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Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang Z, Chen J, Khan SA, Li F, Shen J, Duan Q, Liu X, Zhu J. Plasmonic Metasurfaces for Medical Diagnosis Applications: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:133. [PMID: 35009676 PMCID: PMC8747222 DOI: 10.3390/s22010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metasurfaces have been widely used in biosensing to improve the interaction between light and biomolecules through the effects of near-field confinement. When paired with biofunctionalization, plasmonic metasurface sensing is considered as a viable strategy for improving biomarker detection technologies. In this review, we enumerate the fundamental mechanism of plasmonic metasurfaces sensing and present their detection in human tumors and COVID-19. The advantages of rapid sampling, streamlined processes, high sensitivity, and easy accessibility are highlighted compared with traditional detection techniques. This review is looking forward to assisting scientists in advancing research and developing a new generation of multifunctional biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.W.); (S.A.K.); (F.L.); (J.S.); (Q.D.); (X.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Analysis and Measurement Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China;
| | - Sayed Ali Khan
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.W.); (S.A.K.); (F.L.); (J.S.); (Q.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Fajun Li
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.W.); (S.A.K.); (F.L.); (J.S.); (Q.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Jiaqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.W.); (S.A.K.); (F.L.); (J.S.); (Q.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Qilin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.W.); (S.A.K.); (F.L.); (J.S.); (Q.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Xueying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.W.); (S.A.K.); (F.L.); (J.S.); (Q.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.W.); (S.A.K.); (F.L.); (J.S.); (Q.D.); (X.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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3
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Biochemical composition, transmission and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229295. [PMID: 34291285 PMCID: PMC8350435 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2), a novel human coronavirus. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization in March 2020 for its continuous and rapid spread worldwide. Rapidly emerging COVID-19 epicenters and mutants of concerns have created mammoth chaos in healthcare sectors across the globe. With over 185 million infections and approximately 4 million deaths globally, COVID-19 continues its unchecked spread despite all mitigation measures. Until effective and affordable antiretroviral drugs are made available and the population at large is vaccinated, timely diagnosis of the infection and adoption of COVID-appropriate behavior remains major tool available to curtail the still escalating COVID-19 pandemic. This review provides an updated overview of various techniques of COVID-19 testing in human samples and also discusses, in brief, the biochemical composition and mode of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. Technological advancement in various molecular, serological and immunological techniques including mainly the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), CRISPR, lateral flow assays (LFAs), and immunosensors are reviewed.
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Improved diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by using nucleoprotein and spike protein fragment 2 in quantitative dual ELISA tests. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e140. [PMID: 34099081 PMCID: PMC8207563 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the causative agent of the 2020 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. Antibody testing is useful for diagnosing historic infections of a disease in a population. These tests are also a helpful epidemiological tool for predicting how the virus spreads in a community, relating antibody levels to immunity and for assessing herd immunity. In the present study, SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins were recombinantly produced and used to analyse serum from individuals previously exposed, or not, to SARS-CoV-2. The nucleocapsid (Npro) and spike subunit 2 (S2Frag) proteins were identified as highly immunogenic, although responses to the former were generally greater. These two proteins were used to develop two quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) that when used in combination resulted in a highly reliable diagnostic test. Npro and S2Frag-ELISAs could detect at least 10% more true positive coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases than the commercially available ARCHITECT test (Abbott). Moreover, our quantitative ELISAs also show that specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 proteins tend to wane rapidly even in patients who had developed severe disease. As antibody tests complement COVID-19 diagnosis and determine population-level surveillance during this pandemic, the alternative diagnostic we present in this study could play a role in controlling the spread of the virus.
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Development and Clinical Evaluation of an Immunochromatography-Based Rapid Antigen Test (GenBody™ COVAG025) for COVID-19 Diagnosis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050796. [PMID: 33946860 PMCID: PMC8146967 DOI: 10.3390/v13050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis are simpler and faster than their molecular counterparts. Clinical validation of such tests is a prerequisite before their field applications. We developed and clinically evaluated an immunochromatographic immunoassay, GenBody™ COVAG025, for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (NP) antigen in two different clinical studies. Retrospectively, 130 residual nasopharyngeal swabs transferred in viral transport medium (VTM), pre-examined for COVID-19 through emergency use authorization (EUA)-approved real-time RT-PCR assay and tested with GenBody™ COVAG025, revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 90.00% (27/30; 95% CI: 73.47% to 97.89%) and 98.00% (98/100; 95% CI: 92.96% to 99.76%), respectively, fulfilling WHO guidelines. Subsequently, the prospective examination of 200 symptomatic and asymptomatic nasopharyngeal swabs, collected on site and tested with GenBody™ COVAG025 and EUA-approved real-time RT-PCR assay simultaneously, revealed a significantly higher sensitivity and specificity of 94.00% (94/100; 95% CI: 87.40% to 97.77%) and 100.00% (100/100; 95% CI: 96.38% to 100.00%), respectively. Clinical sensitivity and specificity were significantly high for samples with Ct values ≤ 30 as well as within 3 days of symptom onset, justifying its dependency on the viral load. Thus, it is assumed this can help with the accurate diagnosis and timely isolation and treatment of patients with COVID-19, contributing to better control of the global pandemic.
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Dowlatshahi S, Shabani E, Abdekhodaie MJ. Serological assays and host antibody detection in coronavirus-related disease diagnosis. Arch Virol 2021; 166:715-731. [PMID: 33492524 PMCID: PMC7830048 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a family of viral pathogens that infect both birds and mammals, including humans. Seven human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been recognized so far. HCoV-229E, -OC43, -NL63, and -HKU1 account for one-third of common colds with mild symptoms. The other three members are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. These viruses are responsible for SARS, MERS, and CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19), respectively. A variety of diagnostic techniques, including chest X-rays, computer tomography (CT) scans, analysis of viral nucleic acids, proteins, or whole virions, and host antibody detection using serological assays have been developed for the detection of these viruses. In this review, we discuss conventional serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot (WB), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), as well as biosensor-based assays that have been developed for diagnosing HCoV-associated diseases since 2003, with an in-depth focus on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Dowlatshahi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Shabani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- Yeates School of Graduate Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Ezhilan M, Suresh I, Nesakumar N. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2: A Diagnostic Challenge. MEASUREMENT : JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL MEASUREMENT CONFEDERATION 2021; 168:108335. [PMID: 33519010 PMCID: PMC7833337 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 cause acute respiratory syndrome and are often fatal. These new viruses pose major problems to global health in general and primarily to infection control and public health services. Accurate and selective assessment of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 would assist in the effective diagnosis of infected individual, offer clinical guidance and aid in assessing clinical outcomes. In this mini-review, we review the literature on various aspects, including the history and diversity of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, their detection methods in effective clinical diagnosis, clinical assessment of COVID-19, safety guidelines recommended by World Health Organization and legal regulations. This review article also deals with existing challenges and difficulties in the clinical diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Developing alternative diagnostic platforms by spotting the shortcomings of the existing point-of-care diagnostic devices would be useful in preventing future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeshwari Ezhilan
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indhu Suresh
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Richard SA, Kampo S, Esquijarosa Hechavarria M. Elucidating the pivotal role of convalescent plasma therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review. Hematol Rep 2020; 12:8630. [PMID: 33324480 PMCID: PMC7731664 DOI: 10.4081/hr.2020.8630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a pandemic in March 2020. Currently almost every country in the world has reported cases with moderate to high mortality rates. The European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) are the severely affected countries. Nevertheless, the WHO is very much concern about countries with weak health systems. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 varies extensively, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe as well as critical pneumonia with high mortality rates in the elderly and patients with co-morbid medical illness. Convalescent Plasma Therapy (CPT) has been successfully used in treating various viral disease outbreaks such as 1918 influenza pneumonia pandemic, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, Machupo virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Ebola etc. High-titer specific antibodies maybe capable of binding to Coronavirus- 19 (CoV-19) and neutralize the viral particles, inhibit entry to uninfected cells, and trigger potent effector mechanisms such as complement activation as well as phagocytosis. Therefore, in most countries with very weak health systems with no Intensive Care Units (ICUs) or trained ICU physicians, early initiation of CPT for severely COVID- 19 patients may be rewarding. Therefore, solidarity control trials on CPT for COVID- 19 patients involving large number of patients are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvanus Kampo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical care, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Sidiq Z, Hanif M, Dwivedi KK, Chopra KK. Benefits and limitations of serological assays in COVID-19 infection. Indian J Tuberc 2020; 67:S163-S166. [PMID: 33308664 PMCID: PMC7409828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and rapid diagnostic tests are critical for achieving control of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), a pandemic illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Diagnostic tests for covid-19 fall into two main categories: molecular tests that detect viral RNA, and serological tests that detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a molecular test, has become the gold standard for diagnosis of covid-19; however, this test has many limitations that include potential false negative results, changes in diagnostic accuracy over the disease course, and precarious availability of test materials. Serological tests have generated substantial interest as an alternative or complement to RT-PCR and other Nucleic acid tests in the diagnosis of acute infection, as some might be cheaper and easier to implement at the point of care. A clear advantage of these tests over RT-PCR is that they can identify individuals previously infected by SARS-CoV-2, even if they never underwent testing while acutely ill. Many serological tests for covid-19 have become available in a short period, including some marketed for use as rapid, point-of-care tests. The pace of development has, however, exceeded that of rigorous evaluation, and important uncertainty about test accuracy remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Sidiq
