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Islas JM, Corona-Moreno R, Velasco-Hernández JX. Multiple endemic equilibria in an environmentally-transmitted disease with three disease stages. Math Biosci 2024:109244. [PMID: 38950818 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
We construct, analyze and interpret a mathematical model for an environmental transmitted disease characterized for the existence of three disease stages: acute, severe and asymptomatic. Besides, we consider that severe and asymptomatic cases may present relapse between them. Transmission dynamics driven by the contact rates only occurs when a parameter R∗>1, as normally occur in directly-transmitted or vector-transmitted diseases, but it will not adequately correspond to a basic reproductive number as it depends on environmental parameters. In this case, the forward transcritical bifurcation that exists for R∗<1, becomes a backward bifurcation, producing multiple steady-states, a hysteresis effect and dependence on initial conditions. A threshold parameter for an epidemic outbreak, independent of R∗ is only the ratio of the external contamination inflow shedding rate to the environmental clearance rate. R∗ describes the strength of the transmission to infectious classes other than the I-(acute) type infections. The epidemic outbreak conditions and the structure of R∗ appearing in this model are both responsible for the existence of endemic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Islas
- Instituto de Matemáticas Unidad Juriquilla, Boulevard Universitario 3001, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ruth Corona-Moreno
- Instituto de Matemáticas Unidad Juriquilla, Boulevard Universitario 3001, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Jorge X Velasco-Hernández
- Instituto de Matemáticas Unidad Juriquilla, Boulevard Universitario 3001, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
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Ghafouri E, Fadaie M, Amirkhani Z, Esmaeilifallah M, Rahimmanesh I, Hosseini N, Hejazi H, Khanahmad H. Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses against Vibrio cholerae using oral immunization by multi-epitope-phage-based vaccine. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112160. [PMID: 38710117 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholera is a severe gastrointestinal disease that manifests with rapid onset of diarrhea, vomiting, and high mortality rates. Due to its widespread occurrence in impoverished communities with poor water sanitation, there is an urgent demand for a cost-effective and highly efficient vaccine. Multi-epitope vaccines containing dominant immunological epitopes and adjuvant compounds have demonstrated potential in boosting the immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS B and T epitopes of OMPU, OMPW, TCPA, CTXA, and CTXB proteins were predicted using bioinformatics methods. Subsequently, highly antigenic multi-epitopes that are non-allergenic and non-toxic were synthesized. These multi-epitopes were then cloned into the pCOMB phagemid. A plasmid M13KO7ΔpIII containing all helper phage proteins except pIII was created to produce the recombinant phage. Female Balb/c mice were divided into three groups and immunized accordingly. The mice received the helper phage, recombinant phage or PBS via gavage feeding thrice within two weeks. Serum samples were collected before and after immunization for the ELISA test as well as evaluating immune system induction through ELISpot testing of spleen lymphocytes. RESULTS The titer of the recombinant phage was determined to be 1011 PFU/ml. The presence of the recombinant phage was confirmed through differences in optical density between sample and control groups in the ELISA phage technique, as well as by observing transduction activity, which demonstrated successful production of a recombinant phage displaying the Vibrio multi-epitope on M13 phage pIII. ELISA results revealed significant differences in phage antibodies before and after inoculation, particularly notable in the negative control mice. Mice treated with multi-epitope phages exhibited antibodies against Vibrio cholerae lysate. Additionally, ELISpot results indicated activation of cellular immunity in mice receiving both Vibrio and helper phage. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the potential of multi-epitope on phage to enhance both cellular and humoral immunity in mice, demonstrating how phages can be used as adjuvants to stimulate mucosal immunity and act as promising candidates for oral vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Vibrio cholerae/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Cholera/prevention & control
- Cholera/immunology
- Cholera Vaccines/immunology
- Cholera Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Immunity, Humoral
- Administration, Oral
- Immunity, Cellular
- Mice
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Immunization
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Humans
- Bacteriophages/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghafouri
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Fadaie
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohre Amirkhani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Esmaeilifallah
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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3
