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Zhao X, Ma L, Jin Y, Barkema HW, Kastelic JP, Wang L, Wen K, Liu G. Rapid and reliable detection of Leishmania antibodies in canine serum with double-antigen sandwich homogeneous chemical luminescence. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:323. [PMID: 39080758 PMCID: PMC11290120 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp. parasites, is an important zoonotic disease globally, posing severe threats to humans and animals. In the absence of effective vaccines, reliable serological diagnostic methods are critical for disease control. However, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic assay have limitations due to complexity, time required and/or sensitivity. Therefore, our objective was to develop an accurate, rapid and user-friendly detection method of canine leishmania antibody based on double-antigen sandwich homogeneous chemical luminescence. METHODS Homogeneous chemiluminescent technology was employed, and expressed recombinant fusion proteins containing full-length K9, K39 and K26 repeat sequences were used as diagnostic antigens. To establish a dual-antigen sandwich serological assay capable of detecting various antibody types, a factorial design was used to optimize concentrations of diagnostic antigen-receptor microspheres and of biotinylated diagnostic antigens, as well as of reaction solution composition and reaction duration. To evaluate and validate this newly developed method, we collected 41 Leishmania-positive serum samples, 30 Leishmania-negative control serum samples and 78 clinical serum samples for which no diagnostic information was available. Comparative analyses were performed using parasitological testing and an indirect ELISA as reference methods, focusing on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the purification of the diagnostic antigens, which exhibited clear bands without impurities. Based on results from the 41 Leishmania-positive samples and 30 Leishmania-negative samples, there was sufficient sensitivity to detect samples diluted up to 256-fold, with analytical specificity of 100%. Overall diagnostic sensitivity was 100% and diagnostic specificity was 93.3%. Diagnostic performance was highly consistent between the newly developed method and the indirect ELISA (Kappa = 0.82, P < 0.01). Testing could be completed within 35 min with the new method CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a novel double-antigen sandwich homogeneous chemical luminescence method to detect canine Leishmania antibodies, with high sensitively and specificity, a short incubation interval and a simple protocol. This streamlined approach not only offers a sensitive and efficient method for clinical diagnosis but also has great potential for use in automated testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Licai Ma
- Beijing Weideweikang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Fujimori M, Valencia-Portillo RT, Lindoso JAL, Celeste BJ, de Almeida RP, Costa CHN, da Cruz AM, Druzian AF, Duthie MS, Fortaleza CMCB, de Oliveira ALL, Paniago AMM, Queiroz IT, Reed S, Vallur AC, Goto H, Sanchez MCA. Recombinant protein KR95 as an alternative for serological diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282483. [PMID: 36862710 PMCID: PMC9980733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, leading to death if not promptly diagnosed and treated. In Brazil, the disease reaches all regions, and in 2020, 1,933 VL cases were reported with 9.5% lethality. Thus, an accurate diagnosis is essential to provide the appropriate treatment. Serological VL diagnosis is based mainly on immunochromatographic tests, but their performance may vary by location, and evaluation of diagnostic alternatives is necessary. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of ELISA with the scantily studied recombinant antigens, K18 and KR95, comparing their performance with the already known rK28 and rK39. Sera from parasitologically confirmed symptomatic VL patients (n = 90) and healthy endemic controls (n = 90) were submitted to ELISA with rK18 and rKR95. Sensitivity (95% CI) was, respectively, 83.3% (74.2-89.7) and 95.6% (88.8-98.6), and specificity (95% CI) was 93.3% (85.9-97.2) and 97.8% (91.8-99.9). For validation of ELISA with the recombinant antigens, we included samples from 122 VL patients and 83 healthy controls collected in three regions in Brazil (Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest). When comparing the results obtained with the VL patients' samples, significantly lower sensitivity was obtained by rK18-ELISA (88.5%, 95% CI: 81.5-93.2) compared with rK28-ELISA (95.9%, 95% CI: 90.5-98.5), but the sensitivity was similar comparing rKR95-ELISA (95.1%, 95% CI: 89.5-98.0), rK28-ELISA (95.9%, 95% CI: 90.5-98.5), and rK39-ELISA (94.3%, 95% CI: 88.4-97.4). Analyzing the specificity, it was lowest with rK18-ELISA (62.7%, 95% CI: 51.9-72.3) with 83 healthy control samples. Conversely, higher and similar specificity was obtained by rKR95-ELISA (96.4%, 95% CI: 89.5-99.2), rK28-ELISA (95.2%, 95% CI: 87.9-98.5), and rK39-ELISA (95.2%, 95% CI: 87.9-98.5). There was no difference in sensitivity and specificity across localities. Cross-reactivity assessment, performed with sera of patients diagnosed with inflammatory disorders and other infectious diseases, was 34.2% with rK18-ELISA and 3.1% with rKR95-ELISA. Based on these data, we suggest using recombinant antigen KR95 in serological assays for VL diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyumi Fujimori
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Angelo Lauletta Lindoso
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Julieta Celeste
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Departamento de Medicina Interna e Patologia, Hospital Universitário/EBSERH, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Alda Maria da Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angelita Fernandes Druzian
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Thiago Queiroz
- Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde Pública, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Steve Reed
- HDT Bio, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aarthy C. Vallur
- InBios International Inc, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hiro Goto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Carmen Arroyo Sanchez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhou J, Chen J, Peng Y, Xie Y, Xiao Y. A Promising Tool in Serological Diagnosis: Current Research Progress of Antigenic Epitopes in Infectious Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:1095. [PMID: 36297152 PMCID: PMC9609281 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, caused by various pathogens in the clinic, threaten the safety of human life, are harmful to physical and mental health, and also increase economic burdens on society. Infections are a complex mechanism of interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and their host. Identification of the causative agent of the infection is vital for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Etiological laboratory diagnostic tests are therefore essential to identify pathogens. However, due to its rapidity and automation, the serological diagnostic test is among the methods of great significance for the diagnosis of infections with the basis of detecting antigens or antibodies in body fluids clinically. Epitopes, as a special chemical group that determines the specificity of antigens and the basic unit of inducing immune responses, play an important role in the study of immune responses. Identifying the epitopes of a pathogen may contribute to the development of a vaccine to prevent disease, the diagnosis of the corresponding disease, and the determination of different stages of the disease. Moreover, both the preparation of neutralizing antibodies based on useful epitopes and the assembly of several associated epitopes can be used in the treatment of disease. Epitopes can be divided into B cell epitopes and T cell epitopes; B cell epitopes stimulate the body to produce antibodies and are therefore commonly used as targets for the design of serological diagnostic experiments. Meanwhile, epitopes can fall into two possible categories: linear and conformational. This article reviews the role of B cell epitopes in the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Validation of a mixture of rK26 and rK39 antigens from Iranian strain of Leishmania infantum to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies in human and reservoir hosts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10426. [PMID: 35729270 PMCID: PMC9213479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean type of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic parasitic infection. Some provinces of Iran are endemic for VL while other parts are considered as sporadic areas. This study aimed to assess a combination of recombinant K26 and rK39 antigens as well as crude antigen (CA), derived from an Iranian strain of L. infantum, compared to direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of VL in humans and domestic dogs as animal reservoir hosts of the disease. A combination of rK26 and rK39 antigens and also CA was evaluated using indirect ELISA on serum samples of 171 VL confirmed humans (n = 84) and domestic dogs (n = 87) as well as 176 healthy humans (n = 86) and domestic dogs (n = 90). Moreover, 36 serum samples of humans (n = 20) and canines (n = 16) with other potentially infectious diseases were collected and tested for finding cross- reactivity. The results of ELISA were compared to DAT, currently considered as gold standard for the serodiagnosis of VL. The sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values were calculated compared to DAT. The positive sera had previously shown a positive DAT titer ≥ 1:800 for humans and ≥ 1:80 for dogs. Analysis was done by MedCalc and SPSS softwares. Using the combination of rK26 and rK39 in ELISA, a sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 93.0% % were found in human sera at a 1:800 (cut-off) titer when DAT-confirmed cases were compared with healthy controls; a sensitivity of 98.9% and specificity of 96.7%% were found at a 1:80 (cut-off) titer compared with DAT. A good degree of agreement was found between the combined rK39 and rK26-ELISA with DAT in human (0.882) and dog serum samples (0.955) by kappa analysis (p < 0.05). The ELISA using the CA test showed 75% sensitivity in human and 93.1% in dog serum samples as well as 53.5% specificity in human and 83.3% in dog,s sera, respectively. The combination of rK26 and rK39 recombinant antigen prepared from Iranian strain of Leishmania infantum showed high accuracy for the serodiagnosis of VL in human and domestic dogs. Further extended field trial with a larger sample size is recommended.
