1
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Ogongo P, Tran A, Marzan F, Gingrich D, Krone M, Aweeka F, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Ernst JD. High-parameter phenotypic characterization reveals a subset of human Th17 cells that preferentially produce IL-17 against M. tuberculosis antigen. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378040. [PMID: 38698866 PMCID: PMC11064812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-17-producing CD4 T cells contribute to the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans; whether infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionately affects distinct Th17-cell subsets that respond to Mtb is incompletely defined. Methods We performed high-definition characterization of circulating Mtb-specific Th17 cells by spectral flow cytometry in people with latent TB and treated HIV (HIV-ART). We also measured kynurenine pathway activity by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on plasma and tested the hypothesis that tryptophan catabolism influences Th17-cell frequencies in this context. Results We identified two subsets of Th17 cells: subset 1 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CD161+CD26+and subset 2 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CCR6+CXCR3-cells of which subset 1 was significantly reduced in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with HIV-ART, yet Mtb-responsive IL-17-producing CD4 T cells were preserved; we found that IL-17-producing CD4 T cells dominate the response to Mtb antigen but not cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and tryptophan catabolism negatively correlates with both subset 1 and subset 2 Th17-cell frequencies. Conclusions We found differential effects of ART-suppressed HIV on distinct subsets of Th17 cells, that IL-17-producing CD4 T cells dominate responses to Mtb but not CMV antigen or SEB, and that kynurenine pathway activity is associated with decreases of circulating Th17 cells that may contribute to tuberculosis immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Tran
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Florence Marzan
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Gingrich
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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2
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Aiello A, Najafi-Fard S, Goletti D. Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244556. [PMID: 37662901 PMCID: PMC10470049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose etiologic agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are currently the two deadliest infectious diseases in humans, which together have caused about more than 11 million deaths worldwide in the past 3 years. TB and COVID-19 share several aspects including the droplet- and aerosol-borne transmissibility, the lungs as primary target, some symptoms, and diagnostic tools. However, these two infectious diseases differ in other aspects as their incubation period, immune cells involved, persistence and the immunopathological response. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between TB and COVID-19 focusing on the innate and adaptive immune response induced after the exposure to Mtb and SARS-CoV-2 and the pathological pathways linking the two infections. Moreover, we provide a brief overview of the immune response in case of TB-COVID-19 co-infection highlighting the similarities and differences of each individual infection. A comprehensive understanding of the immune response involved in TB and COVID-19 is of utmost importance for the design of effective therapeutic strategies and vaccines for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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3
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Foreman TW, Nelson CE, Sallin MA, Kauffman KD, Sakai S, Otaizo-Carrasquero F, Myers TG, Barber DL. CD30 co-stimulation drives differentiation of protective T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20222090. [PMID: 37097292 PMCID: PMC10130742 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20222090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires generation of T cells that migrate to granulomas, complex immune structures surrounding sites of bacterial replication. Here we compared the gene expression profiles of T cells in pulmonary granulomas, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood of Mtb-infected rhesus macaques to identify granuloma-enriched T cell genes. TNFRSF8/CD30 was among the top genes upregulated in both CD4 and CD8 T cells from granulomas. In mice, CD30 expression on CD4 T cells is required for survival of Mtb infection, and there is no major role for CD30 in protection by other cell types. Transcriptomic comparison of WT and CD30-/- CD4 T cells from the lungs of Mtb-infected mixed bone marrow chimeric mice showed that CD30 directly promotes CD4 T cell differentiation and the expression of multiple effector molecules. These results demonstrate that the CD30 co-stimulatory axis is highly upregulated on granuloma T cells and is critical for protective T cell responses against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Foreman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine E. Nelson
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Otaizo-Carrasquero
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Tippalagama R, Chihab LY, Kearns K, Lewis S, Panda S, Willemsen L, Burel JG, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Antigen-specificity measurements are the key to understanding T cell responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127470. [PMID: 37122719 PMCID: PMC10140422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response and come in a wide range of phenotypes. T cell receptors (TCRs) mediate the antigen-specificities found in T cells. Importantly, high-throughput TCR sequencing provides a fingerprint which allows tracking of specific T cells and their clonal expansion in response to particular antigens. As a result, many studies have leveraged TCR sequencing in an attempt to elucidate the role of antigen-specific T cells in various contexts. Here, we discuss the published approaches to studying antigen-specific T cells and their specific TCR repertoire. Further, we discuss how these methods have been applied to study the TCR repertoire in various diseases in order to characterize the antigen-specific T cells involved in the immune control of disease.
