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He L, Zhu Z, Qi C. β-Glucan-A promising immunocyte-targeting drug delivery vehicle: Superiority, applications and future prospects. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122252. [PMID: 38823919 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Drug delivery technologies that could convert promising therapeutics into successful therapies have been under broad research for many years. Recently, β-glucans, natural-occurring polysaccharides extracted from many organism species such as yeast, fungi and bacteria, have attracted increasing attention to serve as drug delivery carriers. With their unique structure and innate immunocompetence, β-glucans are considered as promising carriers for targeting delivery especially when applied in the vaccine construction and oral administration of therapeutic agents. In this review, we focus on three types of β-glucans applied in the drug delivery system including yeast β-glucan, Schizophyllan and curdlan, highlighting the benefits of β-glucan based delivery system. We summarize how β-glucans as delivery vehicles have aided various therapeutics ranging from macromolecules including proteins, peptides and nucleic acids to small molecular drugs to reach desired cells or organs in terms of loading strategies. We also outline the challenges and future directions for developing the next generation of β-glucan based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang He
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zhichao Zhu
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Chunjian Qi
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Changzhou 213003, China.
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2
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Liu F, Chen Y, Huang Y, Jin Q, Ji J. Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for enhanced antifungal therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39192670 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01484g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in antifungal therapy is gaining increasing attention. Current antifungal drugs have significant limitations, such as severe side effects, low bioavailability, and the rapid development of resistance. Nanotechnology offers an innovative solution to address these issues. This review discusses three key strategies of nanotechnology to enhance antifungal efficacy. Firstly, nanomaterials can enhance their interaction with fungal cells via ingenious surface tailoring of nanomaterials. Effective adhesion of nanoparticles to fungal cells can be achieved by electrostatic interaction or specific targeting to the fungal cell wall and cell membrane. Secondly, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials are developed to realize smart release of drugs in the specific microenvironment of pathological tissues, such as the fungal biofilm microenvironment and inflammatory microenvironment. Thirdly, nanomaterials can be designed to cross different physiological barriers, effectively addressing challenges posed by skin, corneal, and blood-brain barriers. Additionally, some new nanomaterial-based strategies in treating fungal infections are discussed, including the development of fungal vaccines, modulation of macrophage activity, phage therapy, the application of high-throughput screening in drug discovery, and so on. Despite the challenges faced in applying nanotechnology to antifungal therapy, its significant potential and innovation open new possibilities for future clinical antifungal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Yongcheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Yue Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Qiao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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3
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Lin H, Han R, Wu W. Glucans and applications in drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121904. [PMID: 38431411 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Glucan is a natural polysaccharide widely distributed in cereals and microorganisms that has various biological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. In addition to wide applications in the broad fields of food, healthcare, and biomedicines, glucans hold promising potential as drug delivery carrier materials or ligands. Specifically, glucan microparticles or yeast cell wall particles are naturally enclosed vehicles with an interior cavity that can be exploited to carry and deliver drug payloads. The biological activities and targeting capacities of glucans depend largely on the recognition of glucan moieties by receptors such as dectin-1 and complement receptor 3, which are widely expressed on the cell membranes of mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and some lymphocytes. This review summarizes the chemical structures, sources, fundamental properties, extraction methods, and applications of these materials, with an emphasis on drug delivery. Glucans are utilized mainly as vaccine adjuvants, targeting ligands and as carrier materials for various drug entities. It is believed that glucans and glucan microparticles may be useful for the delivery of both small-molecule and macromolecular drugs, especially for potential treatment of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Rongze Han
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
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4
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Jesus S, Panão Costa J, Colaço M, Lebre F, Mateus D, Sebastião AI, Cruz MT, Alfaro-Moreno E, Borges O. Exploring the immunomodulatory properties of glucan particles in human primary cells. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:123996. [PMID: 38490404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of β-glucans have sparked interest among various medical fields. As vaccine adjuvants, glucan particles offer additional advantages as antigen delivery systems. This study reported the immunomodulatory properties of glucan particles with different size and chemical composition. The effect of glucan microparticles (GPs) and glucan nanoparticles (Glu 130 and 355 NPs) was evaluated on human immune cells. While GPs and Glu 355 NPs demonstrated substantial interaction with Dectin-1 receptor on monocytes, Glu 130 NPs exhibited reduced activation of this receptor. This observation was substantiated by blocking Dectin-1, resulting in inhibition of reactive oxygen species production induced by GPs and Glu 355 NPs. Notably, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) stimulated by Glu 355 NPs exhibited phenotypic and functional maturation, essential for antigen cross-presentation. The immunomodulatory efficacy was investigated using an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR), resulting in considerable rates of lymphocyte proliferation and an intriguing profile of cytokine and chemokine release. Our findings highlight the importance of meticulously characterizing the size and chemical composition of β-glucan particles to draw accurate conclusions regarding their immunomodulatory activity. This in vitro model mimics the human cellular immune response, and the results obtained endorse the use of β-glucan-based delivery systems as future vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Panão Costa
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Colaço
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Lebre
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Mateus
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Sebastião
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Olga Borges
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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5
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Wu Y, Li P, Jiang Z, Sun X, He H, Yan P, Xu Y, Liu Y. Bioinspired yeast-based β-glucan system for oral drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121163. [PMID: 37567689 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery is the preferred route of drug administration for patients, especially those who need long-term medication. Recently, bioinspired drug delivery systems have emerged for the oral delivery of various therapeutics. Among them, the yeast-based β-glucan system is a novel and promising platform, for oral administration that can overcome the biological barriers of the harsh gastrointestinal environment. Remarkably, the yeast-based β-glucan system not only protects the drug through the harsh gastrointestinal environment but also achieves targeted therapeutic effects by specifically recognizing immune cells, especially macrophages. Otherwise, it exhibits immunomodulatory properties. Based on the pleasant characteristics of the yeast-based β-glucan system, they are widely used in various macrophage-related diseases for oral administration. In this review, we introduced the structure and function of yeast-based β-glucan. Subsequently, we further summarized the current preparation methods of yeast-based β-glucan carriers and the strategies for preparing yeast-based β-glucan drug delivery systems. In addition, we focus on discussing the applications of β-glucan drug delivery systems in various diseases. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of the β-glucan drug delivery system are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zongzhe Jiang
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China
| | - Huqiang He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China
| | - Pijun Yan
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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6
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Soto ER, Specht CA, Lee CK, Levitz SM, Ostroff GR. One Step Purification-Vaccine Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051390. [PMID: 37242632 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucan particles (GPs) are hollow, porous 3-5 µm microspheres derived from the cell walls of Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Their 1,3-β-glucan outer shell allows for receptor-mediated uptake by macrophages and other phagocytic innate immune cells expressing β-glucan receptors. GPs have been used for the targeted delivery of a wide range of payloads, including vaccines and nanoparticles, encapsulated inside the hollow cavity of GPs. In this paper, we describe the methods to prepare GP-encapsulated nickel nanoparticles (GP-Ni) for the binding of histidine (His)-tagged proteins. His-tagged Cda2 cryptococcal antigens were used as payloads to demonstrate the efficacy of this new GP vaccine encapsulation approach. The GP-Ni-Cda2 vaccine was shown to be comparable to our previous approach utilizing mouse serum albumin (MSA) and yeast RNA trapping of Cda2 in GPs in a mouse infection model. This novel GP-Ni approach allows for the one-step binding of His-tagged vaccine antigens and encapsulation in an effective delivery vehicle to target vaccines to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), antigen discovery, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto R Soto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chrono K Lee
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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7