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Maia C, Fraga DBM, Cristóvão J, Borja LS, da Silva Solcà M, Campino L, Veras PST, Gonçalves L. Leishmania exposure in dogs from two endemic countries from New and Old Worlds (Brazil and Portugal): evaluation of three serological tests using Bayesian Latent Class Models. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:202. [PMID: 35698163 PMCID: PMC9195323 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is endemic in several countries of the Mediterranean Basin, Latin America, and Asia. Dogs are the main hosts and reservoirs of human infection. Thus, from a One Health perspective, early diagnosis of Leishmania infection in dogs is essential to control the dissemination of the parasite among other dogs and to humans. The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnosis accuracy of three serological tests to detect antibodies to Leishmania in dogs from two endemic settings using Bayesian latent class models (BLCM). METHODS A total of 378 dogs from two Portuguese and Brazilian endemic areas of leishmaniosis (194 animals from Portugal and 184 from Brazil) were screened. Detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies was performed using two commercial ELISA (L. infantum IgG-ELISA® and EIE-LVC®) and a rapid immunochromatographic test (DPP-LVC®). Bayesian latent class models were used to estimate Leishmania infection prevalence, together with sensitivities and specificities of the three diagnostic tests, in the two dog populations simultaneously. Predictive values were also calculated. Credibility intervals (CI) were obtained, considering different types of prior information. RESULTS A posterior median Leishmania seroprevalence of 13.4% (95% CI 9.0-18.7) and of 21.6% (15.0-28.3) was estimated to the Portuguese and Brazilian dog subpopulations, respectively. The Bayesian analysis indicated that all tests were highly specific (specificity above 90%), and that the DPP-LVC® was more sensitive (96.6%; 83.1-99.9) than both ELISAs in the Portuguese subpopulation, while in the Brazilian subpopulation, EIE-LVC® and L. infantum IgG-ELISA®, had the highest sensitivity (88.2%; 73.7-97.0) and specificity (98.7%; 95.1-99.9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In general, the levels of diagnosis accuracy of the three serological tests to detect Leishmania antibodies assessed by BLCM indicate their utility in canine epidemiological studies. The same approach should be used to assess the performance of these techniques in the clinical management of infected and sick dogs using representative samples from the wide spectrum of clinical situations, namely from subclinical infection to manifest disease. The low positive predictive value of the serological tests used in the current protocol of the Brazilian Ministry of Health suggests that they should not be used individually and may not be sufficient to target reservoir-based control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Cristóvão
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lairton Souza Borja
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lenea Campino
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luzia Gonçalves
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
- International Public Health and Biostatistics Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Vale DL, Machado AS, Ramos FF, Lage DP, Freitas CS, de Oliveira D, Galvani NC, Luiz GP, Fagundes MI, Fernandes BB, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Ludolf F, Tavares GSV, Guimarães NS, Chaves AT, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Tupinambás U, Rocha MOC, Gonçalves DU, Martins VT, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Coelho EAF. Evaluation from a B-cell epitope-based chimeric protein for the serodiagnosis of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105562. [PMID: 35513293 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of leishmaniasis presents problems due to the variable sensitivity and/or specificity of tests. In addition, high levels of anti-parasite antibodies can remain after treatment, making it difficult to conduct a prognostic follow-up of patients. In this context, it is necessary to identify new candidates to be examined for the sensitive and specific diagnosis of the disease. In the present study, four Leishmania proteins, previously shown as antigenic for tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL), were evaluated, and their linear specific B-cell epitopes were predicted and used to generate a new gene codifying chimeric protein called ChimB, which was cloned, and the recombinant version was expressed, purified, and evaluated in ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) to diagnose TL and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A total of 220 human serum samples were used, and, when ChimB was used, results showed sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 100% for the diagnosis of both diseases; however, when using peptides, the sensitivity values reached from 28.0% to 57.3% and specificity varied from 16.3% to 83.7%. A soluble Leishmania extract (SLA) showed sensitivity and specificity values of 30.7% and 45.9%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) value for ChimB was 1.0, while for synthetic peptides, this value reached between 0.502 and 0.635, whereas for SLA, the value was of 0.589. Serological assays using sera samples collected before and after treatment showed significant reductions in the anti-ChimB antibody levels after therapy, suggesting a prognostic role of this recombinant antigen. In conclusion, preliminary data suggest the use from ChimB as a potential candidate for the diagnosis and prognosis of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daysiane de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathalia C Galvani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel P Luiz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mirian I Fagundes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana T Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manoel O C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7
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Fujimori M, de Almeida ADBPF, Barrouin-Melo SM, Cortez LRPDB, Duthie MS, Hiramoto RM, de Pinho FA, Reed SG, Sousa VRF, Souza NF, Soares RM, Tolezano JE, Sanchez MCA, Goto H. Validation of ELISA with recombinant antigens in serological diagnosis of canine Leishmania infantum infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200428. [PMID: 33729396 PMCID: PMC7968437 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are the main peridomiciliary reservoir of Leishmania infantum thus the correct diagnosis of infection is essential for the control of the transmission and treatment as well. However, the diagnosis is based on serological assays that are not fully effective. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish an effective serological assay for the diagnosis of L. infantum infected dogs using Leishmania-derived recombinant antigens. METHODS Leishmania derived rK39-, rK28-, rKR95-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized using symptomatic and asymptomatic L. infantum-infected dogs. Then 2,530 samples from inquiry in endemic areas for VL were evaluated and the results compared with recommended assays by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH algorithm). Further samples from a cohort of 30 dogs were searched. FINDINGS For rK39-, rK28- and rKR95-ELISA the sensitivity was around 97% and specificity 100%. The positivity of these three ELISA in the inquiry samples was 27-28%, around 10% higher than the assays currently in use. When cohort samples were searched, we observed likely false-negative results (> 65%) with supposedly negative samples that turned positive six months later with the assays in use (MH algorithm). MAIN CONCLUSIONS For the diagnosis of L. infantum-infected dogs, rK39-based ELISA showed better diagnostic performance than other assays in use in Brazil and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyumi Fujimori
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | | | - Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Núcleo de Parasitoses Sistêmicas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Valéria Régia Franco Sousa
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Nazaré Fonseca Souza
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - José Eduardo Tolezano
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Núcleo de Parasitoses Sistêmicas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Carmen Arroyo Sanchez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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8
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Identification of immunodominant proteins of Leishmania infantum by immunoproteomics to evaluate a recombinant multi-epitope designed antigen for serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 222:108065. [PMID: 33428893 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean region including Iran. In 95% of cases, the disease can be fatal if not rapidly diagnosed and left untreated. We aimed to identify immunoreactive proteins of L. infantum (Iranian strain), and to design and evaluate a recombinant multi-epitope antigen for serodiagnosis of human VL. To detect the immunoreactive proteins of L. infantum promastigotes, 2DE immunoblotting technique was performed using different pooled sera of VL patients. The candidate immunoreactive proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrophotometry. Among 125 immunoreactive spots detected in 2-DE gels, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, calreticulin, mitochondrial heat shock 70-related protein 1 (mtHSP70), heat shock protein 70-related protein, i/6 autoantigen-like protein, ATPase beta subunit, and proteasome alpha subunit 5 were identified. The potent epitopes from candidate immunodominant proteins including GRP78, mtHSP70 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 were then selected to design a recombinant antigenic protein (GRP-UBI-HSP). The recombinant antigen was evaluated by ELISA and compared to direct agglutination test for detection of anti L. infantum human antibodies. We screened 34 sera of VL patients from endemic areas and 107 sera of individuals without L. infantum infection from non-endemic area of VL. The recombinant protein-based ELISA provided a sensitivity of 70.6% and a specificity of 84.1%. These results showed that GRP78, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and mtHSP70 proteins are potential immunodominant targets of the host immune system in response to the parasite and they can be considered as potential candidate markers for diagnosis purposes.
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9
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JAMEIE F, DALIMI A, PIRESTANI M, MOHEBALI M. Development of a Multi-Epitope Recombinant Protein for the Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:1-10. [PMID: 33786042 PMCID: PMC7988677 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i1.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iran is one of the endemic areas of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania infantum. In this work, we examined whether Proteína quimérica 10 (PQ10) recombinant protein is suitable for immunological diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. METHODS The study was carried out in Tarbiat Modares University during 2016-2018. The coding sequence of PQ10 recombinant protein was sub-cloned in pET28 expression vector and was commercially synthesized by GENERAY Biotechnology, China. Sequencing with proper primers was done, the expression, optimization of expression and protein purification were performed, and the purified recombinant protein was confirmed by western blot. The efficacy of PQ10 for serodiagnosis was evaluated with 50 positive and 50 negative serum samples, which confirmed by the direct agglutination test and collected from individuals living in the visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of Iran. ELISA was performed with the PQ10 recombinant protein. RESULTS The 95% CI sensitivity of ELISA that was evaluated with sera from naturally infected individuals was 84%. The 95% CI specificity value of the ELISA determined with sera from healthy individuals (50 serum samples) and from individuals with other infectious diseases was 82%. The 95% CI positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were exterminated 82.35% and 83.67%, respectively. CONCLUSION We have used a recombinant synthetic protein to improve serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. PQ10 could be useful for diagnosis of asymptomatic cases, as well as in the early phase of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh JAMEIE
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein DALIMI
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid PIRESTANI
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi MOHEBALI
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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de Souza ACA, Castro RBD, Dos Santos YL, Pavione NDRT, Agripino JDM, Bahia MT, Machado-Coelho GLL, de Souza RF, de Oliveira LL, Souza CDSFD, Bressan GC, Vasconcellos RDS, de Almeida MR, Fietto JLR. High Performance of ELISA test using recombinant rLiNTPDase2 from Leishmania infantum: a Phase II diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105535. [PMID: 32450137 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has been the theme of several studies given the importance of dog as natural reservoir of the pathogen Leishmania infantum in endemic regions and its role on dissemination of CVL and human visceral Lesihmaniasis (VL). The current immunodiagnosis of CVL has limitations concerning accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, improvements are required. rLiNTPDase2 has been previously highlighted as a new recombinant antigen from L. infantum to the CVL diagnosis by ELISA assay (rLiNTPDase2-ELISA). In this study, we aimed to evaluate rLiNTPDase2-ELISA in a Phase II study with 651 dog sera samples, also comparing it with methodologies previously established and used in epidemiology surveillance in Brazil, an endemic country of CVL and VL. The rLiNTPDase2-ELISA using standard control sera showed high capability to distinguish between positive and negative sera, sensitivity of 92.6% and specificity of 88.5%. The test was reproductive and the kappa statistics judgement "substantial agreement". rLiNTPDase2-ELISA does not show cross-reactivity with ehrlichiosis-reagent sera. However, we verified 15.3% of cross-reactivity with Chagas disease-reagent sera. The performance of rLiNTPDase2-ELISA was evaluated using sera samples from vaccinated dogs (Leish-Tec®). The results showed high agreement with parasitological and PCR results (sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 91.7%). Furthermore, we compared the performance of rLiNTPDase2-ELISA in CVL-reagent sera samples from endemic areas, which were previously diagnosed using other tests for CVL: immunofluorescent (IFI-LVC-Bio-Manguinhos), IFI-LVC-Bio-Manguinhos coupled to ELISA (EIE-LVC-Bio-Manguinhos) and the Rapid Dual Path Platform® (TR-DPP®-Bio-Manguinhos) coupled to EIE-LVC-Bio-Manguinhos. rLiNTPDase2-ELISA showed high level of concordance with IFI-LVC-Bio-Manguinhos (88.6%) and with IFI-LVC-Bio-Manguinhos coupled to EIE-LVC-Bio-Manguinhos (82.9%) but not with TR-DPP® -Bio-Manguinhos coupled to EIE-LVC-Bio-Manguinhos (33.3%), which casts doubts on the effectiveness of this latest test. In addition, the rLiNTPDase2 antigen adsorbed in 96-well plate was stable enough to be used at least for three months. Taken together, our data confirmed, by Phase II study using hundreds samples, the good potential of rLiNTPDase2-ELISA to be used in the field as a new diagnostic assay for CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cláudia Alves de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Raissa Barbosa de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Yaro Luciolo Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Nancy da Rocha Torres Pavione
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Joice de Melo Agripino
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas - NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas - NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronny Francisco de Souza
- Coordenação do Curso de Biologia, Centro Universitário de Caratinga-UNEC, Fundação Educacional de Caratinga-FUNEC, Rua Niterói S/N°, Campus Caratinga, (Unidade II), CEP 35300-345, Caratinga/MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Licursi de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael de Souza Vasconcellos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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11
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Gene design, optimization of protein expression and preliminary evaluation of a new chimeric protein for the serological diagnosis of both human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008488. [PMID: 32716931 PMCID: PMC7410341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major neglected disease, potentially fatal, whose control is still impaired by inefficient and/or expensive treatment and diagnostic methods. The most promising approach for VL diagnosis uses serological assays with recombinant proteins, since they are more efficient and easier to perform. Tests developed for the human form of the disease, however, have not been shown to be efficient for its diagnosis in the canine host, the major reservoir for the American VL. Methodology/Principal findings Here, we describe a systematic approach aimed at the production of a new chimeric protein potentially able to be used for both human and canine VL diagnosis and based both on in silico gene design and experimental data. Starting from the previous identification of Leishmania infantum recombinant antigens efficient for the diagnosis of either human or canine VL, three of the best performing antigens were selected (Lci2, Lci3 and Lci12). After a preliminary evaluation validating the chimeric approach, DNA fragments encoding predicted antigenic regions from each protein, enriched with repeats, were joined in various combinations to generate a total of seventeen chimeric genes optimized for prokaryotic expression. These were assessed for optimal expression and purification yield, with four chimeric proteins being efficiently produced. Their diagnostic potential was then evaluated through ELISA assays with sera from VL afflicted humans and dogs. After two rounds of gene design, the results showed high levels of sensitivity for the best chimeric protein, named Q5, in humans (82%) and dogs (100%) with 100% specificity in comparison with healthy controls. A single non-specific reaction was seen with serum from individuals with tegumentary leishmaniasis. Conclusion The newly described chimeric protein is potentially useful for the detection of both humans and dogs afflicted with VL, with its use in rapid tests necessary for validation as a new diagnostic tool. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major neglected disease, potentially fatal, caused mainly by Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. Its control is still impaired by inefficient and/or expensive treatment and diagnostic methods. VL diagnosis is mostly dependent on serological assays made with bacterially expressed Leishmania proteins. Tests developed for the human form of the disease, however, are not efficient for its diagnosis in the canine host. Dogs are the major reservoir for the American VL and their infection also needs to be monitored, requiring a distinct diagnostic test. Here, we describe a new chimeric protein potentially able to be used for both human and canine VL diagnosis. Based on a systematic approach using three Leishmania proteins known to be efficient for the diagnosis of either human or canine VL, fragments of each were joined in various combinations. The diagnostic potential of different chimeric proteins was then evaluated with human and canine sera from VL afflicted individuals. The best protein showed high levels of sensitivity in humans and dogs with no relevant false positive results with healthy controls or humans with tegumentary leishmaniasis. It is then potentially useful for the detection of both humans and dogs afflicted with VL in novel diagnostic tests.
