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Nhamoyebonde S, Chambers M, Ndlovu L, Karim F, Mazibuko M, Mhlane Z, Madziwa L, Moosa Y, Moodley S, Hoque M, Leslie A. Detailed phenotyping reveals diverse and highly skewed neutrophil subsets in both the blood and airways during active tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422836. [PMID: 38947330 PMCID: PMC11212598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neutrophils play a complex and important role in the immunopathology of TB. Data suggest they are protective during early infection but become a main driver of immunopathology if infection progresses to active disease. Neutrophils are now recognized to exist in functionally diverse states, but little work has been done on how neutrophil states or subsets are skewed in TB disease. Methods To address this, we carried out comprehensive phenotyping by flow cytometry of neutrophils in the blood and airways of individuals with active pulmonary TB with and without HIV co-infection recruited in Durban, South Africa. Results Active TB was associated with a profound skewing of neutrophils in the blood toward phenotypes associated with activation and apoptosis, reduced phagocytosis, reverse transmigration, and immune regulation. This skewing was also apparently in airway neutrophils, particularly the regulatory subsets expressing PDL-1 and LOX-1. HIV co-infection did not impact neutrophil subsets in the blood but was associated with a phenotypic change in the airways and a reduction in key neutrophil functional proteins cathelicidin and arginase 1. Discussion Active TB is associated with profound skewing of blood and airway neutrophils and suggests multiple mechanisms by which neutrophils may exacerbate the immunopathology of TB. These data indicate potential avenues for reducing neutrophil-mediated lung pathology at the point of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Chambers
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lerato Ndlovu
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Zoey Mhlane
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Yunus Moosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Monjurul Hoque
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Ramoni D, Tirandi A, Montecucco F, Liberale L. Sepsis in elderly patients: the role of neutrophils in pathophysiology and therapy. Intern Emerg Med 2024; 19:901-917. [PMID: 38294676 PMCID: PMC11186952 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is among the most important causes of mortality, particularly within the elderly population. Sepsis prevalence is on the rise due to different factors, including increasing average population age and the concomitant rise in the prevalence of frailty and chronic morbidities. Recent investigations have unveiled a "trimodal" trajectory for sepsis-related mortality, with the ultimate zenith occurring from 60 to 90 days until several years after the original insult. This prolonged temporal course ostensibly emanates from the sustained perturbation of immune responses, persevering beyond the phase of clinical convalescence. This phenomenon is particularly associated with the aging immune system, characterized by a broad dysregulation commonly known as "inflammaging." Inflammaging associates with a chronic low-grade activation of the innate immune system preventing an appropriate response to infective agents. Notably, during the initial phases of sepsis, neutrophils-essential in combating pathogens-may exhibit compromised activity. Paradoxically, an overly zealous neutrophilic reaction has been observed to underlie multi-organ dysfunction during the later stages of sepsis. Given this scenario, discovering treatments that can enhance neutrophil activity during the early phases of sepsis while curbing their overactivity in the later phases could prove beneficial in fighting pathogens and reducing the detrimental effects caused by an overactive immune system. This narrative review delves into the potential key role of neutrophils in the pathological process of sepsis, focusing on how the aging process impacts their functions, and highlighting possible targets for developing immune-modulatory therapies. Additionally, the review includes tables that outline the principal potential targets for immunomodulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ramoni
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amedeo Tirandi
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Liberale
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.
