected monthly measurements of 9 parameters (pH, Temperature, BOD, Total Solids, Thermotolerant Coliforms, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus) in 5 sampling stations along the Marrecas water stream, during a 1-year period. Temporal and seasonal variations were analyzed and interpreted for each element, explaining how specific geographical and anthropogenic factors affected the water body. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to evaluate each element's correlation and to reduce the number of parameters, easing the assessment of water quality for each location. Results were followed by the creation of an improved index for the region, which could better estimate the quality of water, only considering 4 of the original parameters. It was also recognized that each water body possesses several subtleties that impact on how its water quality should be measured and indexed into a single value, which validates the case for the creation of regional WQI's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Teixeira de Souza
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Western São Paulo University (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | - Osmar Pereira da Silva Junior
- Post-graduate Program in Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luís de Carvalho
- Post-graduate Program in Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, Brazil
| | - Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro
- Post-graduate Program in Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Brazil University (UNIVBRASIL), São Paulo, Brazil
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Ekundayo TC. Prevalence of emerging torque teno virus (TTV) in drinking water, natural waters and wastewater networks (DWNWWS): A systematic review and meta-analysis of the viral pollution marker of faecal and anthropocentric contaminations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145436. [PMID: 33736166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emerging torque teno virus (TTV) has been identified as a biohazard marker of anthropocentric pollution and contamination in drinking water, natural water and wastewater systems (DWNWWS). Therefore, this study aimed at assessing prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS. The study systematically identified and meta-analyzed published studies on TTV prevalence in DWNWWS hosted in Dimensions, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using a random-effects model and mixed-effects meta-regression model for sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the meta-analysis was stratified to estimate water type-specific TTV prevalence. The study found a total of 58 articles, of which 13 articles subdivided into 31 studies with 374 TTV positive cases and 862 total sample sizes were systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed. The pooled prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS was 37.18% (95%CI: 23.76-55.55%). Prevalence of TTV was significantly different across water types and it was 56.67% (95%CI: 36.94-75.46%) in wastewater, 26.72% (95%CI: 6.87-52.56%) in river water, and 17.17% (95%CI: 0.54-45.39%) in drinking water. TTV incidence in seawater and groundwater was 0% and 25.0% respectively. Funnel plots constructed and associated statistics of rank correlation test and Egger's regression test in this study, show lack of publication bias in the pooled prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS. Although, sample type (QM(df = 1) = 6.9656, p = 0.0083) and concentration methods (QM(df = 1) = 3.8055, p = 0.0511) significantly moderated and accounted for 15.39% and 6.00% of heterogeneity in the prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS respectively. In conclusion, research focus/monitoring activities on TTV is generally inadequate and potential risk of TTV in DWNWWS is underappreciated in most nations; the analyzed studies were from 7 countries (USA, Japan, Italy, Iran, Germany, Egypt, and Brazil). Finally, inefficient concentration method severely influences the prevalence of TTV in DWNWWS and could give rise to underestimation of TTV and mar TTV-based source-tracking of anthropogenic pollutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
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Coliphages as a Complementary Tool to Improve the Management of Urban Wastewater Treatments and Minimize Health Risks in Receiving Waters. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Even in countries with extensive sanitation systems, outbreaks of waterborne infectious diseases are being reported. Current tendencies, such as the growing concentration of populations in large urban conurbations, climate change, aging of existing infrastructures, and emerging pathogens, indicate that the management of water resources will become increasingly challenging in the near future. In this context, there is an urgent need to control the fate of fecal microorganisms in wastewater to avoid the negative health consequences of releasing treated effluents into surface waters (rivers, lakes, etc.) or marine coastal water. On the other hand, the measurement of bacterial indicators yields insufficient information to gauge the human health risk associated with viral infections. It would therefore seem advisable to include a viral indicator—for example, somatic coliphages—to monitor the functioning of wastewater treatments. As indicated in the studies reviewed herein, the concentrations of somatic coliphages in raw sewage remain consistently high throughout the year worldwide, as occurs with bacterial indicators. The removal process for bacterial indicators and coliphages in traditional sewage treatments is similar, the concentrations in secondary effluents remaining sufficiently high for enumeration, without the need for cumbersome and costly concentration procedures. Additionally, according to the available data on indicator behavior, which is still limited for sewers but abundant for surface waters, coliphages persist longer than bacterial indicators once outside the gut. Based on these data, coliphages can be recommended as indicators to assess the efficiency of wastewater management procedures with the aim of minimizing the health impact of urban wastewater release in surface waters.
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Bouseettine R, Hassou N, Bessi H, Ennaji MM. Waterborne Transmission of Enteric Viruses and Their Impact on Public Health. EMERGING AND REEMERGING VIRAL PATHOGENS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7148740 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819400-3.00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of human or animal origin can spread in the environment and infect people via water and food. These viruses are released into the environment by various routes including water runoffs and aerosols. Furthermore, zoonotic viruses may infect humans exposed to contaminated surface waters. Viruses are emerging pathogens and are able to adapt by mutation, recombination, and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for the evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses, but no correlation was established between the enteric bacteria and viruses studied. The present chapter will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments. Monitoring effluents from wastewater treatment plants is important to preventing both environmental contamination and the spread of disease.
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8
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Bedada TL, Eshete TB, Gebre SG, Dera FA, Sima WG, Negassi TY, Maheder RF, Teklu S, Awoke K, Feto TK, Tullu KD. Virological Quality of Urban Rivers and Hospitals Wastewaters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Open Microbiol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Polluted rivers and hospital wastewater become a greater concern because of their public health and environmental hazards with high tendency to result in epidemics.Methods and Materials:The current study investigated 84 samples of Urban rivers and 30 samples of hospitals wastewaters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between February and April, 2017. The simultaneous detection of male-specific and somatic Coliphages from the samples was carried out usingEscherichia coliCB390 as the host according to the single agar layer plaque assay at public health microbiology laboratory of Ethiopian Public Health Institute.Results:Of the total 114 samples tested, coliphages were detected in 44 (52.4%) and 3 (10%) samples of urban rivers and hospital waste waters, respect ively. Total coliphages enumerations ranged from <1pfu/100ml to 5.2×103pfu/100ml for urban rivers and <1pfu/100ml to 4.92×103pfu/100ml for hospitals wastewaters.Conclusion:The detection of total coliphages in our study settings warrants the possibility that the pollution of urban rivers and hospital wastewaters may be a source for pathogenic viral infections. Unless coliphages, viral and fecal indicators are also examined in the waters by public health agencies, waterborne infections cause a major risk to public health.