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5
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Sharma M, Niu L, Zhang X, Huang S. Comparative transcriptomes reveal pro-survival and cytotoxic programs of mucosal-associated invariant T cells upon Bacillus Calmette-Guérin stimulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1134119. [PMID: 37091679 PMCID: PMC10116416 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are protective against tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections with poorly understood mechanisms. Despite an innate-like nature, MAIT cell responses remain heterogeneous in bacterial infections. To comprehensively characterize MAIT activation programs responding to different bacteria, we stimulated MAIT cells with E. coli to compare with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which remains the only licensed vaccine and a feasible tool for investigating anti-mycobacterial immunity in humans. Upon sequencing mRNA from the activated and inactivated CD8+ MAIT cells, results demonstrated the altered MAIT cell gene profiles by each bacterium with upregulated expression of activation markers, transcription factors, cytokines, and cytolytic mediators crucial in anti-mycobacterial responses. Compared with E. coli, BCG altered more MAIT cell genes to enhance cell survival and cytolysis. Flow cytometry analyses similarly displayed a more upregulated protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 and T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin in BCG compared to E.coli stimulations. Thus, the transcriptomic program and protein expression of MAIT cells together displayed enhanced pro-survival and cytotoxic programs in response to BCG stimulation, supporting BCG induces cell-mediated effector responses of MAIT cells to fight mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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6
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Kim SJ, Karamooz E. MR1- and HLA-E-Dependent Antigen Presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214412. [PMID: 36430890 PMCID: PMC9693577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1 and HLA-E are highly conserved nonclassical antigen-presenting molecules. They can present antigens derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a distinct subset of MR1-restricted or HLA-restricted CD8+ T cells. MR1 presents small microbial metabolites, and HLA-E presents peptides and glycopeptides. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of MR1 and HLA-E antigen presentation in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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The role of microbiota in respiratory health and diseases, particularly in tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112108. [PMID: 34560539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trillions of beneficial and hostile microorganisms live in the human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, which act as gatekeepers in maintaining human health, i.e., protecting the body from pathogens by colonizing mucosal surfaces with microbiota-derived antimicrobial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids or host-derived cytokines and chemokines. It is widely accepted that the microbiome interacts with each other and with the host in a mutually beneficial relationship. Microbiota in the respiratory tract may also play a crucial role in immune homeostasis, maturation, and maintenance of respiratory physiology. Anti-TB antibiotics may cause dysbiosis in the lung and intestinal microbiota, affecting colonization resistance and making the host more susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the lung microbiota composition, the lungs and intestinal microbiota related to respiratory health and diseases, microbiome sequencing and analysis, the bloodstream, and the lymphatic system that underpin the gut-lung axis in M. tuberculosis-infected humans and animals. We also discuss the gut-lung axis interactions with the immune system, the role of the microbiome in TB pathogenesis, and the impact of anti-TB antibiotic therapy on the microbiota in animals, humans, and drug-resistant TB individuals.
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8
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Silva MVT, Dos Santos JC, Figueiredo AMBD, Teufel LU, Pereira JX, Matos GGD, Pinto SA, Netea MG, Gomes RS, Joosten LAB, Ribeiro-Dias F. The role of IL-32 in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced trained immunity in infections caused by different Leishmania spp. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105088. [PMID: 34260904 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells of the innate immune system undergo long-term functional reprogramming in response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) exposure via a process called trained immunity, conferring nonspecific protection to unrelated infections. Here, we investigate whether BCG-induced trained immunity is able to protect against infections caused by different Leishmania spp., protozoa that cause cutaneous and mucosal or visceral lesions. METHODS We used training models of human monocytes with BCG and subsequent infection by L. braziliensis, L. amazonensis and L. infantum, and the vaccination of wild-type and transgenic mice for IL-32γ before in vivo challenge with parasites. RESULTS We demonstrated that monocytes trained with BCG presented enhanced ability to kill L. braziliensis, L. amazonensis and L. infantum through increased production of reactive oxygen species. Interleukin (IL)-32 appears to play an essential role in the development of trained immunity. Indeed, BCG exposure induced IL-32 production in human primary monocytes, both mRNA and protein. We have used a human IL-32γ transgenic mouse model (IL-32γTg) to study the effect of BCG vaccination in different Leishmania infection models. BCG vaccination decreased lesion size and parasite load in infections caused by L. braziliensis and reduced the spread of L. amazonensis to other organs in both infected wild-type (WT) and IL-32γTg mice. In addition, BCG reduced the parasite load in the spleen, liver and bone marrow of both WT and IL-32γTg mice infected with L. infantum. BCG vaccination increased inflammatory infiltrate in infected tissues caused by different Leishmania spp. In all infections, the presence of IL-32γ was not mandatory, but it increased the protective and inflammatory effects of BCG-induced training. CONCLUSIONS BCG's ability to train innate immune cells, providing protection against leishmaniasis, as well as the participation of IL-32γ in this process, pave the way for new treatment strategies for this neglected infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Vilela Teodoro Silva