- New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre, JLN Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - M Hanif
- New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre, JLN Marg, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - K K Chopra
- New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre, JLN Marg, New Delhi, India
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Mazzini L, Martinuzzi D, Hyseni I, Benincasa L, Molesti E, Casa E, Lapini G, Piu P, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Razzano I, Manenti A, Montomoli E. Comparative analyses of SARS-CoV-2 binding (IgG, IgM, IgA) and neutralizing antibodies from human serum samples. J Immunol Methods 2020; 489:112937. [PMID: 33253698 PMCID: PMC7695554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A newly identified coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, emerged in December 2019 in Hubei Province, China, and quickly spread throughout the world; so far, it has caused more than 49.7 million cases of disease and 1,2 million deaths. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is currently based on the detection of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs by means of molecular-based assays, such as real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, serological assays detecting different classes of antibodies constitute an excellent surveillance strategy for gathering information on the humoral immune response to infection and the spread of the virus through the population. In addition, it can contribute to evaluate the immunogenicity of novel future vaccines and medicines for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 disease. The aim of this study was to determine SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human serum samples by means of different commercial and in-house ELISA kits, in order to evaluate and compare their results first with one another and then with those yielded by functional assays using wild-type virus. It is important to identify the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies in order to predict human population immunity, possible cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses and to identify potentially infectious subjects. In addition, in a small sub-group of samples, a subtyping IgG ELISA has been performed. Our findings showed a notable statistical correlation between the neutralization titers and the IgG, IgM and IgA ELISA responses against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. Thus confirming that antibodies against this portion of the virus spike protein are highly neutralizing and that the ELISA Receptor-Binding Domain-based assay can be used as a valid surrogate for the neutralization assay in laboratories that do not have biosecurity level-3 facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi S.r.l., Siena, Italy; VisMederi Research S.r.l., Siena, Italy; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Ghorbani A, Samarfard S, Ramezani A, Izadpanah K, Afsharifar A, Eskandari MH, Karbanowicz TP, Peters JR. Quasi-species nature and differential gene expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and phylogenetic analysis of a novel Iranian strain. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104556. [PMID: 32937193 PMCID: PMC7487081 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus related to severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the genetic mutations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome being recently investigated, its transcriptomic genetic polymorphisms at inter-host level and the viral gene expression level based on each Open Reading Frame (ORF) remains unclear. Using available High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) data and based on SARS-CoV-2 infected human transcriptomic data, this study presents a high-resolution map of SARS-CoV-2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) hotspots in a viral population at inter-host level. Four throat swab samples from COVID-19 infected patients were pooled, with RNA-Seq read retrieved from SRA NCBI to detect 21 SNPs and a replacement across the SARS-CoV-2 genomic population. Twenty-two RNA modification sites on viral transcripts were identified that may cause inter-host genetic diversity of this virus. In addition, the canonical genomic RNAs of N ORF showed higher expression in transcriptomic data and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR compared to other SARS-CoV-2 ORFs, indicating the importance of this ORF in virus replication or other major functions in virus cycle. Phylogenetic and ancestral sequence analyses based on the entire genome revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is possibly derived from a recombination event between SARS-CoV and Bat SARS-like CoV. Ancestor analysis of the isolates from different locations including Iran suggest shared Chinese ancestry. These results propose the importance of potential inter-host level genetic variations to the evolution of SARS-COV-2, and the formation of viral quasi-species. The RNA modifications discovered in this study may cause amino acid sequence changes in polyprotein, spike protein, product of ORF8 and nucleocapsid (N) protein, suggesting further insights to understanding the functional impacts of mutations in the life cycle and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abozar Ghorbani
- Plant Virology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Samarfard
- Queensland Biosciences Precinct, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Eskandari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Thomas P. Karbanowicz
- Queensland Biosciences Precinct, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Peters
- Queensland Biosciences Precinct, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Huang L, Ding L, Zhou J, Chen S, Chen F, Zhao C, Xu J, Hu W, Ji J, Xu H, Liu GL. One-step rapid quantification of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles via low-cost nanoplasmonic sensors in generic microplate reader and point-of-care device. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 171:112685. [PMID: 33113383 PMCID: PMC7557276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the ongoing global pandemic has led to infections of millions of people and losses of many lives. The rapid, accurate and convenient SARS-CoV-2 virus detection is crucial for controlling and stopping the pandemic. Diagnosis of patients in the early stage infection are so far limited to viral nucleic acid or antigen detection in human nasopharyngeal swab or saliva samples. Here we developed a method for rapid and direct optical measurement of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles in one step nearly without any sample preparation using a spike protein specific nanoplasmonic resonance sensor. As low as 370 vp/mL were detected in one step within 15 min and the virus concentration can be quantified linearly in the range of 0 to 107 vp/mL. Measurements shown on both generic microplate reader and a handheld smartphone connected device suggest that our low-cost and rapid detection method may be adopted quickly under both regular clinical environment and resource-limited settings. 15min one step SARS-CoV-2 viral particles detection. No sample processing and low-cost equipment and biosensor chip. Sensitive for asymptomatic carriers diagnosis potentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Liangzhun (Shanghai) Industrial Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Longfei Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan Xinxin Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Fang Chen
- Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Lishui Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Liangzhun (Shanghai) Industrial Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gang L Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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Abstract
Since Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in December 2019, the disease has rapidly evolved into a pandemic that threatens societies around the world. As soon as the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified and its genome sequence determined, a laboratory diagnosis based on nucleic acid amplification technologies was quickly established and has played essential roles in the confirmation of a clinical diagnosis. Serological testing for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is becoming available for complementary diagnosis, identification of convalescent plasma, and epidemiologic studies. Additional laboratory biochemical tests, including monitoring the change in blood cells, blood gas, coagulation, liver function, cardiac markers, and inflammatory responses such as cytokine levels in plasma, are also critical in combating COVID-19. Nevertheless, with overwhelming numbers of patients and potentially large numbers of asymptomatic cases, clinical laboratories encounter enormous challenges in diagnostic approaches that can rapidly and accurately identify infected persons. Strategies that can effectively detect disease progression in order to stratify patients for appropriate care, and that can thereby prevent exacerbation of the disease, are urgently needed. This review discusses the laboratory's role and challenges in combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qing H Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Jodele S, Köhl J. Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2832-2848. [PMID: 32643798 PMCID: PMC7361469 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient part of innate immunity sensing highly pathogenic coronaviruses by mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) resulting in lectin pathway activation and subsequent generation of the anaphylatoxins (ATs) C3a and C5a as important effector molecules. Complement deposition on endothelial cells and high blood C5a serum levels have been reported in COVID‐19 patients with severe illness, suggesting vigorous complement activation leading to systemic thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Complement regulator gene variants prevalent in African‐Americans have been associated with a higher risk for severe TMA and multi‐organ injury. Strikingly, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐infected African‐Americans suffer from high mortality. These findings allow us to apply our knowledge from other complement‐mediated diseases to COVID‐19 infection to better understand severe disease pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the multiple aspects of complement activation, regulation, crosstalk with other parts of the immune system, and the options to target complement in COVID‐19 patients to halt disease progression and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonata Jodele
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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15
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SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray for global profiling of COVID-19 specific IgG and IgM responses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3581. [PMID: 32665645 PMCID: PMC7360742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We still know very little about how the human immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2. Here we construct a SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray containing 18 out of the 28 predicted proteins and apply it to the characterization of the IgG and IgM antibodies responses in the sera from 29 convalescent patients. We find that all these patients had IgG and IgM antibodies that specifically bind SARS-CoV-2 proteins, particularly the N protein and S1 protein. Besides these proteins, significant antibody responses to ORF9b and NSP5 are also identified. We show that the S1 specific IgG signal positively correlates with age and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and negatively correlates with lymphocyte percentage. Overall, this study presents a systemic view of the SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM responses and provides insights to aid the development of effective diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccination strategies. Currently very little is known about how our immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here the authors generate a SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray for profiling of IgG and IgM responses to COVID-19 in patients and find significant responses to ORF9b and NSP5, as well as the S1 and N proteins.