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3
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Zhang K, Mishra A, Jagannath C. New insight into arginine and tryptophan metabolism in macrophage activation during tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363938. [PMID: 38605962 PMCID: PMC11008464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Arginine and tryptophan are pivotal in orchestrating cytokine-driven macrophage polarization and immune activation. Specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression), leading to the conversion of arginine into citrulline and nitric oxide (NO), while Interleukin-4 (IL4) promotes arginase activation, shifting arginine metabolism toward ornithine. Concomitantly, IFN-γ triggers indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and Interleukin-4 induced 1 (IL4i1), resulting in the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine and indole-3-pyruvic acid. These metabolic pathways are tightly regulated by NAD+-dependent sirtuin proteins, with Sirt2 and Sirt5 playing integral roles. In this review, we present novel insights that augment our understanding of the metabolic pathways of arginine and tryptophan following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, particularly their relevance in macrophage responses. Additionally, we discuss arginine methylation and demethylation and the role of Sirt2 and Sirt5 in regulating tryptophan metabolism and arginine metabolism, potentially driving macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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4
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Truthe S, Klassert TE, Schmelz S, Jonigk D, Blankenfeldt W, Slevogt H. Role of Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 in Inflammation and Pathogen-Associated Interactions. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:105-132. [PMID: 38232720 PMCID: PMC10866614 DOI: 10.1159/000535793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is known as a major receptor for oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and plays a significant role in the genesis of atherosclerosis. Recent research has shown its involvement in cancer, ischemic stroke, and diabetes. LOX-1 is a C-type lectin receptor and is involved in the activation of immune cells and inflammatory processes. It may further interact with pathogens, suggesting a role in infections or the host's response. SUMMARY This review compiles the current knowledge of potential implications of LOX-1 in inflammatory processes and in host-pathogen interactions with a particular emphasis on its regulatory role in immune responses. Also discussed are genomic and structural variations found in LOX-1 homologs across different species as well as potential involvements of LOX-1 in inflammatory processes from the angle of different cell types and organ-specific interactions. KEY MESSAGES The results presented reveal both similar and different structures in human and murine LOX-1 and provide clues as to the possible origins of different modes of interaction. These descriptions raise concerns about the suitability, particularly of mouse models, that are often used in the analysis of its functionality in humans. Further research should also aim to better understand the mostly unknown binding and interaction mechanisms between LOX-1 and different pathogens. This pursuit will not only enhance our understanding of LOX-1 involvement in inflammatory processes but also identify potential targets for immunomodulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Truthe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, Hannover, Germany,
- Dynamics of Respiratory Infection Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,
- Hannover Biomedical Research School (HRBS) and ZIB (Centre of Infection Biology), Braunschweig, Germany,
| | - Tilman E Klassert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, Hannover, Germany
- Dynamics of Respiratory Infection Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmelz
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Medical University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, Hannover, Germany
- Dynamics of Respiratory Infection Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Bruserud Ø, Mosevoll KA, Bruserud Ø, Reikvam H, Wendelbo Ø. The Regulation of Neutrophil Migration in Patients with Sepsis: The Complexity of the Molecular Mechanisms and Their Modulation in Sepsis and the Heterogeneity of Sepsis Patients. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071003. [PMID: 37048076 PMCID: PMC10093057 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Common causes include gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi. Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive at an infection site where they function as important effector cells of the innate immune system and as regulators of the host immune response. The regulation of neutrophil migration is therefore important both for the infection-directed host response and for the development of organ dysfunctions in sepsis. Downregulation of CXCR4/CXCL12 stimulates neutrophil migration from the bone marrow. This is followed by transmigration/extravasation across the endothelial cell barrier at the infection site; this process is directed by adhesion molecules and various chemotactic gradients created by chemotactic cytokines, lipid mediators, bacterial peptides, and peptides from damaged cells. These mechanisms of neutrophil migration are modulated by sepsis, leading to reduced neutrophil migration and even reversed migration that contributes to distant organ failure. The sepsis-induced modulation seems to differ between neutrophil subsets. Furthermore, sepsis patients should be regarded as heterogeneous because neutrophil migration will possibly be further modulated by the infecting microorganisms, antimicrobial treatment, patient age/frailty/sex, other diseases (e.g., hematological malignancies and stem cell transplantation), and the metabolic status. The present review describes molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of neutrophil migration; how these mechanisms are altered during sepsis; and how bacteria/fungi, antimicrobial treatment, and aging/frailty/comorbidity influence the regulation of neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Knut Anders Mosevoll