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Yang X, Qian M, Wang Y, Qin Z, Luo M, Chen G, Yi C, Ma Y, Liu X, Liu Z. Thiol-Based Modification of MarR Protein VnrR Regulates Resistance Toward Nitrofuran in Vibrio cholerae By Promoting the Expression of a Novel Nitroreductase VnrA and of NO-Detoxifying Enzyme HmpA. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:926-942. [PMID: 37742113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Epidemiological investigations have indicated low resistance toward nitrofuran in clinical isolates, suggesting its potential application in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, it is valuable to explore the mechanism of bacterial resistance to nitrofuran. Results: Through phenotypic screening of ten multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) proteins in Vibrio cholerae, we discovered that the regulator VnrR (VCA1058) plays a crucial role in defending against nitrofuran, specifically furazolidone (FZ). Our findings demonstrate that VnrR responds to FZ metabolites, such as hydroxylamine, methylglyoxal, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), β-hydroxyethylhydrazine. Notably, VnrR exhibits reversible responses to the addition of H2O2 through three cysteine residues (Cys180, Cys223, Cys247), leading to the derepression of its upstream gene, vnrA (vca1057). Gene vnrA encodes a novel nitroreductase, which directly contributes to the degradation of FZ. Our study reveals that V. cholerae metabolizes FZ via the vnrR-vnrA system and achieves resistance to FZ with the assistance of the classical reactive oxygen/nitrogen species scavenging pathway. Innovation and Conclusion: This study represents a significant advancement in understanding the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of V. cholerae and other pathogens. Our findings demonstrate that the MarR family regulator, VnrR, responds to the FZ metabolite H2O2, facilitating the degradation and detoxification of this antibiotic in a thiol-dependent manner. These insights not only enrich our knowledge of antibiotic resistance but also provide new perspectives for the control and prevention of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingjie Qian
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Qin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunrong Yi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Human Microecology and Healthcare R&D Centre, High-tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ahmed AK, Sijercic VC, Akhtar MS, Elbayomy A, Marouf MA, Zeleke MS, Sayad R, Abdelshafi A, Laird NJ, El‐Mokhtar MA, Ruthig GR, Hetta HF. Cholera rages in Africa and the Middle East: A narrative review on challenges and solutions. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2013. [PMID: 38742091 PMCID: PMC11089255 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Cholera is a life-threatening infectious disease that is still one of the most common acute watery diarrheal diseases in the world today. Acute diarrhea and severe dehydration brought on by cholera can cause hypovolemic shock, which can be fatal in minutes. Without competent clinical therapy, the rate of case fatality surpasses 50%. The purpose of this review was to highlight cholera challenges in Africa and the Middle East and explain the reasons for why this region is currently a fertile environment for cholera. We investigated cholera serology, epidemiology, and the geographical distribution of cholera in Africa and the Middle East in 2022 and 2023. We reviewed detection methods, such as rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and treatments, such as antibiotics and phage therapy. Finally, this review explored oral cholera vaccines (OCVs), and the vaccine shortage crisis. Methods We carried out a systematic search in multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Embase, for studies on cholera using the following keywords: ((Cholera) OR (Vibrio cholera) and (Coronavirus) OR (COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV2) OR (The Middle East) OR (Africa)). Results and Conclusions Cholera outbreaks have increased dramatically, mainly in Africa and many Middle Eastern countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the attention devoted to cholera and disrupted diagnosis and treatment services, as well as vaccination initiatives. Most of the cholera cases in Africa and the Middle East were reported in Malawi and Syria, respectively, in 2022. RDTs are effective in the early detection of cholera epidemics, especially with limited advanced resources, which is the case in much of Africa. By offering both direct and indirect protection, expanding the use of OCV will significantly reduce the burden of current cholera outbreaks in Africa and the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmed Elbayomy
- Faculty of MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin−MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mohamed A. Marouf
- Faculty of MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Mahlet S. Zeleke
- Menelik II Medical and Health Science CollegeKotebe Metropolitan UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Reem Sayad
- Faculty of MedicineAssiut UniversityAssiutEgypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed A. El‐Mokhtar
- Gilbert & Rose‐Marie Chagoury School of MedicineLebanese American UniversityByblosLebanon
| | | | - Helal F. Hetta
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of TabukTabukSaudi Arabia