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12
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Evaristo AMDCF, Sevá ADP, Oliveira GMBD, Silva IWGD, Ferreira MS, Souza EARD, Silva JAM, Azevedo SS, Horta MC. Canine leishmaniasis in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil: epidemiology, factors associated with seropositivity and spatial analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e001120. [PMID: 32490894 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, factors associated with seropositivity to Leishmania infection in dogs and spatial analysis in six municipalities in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 462 dogs, 77 in each municipality, and used for serological analysis [dual path platform (DPP®) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)]. Clinical signs of dogs were evaluated and associated factors for Leishmania infection were analyzed using robust Poisson regression model. A seroprevalence of 42.8% (198/462, IC: 95% = 38.6%-47.6%) was detected in dogs that tested positive in both tests, ranging from 29.8% to 55.8%, with higher prevalence in the municipality of Cabrobó (55.8%; P = 0.006). About 67% (132/198) of the seropositive dogs showed one or more clinical signs suggestive of canine leishmaniasis (CanL), such as lymphadenomegaly, skin lesions and conjunctivitis, which were associated with seropositivity. High seroprevalence levels were identified in urban and rural areas in all the municipalities, and the buffer for sand flies around cases covered almost these entire areas. Spatial analysis revealed a significant cluster, showing a relative risk of 1.88 in the urban area of Cabrobó. The higher density of seropositive dogs in urban areas indicates the need effective control measures against CanL to prevent the emergence of canine and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Departamento de Modelagem Computacional em Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Ivo Wesley Gomes da Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - Matheus Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Sergio Santos Azevedo
- Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - Mauricio Claudio Horta
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
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13
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Use of plasmids for expression of proteins from the genus Leishmania in Escherichia coli: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4273-4280. [PMID: 32215706 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania with a wide spectrum of clinical and epidemiological manifestations which are characterized into four clinical groups: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and visceral. American visceral leishmaniosis (AVL) or visceral leishmaniosis (VL) has been known as the most severe form of the disease. However, despite the growing number of people exposed to the infection risk and the great effort done by the scientific community worldwide to significantly increase the knowledge about these diseases, there is no vaccine capable of preventing VL in humans. In this short review, we present some of the plasmids used for the expression of recombinant protein by Escherichia coli strains used mainly for the second generation of vaccines for leishmaniosis. It can be emphasized that currently, these vectors and hosts play an important role in developing vaccine strategies against the disease. Indeed, use of the E. coli BL21 (DE) strain is remarkable mainly due to its characteristics for being a stable protein producer as well as the use of histidine tags for antigen purification. KEY POINTS: • Plasmid vectors and E. coli will continue being important for studies about leishmaniosis. • Protein purification exploiting histidine tags is a key technique.
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14
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Ramírez L, de Moura LD, Mateus NLF, de Moraes MH, do Nascimento LFM, de Jesus Melo N, Taketa LB, Catecati T, Huete SG, Penichet K, Piranda EM, de Oliveira AG, Steindel M, Barral-Netto M, do Socorro Pires e Cruz M, Barral A, Soto M. Improving the serodiagnosis of canine Leishmania infantum infection in geographical areas of Brazil with different disease prevalence. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 8:e00126. [PMID: 31832561 PMCID: PMC6890974 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs relies on the detection of antibodies against leishmanial crude extracts or parasitic defined antigens. The expansion of canine leishmaniasis from geographical areas of Brazil in which the infection is endemic to regions in which the disease is emerging is occurring. This fact makes necessary the analysis of the serodiagnostic capabilities of different leishmanial preparations in distinct geographical locations. In this article sera from dogs infected with Leishmania and showing the clinical form of the disease, were collected in three distinct Brazilian States and were tested against soluble leishmanial antigens or seven parasite individual antigens produced as recombinant proteins. We show that the recognition of soluble leishmanial antigens by sera from these animals was influenced by the geographical location of the infected dogs. Efficacy of the diagnosis based on this crude parasite preparation was higher in newly endemic regions when compared with areas of high disease endemicity. We also show that the use of three of the recombinant proteins, namely parasite surface kinetoplastid membrane protein of 11 kDa (KMP-11), and two members of the P protein family (P2a and P0), can improve the degree of sensitivity without adversely affecting the specificity of the diagnostic assays for canine leishmaniasis, independently of the geographical area of residence. In addition, sera from dogs clinically healthy but infected were also assayed with some of the antigen preparations. We demonstrate that the use of these proteins can help to the serodiagnosis of Leishmania infected animals with subclinical infections. Finally, we propose a diagnostic protocol using a combination of KMP-11, P2a y P0, together with total leishmanial extracts.
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Key Words
- Antibodies
- BB, blocking buffer
- CanL, Canine visceral leishmaniasis
- Canine leishmaniasis
- EDCB, ELISA denaturant coating buffer
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HSP, Heat shock protein
- KMP-11, Kinetoplastid-membrane protein of 11 kDa
- LR, Likelihood ratio
- Leishmania
- MS, Mato Grosso do Sul State (Brazil)
- PBS, phosphate saline buffer
- PI, Piaui State (Brazil)
- ROC, Receiver Operating Characteristic
- RR, Relative reactivity
- RT, Room temperature
- Recombinant proteins
- SC, Santa Catarina State (Brazil)
- SLA, Soluble leishmanial antigen
- Serodiagnosis
- VL, Visceral leishmaniosis
- WB, Washing buffer
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luana Dias de Moura
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, 64049-550 PI, Brazil
| | - Natalia Lopes Fontoura Mateus
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Milene Hoehr de Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | | | - Nailson de Jesus Melo
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, 64049-550 PI, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bezerra Taketa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Catecati
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel G. Huete
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Penichet
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliane Mattos Piranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz- FIOCRUZ). Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador 40296-710 BA, Brazil
| | | | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz- FIOCRUZ). Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador 40296-710 BA, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Olías-Molero AI, Corral MJ, Jiménez-Antón MD, Alunda JM. Early antibody response and clinical outcome in experimental canine leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18606. [PMID: 31819140 PMCID: PMC6901516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infected dogs are the main reservoir of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, a widespread parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Therefore, the control of canine infections is required to reduce the incidence of human cases. Disease outcome in dogs depends on the fine balance between parasite virulence and efficacy of the immune system. Thus, knowledge of early response could yield relevant information for diagnosis and follow-up. In our study, 20 Beagle dogs were intravenously infected with 108 amastigotes of a fresh isolate of L. infantum and monitored along 16 weeks post inoculation. Specific antibody response and clinical evolution of infected animals were highly variable. Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were useful to assess infection status, although only ELISA with promastigote-coated plates and, particularly, western blotting (WB) allowed an early diagnosis. Prominent antigens were identified by mass peptide fingerprinting. Chaperonin HSP60, 32 and 30 KDa antigens were recognized by all dogs on week 10 post infection. This suggests that these antigens may be valuable for early diagnosis. Advanced infection showed, in addition, reactivity to HSP83 and HSP70. Disease outcome did not show a clear relationship with ELISA or IFAT titers. Correlation between the clinical status and the combined reactivity to some antigens sustains their use for diagnosis and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Olías-Molero
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Group ICPVet, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Corral
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Group ICPVet, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Jiménez-Antón
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Group ICPVet, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Mª Alunda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Group ICPVet, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Kühne V, Rezaei Z, Pitzinger P, Büscher P. Systematic review on antigens for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, with a focus on East Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007658. [PMID: 31415564 PMCID: PMC6711545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate and accessible diagnosis is key for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Yet, current diagnostic tests for VL have severe limitations: they are invasive or not suitable as point of care (POC) test or their performance is suboptimal in East Africa. We analysed the antigens in the VL serodiagnostics development pipeline to identify shortcomings and to propose strategies in the development of an alternative POC test for VL in East Africa. Objectives The objective of this study was to identify and to analyse all antigens for VL serodiagnosis that have been published before 2018 in order to identify candidates and gaps in the pipeline for a new POC test in East Africa. Methods A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed for original research articles on Leishmania-specific antigens for antibody detection of VL in humans. From each article, the following information was extracted: the antigen name, test format and characteristics, its reported sensitivity and specificity and study cohort specifications. Results One hundred and seven articles containing information about 96 tests based on 89 different antigens were included in this study. Eighty six of these tests, comprising 80 antigens, were evaluated in phase I and II studies only. Only 20 antigens, all of which are native, contain a carbohydrate and/or lipid moiety. Twenty-four antigens, of which 7 are non-native, are composed of antigen mixtures. Nineteen tests, comprising 18 antigens, have been evaluated on East African specimens, of which only 2 (rK28 based immunochromatographic test and intact promastigote based indirect fluorescent antibody technique) consistently showed sensitivities above 94 and specificities above 97% in a phase III study and one in a phase II study (dot blot with SLA). Only rK28 is a non-native mixture of antigens which we consider suitable for further evaluation and implementation. Conclusions The development pipeline for an alternative serodiagnostic test for VL is almost empty. Most antigens are not sufficiently evaluated. Non-protein antigens and antigen mixtures are being neglected. We propose to expand the evaluation of existing antigen candidates and to investigate the diagnostic potential of defined non-native carbohydrate and lipid antigens for VL serodiagnosis in East Africa. Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease that affects more than 20 000 people every year. Its diagnosis is difficult since the clinical symptoms are not specific and the existing diagnostic tests are not useful in limited resource countries or they a not accurate enough in East Africa. In this review we performed a systematic search of the published literature to analyse the potential candidate antigens in the pipeline for a new antibody detection test in East Africa. We found 96 tests based on 89 antigens. Eighty six of these tests were evaluated in a study design that is insufficient (phase I and II) to make conclusions on their performance in clinical practice. We found that the candidate antigens either lacked carbohydrate or lipid structures or are based on single antigens as opposed to mixtures or are extracted from the causative parasite itself, making them expensive and prone to variations. Considering that the most widely used diagnostic test does not detect all cases of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa, we analysed how many of the candidate antigens were tested on East African specimens: We found that only 2 tests (rK28 based immunochromatographic test and the intact promastigote based indirect fluorescent antibody technique) that were tested in a phase III study and only one (dot blot with SLA) that was tested in a phase II study performed well according to our criteria. Due to the antigen characteristics we consider only the rK28 based test as suitable for further evaluation and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kühne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paul Pitzinger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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17
