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Jensen O, Trujillo E, Hanson L, Ost KS. Controlling Candida: immune regulation of commensal fungi in the gut. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0051623. [PMID: 38647290 PMCID: PMC11385159 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00516-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome harbors fungi that pose a significant risk to human health as opportunistic pathogens and drivers of inflammation. Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are associated with dysbiotic fungal communities and the expansion of potentially pathogenic fungi. The gut is also the main reservoir for disseminated fungal infections. Immune interactions are critical for preventing commensal fungi from becoming pathogenic. Significant strides have been made in defining innate and adaptive immune pathways that regulate intestinal fungi, and these discoveries have coincided with advancements in our understanding of the fungal molecular pathways and effectors involved in both commensal colonization and pathogenesis within the gut. In this review, we will discuss immune interactions important for regulating commensal fungi, with a focus on how specific cell types and effectors interact with fungi to limit their colonization or pathogenic potential. This will include how innate and adaptive immune pathways target fungi and orchestrate antifungal immune responses, in addition to how secreted immune effectors, such as mucus and antimicrobial peptides, regulate fungal colonization and inhibit pathogenic potential. These immune interactions will be framed around our current understanding of the fungal effectors and pathways regulating colonization and pathogenesis within this niche. Finally, we highlight important unexplored mechanisms by which the immune system regulates commensal fungi in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emma Trujillo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Luke Hanson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kyla S Ost
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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2
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Jayaraman A, Walachowski S, Bosmann M. The complement system: A key player in the host response to infections. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350814. [PMID: 39188171 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Infections are one of the most significant healthcare and economic burdens across the world as underscored by the recent coronavirus pandemic. Moreover, with the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need to better understand host-pathogen interactions to design effective treatment strategies. The complement system is a key arsenal of the host defense response to pathogens and bridges both innate and adaptive immunity. However, in the contest between pathogens and host defense mechanisms, the host is not always victorious. Pathogens have evolved several approaches, including co-opting the host complement regulators to evade complement-mediated killing. Furthermore, deficiencies in the complement proteins, both genetic and therapeutic, can lead to an inefficient complement-mediated pathogen eradication, rendering the host more susceptible to certain infections. On the other hand, overwhelming infection can provoke fulminant complement activation with uncontrolled inflammation and potentially fatal tissue and organ damage. This review presents an overview of critical aspects of the complement-pathogen interactions during infection and discusses perspectives on designing therapies to mitigate complement dysfunction and limit tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Jayaraman
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Walachowski
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Dellière S, Chauvin C, Wong SSW, Gressler M, Possetti V, Parente R, Fontaine T, Krüger T, Kniemeyer O, Bayry J, Carvalho A, Brakhage AA, Inforzato A, Latgé JP, Aimanianda V. Interplay between host humoral pattern recognition molecules controls undue immune responses against Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6966. [PMID: 39138196 PMCID: PMC11322389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a long pentraxin and a humoral pattern recognition molecule (PRM), has been demonstrated to be protective against Aspergillus fumigatus, an airborne human fungal pathogen. We explored its mode of interaction with A. fumigatus, and the resulting implications in the host immune response. Here, we demonstrate that PTX3 interacts with A. fumigatus in a morphotype-dependent manner: (a) it recognizes germinating conidia through galactosaminogalactan, a surface exposed cell wall polysaccharide of A. fumigatus, (b) in dormant conidia, surface proteins serve as weak PTX3 ligands, and (c) surfactant protein D (SP-D) and the complement proteins C1q and C3b, the other humoral PRMs, enhance the interaction of PTX3 with dormant conidia. SP-D, C3b or C1q opsonized conidia stimulated human primary immune cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, subsequent binding of PTX3 to SP-D, C1q or C3b opsonized conidia significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. PTX3 opsonized germinating conidia also significantly lowered the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines while increasing IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) released by immune cells when compared to the unopsonized counterpart. Overall, our study demonstrates that PTX3 recognizes A. fumigatus either directly or by interplaying with other humoral PRMs, thereby restraining detrimental inflammation. Moreover, PTX3 levels were significantly higher in the serum of patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), supporting previous observations in IPA patients, and suggesting that it could be a potential panel-biomarker for these pathological conditions caused by A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dellière
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Paris, France
| | - Camille Chauvin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Sze Wah Wong
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France
| | - Markus Gressler
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany; Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, Jena, Germany
| | - Valentina Possetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Thierry Fontaine
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life & Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France.
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4
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Chen Z, Zhong C, Fan L, Shang H, Xiao L, Wang W, Guo R, Fan B, Li J, Li B. Nonstructural protein 14 of PDCoV promotes complement C3 expression via the activation of p38-MAPK-C/EBP pathway. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110137. [PMID: 38851153 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emergent enteric coronavirus, primarily inducing diarrhea in swine, particularly in nursing piglets, with the additional potential for zoonotic transmission to humans. Despite the significant impact of PDCoV on swine populations, its pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Complement component 3 (C3) plays a pivotal role in the prevention of viral infections, however, there are no reports concerning the influence of C3 on the proliferation of PDCoV. In this study, we initially demonstrated that PDCoV is capable of activating the C3 and eliciting inflammatory responses. The overexpression of C3 significantly suppressed PDCoV replication, while inhibition of C3 expression facilitated PDCoV replication. We discovered that nonstructural proteins Nsp7, Nsp14, and M, considerably stimulated C3 expression, particularly Nsp14, through activation of the p38-MAPK-C/EBP-β pathway. The N7-MTase constitutes a significant functional domain of the non-structural protein Nsp14, which is more obvious to upregulate C3. Furthermore, functional mutants of the N7-MTase domain suggested that the D44 and T135 of N7-Mtase constituted a pivotal amino acid site to promote C3 expression. This provides fresh insights into comprehending how the virus manipulates the host immune response and suggests potential antiviral strategies against PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqi Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- Biological Engineering Department, Southwest Guizhou Vocational and Technical College for Nationalities, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hongqi Shang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China.
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5
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Kaur G, Chawla S, Kumar P, Singh R. Advancing Vaccine Strategies against Candida Infections: Exploring New Frontiers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1658. [PMID: 38005990 PMCID: PMC10674196 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, along with several non-albicans Candida species, comprise a prominent fungal pathogen in humans, leading to candidiasis in various organs. The global impact of candidiasis in terms of disease burden, suffering, and fatalities is alarmingly high, making it a pressing global healthcare concern. Current treatment options rely on antifungal drugs such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins but are delimited due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and associated adverse effects. The current review highlights the striking absence of a licensed antifungal vaccine for human use and the urgent need to shift our focus toward developing an anti-Candida vaccine. A number of factors affect the development of vaccines against fungal infections, including the host, intraspecies and interspecies antigenic variations, and hence, a lack of commercial interest. In addition, individuals with a high risk of fungal infection tend to be immunocompromised, so they are less likely to respond to inactivated or subunit whole organisms. Therefore, it is pertinent to discover newer and novel alternative strategies to develop safe and effective vaccines against fungal infections. This review article provides an overview of current vaccination strategies (live attenuated, whole-cell killed, subunit, conjugate, and oral vaccine), including their preclinical and clinical data on efficacy and safety. We also discuss the mechanisms of immune protection against candidiasis, including the role of innate and adaptive immunity and potential biomarkers of protection. Challenges, solutions, and future directions in vaccine development, namely, exploring novel adjuvants, harnessing the trained immunity, and utilizing immunoinformatics approaches for vaccine design and development, are also discussed. This review concludes with a summary of key findings, their implications for clinical practice and public health, and a call to action for continued investment in candidiasis vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology (CCT), Chandigarh Group of Colleges (CGC), Landran, Mohali 140307, India
| | - Sonam Chawla
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
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6
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Desai JV, Kumar D, Freiwald T, Chauss D, Johnson MD, Abers MS, Steinbrink JM, Perfect JR, Alexander B, Matzaraki V, Snarr BD, Zarakas MA, Oikonomou V, Silva LM, Shivarathri R, Beltran E, Demontel LN, Wang L, Lim JK, Launder D, Conti HR, Swamydas M, McClain MT, Moutsopoulos NM, Kazemian M, Netea MG, Kumar V, Köhl J, Kemper C, Afzali B, Lionakis MS. C5a-licensed phagocytes drive sterilizing immunity during systemic fungal infection. Cell 2023; 186:2802-2822.e22. [PMID: 37220746 PMCID: PMC10330337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Systemic candidiasis is a common, high-mortality, nosocomial fungal infection. Unexpectedly, it has emerged as a complication of anti-complement C5-targeted monoclonal antibody treatment, indicating a critical niche for C5 in antifungal immunity. We identified transcription of complement system genes as the top biological pathway induced in candidemic patients and as predictive of candidemia. Mechanistically, C5a-C5aR1 promoted fungal clearance and host survival in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis by stimulating phagocyte effector function and ERK- and AKT-dependent survival in infected tissues. C5ar1 ablation rewired macrophage metabolism downstream of mTOR, promoting their apoptosis and enhancing mortality through kidney injury. Besides hepatocyte-derived C5, local C5 produced intrinsically by phagocytes provided a key substrate for antifungal protection. Lower serum C5a concentrations or a C5 polymorphism that decreases leukocyte C5 expression correlated independently with poor patient outcomes. Thus, local, phagocyte-derived C5 production licenses phagocyte antimicrobial function and confers innate protection during systemic fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar V Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dhaneshwar Kumar
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tilo Freiwald
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Chauss
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael S Abers