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Watanabe-Takahashi M, Kumoi K, Yamamoto H, Shimizu E, Motoyama J, Hamabata T, Nishikawa K. Tailored multivalent peptide targeting the B-subunit pentamer of cholera toxin inhibits its intestinal toxicity by inducing aberrant transport of the toxin in cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 716:149991. [PMID: 38704888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (Ctx) is a major virulence factor produced by Vibrio cholerae that can cause gastrointestinal diseases, including severe watery diarrhea and dehydration, in humans. Ctx binds to target cells through multivalent interactions between its B-subunit pentamer and the receptor ganglioside GM1 present on the cell surface. Here, we identified a series of tetravalent peptides that specifically bind to the receptor-binding region of the B-subunit pentamer using affinity-based screening of multivalent random-peptide libraries. These tetravalent peptides efficiently inhibited not only the cell-elongation phenotype but also the elevated cAMP levels, both of which are induced by Ctx treatment in CHO cells or a human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2 cells), respectively. Importantly, one of these peptides, NRR-tet, which was highly efficient in these two activities, markedly inhibited fluid accumulation in the mouse ileum caused by the direct injection of Ctx. In consistent, NRR-tet reduced the extensive Ctx-induced damage of the intestinal villi. After NRR-tet bound to Ctx, the complex was incorporated into the cultured epithelial cells and accumulated in the recycling endosome, affecting the retrograde transport of Ctx from the endosome to the Golgi, which is an essential process for Ctx to exert its toxicity in cells. Thus, NRR-tet may be a novel type of therapeutic agent against cholera, which induces the aberrant transport of Ctx in the intestinal epithelial cells, detoxifying the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Watanabe-Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kahori Kumoi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Motoyama
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Hamabata
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
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6
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Ubesie AC, Odimegwu CL, Ezeanolue EE. Cholera outbreaks among children in sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Opin Pediatr 2024; 36:150-155. [PMID: 38299980 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review current knowledge on the burden, impact and prevention of cholera among children who bear the brunt of cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have shown that recent outbreaks of cholera among African children are related to minimal progress in basic sanitation and infrastructural development. Poor hygiene practices such as open defecation and indiscriminate disposal of feces are still common in many parts of Africa. SUMMARY Cholera case fatality rates in sub-Saharan Africa remain unacceptably high. Children are disproportionately affected and bear the brunt of the disease. Controlling outbreaks of cholera among African children will require a synchronous implementation of the five levels of disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agozie C Ubesie
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria
| | - Chioma L Odimegwu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria
| | - Echezona Edozie Ezeanolue
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
- IVAN Research Institute, Enugu, Nigeria
- Healthy Sunrise Foundation, Las Vegas, USA
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7
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Al-Adham ISI, Jaber N, Ali Agha ASA, Al-Remawi M, Al-Akayleh F, Al-Muhtaseb N, Collier PJ. Sporadic regional re-emergent cholera: a 19th century problem in the 21st century. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae055. [PMID: 38449342 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a severe diarrheal disease that necessitates prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. This review comprehensively examines various diagnostic methods, from traditional microscopy and culture to advanced nucleic acid testing like polymerase spiral reaction and rapid diagnostic tests, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we explore evolving treatment strategies, with a focus on the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance due to the activation of the SOS response pathway in V. cholerae. We discuss promising alternative treatments, including low-pressure plasma sterilization, bacteriophages, and selenium nanoparticles. The paper emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary approaches combining novel diagnostics and treatments in managing and preventing cholera, a persistent global health challenge. The current re-emergent 7th pandemic of cholera commenced in 1961 and shows no signs of abeyance. This is probably due to the changing genetic profile of V. cholerae concerning bacterial pathogenic toxins. Given this factor, we argue that the disease is effectively re-emergent, particularly in Eastern Mediterranean countries such as Lebanon, Syria, etc. This review considers the history of the current pandemic, the genetics of the causal agent, and current treatment regimes. In conclusion, cholera remains a significant global health challenge that requires prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. Understanding the history, genetics, and current treatments is crucial in effectively addressing this persistent and re-emergent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S I Al-Adham
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Nisrein Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S A Ali Agha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Faisal Al-Akayleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Najah Al-Muhtaseb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Phillip J Collier
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
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Curran EH, Devine MD, Hartley CD, Huang Y, Conrady CD, Debiec MR, Justin GA, Thomas J, Yeh S. Ophthalmic implications of biological threat agents according to the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives framework. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1349571. [PMID: 38293299 PMCID: PMC10824978 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1349571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