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cristina Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Marina Barroso de Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lisa U Teufel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathas Xavier Pereira
- Pathology Sector, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Grazzielle Guimarães de Matos
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Alves Pinto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Goiás and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia (INGOH), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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9
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Xiong K, Sun W, Wang H, Xie J, Su B, Fan L. The frequency and dynamics of CD4 + mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Cell Immunol 2021; 365:104381. [PMID: 34049011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MAIT cells are unconventional innate-like T lymphocytes contributing to host immune protection against Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. CD4- MAIT cells play a major role in immune protection against tuberculosis (TB), however, the role of CD4+ MAIT cells was elusive due to their low abundance. We firstly investigated the frequency and functions of CD4+ MAIT cells in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients before and after anti-TB treatment. We found that the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD4+ MAIT cells and IFN-γ, granzyme B (GrzB), CD69 expression on them were increased while LAG-3+ cells of them were decreased in PTB patients. After the treatment, the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD4+ MAIT cells and CD69, IFN-γ, GrzB expression on them were decreased while LAG-3 increased. The results indicated the expression profile is distinct between CD4+ MAIT cells and CD4- MAIT cells in PTB patients, the increased IFN-γ and GrzB expression of CD4+ MAIT cells play a role in anti-TB immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Xiong
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiu Wang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bo Su
- Lab Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Fan
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Moriarty RV, Ellis AL, O’Connor SL. Monkeying around with MAIT Cells: Studying the Role of MAIT Cells in SIV and Mtb Co-Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:863. [PMID: 34066765 PMCID: PMC8151491 DOI: 10.3390/v13050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There were an estimated 10 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) disease in 2019. While over 90% of individuals successfully control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which causes TB disease, HIV co-infection often leads to active TB disease. Despite the co-endemic nature of HIV and TB, knowledge of the immune mechanisms contributing to the loss of control of Mtb replication during HIV infection is lacking. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that target and destroy bacterially-infected cells and may contribute to the control of Mtb infection. Studies examining MAIT cells in human Mtb infection are commonly performed using peripheral blood samples. However, because Mtb infection occurs primarily in lung tissue and lung-associated lymph nodes, these studies may not be fully translatable to the tissues. Additionally, studies longitudinally examining MAIT cell dynamics during HIV/Mtb co-infection are rare, and lung and lymph node tissue samples from HIV+ patients are typically unavailable. Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide a model system to characterize MAIT cell activity during Mtb infection, both in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected and SIV-naïve animals. Using NHPs allows for a more comprehensive understanding of tissue-based MAIT cell dynamics during infection with both pathogens. NHP SIV and Mtb infection is similar to human HIV and Mtb infection, and MAIT cells are phenotypically similar in humans and NHPs. Here, we discuss current knowledge surrounding MAIT cells in SIV and Mtb infection, how SIV infection impairs MAIT cell function during Mtb co-infection, and knowledge gaps to address.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (R.V.M.); (A.L.E.)
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11
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an infectious disease of global significance and a
leading cause of death in low- and middle-income countries. Significant effort
has been directed towards understanding Mycobacterium
tuberculosis genomics, virulence, and pathophysiology within the
framework of Koch postulates. More recently, the advent of “-omics” approaches
has broadened our appreciation of how “commensal” microbes have coevolved with
their host and have a central role in shaping health and susceptibility to
disease. It is now clear that there is a diverse repertoire of interactions
between the microbiota and host immune responses that can either sustain or
disrupt homeostasis. In the context of the global efforts to combatting TB, such
findings and knowledge have raised important questions: Does microbiome
composition indicate or determine susceptibility or resistance to
M. tuberculosis infection? Is the
development of active disease or latent infection upon M.
tuberculosis exposure influenced by the microbiome? Does
microbiome composition influence TB therapy outcome and risk of reinfection with
M. tuberculosis? Can the microbiome be
actively managed to reduce risk of M.