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Machado JM, Costa LE, Dias DS, Ribeiro PAF, Martins VT, Lage DP, Carvalho GB, Franklin ML, Tavares GSV, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Machado AS, Ramos LS, Nogueira LM, Mariano RMS, Moura HB, Silva ES, Teixeira-Neto RG, Campos-da-Paz M, Galdino AS, Coelho EAF. Diagnostic markers selected by immunoproteomics and phage display applied for the serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniosis. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:4-8. [PMID: 31415928 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is one of the most important parasitic diseases found in several countries worldwide. Dogs are considered important domestic reservoirs of the parasites, being relevant in the maintenance of transmission cycle of the disease between sandflies and humans. However, the prevalence of asymptomatic infection is considerably higher than that of apparent clinical illness in the infected animals; thus making promptly necessary to diagnose the infection in these animals, which could help to allow to the adoption of more efficient control measures against disease. Parasitological tests, which are considered as gold standard to demonstrate the infection and diagnose the disease, present problems related with their sensitivity. Also, the sample´s collect is considered invasive. As consequence, serological tests could be applied as an additional tool to detect the asymptomatic and symptomatic CanL. For this purpose, distinct recombinant antigens have been studied; however, problems in their sensitivity and/or specificity have been still registered. The present review focus in advances in the identification of new diagnostic targets applied for the CanL diagnose, represented here by recombinant single, combined or chimeric proteins, as well as by peptides that mimic epitopes (mimotopes); which were selected by means of immunoproteomics and phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Machado
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lourena E Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patricia A F Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gerusa B Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michelle L Franklin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luana S Ramos
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lais M Nogueira
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reysla M S Mariano
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Henrique B Moura
- Infectious Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Silva
- Infectious Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Teixeira-Neto
- Infectious Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Campos-da-Paz
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro S Galdino
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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18
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Duthie MS, Lison A, Courtenay O. Advances toward Diagnostic Tools for Managing Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:881-890. [PMID: 30131210 PMCID: PMC6168404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening outcome of Leishmania infantum or Leishmania donovani infection. Dogs are the primary domestic reservoir of L. infantum parasites, and ownership of infected dogs increases the risk of human VL. Controlling infection within dog populations is regarded as critical to VL management in endemic countries, both preventing progression of canine disease and limiting parasite transmission to humans and dogs. Here we discuss various strategies that are used to diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and the possibilities of adapting these for use within population screening and control programs. In addition, given the variable transmissibility of L. infantum to the sand fly vector, we outline some possibilities for the preferential identification of 'super-spreader' dogs among the overall infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Aurore Lison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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19
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Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Profiti M, Nogarol C, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Giovannoli C, Spano G, Ferroglio E, Mignone W, Rosati S. A versatile and sensitive lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4123-4134. [PMID: 29687248 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic infectious disease with a severe impact on humans and animals. Infection is transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, and several domestic and wild mammals act as reservoirs for the infection, so the prompt detection of infected hosts is crucial to preventing and controlling the spread of the disease and its transmission to humans. A rapid and portable tool for VL diagnosis based on the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) technology is described herein. The device exploits a highly specific chimeric recombinant antigen as the recognition element for capturing anti-leishmanial antibodies, and protein A labelled with gold nanoparticles as the signal reporter. The LFIA shows excellent diagnostic sensitivity (98.4%), specificity (98.9%), and agreement with serological reference methods for diagnosing canine VL. The long-term stability of the LFIA device was confirmed based on six months of storage at room temperature or 4 °C, and the qualitative response of the device was not affected by limited thermal stress. The use of the broadly specific protein A means that the LFIA can be readily adapted to diagnose VL in dogs (the main reservoir for human infection) and other mammals, thus further assisting efforts to control the spread of VL. Graphical abstract A rapid and portable diagnostic tool for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) based on lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) technology. The presence of anti-leishmanial antibodies is revealed through the binding of these antibodies to a highly specific chimeric antigen. Employing a broadly specific signal reporter (protein A labelled with gold nanoparticles) enables the LFIA to be easily adapted to diagnose VL in different animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Profiti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3Diagnostic s.r.l., Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Giovannoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Spano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Walter Mignone
- Sez. Imperia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124, Turin, Italy
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20
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Guimarães-Peixoto RPM, Pinto PSA, Santos MR, Zilch TJ, Apolinário PF, Silva-Júnior A. Development of the multi-epitope chimeric antigen rqTSA-25 from Taenia saginata for serological diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006371. [PMID: 29649259 PMCID: PMC6078323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine cysticercosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis caused by the larval form of Taenia saginata present in bovine muscles. The diagnosis is based on the postmortem inspection at slaughterhouses and consists of the macroscopic visualization of lesions caused by cysticercosis in muscle sites. However, parasitized animals can pass unnoticed during sanitary inspection. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the performance of different peptides from different regions of T. saginata for the cysticercosis diagnosis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We generated and evaluated a new recombinant protein chimera derived from the fusion of different peptides. We selected three distinct regions of T. saginata and predicted six peptides with antigenic potential (EP2–EP7). These peptides were analyzed individually and selected for generating a new chimeric recombinant protein. The new protein was termed rqTSA-25, and its performance rates were: 93.3% sensitivity (confidence interval (CI) = 76–98%), 95.3% specificity (CI = 82–99%), 93% positive predictive value (CI = 76–98%), 95% negative predictive value (CI = 82–99%), and 95% accuracy. In the immunoblot, this protein showed no false positive or false negative reaction. Thus, the use of rqTSA-25 is recommended for the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis. Taenia saginata cysticercosis occurs worldwide. The prevalence related is higher mainly in developing countries, causing damage to public health and economic losses. Through our study, a new antigen with high diagnostic potential was developed for use in laboratory serological tests, aiming at the detection of bovine cysticercosis. In this way, it was possible to contribute significantly to the improvement of the diagnosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella P. M. Guimarães-Peixoto
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Paulo S. A. Pinto
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcus R. Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago J. Zilch
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula F. Apolinário
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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21
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Magalhães FB, Castro Neto AL, Nascimento MB, Santos WJT, Medeiros ZM, Lima Neto AS, Costa DL, Costa CHN, dos Santos WLC, Pontes de Carvalho LC, Oliveira GGS, de Melo Neto OP. Evaluation of a new set of recombinant antigens for the serological diagnosis of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184867. [PMID: 28957332 PMCID: PMC5619722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for the control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) rely on its efficient diagnosis in both human and canine hosts. The most promising and cost effective approach is based on serologic assays with recombinant proteins. However, no single antigen has been found so far which can be effectively used to detect the disease in both dogs and humans. In previous works, we identified Leishmania infantum antigens with potential for the serodiagnosis of VL. Here, we aimed to expand the panel of the available antigens for VL diagnosis through another screening of a genomic expression library. Seven different protein-coding gene fragments were identified, five of which encoding proteins which have not been previously studied in Leishmania and rich in repetitive motifs. Poly-histidine tagged polypeptides were generated from six genes and evaluated for their potential for diagnosis of VL by ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) with sera from infected humans and dogs. None of those was valid for the detection of human VL (26–52% sensitivity) although their performance was increased in the canine sera (48–91% sensitivity), with one polypeptide useful for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis. Next, we assayed a mixture of three antigens, found to be best for human or canine VL, among 13 identified through different screenings. This “Mix” resulted in similar levels of sensitivity for both human (84%) and canine (88%) sera. With improvements, this validates the use of multiple proteins, including antigens identified here, as components of a single system for the diagnosis of both forms of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur L. Castro Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marilia B. Nascimento
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Wagner J. T. Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Zulma M. Medeiros
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Dorcas L. Costa
- Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella (IDTNP), Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. N. Costa
- Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella (IDTNP), Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo G. S. Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Bahia), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo P. de Melo Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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22
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Costa LE, Salles BC, Santos TT, Ramos FF, Lima MP, Lima MI, Portela ÁS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Duarte MC, Menezes-Souza D, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Silveira JA, Magalhães-Soares DF, Goulart LR, Coelho EA. Antigenicity of phage clones and their synthetic peptides for the serodiagnosis of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. Microb Pathog 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Martínez Abad LP, Almeida CS, Mattos AMM, Mendonça ACP, Alves MJM, Pinheiro AC, Porrozzi R, Abass E, Steinhoff U, Teixeira HC. Diagnostic accuracy of rKLO8 versus rK26 ELISAs for screening of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2017; 166:133-138. [PMID: 27876645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) represents an important public health issue. Despite numerous diagnostic tests available, CVL diagnosis still needs to be improved to achieve a more accurate detection rate. Recently, rKLO8, a new antigenic protein of Sudanese Leishmania donovani, was studied for the first time in diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) and showed good performance. The present study aimed to evaluate serum reactivity to rKL08 and the reference antigen rK26, and to compare both diagnostic proteins with the combined DPP® CVL rapid test and ELISA (EIE-Bio-Manguinhos) confirmatory test, which are both recommended for the diagnosis of CVL in Brazil. Serum samples of dogs were grouped into: (I) DPP®/EIE negative (n=100) and (II) DPP®/EIE positive sera (n=100). Enhanced levels of IgG, mainly IgG2, to both rKLO8 and rK26 were found in group II. Sensitivity was 68% and 77% and specificity was 92% and 91%, for rKLO8 and rK26 antigens, respectively. Moreover, the combination of rKLO8 and rK26 antigens (rKLO8+rK26) exhibited higher sensitivity (85%) and specificity (93%). Thus, our results show that apart from the improved diagnostic power of rKLO8 in HVL, this new antigen is also suitable for the diagnosis of CVL. Further, the combination of rKLO8 and rK26 antigens increases the diagnostic accuracy of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily P Martínez Abad
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline S Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Márcia M Mattos
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina P Mendonça