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16
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Chia WN, Tan CW, Foo R, Kang AEZ, Peng Y, Sivalingam V, Tiu C, Ong XM, Zhu F, Young BE, Chen MIC, Tan YJ, Lye DC, Anderson DE, Wang LF. Serological differentiation between COVID-19 and SARS infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1497-1505. [PMID: 32529906 PMCID: PMC7473126 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1780951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, multiple diagnostic tests are required for acute disease diagnosis, contact tracing, monitoring asymptomatic infection rates and assessing herd immunity. While PCR remains the frontline test of choice in the acute diagnostic setting, serological tests are urgently needed. Unlike PCR tests which are highly specific, cross-reactivity is a major challenge for COVID-19 antibody tests considering there are six other coronaviruses known to infect humans. SARS-CoV is genetically related to SARS-CoV-2 sharing approximately 80% sequence identity and both belong to the species SARS related coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus of family Coronaviridae. We developed and compared the performance of four different serological tests to comprehensively assess the cross-reactivity between COVID-19 and SARS patient sera. There is significant cross-reactivity when N protein of either virus is used. The S1 or RBD regions from the spike (S) protein offers better specificity. Amongst the different platforms, capture ELISA performed best. We found that SARS survivors all have significant levels of antibodies remaining in their blood 17 years after infection. Anti-N antibodies waned more than anti-RBD antibodies, and the latter is known to play a more important role in providing protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randy Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Eng Zheng Kang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yilong Peng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Velraj Sivalingam
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles Tiu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Mei Ong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barnaby E Young
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.,Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark I-C Chen
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David C Lye
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.,Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Kubina R, Dziedzic A. Molecular and Serological Tests for COVID-19 a Comparative Review of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Laboratory and Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10060434. [PMID: 32604919 PMCID: PMC7345211 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Validated and accurate laboratory testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a crucial part of the timely management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, supporting the clinical decision-making process for infection control at the healthcare level and detecting asymptomatic cases. This would facilitate an appropriate treatment, a prompt isolation and consequently deceleration of the pandemic. Various laboratory tests can identify the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 in specimens, or specific anti-viral antibodies in blood/serum. Due to the current pandemic situation, a development of point-of-care diagnostics (POCD) allows us to substantially accelerate taking clinical decisions and implement strategic planning at the national level of preventative measures. This review summarizes and compares the available POCD and those currently under development, including quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), serology immunoassays (SIAs) and protein microarray method (PMM) designed for standard and rapid COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kubina
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-3641354
| | - Arkadiusz Dziedzic
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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18
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Evaluation of Nucleocapsid and Spike Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detecting Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00461-20. [PMID: 32229605 PMCID: PMC7269413 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00461-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, PCR-based nucleic acid detection cannot meet the demands for coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) diagnosis. Two hundred fourteen confirmed COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in the General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army between 18 January and 26 February 2020 were recruited. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits based on recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (rN) and spike protein (rS) were used for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies, and their diagnostic feasibility was evaluated. At present, PCR-based nucleic acid detection cannot meet the demands for coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) diagnosis. Two hundred fourteen confirmed COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in the General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army between 18 January and 26 February 2020 were recruited. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits based on recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (rN) and spike protein (rS) were used for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies, and their diagnostic feasibility was evaluated. Among the 214 patients, 146 (68.2%) and 150 (70.1%) were successfully diagnosed with the rN-based IgM and IgG ELISAs, respectively; 165 (77.1%) and 159 (74.3%) were successfully diagnosed with the rS-based IgM and IgG ELISAs, respectively. The positive rates of the rN-based and rS-based ELISAs for antibody (IgM and/or IgG) detection were 80.4% and 82.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of the rS-based ELISA for IgM detection was significantly higher than that of the rN-based ELISA. We observed an increase in the positive rate for IgM and IgG with an increasing number of days post-disease onset (d.p.o.), but the positive rate of IgM dropped after 35 d.p.o. The positive rate of rN-based and rS-based IgM and IgG ELISAs was less than 60% during the early stage of the illness, 0 to 10 d.p.o., and that of IgM and IgG was obviously increased after 10 d.p.o. ELISA has a high sensitivity, especially for the detection of serum samples from patients after 10 d.p.o., so it could be an important supplementary method for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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19
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Liu L, Liu W, Zheng Y, Jiang X, Kou G, Ding J, Wang Q, Huang Q, Ding Y, Ni W, Wu W, Tang S, Tan L, Hu Z, Xu W, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Tang Z, Zhang X, Li H, Rao Z, Jiang H, Ren X, Wang S, Zheng S. A preliminary study on serological assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 238 admitted hospital patients. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:206-211. [PMID: 32425648 PMCID: PMC7233230 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of serological assay for SARS-CoV-2. A newly-developed ELISA assay for IgM and IgG antibodies against N protein of SARS-CoV-2 was used to screen the serums of 238 admitted hospital patients between February 6 and February 14, 2020 with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected on pharyngeal swab specimens using real time RT-PCR. 194 (81.5%) of the serums were detected to be antibody (IgM and/or IgG) positive, significantly higher than the positive rate of viral RNA (64.3%). There was no difference in the positive rate of antibodies between the confirmed patients (83.0%, 127/153) and the suspected patients (78.8%, 67/85), whose nucleic acid tests were negative. The antibody positive rates were very low in the first five days after initial onset of symptoms, and then rapidly increased as the disease progressed. After 10 days, the antibody positive rates jumped from below 50% to over 80%. However, the positive rates of viral RNA maintained above 60% in the first 11 days after initial onset of symptoms, and then rapidly decreased. Overall, the suspected patients were most likely infected by SARS-CoV-2. Before the 11th day after initial onset of symptoms, nucleic acid test is key for confirmation of viral infection. The combination of serological assay can greatly improve the diagnostic efficacy. After the 11th day post-disease onset, the diagnosis for viral infection should be majorly dependent on serological assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wanbing Liu
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqiong Zheng
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Guomei Kou
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jinya Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiongshu Wang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qianchuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yinjuan Ding
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wenxu Ni
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wanlei Wu
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Weitian Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongzhi Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Honghua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiguo Rao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xingfeng Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shengdian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shangen Zheng
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Serological assays for emerging coronaviruses: challenges and pitfalls. Virus Res 2014; 194:175-83. [PMID: 24670324 PMCID: PMC7114385 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serological studies on SARS- and MERS-coronavirus (CoV) diagnostics were reviewed. Different types of serological assays and variable antigens were compared. Immunogenic epitopes of CoV spike proteins were less conserved than nucleocapsid proteins. Use of spike proteins was found to be superior over nucleocapsid proteins. Applicability of serological assays for analysis of animal sera was reviewed.