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øyvind Bruserud
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Wendelbo
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Health, VID Specialized University, Ulriksdal 10, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Korkmaz FT, Traber KE. Innate immune responses in pneumonia. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:4. [PMID: 36829255 PMCID: PMC9957695 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs are an immunologically unique environment; they are exposed to innumerable pathogens and particulate matter daily. Appropriate clearance of pathogens and response to pollutants is required to prevent overwhelming infection, while preventing tissue damage and maintaining efficient gas exchange. Broadly, the innate immune system is the collection of immediate, intrinsic immune responses to pathogen or tissue injury. In this review, we will examine the innate immune responses of the lung, with a particular focus on their role in pneumonia. We will discuss the anatomic barriers and antimicrobial proteins of the lung, pathogen and injury recognition, and the role of leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphocytes) and lung stromal cells in innate immunity. Throughout the review, we will focus on new findings in innate immunity as well as features that are unique to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T Korkmaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina E Traber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Korkmaz FT, Shenoy AT, Symer EM, Baird LA, Odom CV, Arafa EI, Dimbo EL, Na E, Molina-Arocho W, Brudner M, Standiford TJ, Mehta JL, Sawamura T, Jones MR, Mizgerd JP, Traber KE, Quinton LJ. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 attenuates pneumonia-induced lung injury. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e149955. [PMID: 36264633 PMCID: PMC9746901 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying host factors that contribute to pneumonia incidence and severity are of utmost importance to guiding the development of more effective therapies. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1, encoded by OLR1) is a scavenger receptor known to promote vascular injury and inflammation, but whether and how LOX-1 functions in the lung are unknown. Here, we provide evidence of substantial accumulation of LOX-1 in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and in mice with pneumonia. Unlike previously described injurious contributions of LOX-1, we found that LOX-1 is uniquely protective in the pulmonary airspaces, limiting proteinaceous edema and inflammation. We also identified alveolar macrophages and recruited neutrophils as 2 prominent sites of LOX-1 expression in the lungs, whereby macrophages are capable of further induction during pneumonia and neutrophils exhibit a rapid, but heterogenous, elevation of LOX-1 in the infected lung. Blockade of LOX-1 led to dysregulated immune signaling in alveolar macrophages, marked by alterations in activation markers and a concomitant elevation of inflammatory gene networks. However, bone marrow chimeras also suggested a prominent role for neutrophils in LOX-1-mediated lung protection, further supported by LOX-1+ neutrophils exhibiting transcriptional changes consistent with reparative processes. Taken together, this work establishes LOX-1 as a tissue-protective factor in the lungs during pneumonia, possibly mediated by its influence on immune signaling in alveolar macrophages and LOX-1+ airspace neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T. Korkmaz
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Brudner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Joseph P. Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center
- Department of Microbiology, and
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lee J. Quinton
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Pulmonary Center
- Department of Medicine and
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8
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The Impact of Cytokines on Neutrophils' Phagocytosis and NET Formation during Sepsis-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095076. [PMID: 35563475 PMCID: PMC9101385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an overwhelming inflammatory response to infection, resulting in multiple-organ injury. Neutrophils are crucial immune cells involved in innate response to pathogens and their migration and effector functions, such as phagocytosis and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, are dependent on cytokine presence and their concentration. In the course of sepsis, recruitment and migration of neutrophils to infectious foci gradually becomes impaired, thus leading to loss of a crucial arm of the innate immune response to infection. Our review briefly describes the sepsis course, the importance of neutrophils during sepsis, and explains dependence between cytokines and their activation. Moreover, we, for the first time, summarize the impact of cytokines on phagocytosis and NET formation. We highlight and discuss the importance of cytokines in modulation of both processes and emphasize the direction of further investigations.