tuberculosis infection or recurrence of TB? Here, we
explore these questions with a particular focus on microbiome-immune
interactions that may affect TB susceptibility, manifestation and progression,
the long-term implications of anti-TB therapy, as well as the potential of the
host microbiome as target for clinical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Mori
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty
of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty
of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty
of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Morgan J, Muskat K, Tippalagama R, Sette A, Burel J, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Classical CD4 T cells as the cornerstone of antimycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:10-29. [PMID: 33751597 PMCID: PMC8252593 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a significant health problem without an effective vaccine to combat it. A thorough understanding of the immune response and correlates of protection is needed to develop a more efficient vaccine. The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex and involves all aspects of the immune system, however, the optimal protective, non‐pathogenic T cell response against Mtb is still elusive. This review will focus on discussing CD4 T cell immunity against mycobacteria and its importance in Mtb infection with a primary focus on human studies. We will in particular discuss the large heterogeneity of immune cell subsets that have been revealed by recent immunological investigations at an unprecedented level of detail. These studies have identified specific classical CD4 T cell subsets important for immune responses against Mtb in various states of infection. We further discuss the functional attributes that have been linked to the various subsets such as upregulation of activation markers and cytokine production. Another important topic to be considered is the antigenic targets of Mtb‐specific immune responses, and how antigen reactivity is influenced by both disease state and environmental exposure(s). These are key points for both vaccines and immune diagnostics development. Ultimately, these factors are holistically considered in the definition and investigations of what are the correlates on protection and resolution of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaylin Muskat
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Tippalagama
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie Burel
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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13
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Suliman S, Gela A, Mendelsohn SC, Iwany SK, Tamara KL, Mabwe S, Bilek N, Darboe F, Fisher M, Corbett AJ, Kjer-Nielsen L, Eckle SBG, Huang CC, Zhang Z, Lewinsohn DM, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Hatherill M, León SR, Calderon RI, Lecca L, Murray M, Scriba TJ, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB. Peripheral Blood Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Tuberculosis Patients and Healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Exposed Controls. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:995-1007. [PMID: 32267943 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human blood, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant T cells that recognize antigens presented on non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex-related 1 (MR1) molecules. The MAIT cells are activated by mycobacteria, and prior human studies indicate that blood frequencies of MAIT cells, defined by cell surface markers, decline during tuberculosis (TB) disease, consistent with redistribution to the lungs. METHODS We tested whether frequencies of blood MAIT cells were altered in patients with TB disease relative to healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-exposed controls from Peru and South Africa. We quantified their frequencies using MR1 tetramers loaded with 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil. RESULTS Unlike findings from prior studies, frequencies of blood MAIT cells were similar among patients with TB disease and latent and uninfected controls. In both cohorts, frequencies of MAIT cells defined by MR1-tetramer staining and coexpression of CD161 and the T-cell receptor alpha variable gene TRAV1-2 were strongly correlated. Disease severity captured by body mass index or TB disease transcriptional signatures did not correlate with MAIT cell frequencies in patients with TB. CONCLUSIONS Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related 1-restrictied MAIT cells are detected at similar levels with tetramers or surface markers. Unlike MHC-restricted T cells, blood frequencies of MAIT cells are poor correlates of TB disease but may play a role in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon C Mendelsohn
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah K Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kattya Lopez Tamara
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Simbarashe Mabwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Bilek
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fatoumatta Darboe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Fisher
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chuan-Chin Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zibiao Zhang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Leonid Lecca
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru.,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Ravesloot-Chávez MM, Van Dis E, Stanley SA. The Innate Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:611-637. [PMID: 33637017 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes >1.5 million deaths worldwide annually. Innate immune cells are the first to encounter M. tuberculosis, and their response dictates the course of infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) activate the adaptive response and determine its characteristics. Macrophages are responsible both for exerting cell-intrinsic antimicrobial control and for initiating and maintaining inflammation. The inflammatory response to M. tuberculosis infection is a double-edged sword. While cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 are important for protection, either excessive or insufficient cytokine production results in progressive disease. Furthermore, neutrophils-cells normally associated with control of bacterial infection-are emerging as key drivers of a hyperinflammatory response that results in host mortality. The roles of other innate cells, including natural killer cells and innate-like T cells, remain enigmatic. Understanding the nuances of both cell-intrinsic control of infection and regulation of inflammation will be crucial for the successful development of host-targeted therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Van Dis
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; ,
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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15
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Ruibal P, Voogd L, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. The role of donor-unrestricted T-cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:30-47. [PMID: 33529407 PMCID: PMC8154655 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies against mycobacteria, focusing mostly on classical T‐ and B‐cells, have shown limited success, encouraging the addition of alternative targets. Classically restricted T‐cells recognize antigens presented via highly polymorphic HLA class Ia and class II molecules, while donor‐unrestricted T‐cells (DURTs), with few exceptions, recognize ligands via genetically conserved antigen presentation molecules. Consequently, DURTs can respond to the same ligands across diverse human populations. DURTs can be activated either through cognate TCR ligation or via bystander cytokine signaling. TCR‐driven antigen‐specific activation of DURTs occurs upon antigen presentation via non‐polymorphic molecules such as HLA‐E, CD1, MR1, and butyrophilin, leading to the activation of HLA‐E–restricted T‐cells, CD1‐restricted T‐cells, mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells (MAITs), and TCRγδ T‐cells, respectively. NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which lack rearranged TCRs, are activated through other receptor‐triggering pathways, or can be engaged through bystander cytokines, produced, for example, by activated antigen‐specific T‐cells or phagocytes. NK cells can also develop trained immune memory and thus could represent cells of interest to mobilize by novel vaccines. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the contributions of DURTs, NK cells, and ILCs in anti–M tuberculosis, M leprae, and non‐tuberculous mycobacterial immunity and explore possible ways in which they could be harnessed through vaccines and immunotherapies to improve protection against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruibal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Voogd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Sakai S, Lora NE, Kauffman KD, Dorosky DE, Oh S, Namasivayam S, Gomez F, Fleegle JD, Arlehamn CSL, Sette A, Sher A, Freeman GJ, Via LE, Barry III CE, Barber DL. Functional inactivation of pulmonary MAIT cells following 5-OP-RU treatment of non-human primates. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1055-1066. [PMID: 34158594 PMCID: PMC8217205 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting MAIT cells holds promise for the treatment of different diseases and infections. We previously showed that treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mice with 5-OP-RU, a major antigen for MAIT cells, expands MAIT cells and enhances bacterial control. Here we treated M. tuberculosis infected rhesus macaques with 5-OP-RU intratracheally but found no clinical or microbiological benefit. In fact, after 5-OP-RU treatment MAIT cells did not expand, but rather upregulated PD-1 and lost the ability to produce multiple cytokines, a phenotype resembling T cell exhaustion. Furthermore, we show that vaccination of uninfected macaques with 5-OP-RU+CpG instillation into the lungs also drives MAIT cell dysfunction, and PD-1 blockade during vaccination partly prevents the loss of MAIT cell function without facilitating their expansion. Thus, in rhesus macaques MAIT cells are prone to the loss of effector functions rather than expansion after TCR stimulation in vivo, representing a significant barrier to therapeutically targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakai
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nickiana E. Lora
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Danielle E. Dorosky
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sangmi Oh
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Felipe Gomez
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Joel D. Fleegle
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | | | - Alessandro Sette
- grid.185006.a0000 0004 0461 3162Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Alan Sher
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Laura E. Via
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clifton E. Barry III
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD USA
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17
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MAIT cells, guardians of skin and mucosa? Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:803-814. [PMID: 33753874 PMCID: PMC7983967 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionary conserved innate-like T cells able to recognize bacterial and fungal ligands derived from vitamin B biosynthesis. These cells are particularly present in liver and blood but also populate mucosal sites including skin, oral, intestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts that are in contact with the environment and microbiota of their host. Growing evidence suggests important involvement of MAIT cells in safeguarding the mucosa against external microbial threats. Simultaneously, mucosal MAIT cells have been implicated in immune and inflammatory pathologies affecting these organs. Here, we review the specificities of mucosal MAIT cells, their functions in the protection and maintenance of mucosal barriers, and their interactions with other mucosal cells.
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18
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MAIT cell-directed therapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:199-208. [PMID: 32811991 PMCID: PMC7790750 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are potential targets of vaccination and host-directed therapeutics for tuberculosis, but the role of MAIT cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in vivo is not well understood. Here we find that following Mtb infection MAIT cells mount minimal responses, and MAIT cell-deficient MR1-/- mice display normal survival. Preinfection expansion of MAIT cells through 5-OP-RU vaccination fails to protect against subsequent Mtb challenge. In fact, 5-OP-RU vaccination delays Mtb-specific CD4 T cell priming in lung-draining lymph nodes, and conversely MR1 deficiency or blockade accelerates T cell priming. The MAIT cell-mediated delay in T cell priming is partly dependent on TGF-β. Surprisingly, 5-OP-RU treatment during chronic infection drives MAIT cell expansion and an IL-17A-dependent reduction in bacterial loads. Thus, during early infection MAIT cells directly contribute to the notoriously slow priming of CD4 T cells, but later during infection MAIT cell stimulation may be an effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis.
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19
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Emerging Role for MAIT Cells in Control of Antimicrobial Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:504-516. [PMID: 33353796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to global public health as antibiotics are losing effectiveness due to rapid development of resistance. The human immune system facilitates control and clearance of resistant bacterial populations during the course of antimicrobial therapy. Here we review current knowledge of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, an arm of the immune system on the border between innate and adaptive, and their critical place in human antibacterial immunity. We propose that MAIT cells play important roles against antimicrobial-resistant infections through their capacity to directly clear multidrug-resistant bacteria and overcome mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we discuss outstanding questions pertinent to the possible advancement of host-directed therapy as an alternative intervention strategy for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
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20
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Efficient 5-OP-RU-Induced Enrichment of Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Murine Lung Does Not Enhance Control of Aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 89:IAI.00524-20. [PMID: 33077620 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00524-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset in mammals that recognize microbial vitamin B metabolites presented by the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I)-related molecule, MR1. Emerging data suggest that MAIT cells may be an attractive target for vaccine-induced protection against bacterial infections because of their rapid cytotoxic responses at mucosal services to a widely conserved bacterial ligand. In this study, we tested whether a MAIT cell priming strategy could protect against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Intranasal costimulation with the lipopeptide Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/6 agonist, Pam2Cys (P2C), and the synthetic MR1 ligand, 5-OP-RU, resulted in robust expansion of MAIT cells in the lung. Although MAIT cell priming significantly enhanced MAIT cell activation and expansion early after M. tuberculosis challenge, these MAIT cells did not restrict M. tuberculosis bacterial load. MAIT cells were depleted by the onset of the adaptive immune response, with decreased detection of granzyme B+ and gamma interferon (IFN-γ)+ MAIT cells relative to that in uninfected P2C/5-OP-RU-treated mice. Decreasing the infectious inoculum, varying the time between priming and aerosol infection, and testing MAIT cell priming in nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2)-deficient mice all failed to reveal an effect of P2C/5-OP-RU-induced MAIT cells on M. tuberculosis control. We conclude that intranasal MAIT cell priming in mice induces early MAIT cell activation and expansion after M. tuberculosis exposure, without attenuating M. tuberculosis growth, suggesting that MAIT cell enrichment in the lung is not sufficient to control M. tuberculosis infection.