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Nappier SP, Hong T, Ichida A, Goldstone A, Eftim SE. Occurrence of coliphage in raw wastewater and in ambient water: A meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:263-273. [PMID: 30735956 PMCID: PMC7169987 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Coliphage have been proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in recreational waters because they better reflect the persistence of pathogenic viruses in the environment and through wastewater treatment than traditional fecal indicator bacteria. Herein, we conducted a systematic literature search of peer-reviewed publications to identify coliphage density data (somatic and male-specific, or MSC) in raw wastewater and ambient waters. The literature review inclusion criteria included scope, study quality, and data availability. A non-parametric two-stage bootstrap analysis was used to estimate the coliphage distributions in raw wastewater and account for geographic region and season. Additionally, two statistical methodologies were explored for developing coliphage density distributions in ambient waters, to account for the nondetects in the datasets. In raw wastewater, the analysis resulted in seasonal density distributions of somatic coliphage (SC) (mean 6.5 log10 plaque forming units (PFU)/L; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.2-6.8) and MSC (mean 5.9 log10 PFU/L; 95% CI: 5.5-6.1). In ambient waters, 49% of MSC samples were nondetects, compared with less than 5% for SC. Overall distributional estimates of ambient densities of coliphage were statistically higher for SC than for MSC (mean 3.4 and 1.0 log10 PFU/L, respectively). Distributions of coliphage in raw wastewater and ambient water will be useful for future microbial risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon P Nappier
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Tao Hong
- ICF, LLC, 9300 Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA, 22031, USA
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Verani M, Federigi I, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. Human adenoviruses as waterborne index pathogens and their use for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1469-1475. [PMID: 30360276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current microbial water quality standards are based on the monitoring of fecal indicator organisms, which are mainly bacterial indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci), however epidemiological data indicate that viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne illnesses. Among waterborne viruses, human adenovirus can be considered as an index pathogen, owing to its abundance in sewage and persistence in the environment, as well as its potential infectivity. In this study, data on human adenoviruses from different water matrices (the entrance and exit of a water treatment plant, rivers and seawaters) were analyzed, in parallel with traditional fecal bacterial indicators and somatic coliphages. The results showed a 64% frequency of positive adenovirus samples, decreasing from the sewage system (100% at the entrance and 94% at the exit) to rivers (92% and 72% for different rivers) and seawater (21%). Adenovirus concentrations showed a significant correlation with somatic coliphages in one river and seawater, thus supporting the recent inclusion of coliphages as viral indicators in water safety guidelines. The data collected were used to estimate adenovirus to indicator ratios, which could be used as input in Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, P.zza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Rames E, Macdonald J. The QuantiPhage assay: A novel method for the rapid colorimetric detection of coliphages using cellulose pad materials. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:98-110. [PMID: 30423504 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of viral contamination is essential for monitoring the microbial quality of water and protection of public health, as human virus presence is not accurately determined using bacterial indicators. Currently, the time required for conventional viral testing means that water contaminated with human pathogens may be used (e.g. for drinking, recreation or irrigation) days before results are available. Here we report a new rapid method for coliphage enumeration, the QuantiPhage (QP) assay. The novelty of the assay is the use of cellulose absorbent pad materials to support coliphage growth and colorimetric detection, in place of agar that is used in the plaque assay. In addition to saving time associated with agar preparation and tempering, the QP assay enabled enumeration of somatic coliphages in 1.5-2 h and F+ coliphages in 2.5-3 h. The assays were highly sensitive, with a lower detection limit of 1 plaque forming unit (PFU) per mL where 1 mL sample volumes were analysed, and 1 PFU per 10 mL where 10 mL sample volumes were analysed. This is the first rapid culture assay to enable low numbers of coliphages to be reliably detected and to produce directly equivalent results to agar-based plaque assays. A novel gelatin-immobilisation method is also reported, that reduces time to prepare bacterial cells from ∼20 h to 40-60 min (depending on the assay format), and provides a ready to use form of cells, that is compatible with rapid detection and kit formats. When applied to analysis of somatic coliphages in wastewater samples and surface water samples, mean differences in results of the QP assay and the conventional plaque assay were not statistically significant (mean difference ≤ 0.15 log10 PFU/L and 0.5 PFU/10 mL respectively, P > 0.05). The QP is a valuable tool for assessing microbial water quality, which may assist in improving the management of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rames
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia; Future Biosolutions Pty Ltd, Buddina, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Hanley KT, Wuertz S, Schriewer A, Passow U, Smith W, Olin P, Shapiro K. Effects of salinity and transparent exopolymer particles on formation of aquatic aggregates and their association with norovirus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1514-1521. [PMID: 30189567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for 50% of food-related disease outbreaks and are notably associated with shellfish consumption. Despite the detrimental health impacts of human NoV-contaminated seafood to public health, there is a lack of knowledge on the physicochemical conditions that govern NoV transmission in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated the propensity for NoVs to associate with aquatic aggregates, which have been shown to efficiently deliver nano-sized particles to shellfish. Specific physicochemical conditions characteristic of shellfish cultivation waters, specifically salinity and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), were targeted in this study for investigating aggregate formation and NoV association dynamics. Murine norovirus (MNV) was used in aggregation experiments as a model surrogate for NoVs. Results demonstrate increased aggregate formation as a function of increasing salinity and TEP concentrations, as well as greater numbers of MNV genomes incorporated into aggregates under conditions that favor aggregation. As aggregate formation was enhanced in waters representing optimal conditions for shellfish production, specifically saline and high TEP waters, the implications to virus transport and shellfish food safety are profound: more aggregates implies increased scavenging of virus particles from surrounding waters and therefor greater risk for bivalve contamination with nano-sized pathogens. These novel data provide insight into where and when NoVs are most likely to be ingested by shellfish via contaminated aggregates, thereby informing best management and water quality monitoring practices aimed at providing safe seafood to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn T Hanley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alexander Schriewer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Uta Passow
- UCSB Marine Science Institute, University of California, Bldg 520 Rm 4002 Fl 4L, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Woutrina Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paul Olin
- California Sea Grant, UCSD Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, Dept. 0232, La Jolla, CA 92093-0232, USA
| | - Karen Shapiro
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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13
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Hartard C, Leclerc M, Rivet R, Maul A, Loutreul J, Banas S, Boudaud N, Gantzer C. F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages, Especially Members of Subgroup II, Should Be Reconsidered as Good Indicators of Viral Pollution of Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01866-17. [PMID: 29079627 PMCID: PMC5734038 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01866-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to oyster consumption. In this study, we investigated the potential of F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) as indicators of viral contamination in oysters by focusing especially on FRNAPH subgroup II (FRNAPH-II). These viral indicators have been neglected because their behavior is sometimes different from that of NoV in shellfish, especially during the depuration processes usually performed before marketing. However, a significant bias needs to be taken into account. This bias is that, in the absence of routine culture methods, NoV is targeted by genome detection, while the presence of FRNAPH is usually investigated by isolation of infectious particles. In this study, by targeting both viruses using genome detection, a significant correlation between the presence of FRNAPH-II and that of NoV in shellfish collected from various European harvesting areas impacted by fecal pollution was observed. Moreover, during their depuration, while the long period of persistence of NoV was confirmed, a similar or even longer period of persistence of the FRNAPH-II genome, which was over 30 days, was observed. Such a striking genome persistence calls into question the relevance of molecular methods for assessing viral hazards. Targeting the same virus (i.e., FRNAPH-II) by culture and genome detection in specimens from harvesting areas as well as during depuration, we concluded that the presence of genomes in shellfish does not provide any information on the presence of the corresponding infectious particles. In view of these results, infectious FRNAPH detection should be reconsidered as a valuable indicator in oysters, and its potential for use in assessing viral hazard needs to be investigated.IMPORTANCE This work brings new data about the behavior of viruses in shellfish, as well as about the relevance of molecular methods for their detection and evaluation of the viral hazard. First, a strong correlation between the presence of F-specific RNA bacteriophages of subgroup II (FRNAPH-II) and that of norovirus (NoV) in shellfish impacted by fecal contamination has been observed when both viruses are detected using molecular approaches. Second, when reverse transcription-PCR and culture are used to detect FRNAPH-II in shellfish, it appears that the genomes of the viruses present a longer period of persistence than infectious virus, and thus, virus genome detection fails to give information about the concomitant presence of infectious viruses. Finally, this study shows that FRNAPH persist at least as long as NoV does. These data are major arguments to reconsider the potential of FRNAPH as indicators of shellfish viral quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hartard
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Leclerc
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - R Rivet
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - A Maul
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360, Metz, France
| | - J Loutreul
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - S Banas
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - N Boudaud
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - C Gantzer
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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14
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El-Senousy WM, Abou-Elela SI. Assessment and Evaluation of an Integrated Hybrid Anaerobic-Aerobic Sewage Treatment System for the Removal of Enteric Viruses. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:287-303. [PMID: 28197973 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The capability of a cost-effective and a small size decentralized pilot wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to remove enteric viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus genogroup I (GGI), norovirus genogroup II (GGII), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), and adenovirus was studied. This pilot plant is an integrated hybrid anaerobic/aerobic setup which consisted of anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), biological aerated filter (BAF), and inclined plate settler (IPS). Both the UASB and BAF are packed with a non-woven polyester fabric (NWPF). Results indicated that the overall log10 reductions of enteric viruses' genome copies through the whole system were 3.1 ± 1, 3.3 ± 0.5, and 2.6 ± 0.9 log10 for rotavirus, norovirus GGI, and adenovirus, respectively. Reduction efficiency for both norovirus GGII and HEV after the different treatment steps could not be calculated because there were no significant numbers of positive samples for both viruses. The overall reduction of rotavirus infectious units through the whole system was 2.2 ± 0.8 log10 reduction which is very close to the overall log10 reduction of adenovirus infectious units through the whole system which was 2.1 ± 0.8 log10 reduction. There was no considerable difference in the removal efficiency for different rotavirus G and P types. Adenovirus 41 was the only type detected in the all positive samples. Although the pilot WWTP investigated is cost effective, has a small footprint, does not need a long distance network pipes, and easy to operate, its efficiency to remove enteric viruses is comparable with the conventional centralized WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waled Morsy El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab., Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt.