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Huang S, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Recent Advances in Delivery Systems for Genetic and Other Novel Vaccines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107946. [PMID: 34914144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful and cost-effective prophylactic measures against diseases, especially infectious diseases including smallpox and polio. However, the development of effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines for other diseases such as cancer remains challenging. This is often due to the imprecise control of vaccine activity in vivo which leads to insufficient/inappropriate immune responses or short immune memory. The development of new vaccine types in recent decades has created the potential for improving the protective potency against these diseases. Genetic and subunit vaccines are two major categories of these emerging vaccines. Owing to their nature, they rely heavily on delivery systems with various functions, such as effective cargo protection, immunogenicity enhancement, targeted delivery, sustained release of antigens, selective activation of humoral and/or cellular immune responses against specific antigens, and reduced adverse effects. Therefore, vaccine delivery systems may significantly affect the final outcome of genetic and other novel vaccines and are vital for their development. This review introduces these studies based on their research emphasis on functional design or administration route optimization, presents recent progress, and discusses features of new vaccine delivery systems, providing an overview of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yining Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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8
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Oral administration of a whole glucan particle (WGP)-based therapeutic cancer vaccine targeting macrophages inhibits tumor growth. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2007-2028. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Tan Y, Chen L, Li K, Lou B, Liu Y, Liu Z. Yeast as carrier for drug delivery and vaccine construction. J Control Release 2022; 346:358-379. [PMID: 35483637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Yeast has been employed as an effective derived drug carrier as a unicellular microorganism. Many research works have been devoted to the encapsulation of nucleic acid compounds, insoluble small molecule drugs, small molecules, liposomes, polymers, and various nanoparticles in yeast for the treatment of disease. Recombinant yeast-based vaccine carriers (WYV) have played a major role in the development of vaccines. Herein, the latest reports on the application of yeast carriers and the development of related research are summarized, a conceptual description of gastrointestinal absorption of yeast carriers, as well as the various package forms of different drug molecules and nanoparticles in yeast carriers are introduced. In addition, the advantages and development of recombinant yeast vaccine carriers for the disease, veterinary and aquaculture applications are discussed. Moreover, the current challenges and future directions of yeast carriers are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Beibei Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, PR China.
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China; Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China.
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Abstract
Systemic cryptococcosis is fatal without treatment. Globally, this disease kills 180,000 of the 225,000 infected people each year, even with the use of antifungal therapies. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent cryptococcosis. Previously, we discovered that Znf2, a morphogenesis regulator that directs Cryptococcus yeast-to-hyphal transition, profoundly affects cryptococcal interaction with the host-overexpression of ZNF2 drives filamentous growth, attenuates cryptococcal virulence, and elicits protective host immune responses. Importantly, immunization with cryptococcal cells overexpressing ZNF2, either in live or heat-inactivated form, offers significant protection to the host from a subsequent challenge by the otherwise lethal wild-type H99 strain. We hypothesize that cellular components enriched in ZNF2oe cells are immunoprotective. Here, we discovered that serum from protected animals vaccinated with inactivated ZNF2oe cells recognizes cryptococcal antigens that reside within the capsule. Consistently, capsule is required for immunoprotection offered by ZNF2oe cells. Interestingly, the serum from protective animals recognizes antigens in both wild-type yeast cells and ZNF2oe cells, with higher abundance in the latter. Consequently, even the heat-inactivated wild-type cells become immunoprotective with an increased vaccination dose. We also found that disruption of a chromatin remodeling factor Brf1, which is important for initiation of filamentation by Znf2, reduces the antigen level in ZNF2oe cells. Deletion of BRF1 drastically reduces the protective effect of ZNF2oe cells in both live and heat-killed forms even though the ZNF2oebrf1Δ strain itself is avirulent. Collectively, our findings underscore the importance of identifying the subset of cryptococcal surface factors that are beneficial in host protection. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcosis claims close to 200,000 lives annually. There is no vaccine clinically available for this fungal disease. Many avirulent mutant strains do not provide protection against cryptococcosis. We previously discovered that hyphal ZNF2oe strains elicit protective host immune responses both in the live and heat-inactivated forms. Here we seek to understand the mechanism underlying the host protection provided by ZNF2oe cells. We discovered increased accumulation of antigens located within the caspusle of ZNF2oe cells and consequently the requirement of the capsule for ZNF2oe strain-elicited host protection. Furthermore, genetically blocking the ability of ZNF2oe cells to grow in the hyphal form significantly reduces antigen accumulation and impairs the ability of ZNF2oe strain to provide host protection. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying the Znf2-regulated capsular surface factors that are fundamental in host protection.
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Xu J, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Fei Z, Sun Y, Fan Q, Liu B, Bai J, Yu Y, Chu J, Chen J, Wang C. Yeast-derived nanoparticles remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment in tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes to suppress tumor growth. Nat Commun 2022; 13:110. [PMID: 35013252 PMCID: PMC8748771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-based cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a hot topic for cancer treatment. However, serious limitations remain including infection associated side-effect and unsatisfactory outcomes in clinic trials. Here, we fabricate different sizes of nano-formulations derived from yeast cell wall (YCW NPs) by differential centrifugation. The induction of anticancer immunity of our formulations appears to inversely correlate with their size due to the ability to accumulate in tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN). Moreover, we use a percolation model to explain their distribution behavior toward TDLN. The abundance and functional orientation of each effector component are significantly improved not only in the microenvironment in tumor but also in the TDLN following small size YCW NPs treatment. In combination with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade, we demonstrate anticancer efficiency in melanoma-challenged mice. We delineate potential strategy to target immunosuppressive microenvironment by microbe-based nanoparticles and highlight the role of size effect in microbe-based immune therapeutics. Components of the yeast cell wall, including but not limited to β-glucan, have been reported to act as danger signals and promote immune responses. Here the authors report the design and anti-tumor immune responses elicited by yeast cell wall-based nanoparticles in preclinical cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingle Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziying Fei
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyu Bai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Chu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingrun Chen
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Cid R, Bolívar J. Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1072. [PMID: 34439738 PMCID: PMC8394948 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cid
- ADL Bionatur Solutions S.A., Av. del Desarrollo Tecnológico 11, 11591 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolívar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Chase Huizar C, Ji N, Reddick R, Ostroff GR, Forsthuber TG. Glucan particles as a novel adjuvant for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2021; 366:104383. [PMID: 34111646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For over 70 years experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been induced with myelin autoantigens emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) which has significant side effects such as pain, inflammation, and tissue necrosis at the injection site. β-1,3-d-glucan particles (GPs) are hollow microcapsules prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls that induce potent Th17 cell responses without causing strong injection site tissue reactions. We evaluated the potential of GPs complexed with neuroantigens to induce EAE while avoiding undesirable side effects. GPs loaded with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) or proteolipid protein 139-151 (PLP139-151) peptides effectively induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice and SJL mice. Disease severity, CNS pathology and immune responses were comparable between GP- and CFA-immunized mice. Importantly, injection with GPs resulted in significantly decreased inflammation compared with CFA. We posit that use of GPs provides an alternative means for inducing EAE that results in comparable disease, but less discomfort to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Chase Huizar
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Niannian Ji
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Reddick
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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14
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Engineering a sustained release vaccine with a pathogen-mimicking manner for robust and durable immune responses. J Control Release 2021; 333:162-175. [PMID: 33794269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sustained release vaccine carriers can facilitate an increased interaction time between the antigen and immune system to strengthen immune responses, but their promotion on adaptive immune responses, especially cellular immunity, are still unfavorable. Herein, we report a sustained antigen delivery vector, which carries abundant antigens, a nucleic acid adjuvant and pathogen-associated molecular patterns to simulate a natural pathogen to reinforce immune responses. Specifically, murine colorectal cancer cells MC38 lysate and Toll-like receptor 9 agonist CpG are loaded into yeast derived β-glucan particles (GPs). After vaccination, these particles can form a vaccine depot that continuously release the antigen similar to the traditional aluminum hydroxide gel, but recruit more immune cells and induce more cytokine secretion at the injection site. Stronger antibody responses, Th1 and Th17 biased cellular immunity and immune memory are achieved compared with aluminum hydroxide gel. More importantly, treatment with these particles significantly suppress tumor growth in a therapeutic tumor model. This work shed light on the efficacy of combining sustained antigen release with pathogen-mimicking manner in vaccine design.