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21
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Barber-Axthelm IM, Kent SJ, Juno JA. Understanding the Role of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T-Cells in Non-human Primate Models of HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2038. [PMID: 33013862 PMCID: PMC7461791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection causes systemic immune activation and dysregulation, resulting in the impairment of most T-cell subsets including MAIT cells. Multiple human cohort studies demonstrate MAIT cells are selectively depleted in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues during HIV infection, with incomplete restoration during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Because MAIT cells play an important role in mucosal defense against a wide array of pathogens, fully reconstituting the MAIT cell compartment in ART-treated populations could improve immunity against co-infections. Non-human primates (NHPs) are a valuable, well-described animal model for HIV infection in humans. NHPs also maintain MAIT cell frequencies more comparable to humans, compared to other common animal models, and provide a unique opportunity to study MAIT cells in the circulation and mucosal tissues in a longitudinal manner. Only recently, however, have NHP MAIT cells been thoroughly characterized using macaque-specific MR1 tetramer reagents. Here we review the similarities and differences between MAIT cells in humans and NHPs as well as the impact of SIV/SHIV infection on MAIT cells and the potential implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Artificially induced MAIT cells inhibit M. bovis BCG but not M. tuberculosis during in vivo pulmonary infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13579. [PMID: 32788608 PMCID: PMC7423888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant interest in targeting MAIT cells with immunostimulatory agents to enhance immune responses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb.) is a pervasive respiratory disease that could benefit from treatments that augment immunity. Here we investigate the role of MAIT cells in M. tb. infection and the potential for MAIT cell-targeted immunotherapy to control bacterial burdens. We find that MAIT cells fail to substantially accumulate in the lungs during murine pulmonary M. bovis BCG and M. tb. infections but this defect is overcome by intranasal installation of a TLR2/6 agonist and a MAIT cell antigen. Although artificially induced MAIT cells produce important cytokines in both infections, they control BCG but not M. tb. growth in the lungs. Correspondingly, M. tb.-infected mouse macrophages are relatively resistant to MAIT cell antimicrobial activities in vitro. Thus, MAIT cell antigen-mediated immunotherapy for M. tb. presents a complex challenge.
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23
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Chen ZY, Wang L, Gu L, Qu R, Lowrie DB, Hu Z, Sha W, Fan XY. Decreased Expression of CD69 on T Cells in Tuberculosis Infection Resisters. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1901. [PMID: 32849474 PMCID: PMC7426741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD69 is a biomarker of T-cell activation status, but its activation status in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains elusive. METHODS A set of cohorts of patients with different tuberculosis (TB) infection status including active TB patients (ATB), latent tuberculous infection patients (LTBI) and close contacts (CCs) of ATB was designed, and the expression profiles of CD69 and several T-cell markers were determined on Mtb antigen-stimulated T cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were both comparable among Mtb-infected individuals including ATB and LTBI, which guaranteed the consistency of the background level. A t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) analysis on a panel of six phenotypic markers showed a unique color map axis gated on T cells in the CCs group compared with ATB and LTBI populations. By further gating on cells positive for each individual marker and then overlaying those events on top of the tSNE plots, their distribution suggested that some markers were expressed differently in the CCs group. Further analysis showed that the expression levels of CD69 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly lower in the CCs group, especially in interferon-γ-responding T cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the T-cell activation status of CD69 is associated with Mtb infection and may have the potential to distinguish LTBI from those populations who have been exposed continuously to Mtb but have not become infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Qu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
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24
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Pomaznoy M, Kuan R, Lindvall M, Burel JG, Seumois G, Vijayanand P, Taplitz R, Gilman RH, Saito M, Lewinsohn DM, Sette A, Peters B, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Quantitative and Qualitative Perturbations of CD8 + MAITs in Healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Individuals. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:292-307. [PMID: 32499216 PMCID: PMC7543048 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are considered important contributors to the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet limited information is currently known regarding their specific immune signature and phenotype. In this study, we applied a cell population transcriptomics strategy to define immune signatures of human latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in memory CD8 T cells. We found a 41-gene signature that discriminates between memory CD8 T cells from healthy LTBI subjects and uninfected controls. The gene signature was dominated by genes associated with mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) and reflected the lower frequency of MAITs observed in individuals with LTBI. There was no evidence for a conventional CD8 T cell–specific signature between the two cohorts. We, therefore, investigated MAITs in more detail based on Vα7.2 and CD161 expression and staining with an MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) tetramer. This revealed two distinct populations of CD8+Vα7.2+CD161+ MAITs: MR1 tetramer+ and MR1 tetramer−, which both had distinct gene expression compared with memory CD8 T cells. Transcriptomic analysis of LTBI versus noninfected individuals did not reveal significant differences for MR1 tetramer+ MAITs. However, gene expression of MR1 tetramer− MAITs showed large interindividual diversity and a tuberculosis-specific signature. This was further strengthened by a more diverse TCR-α and -β repertoire of MR1 tetramer− cells as compared with MR1 tetramer+. Thus, circulating memory CD8 T cells in subjects with latent tuberculosis have a reduced number of conventional MR1 tetramer+ MAITs as well as a difference in phenotype in the rare population of MR1 tetramer− MAITs compared with uninfected controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Pomaznoy