As technology continues to evolve, the possibility for a wide range of dangers to people, organizations, and countries escalate globally. The United States federal government classifies types of threats with the capability of inflicting mass casualties and societal disruption as Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Energetics/Explosives (CBRNE). Such incidents encompass accidental and intentional events ranging from weapons of mass destruction and bioterrorism to fires or spills involving hazardous or radiologic material. All of these have the capacity to inflict death or severe physical, neurological, and/or sensorial disabilities if injuries are not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Ophthalmic injury can provide important insight into understanding and treating patients impacted by CBRNE agents; however, improper ophthalmic management can result in suboptimal patient outcomes. This review specifically addresses the biological agents the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) deems to have the greatest capacity for bioterrorism. CBRNE biological agents, encompassing pathogens and organic toxins, are further subdivided into categories A, B, and C according to their national security threat level. In our compendium of these biological agents, we address their respective CDC category, systemic and ophthalmic manifestations, route of transmission and personal protective equipment considerations as well as pertinent vaccination and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H. Curran
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Max D. Devine
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Caleb D. Hartley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ye Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christopher D. Conrady
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Matthew R. Debiec
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Grant A. Justin
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joanne Thomas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Steven Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- National Strategic Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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9
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Li Z, Jiang K, Li S, Wang T, Zeng H, Sharma M, Shi Z, Zhao Y. Food safety-related practices among residents aged 18-75 years during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Southwest China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:155. [PMID: 38212718 PMCID: PMC10782632 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Good food safety practices are essential to minimizing foodborne diseases. The present study explored the food safety-related practices of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southwest China and identified the impacting factors. METHODS Residents aged 18-75 years from Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Chongqing, China, were included in our study. The convenience sampling method was used to select participants, and face-to-face surveys were conducted in households and communities to collect data. Descriptive statistics including sociodemographic characteristics of respondents and weighted percentages were obtained and the log-binomial regression was used to evaluate the influencing factors associated with food safety-related practices. RESULTS Overall, 7,848 respondents were involved, with 97.5% efficacy. Disparities in food safety-related practices were observed between males and females, with the former performing poorer practices than the latter (70.5% vs. 68.0%, respectively). Notably, paying attention to nutrition labels when shopping for prepackaged foods was the worst practice. Age, ethnicity, region, occupation, education level, and income were identified as significant determinants of food safety-related practices. Moreover, in comparison to males, females were more likely to acquire pertinent knowledge from diverse sources, including social media, family members/ friends, books/ newspapers/ magazines, experts, and food sales staff (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Males performed inferior food safety-related practices than females during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southwest China. It is suggested that future food safety education programs should incorporate diverse targeted approaches, with emphasis on males. The role of mainstream media in promoting food safety practices should be expanded and prioritized in the forthcoming initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhourong Li
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shengping Li
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tiankun Wang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Huan Zeng
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89102, USA
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Ansari N, Ozgur SS, Bittar N, Melki G, Sultana Y. An Interesting Case of Asymptomatic Cholera in the Setting of Large Bowel Obstruction. Cureus 2024; 16:e52854. [PMID: 38406145 PMCID: PMC10885837 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the culprit behind many endemics globally. Classically characterized by profuse diarrhea with a "rice water" description, cholera can be fatal if not treated promptly. However, infected individuals can present with little to no symptoms. These individuals allow for a carrier state and play a large part in the survival of an endemic. Asymptomatic patients can present in areas where Cholera is not endemic. Herein, we present an atypical case of vibrio chloerae infection without diarrhea in the setting of large bowel obstruction secondary to colon cancer. We aim to highlight the unusual presentation of a cholera infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Ansari