More than a decade after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002/2003 the occurrence of a novel CoV termed Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV challenges researchers and public health authorities. To control spread and finally contain novel viruses, rapid identification and subsequent isolation of infected individuals and their contacts is of utmost importance. Next to methods for nucleic acid detection, validated serological assays are particularly important as the timeframe for antibody detection is less restricted. During the SARS-CoV epidemic a wide variety of serological diagnostic assays were established using multiple methods as well as different viral antigens. Even though the majority of the developed assays showed high sensitivity and specificity, numerous studies reported on cross-reactive antibodies to antigens from wide-spread common cold associated CoVs. In order to improve preparedness and responsiveness during future outbreaks of novel CoVs, information and problems regarding serological diagnosis that occurred during the SARS-CoV should be acknowledged. In this review we summarize the performance of different serological assays as well as the applicability of the two main applied antigens (spike and nucleocapsid protein) used during the SARS-CoV outbreak. We highlight challenges and potential pitfalls that occur when dealing with a novel emerging coronavirus like MERS-CoV. In addition we describe problems that might occur when animal sera are tested in serological assays for the identification of putative reservoirs. Finally, we give a recommendation for a serological testing scheme and outline necessary improvements that should be implemented for a better preparedness.
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21
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The open reading frame 3a protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus promotes membrane rearrangement and cell death. J Virol 2009; 84:1097-109. [PMID: 19889773 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01662-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) contains eight open reading frames (ORFs) that encode novel proteins. These accessory proteins are dispensable for in vitro and in vivo replication and thus may be important for other aspects of virus-host interactions. We investigated the functions of the largest of the accessory proteins, the ORF 3a protein, using a 3a-deficient strain of SARS-CoV. Cell death of Vero cells after infection with SARS-CoV was reduced upon deletion of ORF 3a. Electron microscopy of infected cells revealed a role for ORF 3a in SARS-CoV induced vesicle formation, a prominent feature of cells from SARS patients. In addition, we report that ORF 3a is both necessary and sufficient for SARS-CoV-induced Golgi fragmentation and that the 3a protein accumulates and localizes to vesicles containing markers for late endosomes. Finally, overexpression of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), a small GTPase essential for the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus, restored Golgi morphology during infection. These results establish an important role for ORF 3a in SARS-CoV-induced cell death, Golgi fragmentation, and the accumulation of intracellular vesicles.
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22
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Ahn DG, Jeon IJ, Kim JD, Song MS, Han SR, Lee SW, Jung H, Oh JW. RNA aptamer-based sensitive detection of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Analyst 2009; 134:1896-901. [PMID: 19684916 DOI: 10.1039/b906788d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiological agent of a newly emerged disease SARS. The SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) protein is one of the most abundant structural proteins and serves as a diagnostic marker for accurate and sensitive detection of the virus. Using a SELEX (systematic evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment) procedure and recombinant N protein, we selected a high-affinity RNA aptamer capable of binding to N protein with a dissociation constant of 1.65 nM. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and RNA competition experiments showed that the selected aptamer recognized selectively the C-terminal region of N protein with high specificity. Using a chemiluminescence immunosorbent assay and a nanoarray aptamer chip with the selected aptamer as an antigen-capturing agent, we could sensitively detect N protein at a concentration as low as 2 pg/ml. These aptamer-antibody hybrid immunoassays may be useful for rapid, sensitive detection of SARS-CoV N protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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23
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Lange CE, Tobler K, Favrot C, Müller M, Nöthling JO, Ackermann M. Detection of antibodies against epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated canine papillomavirus 3 in sera of dogs from Europe and Africa by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:66-72. [PMID: 19038784 PMCID: PMC2620667 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00346-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of papillomaviruses (PVs) in the development of canine cancers is controversial. However, recently a novel canine PV (CPV3) was detected in a dog affected with a condition reminiscent of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence of CPV3 by using generic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antibodies against either canine oral PV (COPV) or CPV3. Therefore, the capsid proteins of both PV types were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion protein antigens and adsorbed to glutathione-casein-coated ELISA plates. After showing that PV type-specific antibodies could be detected in the sera from dogs with confirmed COPV or CPV3 infection, CPV3- and COPV-seropositive samples were detected in two sets of canine sera collected in Switzerland and South Africa, respectively. We found specific antibodies against COPV and CPV3 among the tested sera and also a large number that were positive for both antigens. The seroprevalences of PV antibodies of 21.9% (COPV) and 26.9% (CPV3) among the tested dogs from South Africa were higher than those among the dogs from Switzerland at 10.5% (COPV) and 1.3% (CPV3). Our data suggest a need for further CPV-related seroepidemiological surveys in different countries, especially in the context of clinical manifestations and possible breed predispositions. For this purpose, the newly developed ELISAs can be a useful tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lange
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Lehmann C, Wolf H, Xu J, Zhao Q, Shao Y, Motz M, Lindner P. A line immunoassay utilizing recombinant nucleocapsid proteins for detection of antibodies to human coronaviruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 61:40-8. [PMID: 18191362 PMCID: PMC7127592 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most coronaviruses infecting humans cause mild diseases, whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus is an extremely dangerous pathogen. Here, we report the development of a serologic assay for detection of antibodies to human coronaviruses (HCoVs) based on recombinant nucleocapsid (N) proteins of all known pathogenic strains (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS). The novel immunoassay is highly useful for epidemiologic surveys, where use of nucleic acid diagnostics often is limited. Purified recombinant antigens were immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes and applied in a line immunoassay, which allows rapid detection of antibodies to 5 different HCoVs in a single experiment. For assay evaluation, serum samples from persons infected with 229E or OC43 (acute/convalescent), recovered SARS patients and healthy donors were analyzed. Screening for nucleocapsid (N)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in convalescent sera reached 100% sensitivity. With this new technique, we found that recently identified NL63 and HKU1 contribute significantly to the overall spectrum of coronavirus infections. Possibly, cross-reactive antibody responses were observed using 229E and OC43 serum pairs. However, the potential of this assay could clearly be demonstrated employing SARS-positive serum samples, where nonspecific binding to nucleocapsids of other HCoVs was not observed. This coronavirus strain-specific line immunoassay represents a powerful tool for serologic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lehmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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25
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:660-94. [PMID: 17934078 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00023-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, only 12 other animal or human coronaviruses were known. The discovery of this virus was soon followed by the discovery of the civet and bat SARS-CoV and the human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1. Surveillance of coronaviruses in many animal species has increased the number on the list of coronaviruses to at least 36. The explosive nature of the first SARS epidemic, the high mortality, its transient reemergence a year later, and economic disruptions led to a rush on research of the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and other basic scientific aspects of the virus and the disease. This research resulted in over 4,000 publications, only some of the most representative works of which could be reviewed in this article. The marked increase in the understanding of the virus and the disease within such a short time has allowed the development of diagnostic tests, animal models, antivirals, vaccines, and epidemiological and infection control measures, which could prove to be useful in randomized control trials if SARS should return. The findings that horseshoe bats are the natural reservoir for SARS-CoV-like virus and that civets are the amplification host highlight the importance of wildlife and biosecurity in farms and wet markets, which can serve as the source and amplification centers for emerging infections.