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie M Steinbrink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John R Perfect
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barbara Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brendan D Snarr
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marissa A Zarakas
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vasileios Oikonomou
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lakmali M Silva
- Oral Immunity and Infection Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raju Shivarathri
- Center for Discovery & Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Emily Beltran
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luciana Negro Demontel
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luopin Wang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dylan Launder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Heather R Conti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Micah T McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Niki M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Infection Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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7
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Lin L, Wang M, Zeng J, Mao Y, Qin R, Deng J, Ouyang X, Hou X, Sun C, Wang Y, Cai Y, Li M, Tian C, Zhou X, Zhang M, Fan H, Mei H, Sarapultsev A, Wang H, Zhang G, Zipfel PF, Hu Y, Hu D, Luo S. Sequence Variation of Candida albicans Sap2 Enhances Fungal Pathogenicity via Complement Evasion and Macrophage M2-Like Phenotype Induction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2206713. [PMID: 37211685 PMCID: PMC10369283 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is an opportunistic pathogen increasingly causing candidiasis worldwide. This study aims to investigate the pattern of systemic immune responses triggered by C. albicans with disease associated variation of Sap2, identifying the novel evasion strategies utilized by clinical isolates. Specifically, a variation in clinical isolates is identified at nucleotide position 817 (G to T). This homozygous variation causes the 273rd amino acid exchange from valine to leucine, close to the proteolytic activation center of Sap2. The mutant (Sap2-273L) generated from SC5314 (Sap2-273V) background carrying the V273L variation within Sap2 displays higher pathogenicity. In comparison to mice infected with Sap2-273V strain, mice infected with Sap2-273L exhibit less complement activation indicated by less serum C3a generation and weaker C3b deposition in the kidney. This inhibitory effect is mainly achieved by Sap2273L -mediated stronger degradation of C3 and C3b. Furthermore, mice infected with Sap2-273L strain exhibit more macrophage phenotype switching from M0 to M2-like and more TGF-β release which further influences T cell responses, generating an immunosuppressed cellular microenvironment characterized by more Tregs and exhausted T cell formation. In summary, the disease-associated sequence variation of Sap2 enhances pathogenicity by complement evasion and M2-like phenotype switching, promoting a more efficient immunosuppressed microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Moran Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jingsi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yehong Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Renjie Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaohu Ouyang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yadan Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yaohua Cai
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chunxia Tian
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia
| | - Huafang Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
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8
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Wilson A, Bogie B, Chaaban H, Burge K. The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease. Microorganisms 2023; 11:909. [PMID: 37110332 PMCID: PMC10144239 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is frequently implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) pathogenesis. While no particular organism has been associated with NEC development, a general reduction in bacterial diversity and increase in pathobiont abundance has been noted preceding disease onset. However, nearly all evaluations of the preterm infant microbiome focus exclusively on the bacterial constituents, completely ignoring any fungi, protozoa, archaea, and viruses present. The abundance, diversity, and function of these nonbacterial microbes within the preterm intestinal ecosystem are largely unknown. Here, we review findings on the role of fungi and viruses, including bacteriophages, in preterm intestinal development and neonatal intestinal inflammation, with potential roles in NEC pathogenesis yet to be determined. In addition, we highlight the importance of host and environmental influences, interkingdom interactions, and the role of human milk in shaping fungal and viral abundance, diversity, and function within the preterm intestinal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hala Chaaban
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kathryn Burge
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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9
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Suprewicz Ł, Skłodowski K, Walewska A, Deptuła P, Sadzyńska A, Eljaszewicz A, Moniuszko M, Janmey PA, Bucki R. Plasma Gelsolin Enhances Phagocytosis of Candida auris by Human Neutrophils through Scavenger Receptor Class B. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0408222. [PMID: 36802172 PMCID: PMC10101141 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04082-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role as an actin-depolymerizing factor in the blood, plasma gelsolin (pGSN) binds bacterial molecules and stimulates the phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages. Here, using an in vitro system, we assessed whether pGSN could also stimulate phagocytosis of the fungal pathogen Candida auris by human neutrophils. The extraordinary ability of C. auris to evade immune responses makes it particularly challenging to eradicate in immunocompromised patients. We demonstrate that pGSN significantly enhances C. auris uptake and intracellular killing. Stimulation of phagocytosis was accompanied by decreased neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Gene expression studies revealed pGSN-dependent upregulation of scavenger receptor class B (SR-B). Inhibition of SR-B using sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO) and block lipid transport-1 (BLT-1) decreased the ability of pGSN to enhance phagocytosis, indicating that pGSN potentiates the immune response through an SR-B-dependent pathway. These results suggest that the response of the host's immune system during C. auris infection may be enhanced by the administration of recombinant pGSN. IMPORTANCE The incidence of life-threatening multidrug-resistant Candida auris infections is rapidly growing, causing substantial economic costs due to outbreaks in hospital wards. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies in susceptible individuals, such as those with leukemia, solid organ transplants, diabetes, and ongoing chemotherapy, often correlate with decreased plasma gelsolin concentration (hypogelsolinemia) and impairment of innate immune responses due to severe leukopenia. Immunocompromised patients are predisposed to superficial and invasive fungal infections. Morbidity caused by C. auris among immunocompromised patients can be as great as 60%. In the era of ever-growing fungal resistance in an aging society, it is critical to seek novel immunotherapies that may help combat these infections. The results reported here suggest the possibility of using pGSN as an immunomodulator of the immune response by neutrophils during C. auris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol Skłodowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Walewska
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Sadzyńska
- Prof. Edward F. Szczepanik State Vocational University—Suwałki, Suwałki, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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10
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Kemper C, Ferreira VP, Paz JT, Holers VM, Lionakis MS, Alexander JJ. Complement: The Road Less Traveled. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:119-125. [PMID: 36596217 PMCID: PMC10038130 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The complement field has recently experienced a strong resurgence of interest because of the unexpected discovery of new complement functions extending complement's role beyond immunity and pathogen clearance, a growing list of diseases in which complement plays a role, and the proliferation of complement therapeutics. Importantly, although the majority of complement components in the circulation are generated by the liver and activated extracellularly, complement activation unexpectedly also occurs intracellularly across a broad range of cells. Such cell-autonomous complement activation can engage intracellular complement receptors, which then drive noncanonical cell-specific effector functions. Thus, much remains to be discovered about complement biology. In this brief review, we focus on novel noncanonical activities of complement in its "classic areas of operation" (kidney and brain biology, infection, and autoimmunity), with an outlook on the next generation of complement-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH
| | - Jeanne T Paz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco CA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and
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11
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Zarantonello A, Revel M, Grunenwald A, Roumenina LT. C3-dependent effector functions of complement. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:120-138. [PMID: 36271889 PMCID: PMC10092904 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
C3 is the central effector molecule of the complement system, mediating its multiple functions through different binding sites and their corresponding receptors. We will introduce the C3 forms (native C3, C3 [H2 O], and intracellular C3), the C3 fragments C3a, C3b, iC3b, and C3dg/C3d, and the C3 expression sites. To highlight the important role that C3 plays in human biological processes, we will give an overview of the diseases linked to C3 deficiency and to uncontrolled C3 activation. Next, we will present a structural description of C3 activation and of the C3 fragments generated by complement regulation. We will proceed by describing the C3a interaction with the anaphylatoxin receptor, followed by the interactions of opsonins (C3b, iC3b, and C3dg/C3d) with complement receptors, divided into two groups: receptors bearing complement regulatory functions and the effector receptors without complement regulatory activity. We outline the molecular architecture of the receptors, their binding sites on the C3 activation fragments, the cells expressing them, the diversity of their functions, and recent advances. With this review, we aim to give an up-to-date analysis of the processes triggered by C3 activation fragments on different cell types in health and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zarantonello
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Margot Revel
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Grunenwald
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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12
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Chan WYK, Ma ALT, Chan EYH, Kan ANC, Ng WF, Lee PPW, Cheuk DKL, Chiang AKS, Leung W, Chan GCF. Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy in Hong Kong. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14366. [PMID: 35860972 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is an under-recognized yet potentially devastating complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) which had increased awareness in recent years. This report summarizes the demographics and outcomes of pediatric TA-TMA in Hong Kong. METHODS All patients aged below 18 years who underwent HSCT in the Hong Kong Children's Hospital and were diagnosed to have TA-TMA during the 2-year period from April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2021 were included. RESULTS A total of 73 transplants (51 allogeneic and 22 autologous) in 63 patients had been performed. Six patients (four males and two females) developed TA-TMA at a median duration of 2.5 months post-HSCT. The incidence rate was 9.52%. Of the six TA-TMA patients, five underwent allogenic one underwent autologous HSCT, respectively. Three of them were histologically proven. All four patients with cyclosporine had stopped the drug once TA-TMA was suspected. Median six doses of eculizumab were administered to five out of six patients. Three patients died (two due to fungal infection and one due to acute-on-chronic renal failure) within 3 months upon diagnosis of TA-TMA. Among three survivors, two stabilized with mild stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD) while the other suffered from stage 5 end-stage CKD requiring lifelong dialysis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, recognition and diagnosis of TA-TMA are challenging. Early recognition and prompt administration of complement blockage with eculizumab may be beneficial in selected cases. Further prospective research studies are recommended to improve the management and outcomes of TA-TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Yau Ki Chan
- Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Team, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alison Lap Tak Ma
- Pediatric Nephrology team, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eugene Yu Hin Chan
- Pediatric Nephrology team, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Amanda Nim Chi Kan
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wai Fu Ng
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Pamela Pui Wah Lee
- Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Team, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Daniel Ka Leung Cheuk
- Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Team, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Team, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing Leung
- Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Team, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Godfrey Chi Fung Chan
- Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Team, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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13
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Shende R, Wong SSW, Meitei HT, Lal G, Madan T, Aimanianda V, Pal JK, Sahu A. Protective role of host complement system in Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978152. [PMID: 36211424 PMCID: PMC9539816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening fungal infection for immunocompromised hosts. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the immune pathways that control this infection. Although the primary infection site is the lungs, aspergillosis can disseminate to other organs through unknown mechanisms. Herein we have examined the in vivo role of various complement pathways as well as the complement receptors C3aR and C5aR1 during experimental systemic infection by Aspergillus fumigatus, the main species responsible for IA. We show that C3 knockout (C3-/-) mice are highly susceptible to systemic infection of A. fumigatus. Intriguingly, C4-/- and factor B (FB)-/- mice showed susceptibility similar to the wild-type mice, suggesting that either the complement pathways display functional redundancy during infection (i.e., one pathway compensates for the loss of the other), or complement is activated non-canonically by A. fumigatus protease. Our in vitro study substantiates the presence of C3 and C5 cleaving proteases in A. fumigatus. Examination of the importance of the terminal complement pathway employing C5-/- and C5aR1-/- mice reveals that it plays a vital role in the conidial clearance. This, in part, is due to the increased conidial uptake by phagocytes. Together, our data suggest that the complement deficiency enhances the susceptibility to systemic infection by A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Shende
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule (S. P.) Pune University Campus, Pune, India
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Sarah Sze Wah Wong
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, Department of Mycology, Paris, France
| | - Heikrujam Thoihen Meitei
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule (S. P.) Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule (S. P.) Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- Department of Innate Immunity, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, Department of Mycology, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Arvind Sahu, ; Vishukumar Aimanianda,
| | - Jayanta Kumar Pal
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule (S. P.) Pune University Campus, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Arvind Sahu, ; Vishukumar Aimanianda,
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14
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Cohen A, Jeng EE, Voorhies M, Symington J, Ali N, Rodriguez RA, Bassik MC, Sil A. Genome-scale CRISPR screening reveals that C3aR signaling is critical for rapid capture of fungi by macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010237. [PMID: 36174103 PMCID: PMC9578593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) invades, replicates within, and destroys macrophages. To interrogate the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction, we conducted a host-directed CRISPR-Cas9 screen and identified 361 genes that modify macrophage susceptibility to Hc infection, greatly expanding our understanding of host gene networks targeted by Hc. We identified pathways that have not been previously implicated in Hc interaction with macrophages, including the ragulator complex (involved in nutrient stress sensing), glycosylation enzymes, protein degradation machinery, mitochondrial respiration genes, solute transporters, and the ER membrane complex (EMC). The highest scoring protective hits included the complement C3a receptor (C3aR), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that recognizes the complement fragment C3a. Although it is known that complement components react with the fungal surface, leading to opsonization and release of small peptide fragments such as C3a, a role for C3aR in macrophage interactions with fungi has not been elucidated. We demonstrated that whereas C3aR is dispensable for macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria and latex beads, it is critical for optimal macrophage capture of pathogenic fungi, including Hc, the ubiquitous fungal pathogen Candida albicans, and the causative agent of Valley Fever Coccidioides posadasii. We showed that C3aR localizes to the early phagosome during Hc infection where it coordinates the formation of actin-rich membrane protrusions that promote Hc capture. We also showed that the EMC promotes surface expression of C3aR, likely explaining its identification in our screen. Taken together, our results provide new insight into host processes that affect Hc-macrophage interactions and uncover a novel and specific role for C3aR in macrophage recognition of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Cohen
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin E. Jeng
- Stanford University, Department of Genetics, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Voorhies
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jane Symington
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nebat Ali
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rosa A. Rodriguez
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- Stanford University, Department of Genetics, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Anita Sil
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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15
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A Fun-Guide to Innate Immune Responses to Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080805. [PMID: 36012793 PMCID: PMC9409918 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromised individuals are at high risk of developing severe fungal infections with high mortality rates, while fungal pathogens pose little risk to most healthy people. Poor therapeutic outcomes and growing antifungal resistance pose further challenges for treatments. Identifying specific immunomodulatory mechanisms exploited by fungal pathogens is critical for our understanding of fungal diseases and development of new therapies. A gap currently exists between the large body of literature concerning the innate immune response to fungal infections and the potential manipulation of host immune responses to aid clearance of infection. This review considers the innate immune mechanisms the host deploys to prevent fungal infection and how these mechanisms fail in immunocompromised hosts. Three clinically relevant fungal pathogens (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus spp. and Aspergillus spp.) will be explored. This review will also examine potential mechanisms of targeting the host therapeutically to improve outcomes of fungal infection.
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16
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Shantal CJN, Juan CC, Lizbeth BUS, Carlos HGJ, Estela GPB. Candida glabrata is a successful pathogen: an artist manipulating the immune response. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Harpf V, Kenno S, Rambach G, Fleischer V, Parth N, Weichenberger CX, Garred P, Huber S, Lass-Flörl C, Speth C, Würzner R. Influence of Glucose on Candida albicans and the Relevance of the Complement FH-Binding Molecule Hgt1 in a Murine Model of Candidiasis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020257. [PMID: 35203859 PMCID: PMC8868559 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is common in diabetic patients. Complement evasion is facilitated by binding complement factor H (FH). Since the expression of high-affinity glucose transporter 1 (Hgt1), a FH-binding molecule, is glucose-dependent, we aimed to study its relevance to the pathogenesis of Candida albicans. Euglycemic and diabetic mice were intravenously challenged with either Candida albicans lacking Hgt1 (hgt1-/-) or its parental strain (SN152). Survival and clinical status were monitored over 14 days. In vitro, Candida albicans strains were grown at different glucose concentrations, opsonized with human serum, and checked for C3b/iC3b and FH deposition. Phagocytosis was studied by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled opsonized yeast cells incubated with granulocytes. The murine model demonstrated a significantly higher virulence of SN152 in diabetic mice and an overall increased lethality of mice challenged with hgt1-/-. In vitro lower phagocytosis and C3b/iC3b deposition and higher FH deposition were demonstrated for SN152 incubated at higher glucose concentrations, while there was no difference on hgt1-/- at physiological glucose concentrations. Despite C3b/iC3b and FH deposition being glucose-dependent, this effect has a minor influence on phagocytosis. The absence of Hgt1 is diminishing this dependency on complement deposition, but it cannot be attributed to being beneficial in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Harpf
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
| | - Samyr Kenno
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
| | - Günter Rambach
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
| | - Verena Fleischer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
| | - Nadia Parth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian X. Weichenberger
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
| | - Silke Huber
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.H.); (S.K.); (G.R.); (V.F.); (N.P.); (S.H.); (C.L.-F.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-512-90030-70707
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The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against Candida Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101159. [PMID: 34696267 PMCID: PMC8540628 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic candidiasis is an invasive fungal infection caused by members of the genus Candida. The recent emergence of antifungal drug resistance and increased incidences of infections caused by non-albicans Candida species merit the need for developing immune therapies against Candida infections. Although the role of cellular immune responses in anti-Candida immunity is well established, less is known about the role of humoral immunity against systemic candidiasis. This review summarizes currently available information on humoral immune responses induced by several promising Candida vaccine candidates, which have been identified in the past few decades. The protective antibody and B-cell responses generated by polysaccharide antigens such as mannan, β-glucan, and laminarin, as well as protein antigens like agglutinin-like sequence gene (Als3), secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap2), heat shock protein (Hsp90), hyphally-regulated protein (Hyr1), hyphal wall protein (Hwp1), enolase (Eno), phospholipase (PLB), pyruvate kinase (Pk), fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1), superoxide dismutase gene (Sod5) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh1), are outlined. As per studies reviewed, antibodies induced in response to leading Candida vaccine candidates contribute to protection against systemic candidiasis by utilizing a variety of mechanisms such as opsonization, complement fixation, neutralization, biofilm inhibition, direct candidacidal activity, etc. The contributions of B-cells in controlling fungal infections are also discussed. Promising results using anti-Candida monoclonal antibodies for passive antibody therapy reinforces the need for developing antibody-based therapeutics including anti-idiotypic antibodies, single-chain variable fragments, peptide mimotopes, and antibody-derived peptides. Future research involving combinatorial immunotherapies using humanized monoclonal antibodies along with antifungal drugs/cytokines may prove beneficial for treating invasive fungal infections.