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15
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Oliveira LVN, Wang R, Specht CA, Levitz SM. Vaccines for human fungal diseases: close but still a long way to go. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 33658522 PMCID: PMC7930017 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the substantial global burden of human fungal infections, there are no approved fungal vaccines to protect at risk individuals. Here, we review the progress that has been made and the challenges that lie ahead in the quest towards efficacious fungal vaccines. In mouse studies, protection has been achieved with vaccines directed against fungal pathogens, including species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus, that most commonly cause life-threatening human disease. Encouraging results have been obtained with vaccines composed of live-attenuated and killed fungi, crude extracts, recombinant subunit formulations, and nucleic acid vaccines. Novel adjuvants that instruct the immune system to mount the types of protective responses needed to fight mycotic infections are under development. Candidate vaccines include those that target common antigens expressed on multiple genera of fungi thereby protecting against a broad range of mycoses. Encouragingly, three vaccines have reached human clinical trials. Still, formidable obstacles must be overcome before we will have fungal vaccines licensed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena V N Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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16
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Specht CA, Homan EJ, Lee CK, Mou Z, Gomez CL, Hester MM, Abraham A, Rus F, Ostroff GR, Levitz SM. Protection of Mice against Experimental Cryptococcosis by Synthesized Peptides Delivered in Glucan Particles. mBio 2021; 13:e0336721. [PMID: 35089095 PMCID: PMC8725579 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03367-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The high global burden of cryptococcosis has made development of a protective vaccine a public health priority. We previously demonstrated that a vaccine composed of recombinant Cryptococcus neoformans chitin deacetylase 2 (Cda2) delivered in glucan particles (GPs) protects BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice from an otherwise lethal challenge with a highly virulent C. neoformans strain. An immunoinformatic analysis of Cda2 revealed a peptide sequence predicted to have strong binding to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) H2-IAd allele found in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice vaccinated with GPs containing a 32-amino-acid peptide (Cda2-Pep1) that included this strong binding region were protected from cryptococcosis. Protection was lost with GP-based vaccines containing versions of recombinant Cda2 protein and Cda2-Pep1 with mutations predicted to greatly diminish MHC II binding. Cda2 has homology to the three other C. neoformans chitin deacetylases, Cda1, Cda3, and Fpd1, in the high-MHC II-binding region. GPs loaded with homologous peptides of Cda1, Cda3, and Fpd1 protected BALB/c mice from experimental cryptococcosis, albeit not as robustly as the Cda2-Pep1 vaccine. Finally, seven other peptides were synthesized based on regions in Cda2 predicted to contain promising CD4+ T cell epitopes in BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. While five peptide vaccines significantly protected BALB/c mice, only one protected C57BL/6 mice. Thus, GP-based vaccines containing a single peptide can protect mice against cryptococcosis. However, given the diversity of human MHC II alleles, a peptide-based Cryptococcus vaccine for use in humans would be challenging and likely need to contain multiple peptide sequences. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcosis, due to infection by fungi of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised persons, particularly those with AIDS. Cryptococcal vaccines are a public health priority yet are not available for human use. We previously demonstrated mice could be protected from experimental cryptococcosis with vaccines composed of recombinant cryptococcal proteins encased in hollow highly purified yeast cell walls (glucan particles). In this study, we examined one such protective protein, Cda2, and using bioinformatics, we identified a region predicted to stimulate strong T cell responses. A peptide containing this region formulated in glucan particle-based vaccines protected mice as well as the recombinant protein. Other peptide vaccines also protected, including peptides containing sequences from proteins homologous to Cda2. These preclinical mouse studies provide a proof of principle that peptides can be effective as vaccines to protect against cryptococcosis and that bioinformatic approaches can guide peptide selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chrono K. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhongming Mou
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina L. Gomez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen M. Hester
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florentina Rus
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary R. Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Intranasal Immunization with Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Results in Long-Term Immunity to Bordetella pertussis in Mice. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00607-20. [PMID: 33318136 PMCID: PMC8097269 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00607-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis colonizes the respiratory mucosa of humans, inducing an immune response seeded in the respiratory tract. An individual, once convalescent, exhibits long-term immunity to the pathogen. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines do not induce the long-term immune response observed after natural infection in humans. In this study, we evaluated the durability of protection from intranasal (i.n.) pertussis vaccines in mice. Mice that convalesced from B. pertussis infection served as a control group. Mice were immunized with a mock vaccine (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]), aP only, or an aP base vaccine combined with one of the following adjuvants: alum, curdlan, or purified whole glucan particles (IRI-1501). We utilized two study designs: short term (challenged 35 days after priming vaccination) and long term (challenged 6 months after boost). The short-term study demonstrated that immunization with i.n. vaccine candidates decreased the bacterial burden in the respiratory tract, reduced markers of inflammation, and induced significant serum and lung antibody titers. In the long-term study, protection from bacterial challenge mirrored the results observed in the short-term challenge study. Immunization with pertussis antigens alone was surprisingly protective in both models; however, the alum and IRI-1501 adjuvants induced significant B. pertussis-specific IgG antibodies in both the serum and lung and increased numbers of anti-B. pertussis IgG-secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow. Our data indicate that humoral responses induced by the i.n. vaccines correlated with protection, suggesting that long-term antibody responses can be protective.