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Bai B, Lu X, Meng J, Hu Q, Mao P, Lu B, Chen Z, Yuan Z, Wang H. Vaccination of mice with recombinant baculovirus expressing spike or nucleocapsid protein of SARS-like coronavirus generates humoral and cellular immune responses. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:868-75. [PMID: 17905435 PMCID: PMC7112626 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Continuous efforts have been made to develop a prophylactic vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In this study, two recombinant baculoviruses, vAc-N and vAc-S, were constructed, which contained the mammalian-cell activate promoter element, human elongation factor 1α-subunit (EF-1α), the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter, and the nucleocapsid (N) or spike (S) gene of bat SARS-like CoV (SL-CoV) under the control of the CMV promoter. Mice were subcutaneously and intraperitoneally injected with recombinant baculovirus, and both humoral and cellular immune responses were induced in the vaccinated groups. The secretion level of IFN-γ was much higher than that of IL-4 in vAc-N or vAc-S immunized groups, suggesting a strong Th1 bias towards cellular immune responses. Additionally, a marked increase of CD4 T cell immune responses and high levels of anti-SARS-CoV humoral responses were also detected in the vAc-N or vAc-S immunized groups. In contrast, there were significantly weaker cellular immune responses, as well as less antibody production than in the control groups. Our data demonstrates that the recombinant baculovirus can serve as an effective vaccine strategy. In addition, because effective SARS vaccines should act to not only prevent the reemergence of SARS-CoV, but also to provide cross-protection against SL-CoV, findings in this study may have implications for developing such cross-protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei, PR China
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Kogaki H, Uchida Y, Fujii N, Kurano Y, Miyake K, Kido Y, Kariwa H, Takashima I, Tamashiro H, Ling A, Okada M. Novel rapid immunochromatographic test based on an enzyme immunoassay for detecting nucleocapsid antigen in SARS-associated coronavirus. J Clin Lab Anal 2007; 19:150-9. [PMID: 16025480 PMCID: PMC6807888 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) has been discovered. The detection of both antigens and antibodies in SARS‐CoV from human specimens with suspected SARS plays an important role in preventing infection. We developed a novel rapid immunochromatographic test (RICT) based on the sandwich format enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with an all‐in‐one device for detecting the native nucleocapsid antigen (N‐Ag) of SARS‐CoV using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), which we produced by immunizing recombinant N‐Ag to mice. RICT is a qualitative assay for respiratory aspirates and serum specimens. With this assay, a positive result can be judged subjectively by the appearance of a blue line on the device 15 min after the sample is applied. RICT with several pairs of MoAbs showed a high sensitivity for the detection of recombinant N‐Ag as well as viral N‐Ag of SARS‐CoV. rSN122 and rSN21‐2 were the best MoAbs for immobilized antibody and enzyme labeling, respectively. With regard to analytical sensitivity, RICT detected N‐Ag at 31 pg/mL for recombinant N‐Ag, and at 1.99×102 TCID50/mL for SARS‐CoV. The specificity of RICT was 100% when 150 human sera and 50 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NSPs) were used. RICT based on an EIA using the rSN122/rSN21‐2 pair is a sensitive, specific, and reliable rapid assay for detecting N‐Ag in SARS‐CoV treated with either heat or Triton X‐100. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:150–159, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kogaki
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Uchida
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujii
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasuji Kido
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takashima
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiko Tamashiro
- Department of Health for Senior Citizens, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ai‐Ee Ling
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Masahisa Okada
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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Kusano N, Hirashima K, Kuwahara M, Narahara K, Imamura T, Mimori T, Nakahira K, Torii K. Immunochromatographic assay for simple and rapid detection of Satsuma dwarf virus and related viruses using monoclonal antibodies. JOURNAL OF GENERAL PLANT PATHOLOGY : JGPP 2007; 73:66-71. [PMID: 32214869 PMCID: PMC7087811 DOI: 10.1007/s10327-006-0316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid immunochromatographic assay (ICA) to detect Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) was developed using colloidal gold conjugates of anti-SDV monoclonal antibodies. Of six homogenization buffers tested, 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 7.0) gave the best results for the ICA. In the ICA, addition of 0.1% thioglycolic acid in the homogenization buffers that have been widely used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was deleterious to the reaction because of undesirable coagulation of the colloidal gold. ICA using the anti-SDV monoclonal antibodies was 8 times and 16 times more sensitive than double antibody sandwich-ELISA and ICA using the anti-SDV polyclonal antibody, respectively. The analysis is complete in only 15 min. Furthermore, ICA using the anti-SDV monoclonal antibodies could also detect SDV-related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nario Kusano
- />Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549 Japan
| | - Keita Hirashima
- />Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549 Japan
| | - Minoru Kuwahara
- />Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549 Japan
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29
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Liu Z, Wang Z, Liu Y, Dong W, Qi Y. Analysis of proteins that interact with nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV using 15-mer phage-displayed library. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2007; 52:2072-2080. [PMID: 32214725 PMCID: PMC7088746 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of proteins that interact with N protein of SARS-CoV using 15-mer phage-displayed library will help to explore the virus pathogenesis and to develop new drugs and vaccines against SARS. In this study, we cloned, expressed and purified N protein of SARS-CoV. This 46-kD N protein was verified by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot. Then, the peptides binding-specific to N protein were identified using 15-mer phage-displayed library. Surprisingly, all of the 89 clones from monoclonal ELISA were positive (S/N>2.1) and the result was further confirmed experimentally once again. Six N protein-binding peptides, designated separately as SNA1, SNA2, SNA4, SNA5, SNA9 and SNG11, were selected for sequencing. Sequence analysis suggested that SNA5 shared approximatively 100% sequence identity to SNA4, SNA2, SNA9 and SNA1. In addition, the binding specificity of the 15-mer peptides with the SARS-CoV N protein was further demonstrated by blocking ELISA using the synthetical 15-mer peptide according to the deduced amino acid sequence of SNA5. Also, the deduced amino sequence of SNA5 was compared with proteins in translated database using the tblastx program, and the results showed that the proteins with the highest homology were Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur subunits (UCRI or UQCR), otherwise known as the Rieske iron-sulfur proteins (RISP). Notablely, in the [2Fe-2S] redox centre of UCRI, there were 6 residues [GGW(Y)F(Y)CP] compatible to the residues (position 2→7, GGWFCP7) of the NH2-terminal of the 15-mer peptide, which indicated higher binding specificity between the N protein of SARS-CoV and the redox centre of UCRI to some extent. Here, the possible molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV N protein in the pathogenesis of SARS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengXue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Biology Department, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404000 China
| | - ZhanHui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - YingLe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - YiPeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
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30
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Qian C, Qin D, Tang Q, Zeng Y, Tang G, Lu C. Identification of a B-cell antigenic epitope at the N-terminus of SARS-CoV M protein and characterization of monoclonal antibody against the protein. Virus Genes 2006; 33:147-56. [PMID: 16972028 PMCID: PMC7088559 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-0050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To identify the potential B-cell antigenic epitopes within the N-terminus of SARS-CoV (SARS-associated coronavirus, SARS-CoV) M protein and characterize monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the protein as well as its recognizing region, we expressed and purified a portion of SARS-CoV M protein (amino acid 1–43) in Escherichia coli (E. coli). By using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we showed that the purified recombinant M protein could be recognized by four SARS-CoV-positive human sera even when those sera were 12,800-fold diluted. Furthermore, we characterized one representative IgG2 MAb, 3H9, which exhibited a strong immunoreaction to both recombinant M protein and native viral protein of SARS-CoV. We found a B-cell antigenic epitope located between amino acid 1–15 and defined the MAb recognizing region within amino acid 16–28 of M. These findings not only suggest that both recombinant M protein and its specific MAbs may be used as the diagnostic reagents for SARS, but also provide a potential target site for the design of an epitope-based vaccine against SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qian