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9
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Zhang Y, Zhang R, Lu L, Zhou N, Lv X, Wang X, Feng Z. Knockdown of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 ameliorates alcoholic cardiomyopathy via inactivating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8926-8936. [PMID: 35333694 PMCID: PMC9161863 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
LOX-1 triggers myocardial fibrosis, but its roles and mechanisms in alcoholic cardiomyopathy and the involvement of the downstream signaling pathways had not been fully reported. We planned to explore how LOX-1 facilitated myocardial fibrosis in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The in vitro and in vivo alcoholic cardiomyopathy model was established by alcohol treatment to rats' cardiac fibroblasts and rats, respectively. Masson staining was conducted to observe the collagen deposition and the IHC assay was executed to evaluate the contents of collagen I and III in vitro and in vivo. The cardiac tissues were also observed under TEM and the cardiac function of rats was evaluated using UCG. The expression levels of LOX-1 and P38MAPK in cardiac fibroblasts and tissues at both mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. Alcohol treatment could trigger collagen deposition, cell hypertrophy, fibrotic changes and increased the expression levels of LOX-1 and P38MAPK both in vivo and in vitro. It also deteriorated the cardiac function of rats in vivo. Overexpression of LOX-1 in vitro could aggravate the fibrotic changes while knockdown of LOX-1 ameliorated the fibrotic effects of alcohol treatment both in vitro and in vivo such as reduction of collagen deposition, relief of cell hypertrophy and inactivation of the P38MAPK signaling pathway. We concluded that knockdown of LOX-1 exerted anti-fibrotic effects via inhibiting P38MAPK signaling in alcoholic cardiomyopathy both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings highlighted that LOX-1 could become a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China.,Department of cardiovascular medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Lan Lu
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lv
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhanbin Feng
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
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Bhatti G, Romero R, Gomez-Lopez N, Chaiworapongsa T, Jung E, Gotsch F, Pique-Regi R, Pacora P, Hsu CD, Kavdia M, Tarca AL. The amniotic fluid proteome changes with gestational age in normal pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:601. [PMID: 35022423 PMCID: PMC8755742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-free transcriptome in amniotic fluid (AF) has been shown to be informative of physiologic and pathologic processes in pregnancy; however, the change in AF proteome with gestational age has mostly been studied by targeted approaches. The objective of this study was to describe the gestational age-dependent changes in the AF proteome during normal pregnancy by using an omics platform. The abundance of 1310 proteins was measured on a high-throughput aptamer-based proteomics platform in AF samples collected from women during midtrimester (16-24 weeks of gestation, n = 15) and at term without labor (37-42 weeks of gestation, n = 13). Only pregnancies without obstetrical complications were included in the study. Almost 25% (320) of AF proteins significantly changed in abundance between the midtrimester and term gestation. Of these, 154 (48.1%) proteins increased, and 166 (51.9%) decreased in abundance at term compared to midtrimester. Tissue-specific signatures of the trachea, salivary glands, brain regions, and immune system were increased while those of the gestational tissues (uterus, placenta, and ovary), cardiac myocytes, and fetal liver were decreased at term compared to midtrimester. The changes in AF protein abundance were correlated with those previously reported in the cell-free AF transcriptome. Intersecting gestational age-modulated AF proteins and their corresponding mRNAs previously reported in the maternal blood identified neutrophil-related protein/mRNA pairs that were modulated in the same direction. The first study to utilize an aptamer-based assay to profile the AF proteome modulation with gestational age, it reveals that almost one-quarter of the proteins are modulated as gestation advances, which is more than twice the fraction of altered plasma proteins (~ 10%). The results reported herein have implications for future studies focused on discovering biomarkers to predict, monitor, and diagnose obstetrical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Office of Women's Health, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Arizona College of Medicine -Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA.