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18
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Paterson MJ, Caldera JR, Nguyen C, Sharma P, Castro AM, Kolar SL, Tsai CM, Limon JJ, Becker CA, Martins GA, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Harnessing antifungal immunity in pursuit of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine strategy. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008733. [PMID: 32817694 PMCID: PMC7446838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide, and antibiotic resistant strains such as Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are a major threat and burden to public health. MRSA not only infects immunocompromised patients but also healthy individuals and has rapidly spread from the healthcare setting to the outside community. However, all vaccines tested in clinical trials to date have failed. Immunocompromised individuals such as patients with HIV or decreased levels of CD4+ T cells are highly susceptible to S. aureus infections, and they are also at increased risk of developing fungal infections. We therefore wondered whether stimulation of antifungal immunity might promote the type of immune responses needed for effective host defense against S. aureus. Here we show that vaccination of mice with a fungal β-glucan particle (GP) loaded with S. aureus antigens provides protective immunity to S. aureus. We generated glucan particles loaded with the four S. aureus proteins ClfA, IsdA, MntC, and SdrE, creating the 4X-SA-GP vaccine. Vaccination of mice with three doses of 4X-SA-GP promoted protection in a systemic model of S. aureus infection with a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in the spleen and kidneys. 4X-SA-GP vaccination induced antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cell and antibody responses and provided long-term protection. This work suggests that the GP vaccine system has potential as a novel approach to developing vaccines for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J. Paterson
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - JR Caldera
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Purnima Sharma
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Castro
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Kolar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jose J. Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Becker
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gislâine A. Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George Y. Liu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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19
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Abstract
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases and form an important innovation of 19th century research. It contains a protein that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weak or killed forms of the microbe. Vaccines are agents that stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Now, a new form of vaccine was introduced which will have the power to mask the risk side of conventional vaccines. This type of vaccine was produced from plants which are genetically modified. In the production of edible vaccines, the gene-encoding bacterial or viral disease-causing agent can be incorporated in plants without losing its immunogenic property. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines can be produced by incorporating transgene in to the selected plant cell. At present edible vaccine are developed for veterinary and human use. But the main challenge faced by edible vaccine is its acceptance by the population so that it is necessary to make aware the society about its use and benefits. When compared to other traditional vaccines, edible vaccines are cost effective, efficient and safe. It promises a better prevention option from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda M Kurup
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Jaya Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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20
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Hayden CA, Hung CY, Zhang H, Negron A, Esquerra R, Ostroff G, Abraham A, Lopez AG, Gonzales JE, Howard JA. Maize-Produced Ag2 as a Subunit Vaccine for Valley Fever. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:615-623. [PMID: 31184702 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioides is the causative agent of San Joaquin Valley fever, a fungal disease prevalent in the semiarid regions of the Americas. Efforts to develop a fungal vaccine over the last 2 decades were unsuccessful. A candidate antigen, Antigen 2 (Ag2), is notoriously difficult to express in Escherichia coli, and this study sought to accumulate the antigen at high levels in maize. Transformed maize lines accumulated recombinant Ag2 at levels >1 g/kg. Mice immunized with this antigen and challenged with live Coccidioides arthroconidia showed a reduction in the fungal load when Ag2 derived from either E. coli or maize was loaded into glucan chitin particles. A fusion of Ag2 to dendritic cell carrier peptide (DCpep) induced a T-helper type 17 response in the spleen when orally delivered, indicative of a protective immune response. The maize production platform and the glucan chitin particle adjuvant system show promise for development of a Coccidioides vaccine, but further testing is needed to fully assess the optimal method of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A Hayden
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Chiung-Yu Hung
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, Worcester
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, Worcester
| | - Austin Negron
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, Worcester
| | - Raymond Esquerra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Gary Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Alejandro Gabriel Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | | | - John A Howard
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, San Luis Obispo, California
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21
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Abstract
Vaccines are powerful tools that can activate the immune system for protection against various diseases. As carbohydrates can play important roles in immune recognition, they have been widely applied in vaccine development. Carbohydrate antigens have been investigated in vaccines against various pathogenic microbes and cancer. Polysaccharides such as dextran and β-glucan can serve as smart vaccine carriers for efficient antigen delivery to immune cells. Some glycolipids, such as galactosylceramide and monophosphoryl lipid A, are strong immune stimulators, which have been studied as vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we focus on the current advances in applying carbohydrates as vaccine delivery carriers and adjuvants. We will discuss the examples that involve chemical modifications of the carbohydrates for effective antigen delivery, as well as covalent antigen-carbohydrate conjugates for enhanced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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22
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Hayden CA, Landrock D, Hung CY, Ostroff G, Fake GM, Walker JH, Kier A, Howard JA. Co-Administration of Injected and Oral Vaccine Candidates Elicits Improved Immune Responses over Either Route Alone. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E37. [PMID: 31973150 PMCID: PMC7157212 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and although efficacious vaccines are available for many diseases, some parenteral vaccines elicit little or no mucosal antibodies which can be a significant problem since mucosal tissue is the point of entry for 90% of pathogens. In order to provide protection for both serum and mucosal areas, we have tested a combinatorial approach of both parenteral and oral administration of antigens for diseases caused by a viral pathogen, Hepatitis B, and a fungal pathogen, Coccidioides. We demonstrate that co-administration by the parenteral and oral routes is a useful tool to increase the overall immune response. This can include achieving an immune response in tissues that are not elicited when using only one route of administration, providing a higher level of response that can lead to fewer required doses or possibly providing a better response for individuals that are considered poor or non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A. Hayden
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Chiung Yu Hung
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Gary Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation St. Biotech 2, Suite 113, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Gina M. Fake
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
| | - John H. Walker
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Ann Kier
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.L.); (A.K.)
| | - John A. Howard
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
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23
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Vetvicka V, Vannucci L, Sima P. β-glucan as a new tool in vaccine development. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12833. [PMID: 31544248 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination constitutes one of the major breakthroughs in human medicine. At the same time, development of more immunogenic vaccine alternatives to using aluminium-based adjuvants is one of the most important phases of vaccination development. Among different sources of carbohydrate polymers, including plants, microbes and synthetic sources tested, glucans were found to be the most promising vaccine adjuvant, as they alone stimulate various immune reactions including antibody production without any negative side effects. The use of glucan particles as a delivery system is a viable option based on the documented efficient antigen loading and receptor-targeted uptake in antigen-presenting cells. In addition to particles, soluble glucans can be used as novel hydrogels or as direct immunocyte-targeting delivery systems employing novel complexes with oligodeoxynucleotides. This review focuses on recent advances in glucan-based vaccine development from glucan-based conjugates to a glucan-based delivery and adjuvant platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sima
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Rodrigues Barbosa J, Dos Santos Freitas MM, da Silva Martins LH, de Carvalho RN. Polysaccharides of mushroom Pleurotus spp.: New extraction techniques, biological activities and development of new technologies. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115550. [PMID: 31826512 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The biodiversity of mushrooms Pleurotus spp. is impressive due to its complexity and diversity related to the composition of chemical structures such as polysaccharides, glycoproteins and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids and betalains. Recent studies of polysaccharides and their structural elucidation have helped to direct research and development of technologies related to pharmacological action, production of bioactive foods and application of new, more sophisticated extraction tools. The diversity of bioactivities related to these biopolymers, their mechanisms and routes of action are constant focus of researches. The elucidation of bioactivities has helped to formulate new vaccines and targeted drugs. In this context, in terms of polysaccharides and the diversity of mushrooms Pleurotus spp., this review seeks to revisit the genus, making an updated approach on the recent discoveries of polysaccharides, new extraction techniques and bioactivities, emphasising on their mechanisms and routes in order to update the reader on the recent technologies related to these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatas Rodrigues Barbosa
- LABEX/FEA (Extraction Laboratory/Faculty of Food Engineering), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Para), Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Maurício Madson Dos Santos Freitas
- LAPOA/FEA (Laboratory of Products of Animal Origin/Faculty of Food Engineering), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Para), Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Helena da Silva Martins
- LABIOTEC/FEA (Biotechnological Process Laboratory/Faculty of Food Engineering), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Para), Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Raul Nunes de Carvalho
- LABEX/FEA (Extraction Laboratory/Faculty of Food Engineering), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Para), Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil.