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rebecca Kuan
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mikaela Lindvall
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Julie G Burel
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Grégory Seumois
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Randy Taplitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Universidad Peruana Caytano Hereida, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Virology, Tohuku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 9808575, Japan
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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25
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Ellis AL, Balgeman AJ, Larson EC, Rodgers MA, Ameel C, Baranowski T, Kannal N, Maiello P, Juno JA, Scanga CA, O’Connor SL. MAIT cells are functionally impaired in a Mauritian cynomolgus macaque model of SIV and Mtb co-infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008585. [PMID: 32433713 PMCID: PMC7266356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells can recognize and respond to some bacterially infected cells. Several in vitro and in vivo models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection suggest that MAIT cells can contribute to control of Mtb, but these studies are often cross-sectional and use peripheral blood cells. Whether MAIT cells are recruited to Mtb-affected granulomas and lymph nodes (LNs) during early Mtb infection and what purpose they might serve there is less well understood. Furthermore, whether HIV/SIV infection impairs MAIT cell frequency or function at the sites of Mtb replication has not been determined. Using Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM), we phenotyped MAIT cells in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) before and during infection with SIVmac239. To test the hypothesis that SIV co-infection impairs MAIT cell frequency and function within granulomas, SIV+ and -naïve MCM were infected with a low dose of Mtb Erdman, and necropsied at 6 weeks post Mtb-challenge. MAIT cell frequency and function were examined within the peripheral blood, BAL, and Mtb-affected lymph nodes (LN) and granulomas. MAIT cells did not express markers indicative of T cell activation in response to Mtb in vivo within granulomas in animals infected with Mtb alone. SIV and Mtb co-infection led to increased expression of the activation/exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIGIT, and decreased ability to secrete TNFα when compared to SIV-naïve MCM. Our study provides evidence that SIV infection does not prohibit the recruitment of MAIT cells to sites of Mtb infection, but does functionally impair those MAIT cells. Their impaired function could have impacts, either direct or indirect, on the long-term containment of TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Ellis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexis J. Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erica C. Larson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cassaundra Ameel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tonilynn Baranowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nadean Kannal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles A. Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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26
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Early dynamics of innate immunity during pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunol Lett 2020; 221:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Chai Q, Lu Z, Liu CH. Host defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1859-1878. [PMID: 31720742 PMCID: PMC11104961 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious pathogen. Mtb is a paradigmatic intracellular pathogen that primarily invades the lungs after host inhalation of bacteria-containing droplets via the airway. However, the majority of Mtb-exposed individuals can spontaneously control the infection by virtue of a robust immune defense system. The mucosal barriers of the respiratory tract shape the first-line defense against Mtb through various mucosal immune responses. After arriving at the alveoli, the surviving mycobacteria further encounter a set of host innate immune cells that exert multiple cellular bactericidal functions. Adaptive immunity, predominantly mediated by a range of different T cell and B cell subsets, is subsequently activated and participates in host anti-mycobacterial defense. During Mtb infection, host bactericidal immune responses are exquisitely adjusted and balanced by multifaceted mechanisms, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, metabolic regulation and neuroendocrine regulation, which are indispensable for maintaining host immune efficiency and avoiding excessive tissue injury. A better understanding of the integrated and equilibrated host immune defense system against Mtb will contribute to the development of rational TB treatment regimens especially novel host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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28