- Internal Medicine, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, USA
| | - Sacide S Ozgur
- Internal Medicine, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, USA
| | - Noor Bittar
- Internal Medicine, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD
| | - Gabriel Melki
- Gastroenterology, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, USA
| | - Yasmeen Sultana
- Infectious Disease, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, USA
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11
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MARTINI MARIANO, SPAGNOLO ANNAMARIA, SARTINI MARINA, CRISTINA MARIALUISA, ORSINI DAVIDE. The health of mankind and the health of the planet in a historical-ethical perspective: an inseparable relationship and a single destiny. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2023; 64:E493-E498. [PMID: 38379737 PMCID: PMC10876022 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2023.64.4.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have seen increasingly severe natural disasters, the consequences of which have been catastrophic. Clearly, our global environment is undergoing major changes. The climate is becoming deranged and pollution on a global scale afflicts air, water, and land. We are faced with an unprecedented shortage of cultivable land and fresh water for drinking, irrigation, and livestock farming, while our marine systems are breaking down. These environmental changes have a very high anthropogenic component; they are induced by human activities that are potentially dangerous for both the environment and human life. Moreover, not only do they have an enormous impact on the environments in which we live and on our way of life, they also have harmful effects on our health. Indeed, we must understand that our body - as Hippocrates explained long ago - is a system that constantly interacts with the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARIANO MARTINI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | | | - MARINA SARTINI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - MARIA LUISA CRISTINA
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Hospital Hygiene Unit, “Galliera Hospital”, Italy
| | - DAVIDE ORSINI
- University Museum System of Siena (SIMUS), History of Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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12
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Hassoun S, Leasu F, Manu P, Rogozea LM, Dinu E, Cocuz ME. Pharmacological Management of Cholera: A Century of Expert Opinions in Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Am J Ther 2023; 30:e519-e525. [PMID: 37921679 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera is a potentially lethal diarrheal disease produced by Vibrio cholerae serotypes O1 El Tor and O139. Known since antiquity, the condition causes epidemics in many areas, particularly in Asia, Africa, and South America. Left untreated, the mortality may reach 50%. The crucial therapeutic intervention is intravenous or oral rehydration and correction of acidosis, dyselectrolytemia, and renal impairment. Antibiotic use represents the main pharmacological intervention. STUDY QUESTION What are the milestones of the antibiotics use recommended by experts for the pharmacological management of cholera in the past century? STUDY DESIGN To determine the changes in the experts' approach to the management of cholera and particularly the use of antibiotics as presented in a widely used textbook in the United States. DATA SOURCES The chapters describing the management of cholera in the 26 editions of Cecil Textbook of Medicine published from 1927 through 2020. RESULTS Sulfonamides were recommended in 1947, followed by the introduction of tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and furazolidone in 1955. The options were restricted in 2000 to doxycycline. In the past decade, patients infected with strains known to have a degree a resistance to tetracyclines were treated with azithromycin or ciprofloxacin. Antibiotic use decreases the volume of stool and the duration of diarrhea but has not been considered lifesaving. Drugs with antimotility, antiemetic, or antisecretory properties are not useful. CONCLUSIONS The utility of antibiotic use in cholera has been endorsed by experts, but only as an adjunct to rapid and complete fluid and electrolyte replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Hassoun
- Medical Service, South Oaks Hospital, Amityville, NY
| | | | - Peter Manu
- Medical Service, South Oaks Hospital, Amityville, NY
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | | | - Eleonora Dinu
- Medical Service, South Oaks Hospital, Amityville, NY
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13
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Stolaj E, Belfiori B, Mercuri A, Papili R, Rosignoli D, Albagini M, Genga G, Tommasi A, Veramonti D, Pallotto C, Francisci D. Acute gastroenteritis due to Vibrio cholerae biovar albensis infection: A case report. IDCases 2023; 33:e01878. [PMID: 37680213 PMCID: PMC10480522 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae represents diverse species and includes pathogenic and non-pathogenic variants. Particularly serogroups O1 and O139 are related to cholera epidemics, while non-O1/O139 serogroups (NOVC) in general are non-pathogenic or asymptomatic colonizers in humans, but also can cause different diseases. Vibrio albensis, a non-O1/non-O-139 serogroup, is rarely implicated in human infections. Only a few cases of human pathology related to this species are described in the literature. We present the menagement of V. albensis gastroenteritis in a a 47-year-old woman and discuss clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Stolaj