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcio J M Alves
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Aimara C Pinheiro
- Zoonosis Control Center, Municipal Health Secretariat, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elfadil Abass
- Department of Microbiology, Sudan International University, Khartoum and Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Henrique C Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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24
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Gouvêa MV, Mendonça IL, Cruz MDSPE, Costa CHN, Braga JU, Werneck GL. Predictive factors for Leishmania infantum infection in dogs examined at a veterinary teaching hospital in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 49:107-11. [PMID: 27163573 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0187-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Brazil, culling of seropositive dogs is one of the recommended strategies to control visceral leishmaniasis. Since infectiousness is correlated with clinical signs, control measures targeting symptomatic dogs could be more effective. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1,410 dogs, predictive models were developed based on clinical signs and an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. RESULTS The validated predictive model showed sensitivity and specificity of 86.5% and 70.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Predictive models could be used as tools to aid control programs in focusing on a smaller fraction of dogs contributing more to infection dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Gouvêa
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivete Lopes Mendonça
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Maria do Socorro Pires E Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - José Ueleres Braga
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Loureiro Werneck
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Schwarz NG, Loderstaedt U, Hahn A, Hinz R, Zautner AE, Eibach D, Fischer M, Hagen RM, Frickmann H. Microbiological laboratory diagnostics of neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs). Acta Trop 2017; 165:40-65. [PMID: 26391646 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review reports on laboratory diagnostic approaches for selected, highly pathogenic neglected zoonotic diseases, i.e. anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, rabies, Taenia solium-associated diseases (neuro-/cysticercosis & taeniasis) and trypanosomiasis. Diagnostic options, including microscopy, culture, matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, molecular approaches and serology are introduced. These procedures are critically discussed regarding their diagnostic reliability and state of evaluation. For rare diseases reliable evaluation data are scarce due to the rarity of samples. If bio-safety level 3 is required for cultural growth, but such high standards of laboratory infrastructure are not available, serological and molecular approaches from inactivated sample material might be alternatives. Multiple subsequent testing using various test platforms in a stepwise approach may improve sensitivity and specificity. Cheap and easy to use tests, usually called "rapid diagnostic tests" (RDTs) may impact disease control measures, but should not preclude developing countries from state of the art diagnostics.
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Evaluation of Immunofluorescence Antibody Test Used for the Diagnosis of Canine Leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161051. [PMID: 27537405 PMCID: PMC4990183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With an expected sensitivity (Se) of 96% and specificity (Sp) of 98%, the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) is frequently used as a reference test to validate new diagnostic methods and estimate the canine leihmaniasis (CanL) true prevalence in the Mediterranean basin. To review the diagnostic accuracy of IFAT to diagnose CanL in this area with reference to its Se and Sp and elucidate the potential causes of their variations, a systematic review was conducted (31 studies for the 26-year period). Three IFAT validation methods stood out: the classical contingency table method, methods based on statistical models and those based on experimental studies. A variation in the IFAT Se and Sp values and cut-off values was observed. For the classical validation method based on a meta-analysis, the Se of IFAT was estimated in this area as 89.86% and 31.25% in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs, respectively. The Sp of IFAT was estimated in non-endemic and endemic areas as 98.12% and 96.57%, respectively. IFAT can be considered as a good standard test in non-endemic areas for CanL, but its accuracy declines in endemic areas due to the complexity of the disease. Indeed, the accuracy of IFAT is due to the negative results obtained in non-infected dogs from non-endemic areas and to the positive results obtained in sera of symptomatic dogs living in endemic areas. But IFAT results are not unequivocal when it comes to determining CanL infection on asymptomatic dogs living in endemic areas. Statistical methods might be a solution to overcome the lack of gold standard, to better categorize groups of animals investigated, to assess optimal cut-off values and to allow a better estimate of the true prevalence aiming information on preventive/control measures for CanL.
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Farahmand M, Nahrevanian H. Application of Recombinant Proteins for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Humans and Dogs. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 20:128-34. [PMID: 26883952 PMCID: PMC4949976 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease caused by leishmania species. Dogs are considered to be the main reservoir of VL. A number of methods and antigen-based assays are used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. However, currently available methods are mainly based on direct examination of tissues for the presence of parasites, which is highly invasive. A variety of serological tests are commonly applied for VL diagnosis, including indirect fluorescence antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot-ELISA, direct agglutination test, Western-blotting, and immunochromatographic test. However, when soluble antigens are used, serological tests are less specific due to cross-reactivity with other parasitic diseases. Several studies have attempted to replace soluble antigens with recombinant proteins to improve the sensitivity and the specificity of the immunodiagnostic tests. Major technological advances in recombinant antigens as reagents for the serological diagnosis of VL have led to high sensitivity and specificity of these serological tests. A great number of recombinant proteins have been shown to be effective for the diagnosis of leishmania infection in dogs, the major reservoir of L. infantum. Although few recombinant proteins with high efficacy provide reasonable results for the diagnosis of human and canine VL, more optimization is still needed for the appropriate antigens to provide high-throughput performance. This review aims to explore the application of different recombinant proteins for the serodiagnosis of VL in humans and dogs.
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Costa LE, Salles BCS, Alves PT, Dias ACS, Vaz ER, Ramos FF, Menezes-Souza D, Duarte MC, Roatt BM, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Tavares CAP, Gonçalves DU, Rocha MOC, Goulart LR, Coelho EAF. New serological tools for improved diagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Immunol Methods 2016; 434:39-45. [PMID: 27090730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human tegumentary leishmaniasis (HTL), characterized by skin ulcers that may spread and cause dreadful and massive tissue destruction of the nose and mouth, is considered a neglected tropical disease, and it is a serious threat to global health due to its continuous expansion, favored by the lifecycle of its causative organism that is maintained in domestic animal reservoirs and anthropophilic sand fly species. Serodiagnosis of HTL is a great challenge due to many biological factors, including hampered specificity and/or sensitivity. This investigation addresses the unmet need for new diagnostic markers of HTL, and describes a simple platform to improve the serodiagnosis. A constrained conformational phage display random peptide library combined with a magnetic microsphere-based subtraction strategy was used to identify ligands with potential diagnostic applications. Six clones were selected against IgG antibodies from HTL patients, characterized by sequencing and confirmed by a phage-ELISA using sera from patients developing visceral leishmaniasis (n=20), Chagas disease (n=10), mucosal (n=30) and cutaneous (n=20) leishmaniasis; as well as from healthy subjects living in endemic (n=20) and non-endemic (n=30) areas of leishmaniasis. A wild-type M13-phage clone and a soluble Leishmania antigenic extract were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Three clones reached 100% sensitivity and specificity, without any cross-reactivity with sera from patients with leishmaniasis-related diseases. Briefly, we describe for the first time a set of serological markers based on three immunodominant mimotopes that showed 100% accuracy, and that could be used in a phage-ELISA assay for the HTL serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourena E Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz C S Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Alves
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C S Dias
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emília R Vaz
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Roatt
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos A P Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manoel O C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, 95616 Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Lage DP, Martins VT, Duarte MC, Costa LE, Garde E, Dimer LM, Kursancew ACS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, de Magalhães-Soares DF, Menezes-Souza D, Roatt BM, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Soto M, Tavares CAP, Coelho EAF. A new Leishmania-specific hypothetical protein and its non-described specific B cell conformational epitope applied in the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1649-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fraga DBM, Pacheco LV, Borja LS, Tuy PGDSE, Bastos LA, Solcà MDS, Amorim LDAF, Veras PST. The Rapid Test Based on Leishmania infantum Chimeric rK28 Protein Improves the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis by Reducing the Detection of False-Positive Dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004333. [PMID: 26731098 PMCID: PMC4701173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) has spread to many urban centers worldwide. Dogs are considered the main reservoir of VL, because canine cases often precede the occurrence of human cases. Detection and euthanasia of serologically positive dogs is one of the primary VL control measures utilized in some countries, including Brazil. Using accurate diagnostic tests can minimize one undesirable consequence of this measure, culling false-positive dogs, and reduce the maintenance of false-negative dogs in endemic areas. In December 2011, the Brazilian Ministry of Health replaced the ELISA (EIE CVL) screening method and Indirect Immunofluorescence Test (IFI CVL) confirmatory method with a new protocol using the rapid DPP CVL screening test and EIE CVL confirmatory test. A study of diagnostic accuracy of these two protocols was done by comparing their performance using serum samples collected from a random sample of 780 dogs in an endemic area of VL. All samples were evaluated by culture and real time PCR; 766 out of the 780 dogs were tested using the previous protocol (IFI CVL + EIE CVL) and all 780 were tested using the current protocol (DPP CVL + EIE CVL). Performances of both diagnostic protocols were evaluated using a latent class variable as the gold standard. The current protocol had a higher specificity (0.98 vs. 0.95) and PPV (0.83 vs. 0.70) than the previous protocol, although sensitivity of these two protocols was similar (0.73). When tested using sera from asymptomatic animals, the current protocol had a much higher PPV (0.63 vs. 0.40) than the previous protocol (although the sensitivity of either protocol was the same, 0.71). Considering a range of theoretical CVL prevalences, the projected PPVs were higher for the current protocol than for the previous protocol for each theoretical prevalence value. The findings presented herein show that the current protocol performed better than previous protocol primarily by reducing false-positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Lairton Souza Borja
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Leila Andrade Bastos
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Oliveira IQ, Silva RA, Sucupira MV, da Silva ED, Reis AB, Grimaldi G, Fraga DBM, Veras PST. Multi-antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA)-based evaluation of novel recombinant Leishmania infantum antigens for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:45. [PMID: 25616448 PMCID: PMC4318189 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of Leishmania infantum in regions where visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic. Although serologic methods are frequently used for the screening of infected dogs, antibody-based tests require further assessment, due to lack of sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we employed a multi-antigen printing immunoassay (MAPIA) to compare the antibody responses to novel recombinant proteins of L. infantum with the potential for the detection of canine VL. Findings MAPIA strips were prepared employing 12 recombinant proteins. Antibody reactivity to these antigens was compared using a panel of sera collected from clinically asymptomatic (n = 16) and symptomatic (n = 41) culture-positive animals. Our findings showed that the canine immune response to antigen differs between dogs and depends on infection status. Using this screening assay, when five out of the 12 antigens were combined, an overall 81% detection rate of L. infantum-infected dogs was achieved. Conclusions We conclude that MAPIA is an effective screening tool to rapidly select multiple antigens of diagnostic utility to be used in a more sensitive point of care diagnostic test such as the Dual-Path Platform (DPP) multiplex test for the rapid detection of infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Queiroz de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 (Candeal), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Araujo Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 (Candeal), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Michel Vergne Sucupira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Diagnóstica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Edmilson Domingos da Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Diagnóstica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Grimaldi