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Zajta E, Csonka K, Tóth A, Tiszlavicz L, Németh T, Orosz A, Novák Á, Csikós M, Vágvölgyi C, Mócsai A, Gácser A. Signaling through Syk or CARD9 Mediates Species-Specific Anti- Candida Protection in Bone Marrow Chimeric Mice. mBio 2021; 12:e0160821. [PMID: 34465030 PMCID: PMC8406149 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01608-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and the downstream adaptor protein CARD9 are crucial signaling molecules in antimicrobial immunity. Candida parapsilosis is an emerging fungal pathogen with a high incidence in neonates, while Candida albicans is the most common agent of candidiasis. While signaling through Syk/CARD9 promotes protective host mechanisms in response to C. albicans, its function in immunity against C. parapsilosis remains unclear. Here, we generated Syk-/- and CARD9-/- bone marrow chimeric mice to study the role of Syk/CARD9 signaling in immune responses to C. parapsilosis compared to C. albicans. We demonstrate various functions of this pathway (e.g., phagocytosis, phagosome acidification, and killing) in Candida-challenged, bone marrow-derived macrophages with differential involvement of Syk and CARD9 along with species-specific differences in cytokine production. We report that Syk-/- or CARD9-/- chimeras rapidly display high susceptibility to C. albicans, while C. parapsilosis infection exacerbates over a prolonged period in these animals. Thus, our results establish that Syk and CARD9 contribute to systemic resistance to C. parapsilosis and C. albicans differently. Additionally, we confirm prior studies but also detail new insights into the fundamental roles of both proteins in immunity against C. albicans. Our data further suggest that Syk has a more prominent influence on anti-Candida immunity than CARD9. Therefore, this study reinforces the Syk/CARD9 pathway as a potential target for anti-Candida immune therapy. IMPORTANCE While C. albicans remains the most clinically significant Candida species, C. parapsilosis is an emerging pathogen with increased affinity to neonates. Syk/CARD9 signaling is crucial in immunity to C. albicans, but its role in in vivo responses to other pathogenic Candida species is largely unexplored. We used mice with hematopoietic systems deficient in Syk or CARD9 to comparatively study the function of these proteins in anti-Candida immunity. We demonstrate that Syk/CARD9 signaling has a protective role against C. parapsilosis differently than against C. albicans. Thus, this study is the first to reveal that Syk can exert immune responses during systemic Candida infections species specifically. Additionally, Syk-dependent immunity to a nonalbicans Candida species in an in vivo murine model has not been reported previously. We highlight that the contribution of Syk and CARD9 to fungal infections are not identical and underline this pathway as a promising immune-therapeutic target to fight Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Zajta
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Csonka
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adél Tóth
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Németh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Orosz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Novák
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Csikós
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácser
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Rosbjerg A, Würzner R, Garred P, Skjoedt MO. MASP-1 and MASP-3 Bind Directly to Aspergillus fumigatus and Promote Complement Activation and Phagocytosis. J Innate Immun 2021; 13:211-224. [PMID: 33780946 DOI: 10.1159/000514546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the complement system is mediated by the interaction between pathogens and pattern recognition molecules (PRMs); mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolins, and collectin-10/-11 from the lectin pathway and C1q from the classical pathway. Lectin pathway activation specifically depends on proteases named MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) that are found in complexes with PRMs. In this study, we hypothesize that MASPs can recognize selected pathogens independently of PRMs. Using different clinical strains of opportunistic fungi, we have observed that MASPs directly recognize certain fungal pathogens in a way that can facilitate complement activation. Among these were Aspergillus fumigatus - a dangerous pathogen, especially for immunocompromised patients. In flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, we found that MASP-1 and -3 bound to all A. fumigatus growth stages (conidia, germ tubes, and hyphae), whereas rMASP-2 and the nonproteolytic rMAP-1 did not. Bound rMASPs could recruit rMBL and rficolin-3 to A. fumigatus conidia in a nonclassical manner and activate complement via rMASP-2. In experiments using recombinant and purified components, rMASP-1 increased the neutrophilic phagocytosis of conidia. In serum where known complement activation pathways were blocked, phagocytosis could be mediated by rMASP-3. We have encountered an unknown pathway for complement activation and found that MASP-1 and MASP-3 have dual functions as enzymes and as PRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosbjerg
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Garred
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Mills B, Radhakrishnan N, Karthikeyan Rajapandian SG, Rameshkumar G, Lalitha P, Prajna NV. The role of fungi in fungal keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108372. [PMID: 33249061 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) accounts for approximately half of the microbial keratitis encountered in low middle income countries (LMICs) and predominantly affect the working rural-poor. FK causes significant morbidity with the majority of patients left with moderate or worse visual impairment and approximately 25% requiring expensive and often unsuccessful surgical interventions. The severity of FK and the resultant corneal damage or resolution can be attributed to i) the virulence and bioburden of the fungal pathogen, ii) the host defense mechanism and immune response and iii) sub-optimal diagnostics and anti-fungal treatment strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted components that drive FK progression and resolution, highlighting where knowledge gaps exist and areas that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Mills
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | | | | | - Prajna Lalitha
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - N Venkatesh Prajna
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India.
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22
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Complement blockade for TA-TMA: lessons learned from a large pediatric cohort treated with eculizumab. Blood 2020; 135:1049-1057. [PMID: 31932840 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Overactivated complement is a high-risk feature in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA), and untreated patients have dismal outcomes. We present our experience with 64 pediatric HSCT recipients who had high-risk TA-TMA (hrTA-TMA) and multiorgan injury treated with the complement blocker eculizumab. We demonstrate significant improvement to 66% in 1-year post-HSCT survival in treated patients from our previously reported untreated cohort with same hrTA-TMA features that had 1-year post-HSCT survival of 16.7%. Responding patients benefited from a brief but intensive course of eculizumab using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-guided dosing, requiring a median of 11 doses of eculizumab (interquartile range [IQR] 7-20). Treatment was discontinued because TA-TMA resolved at a median of 66 days (IQR 41-110). Subjects with higher complement activation measured by elevated blood sC5b-9 at the start of treatment were less likely to respond (odds ratio, 0.15; P = .0014) and required more doses of eculizumab (r = 0.43; P = .0004). Patients with intestinal bleeding had the fastest eculizumab clearance, required the highest number of eculizumab doses (20 vs 9; P = .0015), and had lower 1-year survival (44% vs 78%; P = .01). Over 70% of survivors had proteinuria on long-term follow-up. The best glomerular filtration rate (GFR) recovery in survivors was a median 20% lower (IQR, 7.3%-40.3%) than their pre-HSCT GFR. In summary, complement blockade with eculizumab is an effective therapeutic strategy for hrTA-TMA, but some patients with severe disease lacked a complete response, prompting us to propose early intervention and search for additional targetable endothelial injury pathways.