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Belfiori
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mercuri
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Papili
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Rosignoli
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Margherita Albagini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Genga
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Tommasi
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dante Veramonti
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Pallotto
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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Li X, Li X, Zhang H, Kan B, Fan F. VP3 Phage Combined with High Salt Promotes the Lysis of Biofilm-Associated Vibrio cholerae. Viruses 2023; 15:1639. [PMID: 37631982 PMCID: PMC10458087 DOI: 10.3390/v15081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera, caused by pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, poses a significant public health risk through water and food transmission. Biofilm-associated V. cholerae plays a crucial role in seasonal cholera outbreaks as both a reservoir in aquatic environments and a direct source of human infection. Although VP3, a lytic phage, shows promise in eliminating planktonic V. cholerae from the aquatic environment, its effectiveness against biofilm-associated V. cholerae is limited. To address this limitation, our proposed approach aims to enhance the efficacy of VP3 in eliminating biofilm-associated V. cholerae by augmenting the availability of phage receptors on the surface of Vibrio cholerae. TolC is a receptor of VP3 and a salt efflux pump present in many bacteria. In this study, we employed NaCl as an enhancer to stimulate TolC expression and observed a significant enhancement of TolC expression in both planktonic and biofilm cells of V. cholerae. This enhancement led to improved adsorption of VP3. Importantly, our findings provide strong evidence that high salt concentrations combined with VP3 significantly improve the elimination of biofilm-associated V. cholerae. This approach offers a potential strategy to eliminate biofilm-formation bacteria by enhancing phage-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huayao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fenxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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15
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El Hayek P, Boueri M, Nasr L, Aoun C, Sayad E, Jallad K. Cholera Infection Risks and Cholera Vaccine Safety in Pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2023; 2023:4563797. [PMID: 37260611 PMCID: PMC10228220 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4563797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Discuss the impact of cholera infection on pregnant women, fetus, and neonates and review the safety of cholera vaccines in pregnancy. Methods This study was carried out as a narrative review during November 2022. A thorough literature review was conducted on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The following parameters were assessed from the included studies: type of cholera vaccine, cholera symptoms, cholera treatment, effect of cholera on pregnancy, effect of cholera treatment on pregnancy, effect of cholera vaccine on pregnancy, risk factors for fetuses and neonates, and prevention of cholera. The authors independently extracted data from the 24 included studies. Results Cholera infection is a serious threat on pregnancy as it could lead to increased stillbirths and neonatal death. Fetal death was shown to occur mainly in the third trimester as most of the pregnant women infected with cholera had spontaneous abortions even after controlling for other confounding variables such as maternal age, dehydration level, and vomiting. Neonatal death was attributed mainly to congenital malformations and low Apgar scores with no improvements. Besides, cholera vaccines have shown to be safe in pregnancy and have proven to lower fetal and neonatal malformations among vaccinated compared to nonvaccinated pregnant women. Conclusion This narrative summarizes the different complications due to cholera infection in pregnancy. It also reviews the safety of cholera vaccine administration in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela El Hayek
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Lebanon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Myriam Boueri
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Leah Nasr
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Christine Aoun
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Edouard Sayad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Lebanese American University Medical Center LAUMCRH, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karl Jallad
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Lebanon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Lebanon
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16