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Suliman S, Murphy M, Musvosvi M, Gela A, Meermeier EW, Geldenhuys H, Hopley C, Toefy A, Bilek N, Veldsman A, Hanekom WA, Johnson JL, Boom WH, Obermoser G, Huang H, Hatherill M, Lewinsohn DM, Nemes E, Scriba TJ. MR1-Independent Activation of Human Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells by Mycobacteria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2917-2927. [PMID: 31611259 PMCID: PMC6859375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality from a single infectious agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Relevant immune targets of the partially efficacious TB vaccine bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remain poorly defined. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)-restricted T cells, which are reactive against M. tuberculosis, and underexplored as potential TB vaccine targets. We sought to determine whether BCG vaccination activated mycobacteria-specific MAIT cell responses in humans. We analyzed whole blood samples from M. tuberculosis-infected South African adults who were revaccinated with BCG after a six-month course of isoniazid preventative therapy. In vitro BCG stimulation potently induced IFN-γ expression by phenotypic (CD8+CD26+CD161+) MAIT cells, which constituted the majority (75%) of BCG-reactive IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. BCG revaccination transiently expanded peripheral blood frequencies of BCG-reactive IFN-γ+ MAIT cells, which returned to baseline frequencies a year following vaccination. In another cohort of healthy adults who received BCG at birth, 53% of mycobacteria-reactive-activated CD8 T cells expressed CDR3α TCRs, previously reported as MAIT TCRs, expressing the canonical TRAV1-2-TRAJ33 MAIT TCRα rearrangement. CD26 and CD161 coexpression correlated with TRAV1-2+CD161+ phenotype more accurately in CD8+ than CD4-CD8- MAIT cells. Interestingly, BCG-induced IFN-γ expression by MAIT cells in vitro was mediated by the innate cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 more than MR1-induced TCR signaling, suggesting TCR-independent activation. Collectively, the data suggest that activation of blood MAIT cells by innate inflammatory cytokines is a major mechanism of responsiveness to vaccination with whole cell vaccines against TB or in vitro stimulation with mycobacteria (Clinical trial registration: NCT01119521).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; .,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Melissa Murphy
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Hennie Geldenhuys
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Christiaan Hopley
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Asma Toefy
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nicole Bilek
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Ashley Veldsman
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - John L Johnson
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - W Henry Boom
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Gerlinde Obermoser
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Huang Huang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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29
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Godfrey DI, Koay HF, McCluskey J, Gherardin NA. The biology and functional importance of MAIT cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1110-1128. [PMID: 31406380 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a population of unconventional T cells called 'mucosal-associated invariant T cells' (MAIT cells) has captured the attention of immunologists and clinicians due to their abundance in humans, their involvement in a broad range of infectious and non-infectious diseases and their unusual specificity for microbial riboflavin-derivative antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like protein MR1. MAIT cells use a limited T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire with public antigen specificities that are conserved across species. They can be activated by TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms and exhibit rapid, innate-like effector responses. Here we review evidence showing that MAIT cells are a key component of the immune system and discuss their basic biology, development, role in disease and immunotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Downey AM, Kapłonek P, Seeberger PH. MAIT cells as attractive vaccine targets. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1627-1640. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Michael Downey
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max‐Planck‐Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam Germany
| | - Paulina Kapłonek
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max‐Planck‐Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max‐Planck‐Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Germany
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31
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Malka-Ruimy C, Ben Youssef G, Lambert M, Tourret M, Ghazarian L, Faye A, Caillat-Zucman S, Houdouin V. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Levels Are Reduced in the Peripheral Blood and Lungs of Children With Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:206. [PMID: 30853958 PMCID: PMC6396712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, semi-invariant T lymphocytes that recognize microbial-derived vitamin B2 (riboflavin) biosynthesis precursor derivatives presented by the monomorphic MHC class 1-related (MR1) molecule. Upon microbial infection, MAIT cells rapidly produce cytokines and cytotoxic effectors, and are thus important players in anti-microbial defense. MAIT cells are protective in experimental models of infection and are decreased in the blood of adult patients with bacterial infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In children, the risk of rapid progression to active tuberculosis (TB) following Mtb infection is higher than in adults. Whether MAIT cells influence the outcome of Mtb infection in children is therefore, an important issue. We analyzed MAIT cell numbers and phenotype in 115 children investigated for pulmonary TB and determined their potential correlation with disease progression. MAIT cells were reduced in numbers and activated in the peripheral blood of children with active TB as compared to those with latent TB infection (LTBI) and healthy children. Moreover, MAIT cells did not accumulate and did not proliferate in the lung of children with active TB. These results suggest that MAIT cells may be important in preventing progression of Mtb infection to active TB in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Malka-Ruimy
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ghada Ben Youssef
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marion Lambert
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marie Tourret
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Liana Ghazarian
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Albert Faye
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Service des Maladies Digestives et Respiratoires de l'Enfant, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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