- The Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , 210029 P.R. China
| | - Di Qin
- The Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , 210029 P.R. China
| | - Qiao Tang
- The Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , 210029 P.R. China
| | - Yi Zeng
- The Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , 210029 P.R. China
| | - Guixia Tang
- The Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , 210029 P.R. China
| | - Chun Lu
- The Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , 210029 P.R. China
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31
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Yip CW, Hon CC, Zeng F, Chow KYC, Chan KH, Peiris JSM, Leung FCC. Naturally occurring anti-Escherichia coli protein antibodies in the sera of healthy humans cause analytical interference in a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 14:99-101. [PMID: 17108287 PMCID: PMC1797702 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00136-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We reported the analytical interference of anti-Escherichia coli protein (EP) antibodies in human sera and residual EP in a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a possible source of false positives in severe acute respiratory syndrome serodiagnosis. The rate of false positives was significantly reduced by adding mouse anti-EP antiserum in the blocking step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wai Yip
- Department of Zoology, Kadoorie Biological Science Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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32
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Tan YJ, Lim SG, Hong W. Understanding the accessory viral proteins unique to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. Antiviral Res 2006; 72:78-88. [PMID: 16820226 PMCID: PMC7114237 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, termed the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), infected humans in Guangdong, China, in November 2002 and the subsequent efficient human-to-human transmissions of this virus caused profound disturbances in over 30 countries worldwide in 2003. Eventually, this epidemic was controlled by isolation and there has been no human infection reported since January 2004. However, research on different aspects of the SARS-CoV is not waning, as it is not known if this virus will re-emerge, especially since its origins and potential reservoir(s) are unresolved. The SARS-CoV genome is nearly 30 kb in length and contains 14 potential open reading frames (ORFs). Some of these ORFs encode for genes that are homologous to proteins found in all known coronaviruses, namely the replicase genes (ORFs 1a and 1b) and the four structural proteins: nucleocapsid, spike, membrane and envelope, and these proteins are expected to be essential for the replication of the virus. The remaining eight ORFs encodes for accessory proteins, varying in length from 39 to 274 amino acids, which are unique to SARS-CoV. This review will summarize the expeditious research on these accessory viral proteins in three major areas: (i) the detection of antibodies against accessory proteins in the serum of infected patients, (ii) the expression, processing and cellular localization of the accessory proteins, and (iii) the effects of the accessory proteins on cellular functions. These in-depth molecular and biochemical characterizations of the SARS-CoV accessory proteins, which have no homologues in other coronaviruses, may offer clues as to why the SARS-CoV causes such a severe and rapid attack in humans, while other coronaviruses that infect humans seem to be more forgiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Joo Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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33
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Chen S, Lu D, Zhang M, Che J, Yin Z, Zhang S, Zhang W, Bo X, Ding Y, Wang S. Double-antigen sandwich ELISA for detection of antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus in human serum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:549-53. [PMID: 16133409 PMCID: PMC7088218 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-005-1378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study presented here was conducted to evaluate the performance of a double-antigen sandwich ELISA to detect antibodies in human serum against the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A recombinant partial nucleocapsid protein of SARS-associated coronavirus was used as a serodiagnostic antigen in the ELISA. A total of 2892 clinical serum samples were tested with the ELISA kit, which positively identified 25 of 35 (71.4%) samples of patients with confirmed SARS infection, 286 of 407 (70%) samples of patients suspected of having SARS, 229 of 302 (75.8%) samples of convalescent SARS patients, and 0 of 544 samples obtained from healthcare workers; only 1 of 1604 clinical samples obtained from patients with other diseases demonstrated a weakly positive result. These results indicate that the double-antigen sandwich ELISA is an effective screening method for the serodiagnosis of SARS-associated coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - D. Lu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - M. Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - J. Che
- Glodenweikai Medical Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Z. Yin
- Glodenweikai Medical Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - S. Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - W. Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - X. Bo
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Y. Ding
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - S. Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
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34
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Chen HY, Lu Y, Howard T, Anderson D, Fong PY, Hu WP, Chia CP, Guan M. Comparison of a new immunochromatographic test to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of immunoglobulin m antibodies to hepatitis e virus in human sera. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:593-8. [PMID: 15879020 PMCID: PMC1112076 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.5.593-598.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An immunochromatographic test for rapid detection of IgM antibodies in patients with acute hepatitis E infection was developed utilizing the well-characterized recombinant protein EP2.1 and monoclonal antibody 4B2. The new rapid test based on a novel reverse-flow technology was able to generate a positive result within 2 to 3 min. Our study showed that this test was able to detect anti-HEV IgM antibodies in 96.7% of the patient samples tested (n = 151) while maintaining an excellent specificity of 98.6% with samples from various patient or healthy control groups (total n = 208). Furthermore, this rapid test gave a good specificity of 90.9% when tested with rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive sera (RF value of < or =850 IU/ml; n = 11) although a higher concentration of RF in samples might cause cross-reactivity. The new test has a good agreement of 97.2% with a kappa value of 0.943 when compared with a reference enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value for the rapid test thus reached 98.0 and 97.6%, respectively. This is the first rapid, point-of-care test for hepatitis E and will be especially useful for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis E virus infection in field and emergency settings and in resource-poor countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao Ying Chen
- Genelabs Diagnostics Pte. Ltd., Product Development, 85 Science Park Drive 04-01, Singapore Science Park, Singapore 118259, Republic of Singapore
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35
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Wong SA, Chen Y, Chan CM, Chan CM, Chan PK, Chui Y, Fung KP, Waye MM, Tsui SK, Chan HE. In vivo functional characterization of the SARS-Coronavirus 3a protein in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:720-9. [PMID: 16212942 PMCID: PMC7117541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3a locus encodes a 274 a.a. novel protein, and its expression has been confirmed in SARS patients. To study functional roles of 3a, we established a transgenic fly model for the SARS-CoV 3a gene. Misexpression of 3a in Drosophila caused a dominant rough eye phenotype. Using a specific monoclonal antibody, we demonstrated that the 3a protein displayed a punctate cytoplasmic localization in Drosophila as in SARS-CoV-infected cells. We provide genetic evidence to support that 3a is functionally related to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We further found that 3a misexpression induces apoptosis, which could be modulated by cellular cytochrome c levels and caspase activity. From a forward genetic screen, 78 dominant 3a modifying loci were recovered and the identity of these modifiers revealed that the severity of the 3a-induced rough eye phenotype depends on multiple cellular processes including gene transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.L. Alan Wong
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiwei Chen
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak Ming Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C.S. Michael Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K.S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y.L. Chui
- Clinical Immunology Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok Pui Fung
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mary M.Y. Waye
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen K.W. Tsui
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H.Y. Edwin Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Corresponding author. Fax: +852 2603 7732.