| | - Sohair Imam Abou-Elela
- Wastewater Treatment Lab., Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
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15
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McMinn BR, Ashbolt NJ, Korajkic A. Bacteriophages as indicators of faecal pollution and enteric virus removal. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:11-26. [PMID: 28304098 PMCID: PMC6089083 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are an attractive alternative to faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), particularly as surrogates of enteric virus fate and transport, due to their closer morphological and biological properties. Based on a review of published data, we summarize densities of coliphages (F+ and somatic), Bacteroides spp. and enterococci bacteriophages (phages) in individual human waste, raw wastewater, ambient fresh and marine waters and removal through wastewater treatment processes utilizing traditional treatments. We also provide comparisons with FIB and enteric viruses whenever possible. Lastly, we examine fate and transport characteristics in the aquatic environment and provide an overview of the environmental factors affecting their survival. In summary, concentrations of bacteriophages in various sources were consistently lower than FIB, but more reflective of infectious enteric virus levels. Overall, our investigation indicates that bacteriophages may be adequate viral surrogates, especially in built systems, such as wastewater treatment plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Bacteriophage are alternative fecal indicators that may be better surrogates for viral pathogens than fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). This report offers a summary of the existing literature concerning the utility of bacteriophage as indicators of viral presence (fecal sources and surface waters) and persistence (in built infrastructure and aquatic environments). Our findings indicate that bacteriophage levels in all matrices examined are consistently lower than FIB, but similar to viral pathogens. Furthermore, in built infrastructure (e.g. wastewater treatment systems) bacteriophage closely mimic viral pathogen persistence suggesting they may be adequate sentinels of enteric virus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. McMinn
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268 United States
| | - Nicholas J. Ashbolt
- University of Alberta, School of Public Health, 3-57D South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Asja Korajkic
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268 United States
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16
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De Sanctis M, Del Moro G, Chimienti S, Ritelli P, Levantesi C, Di Iaconi C. Removal of pollutants and pathogens by a simplified treatment scheme for municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:17-25. [PMID: 27951439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The availability of high quality water has become a constraint in several countries. Agriculture represents the main water user, therefore, wastewater reuse in this area could increase water availability for other needs. This research was aimed to provide a simplified scheme for treatment and reuse of municipal and domestic wastewater based on Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactors (SBBGRs). The activity was conducted at pilot-scale and particular attention was dedicated to the microbiological quality of treated wastewater to evaluate the risk associated to its reuse. The following microorganisms were monitored: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, somatic coliphages, adenovirus, enterovirus, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. The possibility of SBBGR enhancement with sand filtration was also evaluated. The SBBGR removed >90% of suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand, and 80% and 60% of total nitrogen and phosphorous, respectively. SBBGR was also effective in removing microbial indicators, from 1 (for C. perfringens) up to 4 (for E. coli) log units of these microorganisms. In particular, the quality of SBBGR effluent was already compatible with the WHO criteria for reuse (E. coli ≤103CFU/100mL). Sand filtration had positive effects on plant effluent quality and the latter could even comply with more restrictive reuse criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Sanctis
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy.
| | - Guido Del Moro
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Chimienti
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Levantesi
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Iaconi
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy
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17
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Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02763-16. [PMID: 27836843 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02763-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
From the years 2008 to 2014, a total of 1,155 water samples were collected (spring to fall) from 24 surface water sampling sites located in a mixed-used but predominantly agricultural (i.e., dairy livestock production) river basin in eastern Ontario, Canada. Water was analyzed for viable F-specific DNA (F-DNA) and F-specific RNA (F-RNA) (genogroup I [GI] to GIV) coliphage and a suite of molecularly detected viruses (norovirus [GI to GIV], torque teno virus [TTV], rotavirus, kobuvirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E). F-DNA and F-RNA coliphage were detected in 33 and 28% of the samples at maximum concentrations of 2,000 and 16,300 PFU · 100 ml-1, respectively. Animal TTV, human TTV, kobuvirus, astrovirus, and norovirus GIII were the most prevalent viruses, found in 23, 20, 13, 12, and 11% of samples, respectively. Viable F-DNA coliphage was found to be a modest positive indicator of molecularly detected TTV. F-RNA coliphage, unlike F-DNA coliphage, was a modest positive predictor of norovirus and rotavirus. There were, however, a number of significant negative associations among F-specific coliphage and viruses. F-DNA coliphage densities of >142 PFU · 100 ml-1 delineated conditions when ∼95% of water samples contained some type of virus. Kobuvirus was the virus most strongly related to detection of any other virus. Land use had some associations with virus/F-specific coliphage detection, but season and surface water flow were the variables that were most important for broadly delineating detection. Higher relative levels of detection of human viruses and human F-RNA coliphage were associated with higher relative degrees of upstream human land development in a catchment. IMPORTANCE This study is one of the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate relationships among F-specific coliphages and a large suite of enteric viruses in mixed-use but agriculturally dominated surface waters in Canada. This study suggested that relationships between viable F-specific coliphages and molecularly detected viruses do exist, but they are not always positive. Caution should be employed if viable F-specific coliphages are to be used as indicators of virus presence in surface waters. This study elucidates relative effects of agriculture, wildlife, and human activity on virus and F-specific coliphage detection. Seasonal and meteorological attributes play a strong role in the detection of most virus and F-specific coliphage targets.