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25
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Hester MM, Lee CK, Abraham A, Khoshkenar P, Ostroff GR, Levitz SM, Specht CA. Protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis using glucan particle-based vaccines containing novel recombinant antigens. Vaccine 2019; 38:620-626. [PMID: 31699504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans is responsible for upwards of 180,000 deaths worldwide annually, mostly in immunocompromised individuals. Currently there are no licensed fungal vaccines, and even with anti-fungal drug treatment, cryptococcal meningitis is often fatal. Our lab previously demonstrated vaccination with recombinant cryptococcal proteins delivered in glucan particles (GPs) protects mice against an otherwise lethal infection. The aim of the present study was to discover additional cryptococcal antigens affording vaccine-mediated protection. Sixteen proteins, each with evidence of extracellularity, were selected for in vivo testing based on their abundance in protective alkaline extracts of an acapsular C. neoformans strain, their known immunogenicity, and/or their high transcript level during human infection. Candidate antigens were recombinantly expressed in E. coli, purified and loaded into GPs. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice received three subcutaneous injections of GP-based vaccine, and survival was assessed for 84 days following a lethal orotracheal challenge with strain KN99. As with our six published GP-vaccines, we saw differences in overall protection between mouse strains such that BALB/c mice typically demonstrated better survival than C57BL/6 mice. From these studies, we identified seven new proteins which, when administered as GP-vaccines, protect BALB/c and/or C57BL/6 mice against cryptococcal infection. With these results, we expand the pool of novel protective antigens to eleven proteins and demonstrate the potential for selection of highly transcribed extracellular proteins as vaccine targets. These screens highlight the efficacy of GP-subunit vaccines and identify promising antigens for further testing in anti-cryptococcal, multi-epitope vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M Hester
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chrono K Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Payam Khoshkenar
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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26
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Abraham A, Ostroff G, Levitz SM, Oyston PCF. A novel vaccine platform using glucan particles for induction of protective responses against Francisella tularensis and other pathogens. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:143-152. [PMID: 31400225 PMCID: PMC6797901 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are considered the bedrock of preventive medicine. However, for many pathogens, it has been challenging to develop vaccines that stimulate protective, long-lasting immunity. We have developed a novel approach using β-1,3-D-glucans (BGs), natural polysaccharides abundantly present in fungal cell walls, as a biomaterial platform for vaccine delivery. BGs simultaneously provide for receptor-targeted antigen delivery to specialized antigen-presenting cells together with adjuvant properties to stimulate antigen-specific and trained non-specific immune responses. This review focuses on various approaches of using BG particles (GPs) to develop bacterial and fungal vaccine candidates. A special case history for the development of an effective GP tularaemia vaccine candidate is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Abraham
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - G. Ostroff
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - S. M. Levitz
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - P. C. F. Oyston
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton DownSalisburyUK
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27
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Hu X, Yang G, Chen S, Luo S, Zhang J. Biomimetic and bioinspired strategies for oral drug delivery. Biomater Sci 2019; 8:1020-1044. [PMID: 31621709 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery remains the most preferred approach due to its multiple advantages. Recently there has been increasing interest in the development of advanced vehicles for oral delivery of different therapeutics. Among them, biomimetic and bioinspired strategies are emerging as novel approaches that are promising for addressing biological barriers encountered by traditional drug delivery systems. Herein we provide a state-of-the-art review on the current progress of biomimetic particulate oral delivery systems. Different biomimetic nanoparticles used for oral drug delivery are first discussed, mainly including ligand/antibody-functionalized nanoparticles, transporter-mediated nanoplatforms, and nanoscale extracellular vesicles. Then we describe bacteria-derived biomimetic systems, with respect to oral delivery of therapeutic proteins or antigens. Subsequently, yeast-derived oral delivery systems, based on either chemical engineering or bioengineering approaches are discussed, with emphasis on the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer as well as oral vaccination. Finally, bioengineered plant cells are introduced for oral delivery of biological agents. A future perspective is also provided to highlight the existing challenges and possible resolution toward clinical translation of currently developed biomimetic oral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. and The First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Suxin Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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28
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Dedloff MR, Effler CS, Holban AM, Gestal MC. Use of Biopolymers in Mucosally-Administered Vaccinations for Respiratory Disease. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12152445. [PMID: 31370286 PMCID: PMC6695719 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Communicable respiratory infections are the cause of a significant number of infectious diseases. The introduction of vaccinations has greatly improved this situation. Moreover, adjuvants have allowed for vaccines to be more effective with fewer adverse side effects. However, there is still space for improvement because while the more common injected formulations induce a systematic immunity, they do not confer the mucosal immunity needed for more thorough prevention of the spread of respiratory disease. Intranasal formulations provide systemic and mucosal immune protection, but they have the potential for more serious side effects and a less robust immune response. This review looks at seven different adjuvants—chitosan, starch, alginate, gellan, β-glucan, emulsan and hyaluronic acid—and their prospective ability to improve intranasal vaccines as adjuvants and antigen delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Callie S Effler
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Lee University, Cleveland, TN 37311, USA
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucuresti, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050107 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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29
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Vaccine Development to Systemic Mycoses by Thermally Dimorphic Fungi. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Soares E, Groothuismink ZMA, Boonstra A, Borges O. Glucan Particles Are a Powerful Adjuvant for the HBsAg, Favoring Antiviral Immunity. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1971-1981. [PMID: 30964694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lack of vaccine adjuvants that are able to induce robust T cell responses fosters the search for more powerful options. Pathogen-like particles are a promising approach. The adjuvant activity of pathogen-like particles is highly influenced by size and surface composition. This study aimed to evaluate the adjuvant potential of two different β-glucan-based particles, blend chitosan/β-glucan particles (ChiGluPs), which are positively charged and have mean size of 1276 nm, and neutral yeast-derived glucan particles (GPs), with a mean size of 3 μm. Additionally, chitosan particles (ChiPs) were used to understand the effect of β-glucan addition (ChiGluPs). Mouse spleen cells responded through the production of either TNF-α or RANTES, following in vitro stimulation with particles containing either β-glucan (ChiGluPs and GPs) or chitosan (ChiGluPs and ChiPs). Human monocytes responded to all particles through TNF-α secretion. Subcutaneous vaccination of mice with the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) showed increased serum IgG for all particles compared to HBsAg alone (435-, 4500-, or 2500-fold increase for either ChiPs, ChiGluPs, or GPs). Interestingly, only GPs elicited the secretion of HBsAg-specific Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and Treg-related cytokines. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that GPs can have a significant role against the hepatitis B virus by favoring antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Soares
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba , University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Zwier M A Groothuismink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Erasmus University Medical Center , 3015 GD Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - André Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Erasmus University Medical Center , 3015 GD Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba , University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal
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31
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Hung CY, Hsu AP, Holland SM, Fierer J. A review of innate and adaptive immunity to coccidioidomycosis. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S85-S92. [PMID: 30690602 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a human fungal disease cause by inhalation of aerosol spores produced by Coccidioides posadasii or Coccidioides immitis. This disease is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the endemic areas of the Southwestern United States. It also can present as a life-threatening disease as the fungal cells disseminate to skin, bone, and central nervous system. The outcome of coccidioidomycosis is largely determined by the nature of host immune response to the infection. Escalation of symptomatic infections and increased cost of long-term antifungal treatment warrant a concerted effort to better understand the innate and adaptive immune responses and the genetics associated with coccidioidomycosis susceptibility. This knowledge can be harnessed for development of a human vaccine against Coccidioides and advance clinic management of this disease. This review discusses recently reported studies on innate and adaptive immunity to Coccidioides infection, Mendelian susceptibility to disseminated disease and progress toward a human vaccine against this formidable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yu Hung