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23
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Paterson MJ, Caldera JR, Nguyen C, Sharma P, Castro AM, Kolar SL, Tsai CM, Limon JJ, Becker CA, Martins GA, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Harnessing antifungal immunity in pursuit of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine strategy. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008733. [PMID: 32817694 PMCID: PMC7446838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide, and antibiotic resistant strains such as Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are a major threat and burden to public health. MRSA not only infects immunocompromised patients but also healthy individuals and has rapidly spread from the healthcare setting to the outside community. However, all vaccines tested in clinical trials to date have failed. Immunocompromised individuals such as patients with HIV or decreased levels of CD4+ T cells are highly susceptible to S. aureus infections, and they are also at increased risk of developing fungal infections. We therefore wondered whether stimulation of antifungal immunity might promote the type of immune responses needed for effective host defense against S. aureus. Here we show that vaccination of mice with a fungal β-glucan particle (GP) loaded with S. aureus antigens provides protective immunity to S. aureus. We generated glucan particles loaded with the four S. aureus proteins ClfA, IsdA, MntC, and SdrE, creating the 4X-SA-GP vaccine. Vaccination of mice with three doses of 4X-SA-GP promoted protection in a systemic model of S. aureus infection with a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in the spleen and kidneys. 4X-SA-GP vaccination induced antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cell and antibody responses and provided long-term protection. This work suggests that the GP vaccine system has potential as a novel approach to developing vaccines for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J. Paterson
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - JR Caldera
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Purnima Sharma
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Castro
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Kolar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jose J. Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Becker
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gislâine A. Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George Y. Liu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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24
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Rasheed M, Battu A, Kaur R. Host-pathogen interaction in Candida glabrata infection: current knowledge and implications for antifungal therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1093-1103. [PMID: 32668993 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata poses a clinical challenge in the successful treatment of invasive Candida infections, owing to its low inherent susceptibility toward azole antifungals and the recent acquisition of coresistance toward azole and echinocandin drugs. Compared to other prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogens, C. glabrata neither exhibits secreted proteolytic activity nor invokes a strong immune response in a variety of host cells and is less virulent. It also does not form true hyphae, and the success of C. glabrata, therefore, as a prevalent human fungal pathogen, appears to be built upon a distinct set of virulence attributes. AREAS COVERED The focus of this review is to outline, in brief, the interaction of C. glabrata with the host, deduced from the knowledge gained from different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo model systems. In addition, we briefly discuss the current antifungals, antifungal resistance mechanisms, and the development of new antifungal therapies, along with the available information on the host response. EXPERT OPINION A detailed understanding of stresses, selection pressures and differential immune responses in the presence and absence of antifungals that C. glabrata encounters in varied niches of the host, is required to design effective antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashshir Rasheed
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India
| | - Anamika Battu
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India
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25
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Harpf V, Rambach G, Würzner R, Lass-Flörl C, Speth C. Candida and Complement: New Aspects in an Old Battle. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1471. [PMID: 32765510 PMCID: PMC7381207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida is a dominant fungal pathogen in immunocompromised hosts, leading to opportunistic infections. Complement with its multifaceted functions is involved in the immune defense against this yeast, and recently several novel aspects have emerged in this old battle. It is clear that Candida can adopt both roles as a colonizer or as a pathogen. In our article, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of the Candida-complement interplay, which occur in disseminated disease as well as locally on skin or on mucous membranes in mouth and vagina; the mechanisms can be supposed to be the same. Activation of the complement system by Candida is facilitated by directly triggering the three dominant pathways, but also indirectly via the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems. The complement-mediated anti-Candida effects induced thereby clearly extend chemotaxis, opsonization, and phagocytosis, and even the membrane attack complex formed on the fungal surface plays a modulatory role, although lysis of the yeast per se cannot be induced due to the thick fungal cell wall. In order to avoid the hostile action of complement, several evasion mechanisms have evolved during co-evolution, comprising the avoidance of recognition, and destruction. The latter comes in many flavors, in particular the cleavage of complement proteins by yeast enzymes and the exploitation of regulatory proteins by recruiting them on the cell wall, such as factor H. The rationale behind that is that the fluid phase regulators on the fungal cell surface down-regulate complement locally. Interestingly, however, evasion protein knockout strains do not necessarily lead to an attenuated disease, so it is likely more complex in vivo than initially thought. The interactions between complement and non-albicans species also deserve attention, especially Candida auris, a recently identified drug-resistant species of medical importance. This is in particular worth investigating, as deciphering of these interactions may lead to alternative anti-fungal therapies directly targeting the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Harpf
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Xin H. Effects of immune suppression in murine models of disseminated Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis infection and utility of a synthetic peptide vaccine. Med Mycol 2020; 57:745-756. [PMID: 30521033 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are the second most frequent cause of fungal infections worldwide. Current knowledge of immunity to Candida has been gleaned almost exclusively from studies on Candida albicans, the most common disease-causing species. Knowledge of immunity to non-albicans Candida (NAC) species is still at an early stage due to the lack of tractable animal models with which to study these important pathogens. This is partly because many NAC species are not usually pathogenic in mouse models of candidiasis. In this study, we established an immunosuppressed mouse model of disseminated candidiasis by the two clinically important NAC species, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. The inbred mouse strains, A/J and BALB/c, show distinct susceptibilities to disseminated Candida infection. A/J mice, deficient for complement C5, are more susceptible to disseminated infection with both C. glabrata and C. tropicalis compared to BALB/c mice, the latter having functional C5. Here we show that peptide-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccination with a peptide derived from a C. tropicalis cell surface protein, significantly improved survival and reduced the fungal burdens of disseminated candidiasis in these immunocompromised mice. Importantly, this study is the first report of protective efficacy conferred by a peptide vaccine against medically important NAC species in immunosuppressed hosts. Establishing this experimental mouse model provides an important tool to further understand pathogenesis and host resistance in Candida infection. Significantly, our findings also demonstrate how this model can be used to evaluate new control strategies against candidiasis, such as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xin
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Microbiology and Immunology
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27
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Siriyappagouder P, Galindo-Villegas J, Dhanasiri AKS, Zhang Q, Mulero V, Kiron V, Fernandes JMO. Pseudozyma Priming Influences Expression of Genes Involved in Metabolic Pathways and Immunity in Zebrafish Larvae. Front Immunol 2020; 11:978. [PMID: 32528473 PMCID: PMC7256946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi, particularly yeasts, are known essential components of the host microbiota but their functional relevance in development of immunity and physiological processes of fish remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used a transcriptomic approach and a germ-free (GF) fish model to determine the response of newly hatched zebrafish larvae after 24 h exposure to Pseudozyma sp. when compared to conventionally-raised (CR) larvae. We observed 59 differentially expressed genes in Pseudozyma-exposed GF zebrafish larvae compared to their naïve control siblings. Surprisingly, in CR larvae, there was not a clear transcriptome difference between Pseudozyma-exposed and control larvae. Differentially expressed genes in GF larvae were involved in host metabolic pathways, mainly peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, steroid hormone biosynthesis, drug metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis. We also observed a significant change in the transcript levels of immune-related genes, namely complement component 3a, galectin 2b, ubiquitin specific peptidase 21, and aquaporins. Nevertheless, we did not observe any significant response at the cellular level, since there were no differences between neutrophil migration or proliferation between control and yeast-exposed GF larvae. Our findings reveal that exposure to Pseudozyma sp. may affect metabolic pathways and immune-related processes in germ-free zebrafish, suggesting that commensal yeast likely play a significant part in the early development of fish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Qirui Zhang
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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28