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18
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Jacxsens L, Stals A, De Keuckelaere A, Deliens B, Rajkovic A, Uyttendaele M. Quantitative farm-to-fork human norovirus exposure assessment of individually quick frozen raspberries and raspberry puree. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 242:87-97. [PMID: 27914323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative human norovirus (NoV) exposure model describing transmission of NoV during pre-harvest, harvest and further processing of soft red fruits exemplified by raspberries is presented. The outcomes of the model demonstrate the presence of NoV in raspberry puree or individual quick frozen (IQF) raspberry fruits and were generated by Monte Carlo simulations by combining GoldSim® and @Risk® software. Input data were collected from scientific literature, observational studies and assumptions. NoV contamination of soft red fruits is assumed to take place at farms by application of contaminated water for pesticides dilution or by berries' pickers shedding NoV. The model was built simulating that a collection center received berries from ten farms with a total of 245 food handlers picking soft red fruits during a 10-hour day shift. Given 0, 5 and 20 out of 245 berries' pickers were shedding NoV, these conditions were calculated to result in a mean NoV contamination of respectively 0.47, 14.1 and 36.2 NoV particles per kg raspberries in case all raspberries are mixed to one day-batch of 11tons. The NoV contamination of the fruits was mainly driven by the route of NoV shedding food pickers (95.8%) rather than by spraying contaminated pesticide water (4.2%) (baseline scenario with 5 shedding pickers and contaminated pesticide water). Inclusion of appropriate hand washing procedures or hand washing followed by hand disinfection resulted in estimated reductions of the mean NoV levels from 14.1 to 0.16 and 0.17 NoV particles per kg raspberries, respectively, for the baseline scenario with 5 out of 245 food pickers shedding NoV. The use of a mild heat treatment (30s at 75°C) during further processing of berries to purees was noted to reduce mean NoV levels substantially from 14.1 to 0.2 NoV particles per kg raspberry puree. For IQF raspberries, the NoV contamination is heterogeneously distributed and resulted in a mean contamination of 3.1 NoV particles per 250g package containing approximately 115 berries. This farm-to-fork model is a useful tool for evaluating NoV mitigation strategies in the soft red fruit supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jacxsens
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - A Stals
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A De Keuckelaere
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - B Deliens
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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19
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Wu J, Cao Y, Young B, Yuen Y, Jiang S, Melendez D, Griffith JF, Stewart JR. Decay of Coliphages in Sewage-Contaminated Freshwater: Uncertainty and Seasonal Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11593-11601. [PMID: 27709921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fate of enteric viruses in water is vital for protection of water quality. However, the decay of enteric viruses is not well characterized, and its uncertainty has not been examined yet. In this study, the decay of coliphages, an indicator for enteric viruses, was investigated in situ under both sunlit and shaded conditions as well as in summer and winter. The decay rates of coliphages and their uncertainties were analyzed using a Bayesian approach. The results from the summer experiments revealed that the decay rates of somatic coliphages were significantly higher in sunlight (1.29 ± 0.06 day-1) than in shade (0.96 ± 0.04 day-1), but the decay rates of male-specific (F+) coliphages were not significantly different between sunlight (1.09 ± 0.09 day-1) and shaded treatments (1.11 ± 0.08 day-1). The decay rates of both F+ coliphages (0.25 ± 0.02 day-1) and somatic coliphages (0.12 ± 0.01 day-1) in winter were considerably lower than those in summer. Temperature and chlorophyll a (chla) concentration varied significantly (p < 0.001) between the two seasons, suggesting that these parameters might be important contributors to the seasonal variation of coliphage decay. Additionally, the Bayesian approach provided full distributions of decay rates and reduced the uncertainty, offering useful information for comparing decay rates under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yiping Cao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority , Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Brianna Young
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yvonne Yuen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sharon Jiang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daira Melendez
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John F Griffith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority , Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Jill R Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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20
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Coliphages as Model Organisms in the Characterization and Management of Water Resources. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Thermal Inactivation of Enteric Viruses and Bioaccumulation of Enteric Foodborne Viruses in Live Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2086-99. [PMID: 26826225 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03573-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are among the main causative agents of shellfish-associated outbreaks. In this study, the kinetics of viral bioaccumulation in live oysters and the heat stabilities of the predominant enteric viruses were determined both in tissue culture and in oyster tissues. A human norovirus (HuNoV) GII.4 strain, HuNoV surrogates (murine norovirus [MNV-1], Tulane virus [TV]), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and human rotavirus (RV) bioaccumulated to high titers within oyster tissues, with different patterns of bioaccumulation for the different viruses. We tested the thermal stability of each virus at 62, 72, and 80°C in culture medium. The viruses can be ranked from the most heat resistant to the least stable as follows: HAV, RV, TV, MNV-1. In addition, we found that oyster tissues provided protection to the viruses during heat treatment. To decipher the mechanism underlying viral inactivation by heat, purified TV was treated at 80°C for increasing time intervals. It was found that the integrity of the viral capsid was disrupted, whereas viral genomic RNA remained intact. Interestingly, heat treatment leading to complete loss of TV infectivity was not sufficient to completely disrupt the receptor binding activity of TV, as determined by the porcine gastric mucin-magnetic bead binding assay. Similarly, HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs) and a HuNoV GII.4 strain retained some receptor binding ability following heat treatment. Although foodborne viruses have variable heat stability, 80°C for >6 min was sufficient to completely inactivate enteric viruses in oysters, with the exception of HAV.
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22
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Hmaïed F, Jebri S, Saavedra MER, Yahya M, Amri I, Lucena F, Hamdi M. Comparison of Two Concentration Methods for the Molecular Detection of Enteroviruses in Raw and Treated Sewage. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:12-8. [PMID: 26362161 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are a major causative agent of emerging waterborne diseases and constitute a serious public health concern. Environmental contamination occurs through discharge of waste materials from infected persons. Methods for viral detection should be developed to detect low infective dose of enteric viruses in environment. In this study, we aimed at comparing two concentration methods for the detection of naturally occurring enteroviruses in raw and treated sewage. In the first method, polyethylene glycol is used to concentrate viral particles from the collected samples. The second method is based on ultracentrifugation of viral particles at high speed (110,000×g). Genomes of enteroviruses were quantified by the quantitative real-time PCR method in raw and treated sewage samples. PEG-based method yielded higher genomic copies of enteric viruses (with an average of 5.9 log10 genomic copies/100 mL) when applied to raw sewage samples. While the ultracentrifugation assay in the second method decreases genomic copies number (with an average of 5.4 log10 genomic copies/100 mL). The recovery differences between the two methods were not significant when applied to clean samples (treated sewage). This could be explained by the presence of inhibitors, which interfere with qRT-PCR, in less quantity comparatively to raw sewage. PEG-based method would be more accurate for samples with high-organic matter load. This report emphasizes the importance of matrices nature on the recovery of enteroviruses from sewage samples. This should be taken into consideration for establishing standardized virological assays to ensure the virological quality control of discharged water in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hmaïed
- Unité de Microbiologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - S Jebri
- Unité de Microbiologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - M E R Saavedra
- Department of Microbiology, Barcelona University, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Yahya
- Unité de Microbiologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - I Amri
- Unité de Microbiologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - F Lucena
- Department of Microbiology, Barcelona University, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Hamdi
- Institut National Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Laboratoire Ecologie Technologie Microbienne, Carthage University, BP 676, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
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23