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Fierer
- Infectious Diseases Section, VA Healthcare San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
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32
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Criscuolo E, Caputo V, Diotti RA, Sautto GA, Kirchenbaum GA, Clementi N. Alternative Methods of Vaccine Delivery: An Overview of Edible and Intradermal Vaccines. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8303648. [PMID: 30949518 PMCID: PMC6425294 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8303648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are recognized worldwide as one of the most important tools for combating infectious diseases. Despite the tremendous value conferred by currently available vaccines toward public health, the implementation of additional vaccine platforms is also of key importance. In fact, currently available vaccines possess shortcomings, such as inefficient triggering of a cell-mediated immune response and the lack of protective mucosal immunity. In this regard, recent work has been focused on vaccine delivery systems, as an alternative to injectable vaccines, to increase antigen stability and improve overall immunogenicity. In particular, novel strategies based on edible or intradermal vaccine formulations have been demonstrated to trigger both a systemic and mucosal immune response. These novel vaccination delivery systems offer several advantages over the injectable preparations including self-administration, reduced cost, stability, and elimination of a cold chain. In this review, the latest findings and accomplishments regarding edible and intradermal vaccines are described in the context of the system used for immunogen expression, their molecular features and capacity to induce a protective systemic and mucosal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Criscuolo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, “Vita-Salute San Raffaele” University, Milan, Italy
| | - V. Caputo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, “Vita-Salute San Raffaele” University, Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l., Turin, Italy
| | - R. A. Diotti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, “Vita-Salute San Raffaele” University, Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l., Turin, Italy
| | - G. A. Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - N. Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, “Vita-Salute San Raffaele” University, Milan, Italy
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33
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Soares E, Cordeiro R, Faneca H, Borges O. Polymeric nanoengineered HBsAg DNA vaccine designed in combination with β‑glucan. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:930-939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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de Oliveira CAF, Vetvicka V, Zanuzzo FS. β-Glucan successfully stimulated the immune system in different jawed vertebrate species. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:1-6. [PMID: 30711038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have shown the positive effects of β-glucans on the immune. Howeverthese studies have a broad experimental design including β-glucans compounds. Consequently, a study using the same β-glucan molecule, administration route and experimental design is needed to compare the effects of β-glucan across vertebrate species. For this end, during 28 days we fed four different vertebrate species: mice, dogs, piglets and chicks, with two β-glucan molecules (BG01 and BG02). We measured the serum interleukin 2 as an indicator of innate immune response, the neutrophils and monocytes phagocytosis index as a cellular response and antibody formation as an adaptive response. The results clearly showed that the different β-glucan molecules exhibited biologically differently behaviors, but both molecules stimulate the immune system in a similar pattern in these four species. This finding suggests that vertebrates shared similar mechanisms/patterns in recognizing the β-glucans and confirms the benefits of β-glucans across different vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A F de Oliveira
- Department of Research and Development, Biorigin Company, Fazenda São José s/n, 17290-000 Macatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Research and Development, Biorigin Company, Fazenda São José s/n, 17290-000 Macatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Soares E, Jesus S, Borges O. Chitosan:β-glucan particles as a new adjuvant for the hepatitis B antigen. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:33-43. [PMID: 30048745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of new vaccine adjuvants is urgently needed not only to enable new routes of vaccine administration but mostly to go beyond protective humoral immunity, often insufficient to fight infectious diseases. The association of two or more immunopotentiators or mimicking pathogen physicochemical properties are strategies that can favor powerful and more balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses. Therefore, the present work aimed to combine both chitosan and β-glucan biopolymers in the same particle, preferably with surface β-glucan localization to simulate the cell wall of some pathogens and to stimulate the immune cells expressing the Dectin-1 receptor. Chitosan:β-glucan particles (ChiGluPs) were developed through a chitosan precipitation method. The chitosan was precipitated into a β-glucan alkaline solution followed by genipin crosslink. The optimized method produced particles with a mean diameter of 837 nm for ChiPs and 1274 nm for ChiGluPs. β-glucan surface location was confirmed by zeta potential measurements (+24 mV for ChiGluPs and +36 mV for ChiPs) and zeta potential titration. These new particles showed high antigen loading efficacy and low cytotoxicity. Mice vaccination studies revealed that both ChiPs and ChiGluPs had an adjuvant effect for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), with ChiGluPs resulting in serum anti-HBsAg total IgG 16-fold higher than ChiPs, when administered with 1.5 µg HBsAg per dose. Specifically, IgG1 subclass was 5-fold higher and IgG3 subclass was 4-fold higher for ChiGluPs comparing to ChiPs. Overall, the preparation method developed allowed the advantageous combination of β-glucan with chitosan, without chemical functionalization, which represents an additional step toward tailor-made adjuvants production using simple precipitation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Soares
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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36
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Singh N, Gallagher HC, Song R, Dhinsa JK, Ostroff GR, De Jesus M. RNA isolation from Peyer's patch lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes to determine gene expression profiles using NanoString technology. J Biol Methods 2018; 5:e95. [PMID: 31453245 PMCID: PMC6706143 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2018.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sampling and immune surveillance within gut-associated lymphoid tissues such as the intestinal Peyer’s patch (PP) occurs by an elegantly orchestrated effort that involves the epithelial barrier, B and T lymphocytes, and an extensive network of mononuclear phagocytes. Although we now understand more about the dynamics of antigen and microbial sampling within PPs, the gene expression changes that occur in individual cell subsets during sampling are not well characterized. This protocol describes the isolation of high-quality RNA from sorted PP, B and T-lymphocytes, and CD11c+ phagocytes for use with nCounter-NanoString technology. This method allows investigators to study gene expression changes within PPs in response to antigens, microbes, and oral vaccine delivery vehicles of interest that are sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Singh
- Division of Molecular Genetics Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA
| | - Heather C Gallagher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health Albany, Albany NY, USA
| | - Renjie Song
- Biochemistry and Immunology Core, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA
| | - Jaskiran K Dhinsa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Magdia De Jesus
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health Albany, Albany NY, USA
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37
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38
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Deepe GS, Buesing WR, Ostroff GR, Abraham A, Specht CA, Huang H, Levitz SM. Vaccination with an alkaline extract of Histoplasma capsulatum packaged in glucan particles confers protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2018; 36:3359-3367. [PMID: 29729993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, occurs world-wide, but North and South America are regions of high endemicity. Interventions to mitigate exposure and consequent disease are limited to remediating a habitat harboring the fungus. The development of a vaccine to prevent infection or lessen its severity is an important advance in disease prevention. Accordingly, we prepared an alkaline extract from the yeast phase of Histoplasma and encased it in glucan particles that act as an adjuvant and delivery vehicle. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with this encapsulated extract decreased the number of CFUs in lungs and spleens at days 7 and 14 following intranasal infection. Moreover, this vaccine conferred protection against a lethal challenge with the fungus. Cytokine assessment in lungs at a time when the CFUs were similar between controls and vaccinated groups revealed increased quantities of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 in vaccine recipients. This finding was supported by increased generation of both Th1 and Th17 cells in lungs and draining lymph nodes of vaccinated mice compared to controls. Neutralization of interferon-γ or interleukin-17 blunted the effectiveness of vaccination. To identify the proteins comprising this extract, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was performed. Thus, an H. capsulatum alkaline extract packaged in glucan particles confers protection in an interferon-γ and interleukin-17-dependent manner. Discovery of a single protein or a few proteins in this admixture that mediate protective immunity would represent significant progress in efforts to prevent histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States; Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States.