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Singh DK, Tóth R, Gácser A. Mechanisms of Pathogenic Candida Species to Evade the Host Complement Attack. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:94. [PMID: 32232011 PMCID: PMC7082757 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are common colonizers of the human skin, vagina, and the gut. As human commensals, Candida species do not cause any notable damage in healthy individuals; however, in certain conditions they can initiate a wide range of diseases such as chronic disseminated candidiasis, endocarditis, vaginitis, meningitis, and endophthalmitis. The incidence of Candida caused infections has increased worldwide, with mortality rates exceeding 70% in certain patient populations. C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei are responsible for more than 90% of Candida-related infections. Interestingly, the host immune response against these closely related fungi varies. As part of the innate immune system, complement proteins play a crucial role in host defense, protecting the host by lysing pathogens or by increasing their phagocytosis by phagocytes through opsonization. This review summarizes interactions of host complement proteins with pathogenic Candida species, including C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species such as C. parapsilosis. We will also highlight the various ways of complement activation, describe the antifungal effects of complement cascades and explore the mechanisms adopted by members of pathogenic Candida species for evading complement attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renáta Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Lendület Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Chaimon S, Limpanont Y, Reamtong O, Ampawong S, Phuphisut O, Chusongsang P, Ruangsittichai J, Boonyuen U, Watthanakulpanich D, O'Donoghue AJ, Caffrey CR, Adisakwattana P. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the Schistosoma mekongi Ca 2+-dependent cysteine protease (calpain). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:383. [PMID: 31362766 PMCID: PMC6668146 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma mekongi, which causes schistosomiasis in humans, is an important public health issue in Southeast Asia. Treatment with praziquantel is the primary method of control but emergence of praziquantel resistance requires the development of alternative drugs and vaccines. Calcium-dependent cysteine protease (calpain) is a novel vaccine candidate that has been studied in S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and protozoans including malaria, leishmania and trypanosomes. However, limited information is available on the properties and functions of calpain in other Schistosoma spp., including S. mekongi. In this study, we functionally characterized calpain 1 of S. mekongi (SmeCalp1). Results Calpain 1 of S. mekongi was obtained from transcriptomic analysis of S. mekongi; it had the highest expression level of all isoforms tested and was predominantly expressed in the adult male. SmeCalp1 cDNA is 2274 bp long and encodes 758 amino acids, with 85% to 90% homology with calpains in other Schistosoma species. Recombinant SmeCalp1 (rSmeCalp1), with a molecular weight of approximately 86.7 kDa, was expressed in bacteria and stimulated a marked antibody response in mice. Native SmeCalp1 was detected in crude worm extract and excretory-secretory product, and it was mainly localized in the tegument of the adult male; less signal was detected in the adult female worm. Thus, SmeCalp1 may play a role in surface membrane synthesis or host–parasite interaction. We assessed the protease activity of rSmeCalp1 and demonstrated that rSmeCalp1 could cleave the calpain substrate N-succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, that was inhibited by calpain inhibitors (MDL28170 and E64c). Additionally, rSmeCalp1 could degrade the biological substrates fibronectin (blood clotting protein) and human complement C3, indicating important roles in the intravascular system and in host immune evasion. Conclusions SmeCalp1 is expressed on the tegumental surface of the parasite and can cleave host defense molecules; thus, it might participate in growth, development and survival during the entire life-cycle of S. mekongi. Information on the properties and functions of SmeCalp1 reported herein will be advantageous in the development of effective drugs and vaccines against S. mekongi and other schistosomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3639-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salisa Chaimon
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Orawan Phuphisut
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phiraphol Chusongsang
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Dorn Watthanakulpanich
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Syukri M, Imran I, Harapan H, Sja’bani M, Astuti I, Soesatyo MHNE. Comparison of serum C3 complement levels between young women with recurrent urinary tract infection and healthy women. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maimun Syukri
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Imran Imran
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Tropical Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Tropical Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Tropical Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Sja’bani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indwiani Astuti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Marsetyawan HNE Soesatyo
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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31
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Swidergall M. Candida albicans at Host Barrier Sites: Pattern Recognition Receptors and Beyond. Pathogens 2019; 8:E40. [PMID: 30934602 PMCID: PMC6471378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, fungal infections have emerged as a growing threat to human health. Although the human body is at potential risk, various body sites host several commensal fungal species, including Candida albicans. In healthy individuals, C. albicans colonizes different mucosal surfaces without causing harm, while under diverse circumstances the fungus can proliferate and cause disease. In this context, the understanding of host⁻C. albicans interactions in health and during infection may lead to novel therapeutic approaches. Importantly, host cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense conserved fungal structures and orchestrate innate immune responses. Herein, important findings on the topic of the recognition of C. albicans at host barrier sites are discussed. This review briefly summarizes the importance and functions of myeloid PRRs, reviews the fungal recognition and biology of stromal cells, and highlights important C. albicans virulence attributes during site-specific proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Swidergall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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32
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Yeh SJ, Yeh CC, Lan CY, Chen BS. Investigating Common Pathogenic Mechanisms between Homo sapiens and Different Strains of Candida albicans for Drug Design: Systems Biology Approach via Two-Sided NGS Data Identification. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020119. [PMID: 30769958 PMCID: PMC6409619 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent fungal species. Although it is a healthy microbiota, genetic and epigenetic alterations in host and pathogen, and microenvironment changes would lead to thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and even hematogenously disseminated infection. Despite the fact that cytotoxicity is well-characterized, few studies discuss the genome-wide genetic and epigenetic molecular mechanisms between host and C. albicans. The aim of this study is to identify drug targets and design a multiple-molecule drug to prevent the infection from C. albicans. To investigate the common and specific pathogenic mechanisms in human oral epithelial OKF6/TERT-2 cells during the C. albicans infection in different strains, systems modeling and big databases mining were used to construct candidate host–pathogen genetic and epigenetic interspecies network (GEIN). System identification and system order detection are applied on two-sided next generation sequencing (NGS) data to build real host–pathogen cross-talk GEINs. Core host–pathogen cross-talk networks (HPCNs) are extracted by principal network projection (PNP) method. By comparing with core HPCNs in different strains of C. albicans, common pathogenic mechanisms were investigated and several drug targets were suggested as follows: orf19.5034 (YBP1) with the ability of anti-ROS; orf19.939 (NAM7), orf19.2087 (SAS2), orf19.1093 (FLO8) and orf19.1854 (HHF22) with high correlation to the hyphae growth and pathogen protein interaction; orf19.5585 (SAP5), orf19.5542 (SAP6) and orf19.4519 (SUV3) with the cause of biofilm formation. Eventually, five corresponding compounds—Tunicamycin, Terbinafine, Cerulenin, Tetracycline and Tetrandrine—with three known drugs could be considered as a potential multiple-molecule drug for therapeutic treatment of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ju Yeh
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Yu Lan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan.
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33
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Li Y, Yang Z, Chavko M, Liu B, Aderemi OA, Simovic MO, Dubick MA, Cancio LC. Complement inhibition ameliorates blast-induced acute lung injury in rats: Potential role of complement in intracellular HMGB1-mediated inflammation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202594. [PMID: 30133517 PMCID: PMC6105023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Complement activation as an early and important inflammatory process contributes to multiple organ dysfunction after trauma. We have recently shown that complement inhibition by decay-accelerating factor (DAF) protects brain from blast-overpressure (BOP)-induced damage. This study was conducted to determine the effect of DAF on acute lung injury induced by BOP exposure and to elucidate its possible mechanisms of action. METHODS Anesthetized adult male Sprague-Daley rats were exposed to BOP (120 kPa) from a compressed air-driven shock tube. Rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: 1) Control (no BOP and no DAF treatment), 2) BOP (120 kPa BOP exposure), and 3) BOP followed by treatment with rhDAF (500μg/kg, i.v) at 30 minutes after blast. After a recovery period of 3, 24, or 48 hours, animals were euthanized followed by the collection of blood and tissues at each time point. Samples were subjected to the assessment of cytokines and histopathology as well as for the interaction of high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, NF-κB, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), C3a, and C3aR. RESULTS BOP exposure significantly increased in the production of systemic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and obvious pathological changes as characterized by pulmonary edema, inflammation, endothelial damage and hemorrhage in the lungs. These alterations were ameliorated by early administration of rhDAF. The rhDAF treatment not only significantly reduced the expression levels of HMGB1, RAGE, NF-κB, C3a, and C3aR, but also reversed the interaction of C3a-C3aR and nuclear translocation of HMGB1 in the lungs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that early administration of DAF efficiently inhibits systemic and local inflammation, and mitigates blast-induced lung injury. The underlying mechanism might be attributed to its potential modulation of C3a-C3aR-HMGB1-transcriptional factor axis. Therefore, complement and/or HMGB1 may be potential therapeutic targets in amelioration of acute lung injury after blast injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Li
- Department of Multiple Organ Support Technology, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhangsheng Yang
- Department of Multiple Organ Support Technology, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mikulas Chavko
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Blood Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olawale A. Aderemi
- Department of Multiple Organ Support Technology, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Milomir O. Simovic
- Department of Multiple Organ Support Technology, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Dubick
- Department of Damage Control Resuscitation, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leopoldo C. Cancio
- Department of Multiple Organ Support Technology, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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34
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Salazar F, Brown GD. Antifungal Innate Immunity: A Perspective from the Last 10 Years. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:373-397. [PMID: 29768268 DOI: 10.1159/000488539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can rarely cause diseases in immunocompetent individuals. However, commensal and normally nonpathogenic environmental fungi can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Over the last few decades, there has been a huge increase in the incidence of invasive opportunistic fungal infections along with a worrying increase in antifungal drug resistance. As a consequence, research focused on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of antifungal immunity has expanded tremendously in the last few years. This review will provide an overview of the most exciting recent advances in innate antifungal immunity, discoveries that are helping to pave the way for the development of new strategies that are desperately needed to combat these devastating diseases.