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 (Candeal), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 (Candeal), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 (Candeal), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Faria AR, de Castro Veloso L, Coura-Vital W, Reis AB, Damasceno LM, Gazzinelli RT, Andrade HM. Novel recombinant multiepitope proteins for the diagnosis of asymptomatic leishmania infantum-infected dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3429. [PMID: 25569685 PMCID: PMC4287523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Worldwide, approximately 20% of zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum, also known as Leishmania chagasi in Latin America. Current diagnostic methods are not accurate enough to identify Leishmania-infected animals and may compromise the effectiveness of disease control. Therefore, we aimed to produce and test two recombinant multiepitope proteins as a means to improve and increase accuracy in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Methodology/Principal Findings Ten antigenic peptides were identified by CVL ELISA in previous work. In the current proposal, the coding sequences of these ten peptides were assembled into a synthetic gene. Furthermore, other twenty peptides were selected from work by our group where good B and T cell epitopes were mapped. The coding sequences of these peptides were also assembled into a synthetic gene. Both genes have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, producing two multiepitope recombinant proteins, PQ10 and PQ20. These antigens have been used in CVL ELISA and were able to identify asymptomatic dogs (80%) more effectively than EIE-LVC kit, produced by Bio-Manguinhos (0%) and DPP kit (10%). Moreover, our recombinant proteins presented an early detection (before PCR) of infected dogs, with positivities ranging from 23% to 65%, depending on the phase of infection in which sera were acquired. Conclusions/Significance Our study shows that ELISA using the multiepitope proteins PQ10 and PQ20 has great potential in early CVL diagnosis. The use of these proteins in other methodologies, such as immunochromatographic tests, could be beneficial mainly for the detection of asymptomatic dogs. Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form among leishmaniasis, being a neglected disease caused by a protozoan parasite. Its transmission through phlebotominae bites, between dogs and humans, classifies it as a zoonotic disease. It is caused by the specie Leishmania infantum ( = L. chagasi) and represents 20% of the world's human visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious public health issue, fatal if untreated, and its incidence is increasing in urban areas of the tropics. In Brazil, one of the control measures is the identification and elimination of infected dogs, which act as reservoirs for Leishmania parasites. Diagnostic methods used to identify infection in these animals are still not accurate enough, which may compromise the effectiveness of this control measure. Thus, to contribute to the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis, we aimed to develop and test two new antigens that could be applied in early detection of infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Rosa Faria
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Luciano de Castro Veloso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Miranda Damasceno
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hélida M. Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Fonseca AM, Faria AR, Rodrigues FTG, Nagem RAP, Magalhães RDM, Cunha JLR, Bartholomeu DC, de Andrade HM. Evaluation of three recombinant Leishmania infantum antigens in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. Acta Trop 2014; 137:25-30. [PMID: 24801885 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease and is fatal if untreated. Dogs serve as reservoirs for Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) due to their susceptibility to infection and high skin parasitism. Therefore, VL control in Brazil involves the elimination of seropositive dogs, among other actions. However, the most frequently used serological tests have limitations regarding sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we have selected three Leishmania antigens (C1, C8 and C9) and have produced them as recombinant proteins using pET-28a-TEV vector and Escherichia coli BL-21 as expression system. When tested in ELISA with human samples, the C9 antigen was the one showing the most promising results, with 68% sensitivity and 78% specificity. When testing canine samples, the C1, C8 and C9 antigens showed a sensitivity range from 70% to 80% and specificity range from 60% to 90%. The C1 antigen presented higher sensitivity (80%) and the C8 antigen presented higher specificity (90%). Due to it, we decided to mix and test C1 and C8 antigens together, resulting in the C18 antigen. The mix also yielded high percentages of detected symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs however it did not improve the performance of the diagnostic. Comparison of our tests with the tests recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health revealed that our antigens' sensitivities and the percentage of detected asymptomatic dogs were much higher. Our results suggest that the C1, C8, C18 and C9 recombinant proteins are good antigens to diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis and could potentially be used in screening tests. To diagnose human visceral leishmaniasis, the C9 antigen presented reasonable results, but more optimization must be performed for this antigen to provide better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliani Moura Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angélica Rosa Faria
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernandes Tenório Gomes Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rubens Daniel Miserani Magalhães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Luís Reis Cunha
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Subtractive phage display selection from canine visceral leishmaniasis identifies novel epitopes that mimic Leishmania infantum antigens with potential serodiagnosis applications. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 21:96-106. [PMID: 24256622 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00583-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease that is endemic to Brazil, where dogs are the main domestic parasite reservoirs, and the percentages of infected dogs living in regions where canine VL (CVL) is endemic have ranged from 10% to 62%. Despite technological advances, some problems have been reported with CVL serodiagnosis. The present study describes a sequential subtractive selection through phage display technology from polyclonal antibodies of negative and positive sera that resulted in the identification of potential bacteriophage-fused peptides that were highly sensitive and specific to antibodies of CVL. A negative selection was performed in which phage clones were adhered to purified IgGs from healthy and Trypanosoma cruzi-infected dogs to eliminate cross-reactive phages. The remaining supernatant nonadhered phages were submitted to positive selection against IgG from the blood serum of dogs that were infected with Leishmania infantum. Phage clones that adhered to purified IgGs from the CVL-infected serum samples were selected. Eighteen clones were identified and their reactivities tested by a phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (phage-ELISA) against the serum samples from infected dogs (n = 31) compared to those from vaccinated dogs (n = 21), experimentally infected dogs with cross-reactive parasites (n = 23), and healthy controls (n = 17). Eight clones presented sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 100%, and they showed no cross-reactivity with T. cruzi- or Ehrlichia canis-infected dogs or with dogs vaccinated with two different commercial CVL vaccines in Brazil. Our study identified eight mimotopes of L. infantum antigens with 100% accuracy for CVL serodiagnosis. The use of these mimotopes by phage-ELISA proved to be an excellent assay that was reproducible, simple, fast, and inexpensive, and it can be applied in CVL-monitoring programs.
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Ejazi SA, Ali N. Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:79-98. [PMID: 23428104 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) continues to be a life-threatening neglected tropical disease, with close to 200 million people at risk of infection globally. Epidemics and resurgence of VL are associated with negligence by the policy makers, economic decline and population movements. Control of the disease is hampered by the lack of proficient vaccination, rapid diagnosis in a field setting and severe side effects of current drug therapies. The diagnosis of VL relied largely on invasive techniques of detecting parasites in splenic and bone marrow aspirates. rK39 and PCR, despite problems related to varying sensitivities and specificities and field adaptability, respectively, are considered the best options for VL diagnosis today. No single therapy of VL currently offers satisfactory efficacy along with safety. The field of VL research only recently shifted toward actively identifying new drugs for safe and affordable treatment. Oral miltefosine and safe AmBisome along with better use of amphotericin B have been rapidly implemented in the last decade. A combination therapy will substantially reduce the required dose and duration of drug administration and reduce the chance of the development of resistance. In addition, identification of asymptomatic cases, vector control and treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis would allow new perspectives in VL control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Souza AP, Soto M, Costa JML, Boaventura VS, de Oliveira CI, Cristal JR, Barral-Netto M, Barral A. Towards a more precise serological diagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis using Leishmania recombinant proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66110. [PMID: 23776617 PMCID: PMC3680450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to Leishmania induces a humoral immune response that can be used as a marker of parasite exposure. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein, ELISA was used to screen sera from patients with Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) against different L. infantum-chagasi-derived recombinant proteins (rHSP70, rH2A, rH2B, rH3, rH4 and rKMP11). Among the recombinant proteins, rHSP70 and rH2A showed the best reactivity against human sera obtained from endemic areas of TL. Receiver-Operator Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the effectiveness of these proteins for serodiagnosis of TL. ROC curves confirmed the superior performance of rHSP70 and rH2A, in comparison to the other tested recombinant proteins. Additionally, we evaluated the specificity of the response to rHSP70 and rH2A by testing sera obtained from patients with Chagas' disease, Tuberculosis, Leprosy or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In this case, rHSP70 displayed an increased ability to discriminate diseases, in comparison to SLA. Conclusion Our results raise possibility of using rHSP70 for the serodiagnosis of TL
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jackson M. L. Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Viviane S. Boaventura
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia (iii-INCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juqueline R. Cristal
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia (iii-INCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia (iii-INCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs by using peptides selected from hypothetical proteins identified by an immunoproteomic approach. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:835-41. [PMID: 23554466 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00023-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, the percentage of infected dogs living in areas where canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is endemic ranges from 10 to 62%; however, the prevalence of infection in dogs is probably higher than figures reported from serological studies. In addition, problems with the occurrence of false-positive or false-negative results in the serodiagnosis of CVL have been reported. The present work analyzed the potential of synthetic peptides mapped from hypothetical proteins for improvement of the serodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs. From 26 identified leishmanial proteins, eight were selected, considering that no homologies between these proteins and others from trypanosomatide sequence databases were encountered. The sequences of these proteins were mapped to identify linear B-cell epitopes, and 17 peptides were synthesized and tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the serodiagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs. Of these, three exhibited sensitivity and specificity values higher than 75% and 90%, respectively, to differentiate L. infantum-infected animals from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected animals and healthy animals. Soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) showed poor sensitivity (4%) and specificity (36%) to differentiate L. infantum-infected dogs from healthy and T. cruzi-infected dogs. Lastly, the three selected peptides were combined in different mixtures and higher sensitivity and specificity values were obtained, even when sera from T. cruzi-infected dogs were used. The study's findings suggest that these three peptides can constitute a potential tool for more sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs.