| | - William R Buesing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Haibin Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
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39
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Wozniak KL. Interactions of Cryptococcus with Dendritic Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4010036. [PMID: 29543719 PMCID: PMC5872339 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii can cause life-threatening infections in immune compromised and immune competent hosts. These pathogens enter the host via inhalation, and respiratory tract innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the first host cells they encounter. The interactions between Cryptococcus and innate immune cells play a critical role in the progression of disease in the host. This review will focus specifically on the interactions between Cryptococcus and dendritic cells (DCs), including recognition/processing by DCs, effects of immune mediators on DC recruitment and activity, and the potential for DC vaccination against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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40
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Rockenstein E, Ostroff G, Dikengil F, Rus F, Mante M, Florio J, Adame A, Trinh I, Kim C, Overk C, Masliah E, Rissman RA. Combined Active Humoral and Cellular Immunization Approaches for the Treatment of Synucleinopathies. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1000-1014. [PMID: 29246926 PMCID: PMC5783958 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1170-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple System Atrophy are age-related neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and jointly termed synucleinopathies. Currently, no disease-modifying treatments are available for these disorders. Previous preclinical studies demonstrate that active and passive immunizations targeting α-syn partially ameliorate behavioral deficits and α-syn accumulation; however, it is unknown whether combining humoral and cellular immunization might act synergistically to reduce inflammation and improve microglial-mediated α-syn clearance. Since combined delivery of antigen plus rapamycin (RAP) in nanoparticles is known to induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs), we adapted this approach to α-syn using the antigen-presenting cell-targeting glucan microparticle (GP) vaccine delivery system. PDGF-α-syn transgenic (tg) male and female mice were immunized with GP-alone, GP-α-syn (active humoral immunization), GP+RAP, or GP+RAP/α-syn (combined active humoral and Treg) and analyzed using neuropathological and biochemical markers. Active immunization resulted in higher serological total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a anti-α-syn levels. Compared with mice immunized with GP-alone or GP-α-syn, mice vaccinated with GP+RAP or GP+RAP/α-syn displayed increased numbers of CD25-, FoxP3-, and CD4-positive cells in the CNS. GP-α-syn or GP+RAP/α-syn immunizations resulted in a 30-45% reduction in α-syn accumulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Mice immunized with GP+RAP/α-syn further rescued neurons and reduced neuroinflammation. Levels of TGF-β1 were increased with GP+RAP/α-syn immunization, while levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced. We conclude that the observed effects of GP+RAP/α-syn immunization support the hypothesis that cellular immunization may enhance the effects of active immunotherapy for the treatment of synucleinopathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that a novel vaccination modality combining an antigen-presenting cell-targeting glucan particle (GP) vaccine delivery system with encapsulated antigen (α-synuclein) + rapamycin (RAP) induced both strong anti-α-synuclein antibody titers and regulatory T cells (Tregs). This vaccine, collectively termed GP+RAP/α-syn, is capable of triggering neuroprotective Treg responses in synucleinopathy models, and the combined vaccine is more effective than the humoral or cellular immunization alone. Together, these results support the further development of this multifunctional vaccine approach for the treatment of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple systems atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Gary Ostroff
- University of Mass Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Fusun Dikengil
- University of Mass Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Florentina Rus
- University of Mass Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Jazmin Florio
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Ivy Trinh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624,
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California 92161
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Oral hepatitis B vaccine: chitosan or glucan based delivery systems for efficient HBsAg immunization following subcutaneous priming. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:261-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lionakis MS, Levitz SM. Host Control of Fungal Infections: Lessons from Basic Studies and Human Cohorts. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 36:157-191. [PMID: 29237128 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, the AIDS pandemic and the significant advances in the medical management of individuals with neoplastic and inflammatory conditions have resulted in a dramatic increase in the population of immunosuppressed patients with opportunistic, life-threatening fungal infections. The parallel development of clinically relevant mouse models of fungal disease and the discovery and characterization of several inborn errors of immune-related genes that underlie inherited human susceptibility to opportunistic mycoses have significantly expanded our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that protect against ubiquitous fungal exposures. This review synthesizes immunological knowledge derived from basic mouse studies and from human cohorts and provides an overview of mammalian antifungal host defenses that show promise for informing therapeutic and vaccination strategies for vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655;
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Scriven JE, Tenforde MW, Levitz SM, Jarvis JN. Modulating host immune responses to fight invasive fungal infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:95-103. [PMID: 29154044 PMCID: PMC5816974 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of host immunity in invasive fungal infection is an appealing but as yet mostly elusive treatment strategy. Animal studies in invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis have demonstrated beneficial effects of colony stimulating factors, interferon-gamma and monoclonal antibodies. More recent studies transfusing leukocytes pre-loaded with lipophilic anti-fungal drugs, or modulated T-cells, along with novel vaccination strategies show great promise. The translation of immune therapies into clinical studies has been limited to date but this is changing and the results of new Candida vaccine trials are eagerly awaited. Immune modulation in HIV-associated mycoses remains complicated by the risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and although exogenous interferon-gamma therapy may be beneficial in cryptococcal meningitis, early initiation of anti-retroviral therapy leads to increased mortality. Further study is required to better target protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Scriven
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Mark W Tenforde
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joseph N Jarvis
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Botswana UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
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Specht CA, Lee CK, Huang H, Hester MM, Liu J, Luckie BA, Torres Santana MA, Mirza Z, Khoshkenar P, Abraham A, Shen ZT, Lodge JK, Akalin A, Homan J, Ostroff GR, Levitz SM. Vaccination with Recombinant Cryptococcus Proteins in Glucan Particles Protects Mice against Cryptococcosis in a Manner Dependent upon Mouse Strain and Cryptococcal Species. mBio 2017; 8:e01872-17. [PMID: 29184017 PMCID: PMC5705919 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01872-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of a vaccine to protect against cryptococcosis is a priority given the enormous global burden of disease in at-risk individuals. Using glucan particles (GPs) as a delivery system, we previously demonstrated that mice vaccinated with crude Cryptococcus-derived alkaline extracts were protected against lethal challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii The goal of the present study was to identify protective protein antigens that could be used in a subunit vaccine. Using biased and unbiased approaches, six candidate antigens (Cda1, Cda2, Cda3, Fpd1, MP88, and Sod1) were selected, recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and loaded into GPs. Three mouse strains (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and DR4) were then vaccinated with the antigen-laden GPs, following which they received a pulmonary challenge with virulent C. neoformans and C. gattii strains. Four candidate vaccines (GP-Cda1, GP-Cda2, GP-Cda3, and GP-Sod1) afforded a significant survival advantage in at least one mouse model; some vaccine combinations provided added protection over that seen with either antigen alone. Vaccine-mediated protection against C. neoformans did not necessarily predict protection against C. gattii Vaccinated mice developed pulmonary inflammatory responses that effectively contained the infection; many surviving mice developed sterilizing immunity. Predicted T helper cell epitopes differed between mouse strains and in the degree to which they matched epitopes predicted in humans. Thus, we have discovered cryptococcal proteins that make promising candidate vaccine antigens. Protection varied depending on the mouse strain and cryptococcal species, suggesting that a successful human subunit vaccine will need to contain multiple antigens, including ones that are species specific.IMPORTANCE The encapsulated fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are responsible for nearly 200,000 deaths annually, mostly in immunocompromised individuals. An effective vaccine could substantially reduce the burden of cryptococcosis. However, a major gap in cryptococcal vaccine development has been the discovery of protective antigens to use in vaccines. Here, six cryptococcal proteins with potential as vaccine antigens were expressed recombinantly and purified. Mice were then vaccinated with glucan particle preparations containing each antigen. Of the six candidate vaccines, four protected mice from a lethal cryptococcal challenge. However, the degree of protection varied as a function of mouse strain and cryptococcal species. These preclinical studies identify cryptococcal proteins that could serve as candidate vaccine antigens and provide a proof of principle regarding the feasibility of protein antigen-based vaccines to protect against cryptococcosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Fungal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Fungal/genetics