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Hmaied F, Keskes S, Jebri S, Amri I, Yahya M, Loisy-Hamon F, Lebeau B, Hamdi M. Removal of Rotavirus and Bacteriophages by Membrane Bioreactor Technology from Sewage. Curr Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26210901 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses constitute a public health concern due to their low infectious dose and their resistance to environmental factors and to inactivation processes. We aimed at assessing the performance of a laboratory scale Submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) treating abattoir wastewaters for Rotavirus (RV) and total coliphages removal. We also aimed at evaluating removal efficiency of enteric viruses through conventional activated sludge treatment by measuring concentrations of total coliphages, considered as fecal and viral contamination indicators, with double-layer agar technique. The Log10 reduction values of bacteriophages ranged from 1.06 to 1.47. Effluents were analyzed to investigate and quantify RV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Noroviruses genogroup I (NoV GI) and genogroup II (NoVGII), and Enterovirus (EV) by real-time PCR, using standardized detection kits (ceeramTools detection kits(®)). All effluent samples were positive for RV; concentrations ranged from 5.2 × 10(5) to 1.3 × 10(7) genome copies/L. These results highlight the inefficiency of conventional biological process for viral removal. A complete removal of RV during Membrane Bioreactor treatment was obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing an evidence of removal of RV simultaneously with total coliphages by SMBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hmaied
- Unité de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Biotech Pole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - S Keskes
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Laboratoire Ecologie Technologie Microbienne, Université de Carthage, BP 676, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Jebri
- Unité de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Biotech Pole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - I Amri
- Unité de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Biotech Pole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - M Yahya
- Unité de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Biotech Pole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - F Loisy-Hamon
- Centre Européen d'Expertise et de Recherche sur les Agents Microbiens (CEERAM), 1 all de la Filée, BP 54424, 44244, La Chapelle-Sur-Erdre Cedex, France
| | - B Lebeau
- Centre Européen d'Expertise et de Recherche sur les Agents Microbiens (CEERAM), 1 all de la Filée, BP 54424, 44244, La Chapelle-Sur-Erdre Cedex, France
| | - M Hamdi
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Laboratoire Ecologie Technologie Microbienne, Université de Carthage, BP 676, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
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24
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Garcia BCB, Dimasupil MAZ, Vital PG, Widmer KW, Rivera WL. Fecal contamination in irrigation water and microbial quality of vegetable primary production in urban farms of Metro Manila, Philippines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:734-743. [PMID: 26273758 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1048107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination of fresh produce can present a severe risk to public health. By conducting a rigorous survey of irrigation waters, the impacts of fecal contamination on the quality of produce could be assessed. In this study, surface waters were observed to be contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and somatic coliphages. Culture methods show that out of 373 irrigation water, soil, and vegetable samples collected for a 1-year period, 232 (62.20%) were found positive for E. coli, 213 (57.26%) for somatic coliphages, and 2 (0.53%) for Salmonella spp. Out of 190 water samples, 167 (87.9%) were found to have E.coli, 174 (91.6%) have somatic coliphages, and 1 (0.5%) with Salmonella spp. In soil samples, 36 of 91 (39.6%) have E. coli, 31 (34.0%) have somatic coliphages, and none with Salmonella spp. Lastly, out of 92 vegetable samples, 29 (31.5%), 8 (8.7%), and 1 (1.1%) were found to have E. coli, somatic coliphages, and Salmonella spp., respectively. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of bacterial contaminants. Seasonal weather conditions were noted to have an effect on the presence and number of these fecal indicator organisms. The observed data suggest that contaminated irrigation water may greatly affect the quality of fresh produce from these agricultural operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Clarise B Garcia
- a Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines , Diliman , Quezon City , Philippines
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Gutiérrez-Cacciabue D, Teich I, Poma HR, Cruz MC, Balzarini M, Rajal VB. Strategies to optimize monitoring schemes of recreational waters from Salta, Argentina: a multivariate approach. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:8359-80. [PMID: 25190636 PMCID: PMC4492940 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Several recreational surface waters in Salta, Argentina, were selected to assess their quality. Seventy percent of the measurements exceeded at least one of the limits established by international legislation becoming unsuitable for their use. To interpret results of complex data, multivariate techniques were applied. Arenales River, due to the variability observed in the data, was divided in two: upstream and downstream representing low and high pollution sites, respectively, and cluster analysis supported that differentiation. Arenales River downstream and Campo Alegre Reservoir were the most different environments, and Vaqueros and La Caldera rivers were the most similar. Canonical correlation analysis allowed exploration of correlations between physicochemical and microbiological variables except in both parts of Arenales River, and principal component analysis allowed finding relationships among the nine measured variables in all aquatic environments. Variable's loadings showed that Arenales River downstream was impacted by industrial and domestic activities, Arenales River upstream was affected by agricultural activities, Campo Alegre Reservoir was disturbed by anthropogenic and ecological effects, and La Caldera and Vaqueros rivers were influenced by recreational activities. Discriminant analysis allowed identification of subgroup of variables responsible for seasonal and spatial variations. Enterococcus, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, E. coli, pH, and fecal coliforms are sufficient to spatially describe the quality of the aquatic environments. Regarding seasonal variations, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, fecal coliforms, and pH can be used to describe water quality during dry season, while dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococcus during wet season. Thus, the use of multivariate techniques allowed optimizing monitoring tasks and minimizing costs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Gutiérrez-Cacciabue
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIQUI – CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa). Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina. Phone and Fax: (54-387)-4251006
| | - Ingrid Teich
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Estadística y Biometría, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, UNC, Av. Valparaíso s/n Ciudad Universitaria. CC: 509, (5000), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo Ramiro Poma
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIQUI – CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa). Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina. Phone and Fax: (54-387)-4251006
| | - Mercedes Cecilia Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIQUI – CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa). Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina. Phone and Fax: (54-387)-4251006
| | - Mónica Balzarini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Estadística y Biometría, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, UNC, Av. Valparaíso s/n Ciudad Universitaria. CC: 509, (5000), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Verónica Beatriz Rajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIQUI – CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa). Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina. Phone and Fax: (54-387)-4251006
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Alternative fecal indicators and their empirical relationships with enteric viruses, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in surface waters of a tropical urban catchment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:850-60. [PMID: 25416765 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02670-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The suitability of traditional microbial indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli and enterococci) has been challenged due to the lack of correlation with pathogens and evidence of possible regrowth in the natural environment. In this study, the relationships between alternative microbial indicators of potential human fecal contamination (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Methanobrevibacter smithii, human polyomaviruses [HPyVs], and F+ and somatic coliphages) and pathogens (Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rotavirus, astrovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, and adenovirus) were compared with those of traditional microbial indicators, as well as environmental parameters (temperature, conductivity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, total suspended solids, turbidity, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus). Water samples were collected from surface waters of urban catchments in Singapore. Salmonella and P. aeruginosa had significant positive correlations with most of the microbial indicators, especially E. coli and enterococci. Norovirus GII showed moderately strong positive correlations with most of the microbial indicators, except for HPyVs and coliphages. In general, high geometric means and significant correlations between human-specific markers and pathogens suggest the possibility of sewage contamination in some areas. The simultaneous detection of human-specific markers (i.e., B. thetaiotaomicron, M. smithii, and HPyVs) with E. coli and enterococcus supports the likelihood of recent fecal contamination, since the human-specific markers are unable to regrow in natural surface waters. Multiple-linear-regression results further confirm that the inclusion of M. smithii and HPyVs, together with traditional indicators, would better predict the occurrence of pathogens. Further study is needed to determine the applicability of such models to different geographical locations and environmental conditions.