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Evaluation of a rapid device for serological diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs as an alternative to immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:657-9. [PMID: 23446218 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00719-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared a rapid immunochromatographic test (Speed Leish K; BVT Groupe Virbac, La Seyne sur Mer, France) with an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFAT) and Western blotting (WB) for the detection of Leishmania infantum antibodies in dogs. A total of 250 serum samples were collected from 125 L. infantum-positive and 125 L. infantum-negative dogs. Among the positive samples, 81 were strongly positive at low IFAT dilutions, while 44 were low-reactivity sera (IFAT titers, 1:40 to 1:80). The sensitivity and specificity of the Speed Leish K were 96.3% and 100%, respectively, compared with those of the IFAT. When IFAT low-reactivity sera (titers, 1:40 or 1:80) were tested with the Speed Leish K, using WB results as a reference, the sensitivities were 93.75% for sera with a 1:80 titer and 73.33% for sera with a 1:40 titer, and the specificity was 100%. The Speed Leish K is easy to use and performs well, so it can be considered a quick and reliable tool for the diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs.
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Polymorphism in the HASPB repeat region of East African Leishmania donovani strains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2031. [PMID: 23358849 PMCID: PMC3554577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani is a major health problem in Ethiopia. Parasites in disparate regions are transmitted by different vectors, and cluster in distinctive genotypes. Recently isolated strains from VL and HIV-VL co-infected patients in north and south Ethiopia were characterized as part of a longitudinal study on VL transmission. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sixty-three L. donovani strains were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting three regions: internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), cysteine protease B (cpb), and HASPB (k26). ITS1- and cpb--PCR identified these strains as L. donovani. Interestingly, the k26--PCR amplicon size varied depending on the patient's geographic origin. Most strains from northwestern Ethiopia (36/40) produced a 290 bp product with a minority (4/40) giving a 410 bp amplicon. All of the latter strains were isolated from patients with HIV-VL co-infections, while the former group contained both VL and HIV-VL co-infected patients. Almost all the strains (20/23) from southwestern Ethiopia produced a 450 bp amplicon with smaller products (290 or 360 bp) only observed for three strains. Sudanese strains produced amplicons identical (290 bp) to those found in northwestern Ethiopia; while Kenyan strains gave larger PCR products (500 and 650 bp). High-resolution melt (HRM) analysis distinguished the different PCR products. Sequence analysis showed that the k26 repeat region in L. donovani is comprised of polymorphic 13 and 14 amino acid motifs. The 13 amino acid peptide motifs, prevalent in L. donovani, are rare in L. infantum. The number and order of the repeats in L. donovani varies between geographic regions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HASPB repeat region (k26) shows considerable polymorphism among L. donovani strains from different regions in East Africa. This should be taken into account when designing diagnostic assays and vaccines based on this antigen.
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Quinnell RJ, Carson C, Reithinger R, Garcez LM, Courtenay O. Evaluation of rK39 rapid diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis: longitudinal study and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1992. [PMID: 23326615 PMCID: PMC3542187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for sensitive and specific rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for canine visceral leishmaniasis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic performance of immunochromatographic dipstick RDTs using rK39 antigen for canine visceral leishmaniasis by (i) investigating the sensitivity of RDTs to detect infection, disease and infectiousness in a longitudinal cohort study of natural infection in Brazil, and (ii) using meta-analysis to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of RDTs from published studies. Methodology We used a rK39 RDT (Kalazar Detect Canine Rapid Test; Inbios) to test sera collected from 54 sentinel dogs exposed to natural infection in an endemic area of Brazil. Dogs were sampled bimonthly for up to 27 months, and rK39 results compared to those of crude antigen ELISA, PCR, clinical status and infectiousness to sandflies. We then searched MEDLINE and Web of Knowledge (1993–2011) for original studies evaluating the performance of rK39 RDTs in dogs. Meta-analysis of sensitivity and specificity was performed using bivariate mixed effects models. Principal Findings The sensitivity of the rK39 RDT in Brazil to detect infection, disease and infectiousness was 46%, 77% and 78% respectively. Sensitivity increased with time since infection, antibody titre, parasite load, clinical score and infectiousness. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The combined sensitivity of rK39 RDTs was 86.7% (95% CI: 76.9–92.8%) to detect clinical disease and 59.3% (37.9–77.6%) to detect infection. Combined specificity was 98.7% (89.5–99.9%). Both sensitivity and specificity varied considerably between studies. Conclusion The diagnostic performance of rK39 RDTs is reasonable for confirmation of infection in suspected clinical cases, but the sensitivity to detect infected dogs is too low for large-scale epidemiological studies and operational control programmes. Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania infantum. It is an important veterinary disease, and dogs are also the main animal reservoir for human infection. The disease is widespread in the Mediterranean area, and parts of Asia and South and Central America, and is potentially fatal in both dogs and humans unless treated. Diagnosis of canine infections requires serological or molecular tests. Detection of infection in dogs is important prior to treatment, and in epidemiological studies and control programmes, and a sensitive and specific rapid diagnostic test would be very useful. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been developed, but their diagnostic performance has been reported to be variable. We evaluated the sensitivity of a RDT based on serological detection of the rK39 antigen in a cohort of naturally infected Brazilian dogs. The sensitivity of the test to detect infection was relatively low, but increased with time since infection and the severity of infection. We then carried out a meta-analysis of published studies of rK39 RDTs, evaluating the sensitivity to detect disease and infection. The results suggest that rK39 RDTs may be useful in a veterinary clinical setting, but the sensitivity to detect infection is too low for operational control programmes.
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de Souza RF, dos Santos YL, de Souza Vasconcellos R, Borges-Pereira L, Caldas IS, de Almeida MR, Bahia MT, Fietto JLR. Recombinant Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Ecto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase NTPDase-2 as a new antigen in canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. Acta Trop 2013; 125:60-6. [PMID: 23022017 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an important public health concern. In the epidemiological context of human visceral leishmaniasis, dogs are considered the main reservoir of Leishmania parasites; therefore, dogs must be epidemiologically monitored constantly in endemic areas. Furthermore, dog to human transmission has been correlated with emerging urbanization and increasing rates of leishmaniasis infection worldwide. Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (L. chagasi) is the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World. In this work, a new L. (L.) infantum (L. chagasi) recombinant antigen, named ATP diphosphohydrolase (rLic-NTPDase-2), intended for use in the immunodiagnosis of CVL was produced and validated. The extracellular domain of ATP diphosphohydrolase was cloned and expressed in the pET21b-Escherichia coli expression system. Indirect ELISA assays were used to detect the purified rLic-NTPDase-2 antigen using a standard canine sera library. This library contained CVL-positive samples, leishmaniasis-negative samples and samples from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected dogs. The results show a high sensitivity of 100% (95% CI=92.60-100.0%) and a high specificity of 100% (95% CI=86.77-100.0%), with a high degree of confidence (k=1). These findings demonstrate the potential use of this recombinant protein in immune diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis and open the possibility of its application to other diagnostic approaches, such as immunochromatography fast lateral flow assays and human leishmaniasis diagnosis.