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11
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Cheng PL, Chen HH, Jiang YH, Hsiao TH, Wang CY, Wu CL, Ko TM, Chao WC. Using RNA-Seq to Investigate Immune-Metabolism Features in Immunocompromised Patients With Sepsis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:747263. [PMID: 34977060 PMCID: PMC8718501 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.747263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sepsis is life threatening and leads to complex inflammation in patients with immunocompromised conditions, such as cancer, and receiving immunosuppressants for autoimmune diseases and organ transplant recipients. Increasing evidence has shown that RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) can be used to define subendotype in patients with sepsis; therefore, we aim to use RNA-Seq to identify transcriptomic features among immunocompromised patients with sepsis. Methods: We enrolled patients who were admitted to medical intensive care units (ICUs) for sepsis at a tertiary referral centre in central Taiwan. Whole blood on day-1 and day-8 was obtained for RNA-Seq. We used Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to identify the enriched pathway of day-8/day-1 differentially expressed genes and MiXCR to determine the diversity of T cell repertoire. Results: A total of 18 immunocompromised subjects with sepsis and 18 sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score-matched immunocompetent control subjects were enrolled. The ventilator-day, ICU-stay, and hospital-day were similar between the two groups, whereas the hospital mortality was higher in immunocompromised patients than those in immunocompetent patients (50.0 vs. 5.6%, p < 0.01). We found that the top day-8/day-1 upregulated genes in the immunocompetent group were mainly innate immunity and inflammation relevant genes, namely, PRSS33, HDC, ALOX15, FCER1A, and OLR1, whereas a blunted day-8/day-1 dynamic transcriptome was found among immunocompromised patients with septic. Functional pathway analyses of day-8/day-1 differentially expressed genes identified the upregulated functional biogenesis and T cell-associated pathways in immunocompetent patients recovered from sepsis, whereas merely downregulated metabolism-associated pathways were found in immunocompromised patients with septic. Moreover, we used MiXCR to identify a higher diversity of T cell receptor (TCR) in immunocompetent patients both on day-1 and on day-8 than those in immunocompromised patients. Conclusions: Using RNA-Seq, we found compromised T cell function, altered metabolic signalling, and decreased T cell diversity among immunocompromised patients with septic, and more mechanistic studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Liang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Precision Medicine Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Big Data Center, Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rong Hsing Research Centre for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Jiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Precision Medicine Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hung Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Precision Medicine Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Liang Wu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ming Ko
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chao
- Big Data Center, Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Taban Q, Mumtaz PT, Masoodi KZ, Haq E, Ahmad SM. Scavenger receptors in host defense: from functional aspects to mode of action. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:2. [PMID: 34980167 PMCID: PMC8721182 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins that are structurally heterogeneous and encompass the miscellaneous group of transmembrane proteins and soluble secretory extracellular domain. They are functionally diverse as they are involved in various disorders and biological pathways and their major function in innate immunity and homeostasis. Numerous scavenger receptors have been discovered so far and are apportioned in various classes (A-L). Scavenger receptors are documented as pattern recognition receptors and known to act in coordination with other co-receptors such as Toll-like receptors in generating the immune responses against a repertoire of ligands such as microbial pathogens, non-self, intracellular and modified self-molecules through various diverse mechanisms like adhesion, endocytosis and phagocytosis etc. Unlike, most of the scavenger receptors discussed below have both membrane and soluble forms that participate in scavenging; the role of a potential scavenging receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 has also been discussed whereby only its soluble form might participate in preventing the pathogen entry and replication, unlike its membrane-bound form. This review majorly gives an insight on the functional aspect of scavenger receptors in host defence and describes their mode of action extensively in various immune pathways involved with each receptor type. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Taban
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology - Kashmir, Shuhama, 190006, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | | | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Transcriptomics Laboratory, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, India
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology - Kashmir, Shuhama, 190006, India.