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Hata A, Katayama H, Kojima K, Sano S, Kasuga I, Kitajima M, Furumai H. Effects of rainfall events on the occurrence and detection efficiency of viruses in river water impacted by combined sewer overflows. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:757-63. [PMID: 24064345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rainfall events can introduce large amount of microbial contaminants including human enteric viruses into surface water by intermittent discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of rainfall events on viral loads in surface waters impacted by CSO and the reliability of molecular methods for detection of enteric viruses. The reliability of virus detection in the samples was assessed by using process controls for virus concentration, nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcription (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) steps, which allowed accurate estimation of virus detection efficiencies. Recovery efficiencies of poliovirus in river water samples collected during rainfall events (<10%) were lower than those during dry weather conditions (>10%). The log10-transformed virus concentration efficiency was negatively correlated with suspended solid concentration (r(2)=0.86) that increased significantly during rainfall events. Efficiencies of DNA extraction and qPCR steps determined with adenovirus type 5 and a primer sharing control, respectively, were lower in dry weather. However, no clear relationship was observed between organic water quality parameters and efficiencies of these two steps. Observed concentrations of indigenous enteric adenoviruses, GII-noroviruses, enteroviruses, and Aichi viruses increased during rainfall events even though the virus concentration efficiency was presumed to be lower than in dry weather. The present study highlights the importance of using appropriate process controls to evaluate accurately the concentration of water borne enteric viruses in natural waters impacted by wastewater discharge, stormwater, and CSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Lin J, Ganesh A. Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:484-506. [PMID: 23438312 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.769201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water quality through the presence of pathogenic enteric microorganisms may affect human health. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and coliphages are normally used as indicators of water quality. However, the presence of above-mentioned indicators do not always suggest the presence of human enteric viruses. It is important to study human enteric viruses in water. Human enteric viruses can tolerate fluctuating environmental conditions and survive in the environment for long periods of time becoming causal agents of diarrhoeal diseases. Therefore, the potential of human pathogenic viruses as significant indicators of water quality is emerging. Human Adenoviruses and other viruses have been proposed as suitable indices for the effective identification of such organisms of human origin contaminating water systems. This article reports on the recent developments in the management of water quality specifically focusing on human enteric viruses as indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Lin
- a School of Life Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
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Epidemiology and estimated costs of a large waterborne outbreak of norovirus infection in Sweden. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:592-600. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA large outbreak of norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis caused by contaminated municipal drinking water occurred in Lilla Edet, Sweden, 2008. Epidemiological investigations performed using a questionnaire survey showed an association between consumption of municipal drinking water and illness (odds ratio 4·73, 95% confidence interval 3·53–6·32), and a strong correlation between the risk of being sick and the number of glasses of municipal water consumed. Diverse NoV strains were detected in stool samples from patients, NoV genotype I strains predominating. Although NoVs were not detected in water samples, coliphages were identified as a marker of viral contamination. About 2400 (18·5%) of the 13 000 inhabitants in Lilla Edet became ill. Costs associated with the outbreak were collected via a questionnaire survey given to organizations and municipalities involved in or affected by the outbreak. Total costs including sick leave, were estimated to be ∼8 700 000 Swedish kronor (∼€0·87 million).
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Poma HR, Rajal VB, Blanco Fernández MD, Barril PA, Giordano MO, Masachessi G, Martínez LC, Isa MB, Freire MC, López Riviello G, Cisterna D, Nates SV, Mbayed VA. Evaluation of concentration efficiency of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 in various water matrixes by different methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:2565-76. [PMID: 22763654 PMCID: PMC5705224 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses monitoring in surface waters requires the concentration of viruses before detection assays. The aim of this study was to evaluate different methods in terms of recovery efficiencies of bacteriophage PP7 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, measured by real-time PCR, using it as a viral control process in water analysis. Different nucleic acid extraction methods (silica-guanidinium thiocyanate, a commercial kit (Qiagen Viral RNA Kit) and phenol-chloroform with alcohol precipitation) exhibited very low recovery efficiencies (0.08-4.18 %), being the most efficient the commercial kit used for subsequent experiments. To evaluate the efficiency of three concentration methods, PBS (as model for clean water) and water samples from rivers were seeded to reach high (HC, 10(6) pfu ml(-1)) and low concentrations (LC, 10(4) pfu ml(-1)) of PP7. Tangential ultrafiltration proved to be more efficient (50.36 ± 12.91, 17.21 ± 9.22 and 12.58 ± 2.35 % for HC in PBS and two river samples, respectively) than adsorption-elution with negatively charged membranes (1.00 ± 1.34, 2.79 ± 2.62 and 0.05 ± 0.08 % for HC in PBS and two river samples, respectively) and polyethylene glycol precipitation (15.95 ± 7.43, 4.01 ± 1.12 and 3.91 ± 0.54 %, for HC in PBS and two river samples, respectively), being 3.2-50.4 times more efficient than the others for PBS and 2.7-252 times for river samples. Efficiencies also depended on the initial virus concentration and aqueous matrixes composition. In consequence, the incorporation of an internal standard like PP7 along the process is useful as a control of the water concentration procedure, the nucleic acid extraction, the presence of inhibitors and the variability of the recovery among replicas, and for the calculation of the sample limit of detection. Thus, the use of a process control, as presented here, is crucial for the accurate quantification of viral contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramiro Poma
- INIQUI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina
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Lee GC, Jheong WH, Kim MJ, Choi DH, Baik KH. A 5-year survey (2007-2011) of enteric viruses in Korean aquatic environments and the use of coliforms as viral indicators. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:46-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Cheol Lee
- Water Analysis and Research Center; K-water; Daejeon 306-711
| | - Weon-Hwa Jheong
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division; National Institute of Environmental Research; Incheon 404-708; Korea
| | - Min-jeong Kim
- Water Analysis and Research Center; K-water; Daejeon 306-711
| | - Don Hyeok Choi
- Water Analysis and Research Center; K-water; Daejeon 306-711
| | - Kyoung-Hee Baik
- Water Analysis and Research Center; K-water; Daejeon 306-711
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Barkovskii AL, Thomas M, Hurley D, Teems C. Environmental factors responsible for the incidence of antibiotic resistance genes in pristine Crassostrea virginica reefs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:2692-2698. [PMID: 23122628 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of tetracycline resistance (TRG) and integrase (INT) genes were monitored in Crassostrea virginica oyster reefs of three pristine creeks (SINERR, Georgia, USA). Their profiles revealed 85% similarity with the TRG/INT profiles observed in the adjacent to the SINERR and contaminated Altamaha River estuary (Barkovskii et al., 2010). The TRG/INT spectra and incidence frequencies corresponded to the source of oceanic input and to run-offs from creeks' watersheds. The highest incidence frequencies and concentrations were observed in oysters. TRG/INT incidences correlated positively (Spearman Rank=0.88), and negatively correlated (-0.63 to -0.79) with creek salinity, conductivity, dissolved solids, and temperature. Coliform incidence positively correlated with temperature, and not with the TRG/INT incidence. The Altamaha River estuary was the primary TRG/INT source for the reefs with contributions from creek's watersheds. TRG/INT were carried by non-coliforms with a preference for low-to-temperate thermohaline environments coupled with bioaccumulation by oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei L Barkovskii
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA.