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36
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Yu F, Le MQ, Inoue S, Thai HTC, Hasebe F, Del Carmen Parquet M, Morita K. Evaluation of inapparent nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Vietnam by use of highly specific recombinant truncated nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:848-54. [PMID: 16002634 PMCID: PMC1182204 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.7.848-854.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently emerged human disease associated with pneumonia. Inapparent infection with SARS coronavirus (CoV) is not well characterized. To develop a safe, simple, and reliable screening method for SARS diagnosis and epidemiological study, two recombinant SARS-CoV nucleocapsid proteins (N' protein and (N)Delta(121) protein) were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and used as antigens for indirect, immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Serum samples collected from healthy volunteers and SARS patients in Vietnam were used to evaluate the newly developed methods. The N' protein-based ELISA showed a highly nonspecific reaction. The (N)Delta(121) protein-based ELISA, with a nonspecific reaction drastically reduced compared to that of the nearly-whole-length N' protein-based ELISA, resulted in higher rates of positive reactions, higher titers, and earlier detection than the SARS-CoV-infected cell lysate-based ELISA. These results indicate that our newly developed SARS-CoV (N)Delta(121) protein-based ELISA is not only safe but also a more specific and more sensitive method to diagnose SARS-CoV infection and hence a useful tool for large-scale epidemiological studies. To identify inapparent SARS-CoV infections, serum samples collected from health care workers (HCWs) in Vietnam were screened by the (N)Delta(121) protein-based ELISA, and positive samples were confirmed by a virus neutralization test. Four out of 149 HCWs were identified to have inapparent SARS-CoV infection in Vietnam, indicating that subclinical SARS-CoV infection in Vietnam is rare but does exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxun Yu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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37
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Qiu M, Wang J, Wang H, Chen Z, Dai E, Guo Z, Wang X, Pang X, Fan B, Wen J, Wang J, Yang R. Use of the COOH portion of the nucleocapsid protein in an antigen-capturing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific and sensitive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:474-6. [PMID: 15753261 PMCID: PMC1065208 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.3.474-476.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody detection with a recombinant COOH portion of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein, N13 (amino acids 221 to 422), was demonstrated to be more specific and sensitive than that with the full-length N protein, and an N13-based antigen-capturing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay providing a convenient and specific test for serodiagnosis and epidemiological study of SARS was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Qiu
- Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20, Dongdajie, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China
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38
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Itoyama S, Keicho N, Hijikata M, Quy T, Phi NC, Long HT, Ha LD, Ban VV, Matsushita I, Yanai H, Kirikae F, Kirikae T, Kuratsuji T, Sasazuki T. Identification of an alternative 5'-untranslated exon and new polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene: lack of association with SARS in the Vietnamese population. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:52-7. [PMID: 15937940 PMCID: PMC7138097 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed genetic variations of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), considering that it might influence patients' susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) or development of SARS as a functional receptor. By cloning of the full‐length cDNA of the ACE2 gene in the lung, where replication occurs on SARS‐CoV, it was shown that there are different splicing sites. All exons including the new alternative exon, exon‐intron boundaries, and the corresponding 5′‐flanking region of the gene were investigated and 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found. Out of these, 13 SNPs including one non‐synonymous substitution and three 3′‐UTR polymorphisms were newly identified. A case control study involving 44 SARS cases, 16 anti‐SARS‐CoV antibody‐positive contacts, 87 antibody‐negative contacts, and 50 non‐contacts in Vietnam, failed to obtain any evidence that the ACE2 gene polymorphisms are involved in the disease process in the population. Nevertheless, identification of new 5′‐untranslated exon and new SNPs is considered helpful in investigating regulation of ACE2 gene expression in the future. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Itoyama
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Keicho
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tran Quy
- Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Hoang Thuy Long
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Dang Ha
- Institute for Clinical Research in Tropical Medicine, Vietnam
| | | | - Ikumi Matsushita
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Yanai
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti‐Tuberculosis Association, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Japan
| | - Teruo Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Japan
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Li YH, Li J, Liu XE, Wang L, Li T, Zhou YH, Zhuang H. Detection of the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in serum: comparison with results of other viral markers. J Virol Methods 2005; 130:45-50. [PMID: 16024098 PMCID: PMC7112769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A capture enzyme-enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) based on three specific monoclonal antibodies to detect the nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the serial serum samples from SARS patients was developed. The anti-SARS-CoV IgG and the viral RNA were also detected in the sera by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. During the first 10 days after onset, anti-SARS-CoV IgG, SARS-CoV RNA and the N protein were detected in 21.4, 42.9, and 90% of the patients’ sera, respectively. The detection rate of the N protein during days 11–15 of the disease was still significantly higher than those of anti-SARS-CoV IgG and SARS-CoV RNA. The data demonstrated that detection of the N protein with the capture ECLIA appears to be more useful than detection of other viral makers for rapid diagnosis of SARS in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Zhuang
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 8280 2221; fax: +86 10 8280 1617.
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40
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Saijo M, Ogino T, Taguchi F, Fukushi S, Mizutani T, Notomi T, Kanda H, Minekawa H, Matsuyama S, Long HT, Hanh NTH, Kurane I, Tashiro M, Morikawa S. Recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serological diagnosis of SARS. J Virol Methods 2005; 125:181-6. [PMID: 15794988 PMCID: PMC7112814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNP) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was expressed in a baculovirus system. The purified SARS-CoV rNP was used as an antigen for detection of SARS-CoV antibodies in IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA was evaluated in comparison with neutralizing antibody assay and the authentic SARS-CoV antigen-based IgG ELISA. Two-hundred and seventy-six serum samples were collected from health care workers in a hospital in which a nosocomial SARS outbreak took place and used for evaluation. The SARS-CoV rNP-based IgG ELISA has 92% of sensitivity and specificity compared with the neutralizing antibody assay and 94% sensitivity and specificity compared with the authentic SARS-CoV antigen-based IgG ELISA. The results suggest that the newly developed SARS-CoV rNP-based IgG ELISA is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological study of SARS. The SARS-CoV rNP-based IgG ELISA has an advantage over the conventional IgG ELISA in that the antigen can be prepared by laboratory workers without the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saijo
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan.
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41
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Tan YJ, Lim SG, Hong W. Characterization of viral proteins encoded by the SARS-coronavirus genome. Antiviral Res 2005; 65:69-78. [PMID: 15708633 PMCID: PMC7114173 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new disease, termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), emerged at the end of 2002 and caused profound disturbances in over 30 countries worldwide in 2003. A novel coronavirus was identified as the aetiological agent of SARS and the 30 kb viral genome was deciphered with unprecedented speed in a coordinated manner by the global community. Since then, much progress has been made in the virological and molecular characterization of the proteins encoded by SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) genome, which contains 14 potential open reading frames (ORFs). These investigations can be broadly classified into three groups: (a) studies on the replicase 1a/1b gene products which are important for viral replication, (b) studies on the structural proteins, spike, nucleocapsid, membrane and envelope, which have homologues in all coronaviruses, and are important for viral assembly and (c) expression and functional studies of the “accessory” proteins that are specifically encoded by SARS-CoV. A comparison of the properties of these three groups of SARS-CoV proteins with the knowledge that coronavirologists have generated over more than 30 years of research can help us in the prevention and treatment of SARS in the event of the re-emergence of this new infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Joo Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos 138673, Singapore.
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42
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Guan M, Chen HY, Tan PH, Shen S, Goh PY, Tan YJ, Pang PH, Lu Y, Fong PY, Chin D. Use of viral lysate antigen combined with recombinant protein in Western immunoblot assay as confirmatory test for serodiagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 11:1148-53. [PMID: 15539520 PMCID: PMC524763 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.6.1148-1153.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A Western immunoblot assay for confirmatory serodiagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was developed utilizing viral lysate antigens combined with a recombinant nucleocapsid protein, GST-N (glutathione S-transferase-nucleocapsid) of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The viral lysate antigens were separated by electrophoresis and transblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. The resultant membrane was subsequently added with the GST-N recombinant protein at a specific location. The positions of bands corresponding to some of the structural proteins immobilized on the membrane were then located and verified with mouse or rabbit antisera specific to the respective proteins. The Western immunoblot assay was able to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV in all 40 serum specimens from SARS patients and differentiate the SARS-positive samples from those of the healthy donor or non-SARS patient controls (150 samples) when set criteria were followed. In addition, when the immunoblot was used to test samples considered falsely positive by an in-house-developed SARS-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, band patterns different from those with samples from SARS patients were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- Genelabs Diagnostics Pte. Ltd., 85 Science Park Drive #04-01, Singapore Science Park, Singapore 118259, Republic of Singapore.