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13
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Zhang Q, Xu T, Bai N, Tan F, Zhao H, Liu J. Lectin‑type oxidized LDL receptor 1 modulates matrix metalloproteinase 2 production in peri‑implantitis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:171. [PMID: 35069852 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Tan
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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14
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Combadière B, Adam L, Guillou N, Quentric P, Rosenbaum P, Dorgham K, Bonduelle O, Parizot C, Sauce D, Mayaux J, Luyt CE, Boissonnas A, Amoura Z, Pourcher V, Miyara M, Gorochov G, Guihot A, Combadière C. LOX-1-Expressing Immature Neutrophils Identify Critically-Ill COVID-19 Patients at Risk of Thrombotic Complications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752612. [PMID: 34616409 PMCID: PMC8488276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphopenia and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio may have prognostic value in COVID-19 severity. Objective We investigated neutrophil subsets and functions in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of COVID-19 patients on the basis of patients’ clinical characteristics. Methods We used a multiparametric cytometry profiling based to mature and immature neutrophil markers in 146 critical or severe COVID-19 patients. Results The Discovery study (38 patients, first pandemic wave) showed that 80% of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients develop strong myelemia with CD10−CD64+ immature neutrophils (ImNs). Cellular profiling revealed three distinct neutrophil subsets expressing either the lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 (LOX‐1), the interleukin-3 receptor alpha (CD123), or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) overrepresented in ICU patients compared to non-ICU patients. The proportion of LOX-1- or CD123-expressing ImNs is positively correlated with clinical severity, cytokine storm (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and thrombosis. BALs of patients with ARDS were highly enriched in LOX-1-expressing ImN subsets and in antimicrobial neutrophil factors. A validation study (118 patients, second pandemic wave) confirmed and strengthened the association of the proportion of ImN subsets with disease severity, invasive ventilation, and death. Only high proportions of LOX-1-expressing ImNs remained strongly associated with a high risk of severe thrombosis independently of the plasma antimicrobial neutrophil factors, suggesting an independent association of ImN markers with their functions. Conclusion LOX-1-expressing ImNs may help identifying COVID-19 patients at high risk of severity and thrombosis complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behazine Combadière
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lucille Adam
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Noëlline Guillou
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Paul Quentric
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rosenbaum
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Bonduelle
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Mayaux
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Pneumologie, Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Paris, France
| | - Charles-Edouard Luyt
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Institut de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié - Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Boissonnas
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut E3M, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Pourcher
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Guihot
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Combadière
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de santé et de recherche medicale (Inserm), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
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15
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Ohno M, Kakino A, Sekiya T, Nomura N, Shingai M, Sawamura T, Kida H. Critical role of oxidized LDL receptor-1 in intravascular thrombosis in a severe influenza mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15675. [PMID: 34344944 PMCID: PMC8333315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coagulation abnormalities, including microvascular thrombosis, are thought to contribute to tissue injury and single- or multiple-organ dysfunction in severe influenza, the detailed mechanisms have yet been clarified. This study evaluated influenza-associated abnormal blood coagulation utilizing a severe influenza mouse model. After infecting C57BL/6 male mice with intranasal applications of 500 plaque-forming units of influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8), an elevated serum level of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, an indicator for activated thrombin generation, was observed. Also, an increased gene expression of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (Olr1), a key molecule in endothelial dysfunction in the progression of atherosclerosis, was detected in the aorta of infected mice. Body weight decrease, serum levels of cytokines and chemokines, viral load, and inflammation in the lungs of infected animals were similar between wild-type and Olr1 knockout (KO) mice. In contrast, the elevation of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 levels in the sera and intravascular thrombosis in the lungs by PR8 virus infection were not induced in KO mice. Collectively, the results indicated that OLR1 is a critical host factor in intravascular thrombosis as a pathogeny of severe influenza. Thus, OLR1 is a promising novel therapeutic target for thrombosis during severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marumi Ohno
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Naoki Nomura
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
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16