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de Souza CM, Silva ED, Ano Bom APD, Bastos RC, Nascimento HJ, da Silva Junior JG. Evaluation of an ELISA for canine leishmaniasis immunodiagnostic using recombinant proteins. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:1-7. [PMID: 21929686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the isolation and purification of two Leishmania chagasi (= syn. Leishmania infantum) recombinant proteins, rLci2B and rLci1A, and their use in the development of an immunoassay for the diagnostic of canine leishmaniasis. After protein expression and cell disruption, rLci2B was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography, whereas rLci1A, expressed as an inclusion body, was treated with urea and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. Homogeneities were ascertained by denaturing gel electrophoresis (MW (rLci2B) = 46,370; MW(rLci1A) = 88,400), isoelectric focusing (pI (rLci2B) = 5·91; pI (rLci1A) = 6·01) and Western blot. An indirect ELISA was developed using the purified antigens rLci2B and rLci1A and a leishmaniasis canine serum panel (n = 256). The ELISA showed 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity for rLci2B and 96% sensitivity and 92% specificity for rLci1A. The purified proteins did not present cross-reactivity with sera from dogs infected with Trypanosoma caninum, Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis. Cross-reaction was verified with sera from dogs infected with Leishmania brasiliensis (11·7% for rLci2B and 2·9% for rLci1A). Based on ELISA results, it is suggested the use of rLci2B and rLci1A as antigens in an alternative serological assay for diagnostic of canine leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M de Souza
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Diagnóstica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, Brazil
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Coelho VTS, Oliveira JS, Valadares DG, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Duarte MC, Lage PS, Soto M, Santoro MM, Tavares CAP, Fernandes AP, Coelho EAF. Identification of proteins in promastigote and amastigote-like Leishmania using an immunoproteomic approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1430. [PMID: 22272364 PMCID: PMC3260309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aims to identify antigens in protein extracts of promastigote and amastigote-like Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi syn. L. (L.) infantum recognized by antibodies present in the sera of dogs with asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Proteins recognized by sera samples were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and identified by mass spectrometry. A total of 550 spots were observed in the 2DE gels, and approximately 104 proteins were identified. Several stage-specific proteins could be identified by either or both classes of sera, including, as expected, previously known proteins identified as diagnosis, virulence factors, drug targets, or vaccine candidates. Three, seven, and five hypothetical proteins could be identified in promastigote antigenic extracts; while two, eleven, and three hypothetical proteins could be identified in amastigote-like antigenic extracts by asymptomatic and symptomatic sera, as well as a combination of both, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study represents a significant contribution not only in identifying stage-specific L. infantum molecules, but also in revealing the expression of a large number of hypothetical proteins. Moreover, when combined, the identified proteins constitute a significant source of information for the improvement of diagnostic tools and/or vaccine development to VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio T. S. Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamil S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo G. Valadares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Duarte
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula S. Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, UAM, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo M. Santoro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. P. Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Grimaldi G, Teva A, Ferreira AL, dos Santos CB, Pinto IDS, de-Azevedo CT, Falqueto A. Evaluation of a novel chromatographic immunoassay based on Dual-Path Platform technology (DPP® CVL rapid test) for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Angeles JM, Goto Y, Kirinoki M, Leonardo L, Tongol-Rivera P, Villacorte E, Inoue N, Chigusa Y, Kawazu SI. Human antibody response to thioredoxin peroxidase-1 and tandem repeat proteins as immunodiagnostic antigen candidates for Schistosoma japonicum infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:674-9. [PMID: 21976571 PMCID: PMC3183776 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis continues to be a public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries. Improving the diagnostic tools for surveillance and monitoring in areas that have reached elimination level will help hasten the possible elimination of this disease. This study therefore aims to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay through the use of recombinant proteins such as thioredoxin peroxidase-1 (SjTPx-1) and four tandem repeat proteins (Sj1TR, Sj2TR, Sj4TR, and Sj7TR). Cutoff values were calculated using 38 serum samples from healthy Japanese volunteers. Sera from 35 schistosomiasis-confirmed patients, four cured from the disease by chemotherapy, and 15 endemic negative controls were used to assess these antigens. SjTPx-1 and Sj7TR both had 85.71% sensitivity. Furthermore, these antigens were also tested against human sera positive for other parasitic infections and showed no or very minimal cross-reaction. These results suggest the potential defined antigens for development of an accurate diagnostic test for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ma Angeles
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Faria AR, Costa MM, Giusta MS, Grimaldi G, Penido MLO, Gazzinelli RT, Andrade HM. High-throughput analysis of synthetic peptides for the immunodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1310. [PMID: 21931874 PMCID: PMC3172188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Approximately 20% of zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis worldwide is caused by Leishmania infantum, which is also known as Leishmania chagasi in Latin America, and disease incidence is increasing in urban and peri-urban areas of the tropics. In this form of disease, dogs are the main reservoirs. Diagnostic methods used to identify Leishmania infected animals are not able to detect all of the infected ones, which can compromise the effectiveness of disease control. Therefore, to contribute to the improvement of diagnostic methods for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), we aimed to identify and test novel antigens using high-throughput analysis. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunodominant proteins from L. infantum were mapped in silico to predict B cell epitopes, and the 360 predicted peptides were synthesized on cellulose membranes. Immunoassays were used to select the most reactive peptides, which were then investigated with canine sera. Next, the 10 most reactive peptides were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis protocol and tested using ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of these peptides were also compared to the EIE-LVC Bio-Manguinhos kit, which is recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health for use in leishmaniasis control programs. The sensitivity and specificity of the selected synthesized peptides was as high as 88.70% and 95.00%, respectively, whereas the EIE-LVC kit had a sensitivity of 13.08% and 100.00% of specificity. Although the tests based on synthetic peptides were able to diagnose up to 94.80% of asymptomatic dogs with leishmaniasis, the EIE-LVC kit failed to detect the disease in any of the infected asymptomatic dogs. Conclusions/Significance Our study shows that ELISA using synthetic peptides is a technique with great potential for diagnosing CVL; furthermore, the use of these peptides in other diagnostic methodologies, such as immunochromatographic tests, could be beneficial to CVL control programs. Globally, the number of new human cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is estimated to be approximately 500,000 per year. This is the most severe of all forms of leishmaniasis, and the zoonotic form of VL, caused by Leishmania infantum (also known as Leishmania chagasi), represents 20% of human visceral leishmaniasis worldwide; additionally, its prevalence is increasing in urban and peri-urban areas of the tropics. In Brazil, the identification and elimination of infected dogs, which act as a reservoir for Leishmania parasites, is a control measure employed in addition to the use of insecticides against the vectors and the identification and treatment of infected humans. Currently, the diagnostic methods employed to identify infected animals are not able to detect all of these dogs, which compromises the effectiveness of control measures. Moreover, one of the most important issues in controlling VL is the difficulty of diagnosing asymptomatic dogs, which act as parasite reservoirs. Therefore, to contribute to the improvement of the diagnostic methods for CVL, we aimed to identify and characterize new antigens that were more sensitive and specific and could be applied in epidemiologic surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica R. Faria
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Míriam M. Costa
- Departamento de Bioqu$mica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Mário S. Giusta
- Departamento de Bioqu$mica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Grimaldi
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcus L. O. Penido
- Departamento de Bioqu$mica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Departamento de Bioqu$mica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hélida M. Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Pattabhi S, Whittle J, Mohamath R, El-Safi S, Moulton GG, Guderian JA, Colombara D, Abdoon AO, Mukhtar MM, Mondal D, Esfandiari J, Kumar S, Chun P, Reed SG, Bhatia A. Design, development and evaluation of rK28-based point-of-care tests for improving rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4. [PMID: 20856856 PMCID: PMC2939046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is diagnosed by microscopic confirmation of the parasite in bone marrow, spleen or lymph node aspirates. These procedures are unsuitable for rapid diagnosis of VL in field settings. The development of rK39-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) revolutionized diagnosis of VL by offering high sensitivity and specificity in detecting disease in the Indian subcontinent; however, these tests have been less reliable in the African subcontinent (sensitivity range of 75–85%, specificity of 70–92%). We have addressed limitations of the rK39 with a new synthetic polyprotein, rK28, followed by development and evaluation of two new rK28-based RDT prototype platforms. Methodology/Principal Findings Evaluation of 62 VL-confirmed sera from Sudan provided sensitivities of 96.8% and 93.6% (95% CI = K28: 88.83–99.61%; K39: 84.30–98.21%) and specificities of 96.2% and 92.4% (95% CI = K28: 90.53–98.95%; K39: 85.54–96.65%) for rK28 and rK39, respectively. Of greater interest was the observation that individual VL sera with low rK39 reactivity often had much higher rK28 reactivity. This characteristic of the fusion protein was exploited in the development of rK28 rapid tests, which may prove to be crucial in detecting VL among patients with low rK39 antibody levels. Evaluation of two prototype lateral flow-based rK28 rapid tests on 53 VL patients in Sudan and 73 VL patients in Bangladesh provided promisingly high sensitivities (95.9% [95% CI = 88.46–99.1 in Sudan and 98.1% [95% CI = 89.93–99.95%] in Bangladesh) compared to the rK39 RDT (sensitivities of 86.3% [95% CI = 76.25–93.23%] in Sudan and 88.7% [95% CI = 76.97–95.73%] in Bangladesh). Conclusions/Significance Our study compares the diagnostic accuracy of rK39 and rK28 in detecting active VL cases and our findings indicate that rK28 polyprotein has great potential as a serodiagnostic tool. A new rK28-based RDT will prove to be a valuable asset in simplifying VL disease confirmation at the point-of-care. Visceral Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is endemic in several parts of South Asia, East Africa, South and Central America. It is a vector-borne disease transmitted by bites of infected sand flies and often fatal in the absence of chemotherapy. Timely diagnosis is an essential first step in providing proper patient care and in controlling transmission. VL diagnosis in East Africa and Latin America are currently based on microscopic confirmation of parasites in tissue aspirates. The Kalazar Detect rapid test is widely used as a confirmatory test in India with very high accuracy, but sensitivity issues have severely limited its usefulness in the African sub-continent. Direct Agglutination Test is another confirmatory test used widely in East Africa and offers high sensitivity but is not field-friendly. We report on the design of a novel synthetic fusion protein capable of sequestering antibodies against three different Leishmania donovani antigens and the development of point-of-care tests for improving VL diagnosis. We believe the ease of use of these rapid tests and their high accuracy in detecting VL cases could make them useful as a first-line test, thereby eliminating the need for painful biopsies and ensuring better patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Pattabhi
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Whittle
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raodoh Mohamath
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sayda El-Safi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Garner G. Moulton
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Guderian
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danny Colombara
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Asem O. Abdoon
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Maowia M. Mukhtar
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Javan Esfandiari
- Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Medford, New York, United States of America
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Medford, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Chun
- Ease-Medtrend, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ajay Bhatia
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Specific serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis using Leishmania species ribosomal protein extracts. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1774-80. [PMID: 19812259 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00295-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we have analyzed the antigenicity of Leishmania species ribosomal proteins (LRPs). To accomplish this, Leishmania infantum ribosomes were biochemically purified from promastigote cytosolic extracts, and their reactivities were analyzed by using the sera from dogs naturally infected with L. infantum. Since antibodies reacting against different ribosomal proteins were observed in all the serum samples obtained from dogs with symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis tested, we have analyzed the potential usefulness of the LRP extracts in the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in an area of Brazil where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic due to infection by Leishmania chagasi. A comparative ELISA with crude soluble Leishmania chagasi antigen (SLA) and L. infantum LRPs was performed. LRP- and SLA-based ELISAs gave similar sensitivities for the diagnosis of symptomatic CVL, but the LRP extract provided a very high sensitivity for the detection of oligosymptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. In addition, an LRP-based ELISA showed a higher specificity when the sera from dogs harboring other infections were included in the analysis. The LRP antigen displayed no cross-reactivity with sera from dogs that had any of the other diseases tested, notably, Chagas' disease. Our findings suggest that LRPs are a potential tool for the diagnosis of CVL and will be particularly useful for the diagnosis of asymptomatic CVL.
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Solano-Gallego L, Koutinas A, Miró G, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Bourdeau P, Oliva G, Baneth G. Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:1-18. [PMID: 19559536 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a life threatening zoonotic disease with a wide distribution in four continents and importance also in non-endemic regions. The purpose of this report is to present a consensus of opinions on the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of CanL in order to standardize the management of this infection. CanL is a disease in which infection does not equal clinical illness due to the high prevalence of subclinical infection among endemic canine populations. The most useful diagnostic approaches include serology by quantitative techniques and PCR. High antibody levels are associated with severe parasitism and disease and are diagnostic of clinical leishmaniosis. However, the presence of lower antibody levels is not necessarily indicative of disease and further work-up is necessary to confirm CanL by other diagnostic methods such as cytology, histopathology and PCR. We propose a system of four clinical stages, based on clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities and serological status. Suitable therapy and expected prognosis are presented for each of the stages. The combination of meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol constitutes the first line pharmaceutical protocol. However, although most dogs recover clinically after therapy, complete elimination of the parasite is usually not achieved and infected dogs may eventually relapse. Follow-up of treated dogs with blood counts, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, serology and PCR is essential for prevention of relapses. Protection against sand fly bites by topical insecticides is effective in reducing infection, and recent development of vaccines has indicated that prevention by vaccination is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Solano-Gallego
- Dept. Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, UK.
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Soto M, Ramírez L, Pineda MA, González VM, Entringer PF, de Oliveira CI, Nascimento IP, Souza AP, Corvo L, Alonso C, Bonay P, Brodskyn C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Iborra S. Searching Genes Encoding Leishmania Antigens for Diagnosis and Protection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3814/2009/173039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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