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, George S, Lucero Y, Gómez LA, Carreño LJ, García-Betancourt R, O’Ryan M. Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155751. [PMID: 37215733 PMCID: PMC10196187 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a highly contagious diarrheal disease affecting millions worldwide each year. Cholera is a major public health problem, primarily in countries with poor sanitary conditions and regions affected by natural disasters, where access to safe drinking water is limited. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis of V. cholerae as well as provide an overview of the immune response against this pathogen. We highlight that V. cholerae has a remarkable ability to adapt and evolve, which is a global concern because it increases the risk of cholera outbreaks and the spread of the disease to new regions, making its control even more challenging. Furthermore, we show that this pathogen expresses several virulence factors enabling it to efficiently colonize the human intestine and cause cholera. A cumulative body of work also shows that V. cholerae infection triggers an inflammatory response that influences the development of immune memory against cholera. Lastly, we reviewed the status of licensed cholera vaccines, those undergoing clinical evaluation, and recent progress in developing next-generation vaccines. This review offers a comprehensive view of V. cholerae and identifies knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop more effective cholera vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio George
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Hospital Dr. Roberto del Rio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo A. Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard García-Betancourt
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Sabir DK, Hama ZT, Salih KJ, Khidhir KG. A Molecular and Epidemiological Study of Cholera Outbreak in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq, in 2022. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:39-46. [PMID: 36929893 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a disease caused by a Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae and is among the significant threats to global public health. The disease is mainly spread in the hot months of the year; low sanitation and lack of clean water are the major causes of the disease. In this study, we conducted a molecular and epidemiological study of the recent outbreak in the city of Sulaymaniyah in Iraq. Based on the bacteriological, serological, and molecular identification of the bacterium, it was shown that V. cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa caused the disease. Additionally, the number of positive cholera cases were higher in June compared to July (391 positive cases in June and 23 in July). Moreover, the majority (> 60%) of the cholera cases were recorded among 20-44-year-old people in both months; however, there was no significant difference in the patient genders diagnosed every month. Overall, this is the first report on the recent cholera outbreak in the city of Sulaimaniyah in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Khdr Sabir
- 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Iraq
| | - Zhwan Talib Hama
- 2Department of Dental Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Karzan Jalal Salih
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Science, Charmo University, 46023 Chamchamal, Iraq
| | - Karzan Ghafur Khidhir
- 4Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
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18
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Tauheed I, Ahmed T, Akter A, Firoj MG, Ahmmed F, Rahman SIA, Afrad MH, Islam MN, Rahman A, Khan AI, Alam B, Bhuiyan TR, Chowdhury F, Qadri F. A snap-shot of a diarrheal epidemic in Dhaka due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae O1 in 2022. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1132927. [PMID: 37124777 PMCID: PMC10140589 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1132927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Vibrio cholerae O1 are most common bacterial causes of diarrheal diseases in Bangladesh. This analysis projected distribution of ETEC and V. cholerae O1 among diarrheal patients of icddr,b, Dhaka hospital in two diarrheal peaks of 2022. Methodology Under the 2% systematic surveillance system, stool samples collected from diarrheal patients of icddr,b hospital were cultured and diagnostic testing was done for ETEC and V. cholerae O1. Comparison of positive cases was done between first peak (March-April) and second peak (October-November) in 2022. Results A total of 2,937 stool specimens were tested of which 12% were ETEC and 20% were V. cholerae O1. About 40% of the severe dehydration cases were infected with V. cholerae O1. Predominant ETEC enterotoxin type was 'LT/ST' (41%). The LT enterotoxin significantly increased from 13% to 28% in the second peak (p = 0.015). The predominant colonization factors (CFs) on ETEC were CS5 + CS6 (23%), followed by CS6 (15%). CF-positive isolates was significantly higher in the second peak (36%) than in the first peak (22%) (p = 0.043). Total 14% cases were co-infected with ETEC and V. cholerae O1. Significant differences in the distribution of enterotoxin types were observed (p = 0.029) among the co-infection cases. Conclusion Changing patterns of enterotoxin and CFs observed in ETEC pathogens should be taken into consideration for ETEC vaccine development. Considering cholera and ETEC biannual trends in causing diarrheal epidemics and outbreaks, emphasizes the need for thoughts on combination vaccine strategies for preventing acute watery diarrhea due to the two major bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Tauheed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnuva Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afroza Akter
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Golam Firoj
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faisal Ahmmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Isfat Ara Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mokibul Hassan Afrad
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Aninda Rahman
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baharul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Firdausi Qadri,
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