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43
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Liu ZX, Yi GH, Qi YP, Liu YL, Yan JP, Qian J, Du EQ, Ling WF. Identification of single-chain antibody fragments specific against SARS-associated coronavirus from phage-displayed antibody library. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:437-44. [PMID: 15737606 PMCID: PMC7092915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop early diagnostic reagents, effective vaccines, and even drugs against SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the human single fold single-chain antibody fragments, (scFv) libraries I + J (Tomlinson I + J) were used to identify novel scFvs, which can specifically bind to SARS-CoV. Interestingly, two scFvs (B5 and B9) exhibited higher binding specificity to SARS-CoV with the OD450 value 0.608 and 0.545, respectively, and their coding sequences shared the identical sequence composed of VH gene (351 bp) and VL gene (327 bp), so the two scFvs were uniformly named as SA59B and chosen for further analysis. SA59B scFv was expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli HB2151 and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The soluble 30 kDa SA59B scFv-antibody was verified in SDS–PAGE and Western-blot. The purified SA59B scFv-antibody was labeled with HRP by the glutaraldehyde method, and the concentration of HRP and SA59B scFv-antibody in the SA59B-HRP solution reached 2.4 and 2.28 mg/ml, respectively. Then, the binding ability of SA59B-HRP to SARS-CoV was evaluated by ELISA with S/N of 11.6, indicating higher binding specificity between them. Finally, both the SA59B sequence specificity and its application for diagnosis, prophylaxis or therapy of SARS were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Virology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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44
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Qiu M, Shi Y, Guo Z, Chen Z, He R, Chen R, Zhou D, Dai E, Wang X, Si B, Song Y, Li J, Yang L, Wang J, Wang H, Pang X, Zhai J, Du Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang J, Sun B, Yang R. Antibody responses to individual proteins of SARS coronavirus and their neutralization activities. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:882-9. [PMID: 15878679 PMCID: PMC7110836 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV), was identified as the causative agent of SARS. The profile of specific antibodies to individual proteins of the virus is critical to the development of vaccine and diagnostic tools. In this study, 13 recombinant proteins associated with four structural proteins (S, E, M and N) and five putative uncharacterized proteins (3a, 3b, 6, 7a and 9b) of the SARS-CoV were prepared and used for screening and monitoring their specific IgG antibodies in SARS patient sera by protein microarray. Antibodies to proteins S, 3a, N and 9b were detected in the sera from convalescent-phase SARS patients, whereas those to proteins E, M, 3b, 6 and 7a were undetected. In the detectable specific antibodies, anti-S and anti-N were dominant and could persist in the sera of SARS patients until week 30. Among the rabbit antisera to recombinant proteins S3, N, 3a and 9b, only anti-S3 serum showed significant neutralizing activity to the SARS-CoV infection in Vero E6 cells. The results suggest (1) that anti-S and anti-N antibodies are diagnostic markers and in particular that S3 is immunogenic and therefore is a good candidate as a subunit vaccine antigen; and (2) that, from a virus structure viewpoint, the presence in some human sera of antibodies reacting with two recombinant polypeptides, 3a and 9b, supports the hypothesis that they are synthesized during the virus cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Qiu
- Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20, Dongdajie, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
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45
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Han X, Bartlam M, Jin YH, Liu X, He X, Cai X, Xie Q, Rao Z. The expression of SARS-CoV M gene in P. Pastoris and the diagnostic utility of the expression product. J Virol Methods 2005; 122:105-11. [PMID: 15488627 PMCID: PMC7112794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-level protein expression is an important means of obtaining large amounts of viral proteins to investigate further their biological properties. To express the membrane (M) protein of SARS–CoV at high-level in vitro, the M gene fragment was amplified and cloned it into the Pichia Pastoris expression vector pPICZαA. SDS–PAGE and Western blotting analysis of the induced products of recombinant yeast transformant indicated that successful high-level expression of M protein was achieved, and that the expression product was similar antigenically to the natural protein. Purified recombinant M protein was used subsequently as an ELISA antigen for detection of eight serum samples screened previously by whole virus ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, and consistent results were obtained. These findings suggest that the recombinant M protein may be useful as a diagnostic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Han
- Tsinghua University and National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, PR China.
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46
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Chan PKS, Liu EYM, Leung DTM, Cheung JLK, Ma CH, Tam FCH, Hui M, Tam JS, Lim PL. Evaluation of a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based assay for anti-SARS-CoV IgG detection. J Med Virol 2005; 75:181-4. [PMID: 15602743 PMCID: PMC7166388 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A high throughput accurate assay for anti‐SARS‐CoV IgG detection is needed for large‐scale epidemiological studies. The evaluation of a commercial recombinant nucleocapsid protein‐based microtitre plate enzyme immunoassay, ELISARS™ is described. The results on 150 sera from SARS patients and 450 sera from non‐SARS controls showed that this assay had a high level of sensitivity (96.2% for late serum samples) and specificity (97.8%). The performance and setup of this assay fulfills the requirement as a screening test for large‐scale studies. A vast majority of SARS patients developed antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein. In some patients (10/45), a high level of anti‐nucleocapsid antibody appeared very early in the course of the illness. In contrast, a minority (4 of 105 patients) never developed these antibodies. The implication of differences in antibody response to the nucleocapsid protein deserves further investigation. J. Med. Virol. 75:181–184, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K S Chan
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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47
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Guan M, Chan KH, Peiris JSM, Kwan SW, Lam SY, Pang CM, Chu KW, Chan KM, Chen HY, Phuah EB, Wong CJ. Evaluation and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an immunochromatographic test for serological diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 11:699-703. [PMID: 15242944 PMCID: PMC440612 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.4.699-703.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was further validated to confirm cutoff values and evaluate its diagnostic performance with clinical samples. In parallel, an immunochromatographic test was also evaluated. A total of 227 clinical serum specimens collected from SARS patients were used in the study, together with 385 samples from healthy donors. By use of an immunofluorescent (IF) test as the "gold standard", both the ELISA and the immunochromatographic test were able to detect immunoglobulin G antibodies to SARS not only from late-convalescent-stage samples (>21 days from the onset of clinical symptoms), as previously established, but also from early-acute-phase samples (1 to 10 days from onset). The ELISA, using an optical density (OD) of 0.25 as its cutoff value, produced the best sensitivity while maintaining high specificity. It detected SARS-specific antibodies in 58, 70, 75, and 95%, respectively, of the four groups of samples collected from patients 1 to 10 days, 11 to 20 days, 21 to 30 days, and more than 30 days after the onset of clinical symptoms. Similarly, the immunochromatographic test detected SARS-specific antibodies in 55, 68, 81, and 79% of the four groups, respectively. The overall specificities for the ELISA and the rapid test were 99.5 and 97.7%, respectively. Although the positive correlation observed between the ELISA OD values and the IF titers was moderate (r = 0.6915; P < 0.001), the detection rates of both the ELISA and the rapid test were found well in agreement with the IF titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- Genelabs Diagnostics Pte Ltd., Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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48
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Chan PKS, To WK, Liu EYM, Ng TK, Tam JS, Sung JJY, Lacroix JM, Houde M. Evaluation of a peptide-based enzyme immunoassay for anti-SARS coronavirus IgG antibody. J Med Virol 2005; 74:517-20. [PMID: 15484283 PMCID: PMC7166921 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
High throughput assays for anti-SARS-CoV IgG antibody detection are need for large-scale epidemiologic studies. The performance of a microplate enzyme immunoassay, DETECT-SARS was evaluated for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV IgG antibody. This assay is based on synthetic peptides derived from the nucleocapsid and spike proteins. The results showed that the assay provided a high degree of sensitivity (95.9%) for convalescent serum samples. The level of specificity was close to 90%, and did not show significant variation among different control groups. The high degree of sensitivity together with the high-throughput nature makes it advantageous as a screening assay for studies where handling of a large number of specimens is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K S Chan
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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49
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Tan YJ, Goh PY, Fielding BC, Shen S, Chou CF, Fu JL, Leong HN, Leo YS, Ooi EE, Ling AE, Lim SG, Hong W. Profiles of antibody responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus recombinant proteins and their potential use as diagnostic markers. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 11:362-71. [PMID: 15013989 PMCID: PMC371215 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.2.362-371.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV]) has been identified to be the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Given the highly contagious and acute nature of the disease, there is an urgent need for the development of diagnostic assays that can detect SARS-CoV infection. For determination of which of the viral proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV genome may be exploited as diagnostic antigens for serological assays, the viral proteins were expressed individually in mammalian and/or bacterial cells and tested for reactivity with sera from SARS-CoV-infected patients by Western blot analysis. A total of 81 sera, including 67 from convalescent patients and seven pairs from two time points of infection, were analyzed, and all showed immunoreactivity towards the nucleocapsid protein (N). Sera from some of the patients also showed immunoreactivity to U274 (59 of 81 [73%]), a protein that is unique to SARS-CoV. In addition, all of the convalescent-phase sera showed immunoreactivity to the spike (S) protein when analyzed by an immunofluorescence method utilizing mammalian cells stably expressing S. However, samples from the acute phase (2 to 9 days after the onset of illness) did not react with S, suggesting that antibodies to N may appear earlier than antibodies to S. Alternatively, this could be due to the difference in the sensitivities of the two methods. The immunoreactivities to these recombinant viral proteins are highly specific, as sera from 100 healthy donors did not react with any of them. These results suggest that recombinant N, S, and U274 proteins may be used as antigens for the development of serological assays for SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Joo Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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