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35
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Kounatidis I, Ames L, Mistry R, Ho HL, Haynes K, Ligoxygakis P. A Host-Pathogen Interaction Screen Identifies ada2 as a Mediator of Candida glabrata Defenses Against Reactive Oxygen Species. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1637-1647. [PMID: 29535147 PMCID: PMC5940155 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) forms part of the normal human gut microbiota but can cause life-threatening invasive infections in immune-compromised individuals. C. glabrata displays high resistance to common azole antifungals, which necessitates new treatments. In this investigation, we identified five C. glabrata deletion mutants (∆ada2, ∆bas1, ∆hir3, ∆ino2 and ∆met31) from a library of 196 transcription factor mutants that were unable to grow and activate an immune response in Drosophila larvae. This highlighted the importance of these transcription factors in C. glabrata infectivity. Further ex vivo investigation into these mutants revealed the requirement of C. glabrata ADA2 for oxidative stress tolerance. We confirmed this observation in vivo whereby growth of the C. glabrata Δada2 strain was permitted only in flies with suppressed production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, overexpression of ADA2 promoted C. glabrata replication in infected wild type larvae resulting in larval killing. We propose that ADA2 orchestrates the response of C. glabrata against ROS-mediated immune defenses during infection. With the need to find alternative antifungal treatment for C. glabrata infections, genes required for survival in the host environment, such as ADA2, provide promising potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kounatidis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Lauren Ames
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rupal Mistry
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Hsueh-Lui Ho
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ken Haynes
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Pérez-García LA, Niño-Vega GA, Mora-Montes HM. Fungal Strategies to Evade the Host Immune Recognition. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040051. [PMID: 29371567 PMCID: PMC5753153 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of fungal cells by the host immune system is key during the establishment of a protective anti-fungal response. Even though the immune system has evolved a vast number of processes to control these organisms, they have developed strategies to fight back, avoiding the proper recognition by immune components and thus interfering with the host protective mechanisms. Therefore, the strategies to evade the immune system are as important as the virulence factors and attributes that damage the host tissues and cells. Here, we performed a thorough revision of the main fungal tactics to escape from the host immunosurveillance processes. These include the composition and organization of the cell wall, the fungal capsule, the formation of titan cells, biofilms, and asteroid bodies; the ability to undergo dimorphism; and the escape from nutritional immunity, extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and the action of humoral immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Romualdo del Campo 501, Fracc. Rafael Curiel, C.P., Cd. Valle SLP. 79060, México.
| | - Gustavo A Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
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37
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Sheehan G, Kavanagh K. Analysis of the early cellular and humoral responses of Galleria mellonella larvae to infection by Candida albicans. Virulence 2017; 9:163-172. [PMID: 28872999 PMCID: PMC5955201 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1370174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella larvae were administered an inoculum of Candida albicans and the response to infection over 24 hours was monitored. The yeast cell density in infected larvae declined initially but replication commenced six hours post-infection. The hemocyte density decreased from 5.2 × 106/ml to 2.5 × 106/ml at 2 hours but increased to 4.2 × 106 at 6 hours and decreased subsequently. Administration of β – glucan to larvae also caused a fluctuation in hemocyte density (5.1 ± 0.22 × 106/ml (0 hour) to 6.25 ± 0.25 × 106/ml (6 hour) (p < 0.05) to 5 ± 2.7 × 106 (24 hour)) and the population showed an increase in the density of small, granular cells at 24 hours (p < 0.05). Hemocytes from larvae inoculated with β – glucan for 6 or 24 hours showed faster killing of C. albicans cells (53 ± 4.1% (p < 0.01), 64 ± 3.7%, (p < 0.01), respectively) than hemocytes from control larvae (24 ± 11%) at 60 min. Proteomic analysis indicated increased abundance of immune related proteins cecropin-A (5 fold) and prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-1 (5 fold) 6 hours post infection but by 24 hours there was elevated abundance of muscle (tropomyosin 2 (141 fold), calponin (66 fold), troponin I (62 fold)) and proteins indicative of cellular stress (glutathione-S-transferase-like protein (114 fold)), fungal dissemination (muscle protein 20-like protein (174 fold)) and tissue breakdown (mitochondrial cytochrome c (10 fold)). Proteins decreased in abundance at 24 hour included β – 1,3 – glucan recognition protein precursor (29 fold) and prophenoloxidase subunit 2 (25 fold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth, Co. Kildare , Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth, Co. Kildare , Ireland
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The secreted Candida albicans protein Pra1 disrupts host defense by broadly targeting and blocking complement C3 and C3 activation fragments. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:266-277. [PMID: 28860090 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans the most frequently isolated clinical fungal pathogen can cause local as well as systemic and life-threatening infections particularly in immune-compromised individuals. A better and more detailed understanding how C. albicans evades human immune attack is therefore needed for identifying fungal immune-evasive proteins and develop new therapies. Here, we identified Pra1, the pH-regulated C. albicans antigen as a hierarchical complement inhibitor that targets C3, the central human complement component. Pra1 cleaved C3 at a unique site and further inhibited effector function of the activation fragments. The newly formed C3a-like peptide lacked the C-terminal arginine residue needed for C3a-receptor binding and activation. Moreover, Pra1 also blocked C3a-like antifungal activity as shown in survival assays, and the C3b-like molecule formed by Pra1 was degraded by the host protease Factor I. Pra1 also bound to C3a and C3b generated by human convertases and blocked their effector functions, like C3a antifungal activity shown by fungal survival, blocked C3a binding to human C3a receptor-expressing HEK cells, activation of Fura2-AM loaded cells, intracellular Ca2+ signaling, IL-8 release, C3b deposition, as well as opsonophagocytosis and killing by human neutrophils. Thus, upon infection C. albicans uses Pra1 to destroy C3 and to disrupt host complement attack. In conclusion, candida Pra1 represents the first fungal C3-cleaving protease identified and functions as a fungal master regulator of innate immunity and as a central fungal immune-escape protein.
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Michalski C, Kan B, Lavoie PM. Antifungal Immunological Defenses in Newborns. Front Immunol 2017; 8:281. [PMID: 28360910 PMCID: PMC5350100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns are prone to fungal infections, largely due to Candida species. The immunological basis for this vulnerability is not yet fully understood. However, useful insights can be gained from the knowledge of the maturation of immune pathways during ontogeny, particularly when placed in context with how rare genetic mutations in humans predispose to fungal diseases. In this article, we review these most current data on immune functions in human newborns, highlighting pathways most relevant to the response to Candida. While discussing these data, we propose a framework of why deficiencies in these pathways make newborns particularly vulnerable to this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Michalski
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bernard Kan
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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40
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Halder LD, Abdelfatah MA, Jo EAH, Jacobsen ID, Westermann M, Beyersdorf N, Lorkowski S, Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Factor H Binds to Extracellular DNA Traps Released from Human Blood Monocytes in Response to Candida albicans. Front Immunol 2017; 7:671. [PMID: 28133459 PMCID: PMC5233719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon systemic infection with human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (C. albicans), human monocytes and polymorph nuclear neutrophilic granulocytes are the first immune cells to respond and come into contact with C. albicans. Monocytes exert immediate candidacidal activity and inhibit germination, mediate phagocytosis, and kill fungal cells. Here, we show that human monocytes spontaneously respond to C. albicans cells via phagocytosis, decondensation of nuclear DNA, and release of this decondensed DNA in the form of extracellular traps (called monocytic extracellular traps: MoETs). Both subtypes of monocytes (CD14++CD16−/CD14+CD16+) formed MoETs within the first hours upon contact with C. albicans. MoETs were characterized by the presence of citrullinated histone, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, and elastase. MoETs were also formed in response to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating a general reaction of monocytes to infectious microbes. MoET induction differs from extracellular trap formation in macrophages as MoETs are not triggered by simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis and inducer of extracellular traps in macrophages. Extracellular traps from both monocytes and neutrophils activate complement and C3b is deposited. However, factor H (FH) binds via C3b to the extracellular DNA, mediates cofactor activity, and inhibits the induction of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta in monocytes. Altogether, the results show that human monocytes release extracellular DNA traps in response to C. albicans and that these traps finally bind FH via C3b to presumably support clearance without further inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Halder
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelfatah
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Emeraldo A H Jo
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy of the University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ, van de Veerdonk FL. Immune defence against Candida fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:630-42. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Duggan S, Leonhardt I, Hünniger K, Kurzai O. Host response to Candida albicans bloodstream infection and sepsis. Virulence 2015; 6:316-26. [PMID: 25785541 PMCID: PMC4601378 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.988096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major cause of bloodstream infection which may present as sepsis and septic shock - major causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide. After invasion of the pathogen, innate mechanisms govern the early response. Here, we outline the models used to study these mechanisms and summarize our current understanding of innate immune responses during Candida bloodstream infection. This includes protective immunity as well as harmful responses resulting in Candida induced sepsis. Neutrophilic granulocytes are considered principal effector cells conferring protection and recognize C. albicans mainly via complement receptor 3. They possess a range of effector mechanisms, contributing to elimination of the pathogen. Neutrophil activation is closely linked to complement and modulated by activated mononuclear cells. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms will help in creating an individualized approach to patients suffering from systemic candidiasis and aid in optimizing clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seána Duggan
- a Septomics Research Center ; Friedrich-Schiller-University and Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knoell-Institute ; Jena , Germany
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43
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Abstract
Only few Candida species, e.g., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida parapsilosis, are successful colonizers of a human host. Under certain circumstances these species can cause infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. The success of C. albicans, the most prevalent and best studied Candida species, as both commensal and human pathogen depends on its genetic, biochemical, and morphological flexibility which facilitates adaptation to a wide range of host niches. In addition, formation of biofilms provides additional protection from adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, in many host niches Candida cells coexist with members of the human microbiome. The resulting fungal-bacterial interactions have a major influence on the success of C. albicans as commensal and also influence disease development and outcome. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of important survival strategies of Candida spp., focusing on fundamental fitness and virulence traits of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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44
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Abstract
The human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans is the predominant cause of both superficial and invasive forms of candidiasis. C. albicans primarily infects immunocompromised individuals as a result of either immunodeficiency or intervention therapy, which highlights the importance of host immune defences in preventing fungal infections. The host defence system utilises a vast communication network of cells, proteins, and chemical signals distributed in blood and tissues, which constitute innate and adaptive immunity. Over the last decade the identity of many key molecules mediating host defence against C. albicans has been identified. This review will discuss how the host recognises this fungus, the events induced by fungal cells, and the host innate and adaptive immune defences that ultimately resolve C. albicans infections during health.