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Poma HR, Cacciabue DG, Garcé B, Gonzo EE, Rajal VB. Towards a rational strategy for monitoring of microbiological quality of ambient waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:98-109. [PMID: 22771467 PMCID: PMC4492939 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Water is one of the main sources of human exposure to microbiological hazards. Although legislation establishes regulatory standards in terms of fecal indicator bacteria to assess the microbiological quality of water, these do not necessarily predict the presence of pathogens such as parasites and viruses. Better surveillance and management strategies are needed to assess the risk of pathogens' waterborne transmission. We established a baseline dataset to characterize river water quality, identify changes over time, and design a rational monitoring strategy. Data from a year-long monthly monitoring campaign of the polluted Arenales River (Argentina), were analyzed to statistically correlate physicochemical and microbiological variables, the seasonal and longitudinal variations of the water quality and determine the similarity between study sites. The measured variables (sixteen) reflected the deterioration in the river quality through the city. Different viruses and parasites found did not correlate with the concentration of total and thermotolerant coliforms. There was significant seasonal variation for temperature, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, enterococci, and norovirus. Strong correlations between some variables were found; we selected eight variables (dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, total and thermotolerant coliforms, Enterococcus, and adenovirus and Microsporidium as viral and parasitological indicators, respectively) for future monitoring. There was similarity between the monitoring locations, which were grouped into four clusters validated by cophenetic correlation and supported by discriminant analysis. This allowed us to reduce the number of sites, from eleven down to five. Sixty seven percent of the total variance and the correlation structure between variables were explained using five principal components. All these analyses led to a new long-term systematic monitoring scheme. A rational monitoring strategy based on the selection of the most suitable monitoring points and of the most significant variables to measure, will result in optimal use of the limited resources available to adequately protect the public and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramiro Poma
- INIQUI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina
| | | | - Beatriz Garcé
- INIQUI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina
| | - Elio Emilio Gonzo
- INIQUI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina
| | - Verónica Beatriz Rajal
- INIQUI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina
- Fogarty International Center, CCRBM, 6519 GBSF, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Comparison of methods for the detection of coliphages in recreational water at two California, United States beaches. J Virol Methods 2012; 181:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Helmi K, Jacob P, Charni-Ben-Tabassi N, Delabre K, Arnal C. Comparison of two filtration-elution procedures to improve the standard methods ISO 10705-1 & 2 for bacteriophage detection in groundwater, surface water and finished water samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:329-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Concentration and diversity of noroviruses detected in Luxembourg wastewaters in 2008-2009. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5566-8. [PMID: 21705540 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00632-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) in 78 wastewater samples from Luxembourg were quantified, cloned, and sequenced in 2008-2009. The concentrations of NoV genogroup II and the relative occurrences of certain genotypes changed significantly during the winter season. NoV genogroup I was frequently detected by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), albeit at 30-fold lower concentrations than for genogroup II, hampering attempts to assess overall genetic diversity by the cloning/sequencing approach.
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Cupples AM, Xagoraraki I, Rose JB. New Molecular Methods for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens. Environ Microbiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470495117.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Jurzik L, Hamza IA, Puchert W, Überla K, Wilhelm M. Chemical and microbiological parameters as possible indicators for human enteric viruses in surface water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Detection of infectious adenoviruses in environmental waters by fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1442-8. [PMID: 20080992 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01937-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for rapid detection and quantification of infectious viruses in the environment are urgently needed for public health protection. A fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS) assay was developed to detect infectious adenoviruses (Ads) based on the expression of viral protein during replication in cells. The assay was first developed using recombinant Ad serotype 5 (rAd5) with the E1A gene replaced by a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. Cells infected with rAd5 express GFP, which is captured and quantified by FACS. The results showed that rAd5 can be detected at concentrations of 1 to 10(4) PFU per assay within 3 days, demonstrating a linear correlation between the viral concentration and the number of GFP-positive cells with an r(2) value of >0.9. Following the same concept, FACS assays using fluorescently labeled antibodies specific to the E1A and hexon proteins, respectively, were developed. Assays targeting hexon showed greater sensitivity than assays targeting E1A. The results demonstrated that as little as 1 PFU Ads was detected by FACS within 3 days based on hexon protein, with an r(2) value greater than 0.9 over a 4-log concentration range. Application of this method to environmental samples indicated positive detection of infectious Ads in 50% of primary sewage samples and 33% of secondary treated sewage samples, but none were found in 12 seawater samples. The infectious Ads ranged in quantity between 10 and 165 PFU/100 ml of sewage samples. The results indicate that the FACS assay is a rapid quantification tool for detecting infectious Ads in environmental samples and also represents a considerable advancement for rapid environmental monitoring of infectious viruses.
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Skraber S, Ogorzaly L, Helmi K, Maul A, Hoffmann L, Cauchie HM, Gantzer C. Occurrence and persistence of enteroviruses, noroviruses and F-specific RNA phages in natural wastewater biofilms. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:4780-9. [PMID: 19616820 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses and noroviruses are pathogenic viruses excreted by infected individuals. Discharged in wastewaters, some of these viruses can be captured by biofilms. In the present study, we assessed the occurrence and persistence of these viruses in wastewaters and in corresponding biofilms. Natural wastewaters and biofilms were analyzed monthly from January to July using real-time RT-PCR. Enterovirus RNA was detected in wastewater in June while norovirus RNA was detected from January to March. In contrast, biofilm analysis revealed the presence of both enterovirus and norovirus genomes throughout the study period. For instance, enterovirus and norovirus genogroups (GG) I and II were detected in 50, 46 and 37% of the biofilm samples, respectively (n=24). In a laboratory experiment, persistence of norovirus GGI RNA (quantified using molecular techniques) and F-specific bacteriophages (quantified using both culture and molecular techniques) was assessed in wastewater and corresponding naturally-contaminated biofilms at both 4 and 20 degrees C. The concentrations of viral genomes (norovirus GGI and F-specific RNA phage) were very stable in biofilms. Indeed, no significant decrease was observed during the persistence experiment that lasted 49 days. Furthermore, regardless of our experimental conditions, viral genome and infectious F-specific bacteriophages persisted longer in biofilm than in wastewater. According to our results, wastewater biofilms may contribute to the persistence and dispersal of pathogenic viruses outside of epidemic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Skraber
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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Costán-Longares A, Mocé-Llivina L, Avellón A, Jofre J, Lucena F. Occurrence and distribution of culturable enteroviruses in wastewater and surface waters of north-eastern Spain. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 105:1945-55. [PMID: 19120641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Update information regarding occurrence and levels of culturable enteroviruses in several types of surface polluted waters in north-eastern Spain and determine the proportion of the different species and serotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS The best procedures on hand in our laboratory for concentrating and quantifying culturable enteroviruses from different water sample types were used. Sequencing was used for typing the virus isolates. Geometric means of enteroviruses densities expressed in plaque forming units per litre were 968 in raw sewage, 12.51 in secondary effluents, 0.017 in tertiary effluents, 0.4 in river water and 0.36 in seawater. Enterovirus densities in wastewater revealed certain seasonality with a maximum at the end of spring - beginning of the summer. Coxsackievirus B, and amid them serotype CB4, were the most abundant species and serotypes detected. CONCLUSIONS Densities of enteroviruses in different north-eastern Spain surface waters are similar to those present in industrialized countries with temperate climate. No wild polioviruses were detected. Distribution of species showed a clear prevalence of coxsackieviruses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Information regarding enteroviruses in this geographical area provides valuable information to estimate the risk of enteroviruses transmission through water and for complementing clinical epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Costán-Longares
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kamel AH, Ali MA, El-Nady HG, Aho S, Pothier P, Belliot G. Evidence of the co-circulation of enteric viruses in sewage and in the population of Greater Cairo. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1620-9. [PMID: 19840175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize major enteric viruses (enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus) in the sewage of Greater Cairo and to compare the results with clinical data collected during the same period. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-two sewage samples from two waste water treatment plants were collected from April 2006 through February 2007. Enteroviruses, noroviruses (NoVs) and rotaviruses (RVs) were detected by RT-PCR in 22%, 18% and 8.3% of the samples, respectively. No adenovirus and astrovirus was detected. G2P[8], G9P[8], G1P[8], G2P[4] and rare G12 RV isolates were detected in the environment as well as a bovine RV. The environmental NoV strains mostly belonged to genogroup I (84%). Rotaviruses and some of the NoVs were similar to those found in the clinical samples at the same time. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of environmental and clinical data suggests that similar RV and NoV isolates were circulating in the environment and in the population during the same period. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Few studies have investigated the prevalence and the epidemiology of RVs and NoVs in Cairo. This work is the first to establish a correlation between viral gastroenteritis and the concomitant presence of enteric viruses in the environment for Greater Cairo where combined environmental and clinical surveys should help to prevent infections caused by these major pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Kamel