- Antigens, Fungal/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cryptococcosis/pathology
- Cryptococcosis/prevention & control
- Cryptococcus gattii/immunology
- Cryptococcus neoformans/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers/administration & dosage
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Fungal Proteins/administration & dosage
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/immunology
- Fungal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Fungal Vaccines/genetics
- Fungal Vaccines/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Glucans/administration & dosage
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Diseases, Fungal/prevention & control
- Mice
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chrono K Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haibin Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen M Hester
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bridget A Luckie
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melanie A Torres Santana
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zeynep Mirza
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Payam Khoshkenar
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zu T Shen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lodge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Akalin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Roohvand F, Shokri M, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Ehsani P. Biomedical applications of yeast- a patent view, part one: yeasts as workhorses for the production of therapeutics and vaccines. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:929-951. [PMID: 28608761 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1339789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yeasts, as Eukaryotes, offer unique features for ease of growth and genetic manipulation possibilities, making it an exceptional microbial host. Areas covered: This review provides general and patent-oriented insights into production of biopharmaceuticals by yeasts. Patents, wherever possible, were correlated to the original or review articles. The review describes applications of major GRAS (generally regarded as safe) yeasts for the production of therapeutic proteins and subunit vaccines; additionally, immunomodulatory properties of yeast cell wall components were reviewed for use of whole yeast cells as a new vaccine platform. The second part of the review will discuss yeast- humanization strategies and innovative applications. Expert opinion: Biomedical applications of yeasts were initiated by utilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for production of leavened (fermented) products, and advanced to serve to produce biopharmaceuticals. Higher biomass production and expression/secretion yields, more similarity of glycosylation patterns to mammals and possibility of host-improvement strategies through application of synthetic biology might enhance selection of Pichia pastoris (instead of S. cerevisiae) as a host for production of biopharmaceutical in future. Immunomodulatory properties of yeast cell wall β-glucans and possibility of intracellular expression of heterologous pathogen/tumor antigens in yeast cells have expanded their application as a new platform, 'Whole Yeast Vaccines'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Roohvand
- a Department of Virology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Pasteur Ave, Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Shokri
- a Department of Virology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Pasteur Ave, Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Parastoo Ehsani
- c Department of Molecular Biology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
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Potential of glucans as vaccine adjuvants: A review of the α-glucans case. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:103-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Roudi R, Mohammadi SR, Roudbary M, Mohsenzadegan M. Lung cancer and β-glucans: review of potential therapeutic applications. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:509-517. [PMID: 28303529 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of natural substances with immunotherapeutic properties has long been studied. β-glucans, a cell wall component of certain bacteria and fungi, potentiate the immune system against microbes and toxic substances. Moreover, β-glucans are known to exhibit direct anticancer effects and can suppress cancer proliferation through immunomodulatory pathways. Mortality of lung cancer has been alarmingly increasingly worldwide; therefore, treatment of lung cancer is an urgent necessity. Numerous researchers are now dedicated to using β-glucans as a therapy for lung cancer. In the present attempt, we have reviewed the studies addressing therapeutic effects of β-glucans in primary and metastatic lung cancer published in the time period of 1991-2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Roudi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Roudbar Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Immune Response to Coccidioidomycosis and the Development of a Vaccine. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5010013. [PMID: 28300772 PMCID: PMC5374390 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides posadasii and Coccidioides immitis. It is estimated that 150,000 new infections occur in the United States each year. The incidence of this infection continues to rise in endemic regions. There is an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic drugs and a vaccine against coccidioidomycosis. This review discusses the features of host innate and adaptive immune responses to Coccidioides infection. The focus is on the recent advances in the immune response and host-pathogen interactions, including the recognition of spherules by the host and defining the signal pathways that guide the development of the adaptive T-cell response to Coccidioides infection. Also discussed is an update on progress in developing a vaccine against these fungal pathogens.
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Mirza Z, Soto ER, Dikengil F, Levitz SM, Ostroff GR. Beta-Glucan Particles as Vaccine Adjuvant Carriers. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1625:143-157. [PMID: 28584989 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7104-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucan particles (GPs) are spherical hollow particles derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls and mainly consist of β-1, 3-D-glucans. The inner hollow cavity of glucan particles can be loaded with different compounds, including protein antigens, and delivered to macrophages and dendritic cells. Moreover, the GP delivery system possesses β-glucan's intrinsic immunostimulatory properties. Therefore, GPs serve as both an antigen-presenting cell-targeted delivery system and an adjuvant.Here, we describe the production of GPs from S. cerevisiae using hot alkaline and solvent extraction and characterization of these particles for morphology, particle density, and hydrodynamic volume. A detailed protocol for loading and entrapping a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), into these particles using yeast RNA is presented. Similar methods are used to load pathogen-specific antigens (peptides, proteins, soluble extracts) which then can be tested in in vivo vaccination models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Mirza
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ernesto R Soto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Fusun Dikengil
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation St., Suite 113, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Targeted Delivery of Glucan Particle Encapsulated Gallium Nanoparticles Inhibits HIV Growth in Human Macrophages. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2016; 2016:8520629. [PMID: 27965897 PMCID: PMC5124674 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8520629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucan particles (GPs) are hollow, porous 3–5 μm microspheres derived from the cell walls of Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The 1,3-β-glucan outer shell provides for receptor-mediated uptake by phagocytic cells expressing β-glucan receptors. GPs have been used for macrophage-targeted delivery of a wide range of payloads (DNA, siRNA, protein, small molecules, and nanoparticles) encapsulated inside the hollow GPs or bound to the surface of chemically derivatized GPs. Gallium nanoparticles have been proposed as an inhibitory agent against HIV infection. Here, macrophage targeting of gallium using GPs provides for more efficient delivery of gallium and inhibition of HIV infection in macrophages compared to free gallium nanoparticles.
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