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Barker G, Leeuwenburgh C, Brusko T, Moldawer L, Reddy ST, Guirgis FW. Lipid and Lipoprotein Dysregulation in Sepsis: Clinical and Mechanistic Insights into Chronic Critical Illness. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1693. [PMID: 33920038 PMCID: PMC8071007 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-characterized roles in metabolism, lipids and lipoproteins have pleiotropic effects on the innate immune system. These undergo clinically relevant alterations during sepsis and acute inflammatory responses. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in regulating the immune response by clearing bacterial toxins, supporting corticosteroid release, decreasing platelet aggregation, inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis, reducing the monocyte inflammatory response, and inhibiting expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. It undergoes quantitative as well as qualitative changes which can be measured using the HDL inflammatory index (HII). Pro-inflammatory, or dysfunctional HDL (dysHDL) lacks the ability to perform these functions, and we have also found it to independently predict adverse outcomes and organ failure in sepsis. Another important class of lipids known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) positively affect the escalation and resolution of inflammation in a temporal fashion. These undergo phenotypic changes in sepsis and differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors. Certain subsets of sepsis survivors go on to have perilous post-hospitalization courses where this inflammation continues in a low grade fashion. This is associated with immunosuppression in a syndrome of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS). The continuous release of tissue damage-related patterns and viral reactivation secondary to immunosuppression feed this chronic cycle of inflammation. Animal data indicate that dysregulation of endogenous lipids and SPMs play important roles in this process. Lipids and their associated pathways have been the target of many clinical trials in recent years which have not shown mortality benefit. These results are limited by patient heterogeneity and poor animal models. Considerations of sepsis phenotypes and novel biomarkers in future trials are important factors to be considered in future research. Further characterization of lipid dysregulation and chronic inflammation during sepsis will aid mortality risk stratification, detection of sepsis, and inform individualized pharmacologic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Barker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, 655 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA;
| | - Todd Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Lyle Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Faheem W. Guirgis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, 655 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
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17
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Abstract
After both sterile and infectious insults, damage is inflicted on tissues leading to accidental or programmed cell death. In addition, events of programmed cell death also take place under homeostatic conditions, such as in embryo development or in the turnover of hematopoietic cells. Mammalian tissues are seeded with myeloid immune cells, which harbor a plethora of receptors that allow the detection of cell death, modulating immune responses. The myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are one of the most prominent families of receptors involved in tailoring immunity after sensing dead cells. In this chapter, we will cover a diversity of signals arising from different forms of cell death and how they are recognized by myeloid CLRs. We will also explore how myeloid cells develop their sentinel function, exploring how some of these CLRs identify cell death and the type of responses triggered thereof. In particular, we will focus on DNGR-1 (CLEC9A), Mincle (CLEC4E), CLL-1 (CLEC12A), LOX-1 (OLR1), CD301 (CLEC10A) and DEC-205 (LY75) as paradigmatic death-sensing CLRs expressed by myeloid cells. The molecular processes triggered after cell death recognition by myeloid CLRs contribute to the regulation of immune responses in pathologies associated with tissue damage, such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. A better understanding of these processes may help to improve the current approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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18
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Zhang Q, Xu H, Bai N, Tan F, Xu H, Liu J. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 is Regulated by LOX-1 and erk1/2 Pathway in Dental Peri-Implantitis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:862-871. [PMID: 32081107 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200221121139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Dental peri-implantitis, which can be caused by several different microbial factors, is characterized by inflammatory lesions of the surrounding hard and soft tissues of an oral implant. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. However, the regulatory mechanism of MMP9 in peri-implantitis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we tried to evaluate the regulatory mechanism of MMP9 in peri-implantitis. METHODS We collected Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid (PICF) from ten healthy implants and ten periimplantitis patients and compared their expression level of MMP9. We also cultured macrophages from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers infected by Porphyromonas gingivalis to reveal the regulatory mechanism of MMP9 in peri-implantitis. Western blot, immunofluorescence staining and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were used to better characterize the mechanism of MMP9. RESULTS The expression of MMP9 was up-regulated in peri-implantitis patient PICF and P. gingivalis infected human macrophages. LOX-1, not dectin-1, was found to mediate MMP9 expression in human macrophages with P. gingivalis infection. Expression of Erk1/2 was responsible for infection-induced MMP9 expression. Finally, use of a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor impaired LOX-1 expression in infected macrophages. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that MMP9 is involved in dental peri-implantitis and is regulated by LOX-1 and Erk1/2. This LOX-1/MMP9 signaling pathway may represent a potential drug target for peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Huirong Xu