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Abstract
Systemic infection caused by Candida species is the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection in modern hospitals and carries high morbidity and mortality despite antifungal therapy. A recent surge of immunological studies in the mouse models of systemic candidiasis and the parallel discovery and phenotypic characterization of inherited genetic disorders in antifungal immune factors that are associated with enhanced susceptibility or resistance to the infection have provided new insights into the cellular and molecular basis of protective innate immune responses against Candida. In this review, the new developments in our understanding of how the mammalian immune system responds to systemic Candida challenge are synthesized and important future research directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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46
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Radovanovic I, Leung V, Iliescu A, Bongfen SE, Mullick A, Langlais D, Gros P. Genetic control of susceptibility to Candida albicans in SM/J mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1290-300. [PMID: 24973457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the immunocompromised host, invasive infection with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Sporadic cases in otherwise normal individuals are rare, and they are thought to be associated with genetic predisposition. Using a mouse model of systemic infection with C. albicans, we identified the SM/J mouse strain as unusually susceptible to infection. Genetic linkage studies in informative [C57BL/6JxSM/J]F2 mice identified a major locus on distal chromosome 15, given the appellation Carg5, that regulates C. albicans replication in SM/J mice. Cellular and molecular immunophenotyping experiments, as well as functional studies in purified cell populations from SM/J and C57BL/6J, and in [C57BL/6JxSM/J]F2 mice fixed for homozygous or heterozygous Carg5 alleles, indicate that Carg5-regulated susceptibility in SM/J is associated with a complex defect in the myeloid compartment of these mice. SM/J neutrophils express lower levels of Ly6G, and importantly, they show significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species in response to stimulation with fMLF and PMA. Likewise, CD11b(+)Ly6G(-)Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes were present at lower levels in the blood of infected SM/J, recruited less efficiently at the site of infection, and displayed blunted oxidative burst. Studies in F2 mice establish strong correlations between Carg5 alleles, Ly6G expression, production of serum CCL2 (MCP-1), and susceptibility to C. albicans. Genomic DNA sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitated for myeloid proinflammatory transcription factors IRF1, IRF8, STAT1 and NF-κB, as well as RNA sequencing, were used to develop a "myeloid inflammatory score" and systematically analyze and prioritize potential candidate genes in the Carg5 interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Radovanovic
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Vicki Leung
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; and
| | - Alexandra Iliescu
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silayuv E Bongfen
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Alaka Mullick
- National Research Council-Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada;
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47
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Candida glabrata intra-abdominal candidiasis is characterized by persistence within the peritoneal cavity and abscesses. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3015-22. [PMID: 24799629 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00062-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Candida glabrata infections is poorly understood. We studied the pathogenesis of intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC) in mice that were infected intraperitoneally with C. glabrata and sterile feces. C. glabrata BG2 (5 × 10(8) CFU) caused a 100% mortality rate. Sublethal inocula of BG2 (1 × 10(8) or 1 × 10(7) CFU) caused peritonitis that progressed to abscesses. Three clinical C. glabrata strains (5 × 10(8) CFU) caused 80 to 100% mortality rates, while a fourth (strain 346) caused a 29% mortality rate. Following sublethal inocula (1 × 10(7) CFU), the intra-abscess burdens of virulent strain 356 were ∼1 log greater than those of strain 346. A C. glabrata Δplb1-2 mutant (phospholipase B genes disrupted) killed mice as well as BG2 did. When sublethal inocula were used, however, the Δplb1-2 mutant was associated with more rapid abscess resolution and lower intra-abscess burdens; these findings were reversed by PLB1 and PLB2 reinsertion. The Δplb1-2 mutant was also more susceptible than BG2 to killing by human neutrophils in vitro. BG2 and the Δplb1-2 mutant were indistinguishable during hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. C. albicans SC5314 was more virulent than C. glabrata BG2 during IAC, causing a 100% mortality rate following a challenge with 5 × 10(7) CFU. In contrast, a sublethal inoculum (1 × 10(7) CFU) of BG2 caused less neutrophil infiltration and greater burdens in peritoneal fluid than SC5314 did and abscesses that persisted longer and contained greater burdens. In conclusion, a mouse model of C. glabrata IAC mimics disease in humans and distinguishes the relative virulence of clinical and gene disruption strains. C. glabrata differed from C. albicans during IAC by being less lethal and eliciting dampened neutrophil responses but resulting in more persistent peritonitis and abscesses.
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Luo S, Skerka C, Kurzai O, Zipfel PF. Complement and innate immune evasion strategies of the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fernández-Ruiz M, López-Medrano F, Varela-Peña P, Morales JM, García-Reyne A, San Juan R, Lumbreras C, Lora-Pablos D, Polanco N, Andrés A, Paz-Artal E, Aguado JM. Hypocomplementemia in kidney transplant recipients: impact on the risk of infectious complications. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:685-94. [PMID: 23311502 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of monitoring of complement levels in predicting the occurrence of infection in kidney transplant (KT) recipients remains largely unknown. We prospectively assessed serum complement levels (C3 and C4) at baseline and at months 1 and 6 in 270 patients undergoing KT. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for infection in each posttransplant period were estimated by Cox regression. The prevalence of C3 hypocomplementemia progressively decreased from 21.5% at baseline to 11.6% at month 6 (p = 0.017), whereas the prevalence of C4 hypocomplementemia rose from 3.7% at baseline to 9.2% at month 1 (p = 0.004). Patients with C3 hypocomplementemia at month 1 had higher incidences of overall (p = 0.002), bacterial (p = 0.004) and fungal infection (p = 0.019) in the intermediate period (months 1-6). On multivariate analysis C3 hypocomplementemia at month 1 emerged as a risk factor for overall (aHR 1.911; p = 0.009) and bacterial infection (aHR 2.130; p = 0.014) during the intermediate period, whereas C3 hypocomplementemia at month 6 predicted the occurrence of bacterial infection (aHR 3.347; p = 0.039) in the late period (>6 month). A simple monitoring strategy of serum C3 levels predicts the risk of posttransplant infectious complications in KT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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50
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Quintin J, Asmar J, Matskevich AA, Lafarge MC, Ferrandon D. The Drosophila Toll pathway controls but does not clear Candida glabrata infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2818-27. [PMID: 23401590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Candida glabrata to patients remains poorly understood for lack of convenient animal models to screen large numbers of mutants for altered virulence. In this study, we explore the minihost model Drosophila melanogaster from the dual perspective of host and pathogen. As in vertebrates, wild-type flies contain C. glabrata systemic infections yet are unable to kill the injected yeasts. As for other fungal infections in Drosophila, the Toll pathway restrains C. glabrata proliferation. Persistent C. glabrata yeasts in wild-type flies do not appear to be able to take shelter in hemocytes from the action of the Toll pathway, the effectors of which remain to be identified. Toll pathway mutant flies succumb to injected C. glabrata. In this immunosuppressed background, cellular defenses provide a residual level of protection. Although both the Gram-negative binding protein 3 pattern recognition receptor and the Persephone protease-dependent detection pathway are required for Toll pathway activation by C. glabrata, only GNBP3, and not psh mutants, are susceptible to the infection. Both Candida albicans and C. glabrata are restrained by the Toll pathway, yet the comparative study of phenoloxidase activation reveals a differential activity of the Toll pathway against these two fungal pathogens. Finally, we establish that the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway and yapsins are required for virulence of C. glabrata in this model. Unexpectedly, yapsins do not appear to be required to counteract the cellular immune response but are needed for the colonization of the wild-type host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quintin
- Unité Propre de Recherche 9022 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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