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Public Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
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Jofre J. Is the replication of somatic coliphages in water environments significant? J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1059-69. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Griffin JS, Plummer JD, Long SC. Torque teno virus: an improved indicator for viral pathogens in drinking waters. Virol J 2008; 5:112. [PMID: 18834517 PMCID: PMC2569923 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently applied indicator organism systems, such as coliforms, are not fully protective of public health from enteric viruses in water sources. Waterborne disease outbreaks have occurred in systems that tested negative for coliforms, and positive coliform results do not necessarily correlate with viral risk. It is widely recognized that bacterial indicators do not co-occur exclusively with infectious viruses, nor do they respond in the same manner to environmental or engineered stressors. Thus, a more appropriate indicator of health risks from infectious enteric viruses is needed. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS Torque teno virus is a small, non-enveloped DNA virus that likely exhibits similar transport characteristics to pathogenic enteric viruses. Torque teno virus is unique among enteric viral pathogens in that it appears to be ubiquitous in humans, elicits seemingly innocuous infections, and does not exhibit seasonal fluctuations or epidemic spikes. Torque teno virus is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route and can be assayed using rapid molecular techniques. We hypothesize that Torque teno virus is a more appropriate indicator of viral pathogens in drinking waters than currently used indicator systems based solely on bacteria. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS To test the hypothesis, a multi-phased research approach is needed. First, a reliable Torque teno virus assay must be developed. A rapid, sensitive, and specific PCR method using established nested primer sets would be most appropriate for routine monitoring of waters. Because PCR detects both infectious and inactivated virus, an in vitro method to assess infectivity also is needed. The density and occurrence of Torque teno virus in feces, wastewater, and source waters must be established to define spatial and temporal stability of this potential indicator. Finally, Torque teno virus behavior through drinking water treatment plants must be determined with co-assessment of traditional indicators and enteric viral pathogens to assess whether correlations exist. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS If substantiated, Torque teno virus could provide a completely new, reliable, and efficient indicator system for viral pathogen risk. This indicator would have broad application to drinking water utilities, watershed managers, and protection agencies and would provide a better means to assess viral risk and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 100 Institute Road, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Jeanine D Plummer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 100 Institute Road, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Sharon C Long
- Department of Soil Science and Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
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De Paepe M, Taddei F. Viruses' life history: towards a mechanistic basis of a trade-off between survival and reproduction among phages. PLoS Biol 2008; 4:e193. [PMID: 16756387 PMCID: PMC1475768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Life history theory accounts for variations in many traits involved in the reproduction and survival of living organisms, by determining the constraints leading to trade-offs among these different traits. The main life history traits of phages—viruses that infect bacteria—are the multiplication rate in the host, the survivorship of virions in the external environment, and their mode of transmission. By comparing life history traits of 16 phages infecting the bacteria
Escherichia coli, we show that their mortality rate is constant with time and negatively correlated to their multiplication rate in the bacterial host. Even though these viruses do not age, this result is in line with the trade-off between survival and reproduction previously observed in numerous aging organisms. Furthermore, a multiple regression shows that the combined effects of two physical parameters, namely, the capsid thickness and the density of the packaged genome, account for 82% of the variation in the mortality rate. The correlations between life history traits and physical characteristics of virions may provide a mechanistic explanation of this trade-off. The fact that this trade-off is present in this very simple biological situation suggests that it might be a fundamental property of evolving entities produced under constraints. Moreover, such a positive correlation between mortality and multiplication reveals an underexplored trade-off in host–parasite interactions.
A comparison of life-history traits of 16 phages infecting
E. coli reveals that although these viruses don't age, there is a trade-off between mortality and growth rate, which parallels that observed in many other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne De Paepe
- 1Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire, Evolutive et Medicale, University of Paris 5, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - François Taddei
- 1Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire, Evolutive et Medicale, University of Paris 5, INSERM, Paris, France
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Villar LM, de Paula VS, Diniz-Mendes L, Guimarães FR, Ferreira FFM, Shubo TC, Miagostovich MP, Lampe E, Gaspar AMC. Molecular detection of hepatitis A virus in urban sewage in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:168-73. [PMID: 17651213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A one-year survey was conducted to examine hepatitis A virus (HAV) prevalence, distribution of genotypes and their relationship to bacterial indicators in raw and treated sewage samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty sewage samples (raw = 25 and treated = 25) were collected twice monthly from one sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro. Virus concentration was performed by adsorption to an electronegative membrane followed by ultrafiltration. Viral RNA was detected by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR and positive products were directly sequenced. Total and faecal coliform concentrations were also determined. By nested RT-PCR, HAV RNA was detected in 16/50 (32%) and eight (16%) of them were found in treated sewage samples. By real-time PCR, HAV RNA was detected in 46/50 (92%) samples and 24 were from treated sewage. Phylogenetic analyses classified nine isolates (56%) as subgenotype IA and seven (44%) as IB. CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR was more sensitive than nested RT-PCR; the presence of subgenotypes IA and IB was described and bacterial indicators cannot be used to predict HAV presence in sewage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results demonstrated that HAV still remains in the environment after sewage treatment and could play an important role in maintaining the endemicity of HAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Villar
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Muniesa M, Jofre J. The contribution of induction of temperate phages to the numbers of free somatic coliphages in waters is not significant. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 270:272-6. [PMID: 17343678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic coliphages have been proposed as indicators of water quality. But several factors have been considered a drawback for their use as indicators. We evaluated the contribution of temperate phages to the numbers of somatic coliphages detected in water by ISO (International Standards Organization) standardised methods. Prophage induction from naturally occurring bacteria was assayed with mitomycin C, ciprofloxacin and UV irradiation. Results indicate that the presence of prophages will not influence the determinations of somatic coliphages in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Muniesa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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McQuaig SM, Scott TM, Harwood VJ, Farrah SR, Lukasik JO. Detection of human-derived fecal pollution in environmental waters by use of a PCR-based human polyomavirus assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7567-74. [PMID: 16997988 PMCID: PMC1694258 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01317-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory agencies mandate the use of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli or Enterococcus spp., as microbial indicators of recreational water quality. These indicators of fecal pollution do not identify the specific sources of pollution and at times underestimate health risks associated with recreational water use. This study proposes the use of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), which are widespread among human populations, as indicators of human fecal pollution. A method was developed to concentrate and extract HPyV DNA from environmental water samples and then to amplify it by nested PCR. HPyVs were detected in as little as 1 microl of sewage and were not amplified from dairy cow or pig wastes. Environmental water samples were screened for the presence of HPyVs and two additional markers of human fecal pollution: the Enterococcus faecium esp gene and the 16S rRNA gene of human-associated Bacteroides. The presence of human-specific indicators of fecal pollution was compared to fecal coliform and Enterococcus concentrations. HPyVs were detected in 19 of 20 (95%) samples containing the E. faecium esp gene and Bacteroides human markers. Weak or no correlation was observed between the presence/absence of human-associated indicators and counts of indicator bacteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and correlation with other human-associated markers suggest that the HPyV assay could be a useful predictor of human fecal pollution in environmental waters and an important component of the microbial-source-tracking "toolbox."
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M McQuaig
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 33611, USA
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