- Department of Pathology, ZiBo Central Hospital, ZiBo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
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19
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Ruiz-Roso MB, Gil-Zamorano J, López de Las Hazas MC, Tomé-Carneiro J, Crespo MC, Latasa MJ, Briand O, Sánchez-López D, Ortiz AI, Visioli F, Martínez JA, Dávalos A. Intestinal Lipid Metabolism Genes Regulated by miRNAs. Front Genet 2020; 11:707. [PMID: 32742270 PMCID: PMC7366872 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) crucial roles in translation repression and post-transcriptional adjustments contribute to regulate intestinal lipid metabolism. Even though their actions in different metabolic tissues have been elucidated, their intestinal activity is yet unclear. We aimed to investigate intestinal miRNA-regulated lipid metabolism-related genes, by creating an intestinal-specific Dicer1 knockout (Int-Dicer1 KO) mouse model, with a depletion of microRNAs in enterocytes. The levels of 83 cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism-related genes were assessed in the intestinal mucosa of Int-Dicer1 KO and Wild Type C57BL/6 (WT) littermates mice at baseline and 2 h after an oral lipid challenge. Among the 18 genes selected for further validation, Hmgcs2, Acat1 and Olr1 were found to be strong candidates to be modulated by miRNAs in enterocytes and intestinal organoids. Moreover, we report that intestinal miRNAs contribute to the regulation of intestinal epithelial differentiation. Twenty-nine common miRNAs found in the intestines were analyzed for their potential to target any of the three candidate genes found and validated by miRNA-transfection assays in Caco-2 cells. MiR-31-5p, miR-99b-5p, miR-200a-5p, miR-200b-5p and miR-425-5p are major regulators of these lipid metabolism-related genes. Our data provide new evidence on the potential of intestinal miRNAs as therapeutic targets in lipid metabolism-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Ruiz-Roso
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Gil-Zamorano
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carmen López de Las Hazas
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joao Tomé-Carneiro
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carmen Crespo
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Latasa
- Research Program, Innovation, Communication and Education Program, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Briand
- University of Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Daniel Sánchez-López
- University of Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Ana I Ortiz
- Servicio de Cirugía Experimental, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, IDISNA Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiometabolic Nutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Zhu GQ, Zhao GQ, Li C, Lin J, Jiang N, Wang Q, Xu Q, Peng XD. Regulation of LOX-1 on adhesion molecules and neutrophil infiltration in mouse Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:870-878. [PMID: 32566496 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether lectin-like ox-LDL receptor (LOX-1) regulates adhesion molecules expression and neutrophil infiltration in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis of C57BL/6 mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with a neutralizing antibody to LOX-1 (5 µg/5 µL) or control nonspecific IgG (5 µg/5 µL), LOX-1 inhibitor Poly-I (2 µg/5 µL) or PBS by subconjunctival injection. Fungal keratitis (FK) mouse models of C57BL/6 mice were established by scraping corneal central epithelium, smearing A. fumigatus on the corneal surface and covering the eye with contact lenses. The corneal response to infection was assessed via clinical score. The mRNA levels of the adhesion molecules intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), P-selectin and E-selectin were tested in control and infected corneas by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein levels of ICAM-1 were evaluated by immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blot. Neutrophils were extracted from the abdominal cavity of C57BL/6 mice followed by pretreatment using antibody to LOX-1 (10 µg/mL) or control nonspecific IgG (10 µg/mL), the Poly-I (4 µg/mL) or PBS. The cells were then stimulated with A. fumigatus and tested mRNA and protein levels of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) using RT-PCR and Western blot. IF and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays were used to assess neutrophil infiltration in mice corneas. RESULTS Pretreatment of LOX-1 antibody or the Poly-I reduced the degree of inflammation of cornea and decreased the clinical FK score compared with pretreatment of IgG or PBS (both P<0.01). And these pretreatment also displayed an obvious decline in the mRNA levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin and LFA-1 expression compared with control groups (all P<0.01). Furthermore, pretreated with LOX-1 antibody or Poly-I, the protein levels of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 also decreased compared with control groups (all P<0.05). Neutrophil infiltration in the cornea was significantly reduced after pretreatment of LOX-1 antibody or Poly-I compared with control groups by IF and MPO assays (both P<0.01). CONCLUSION Inhibition of LOX-1 can decrease the expression of adhesion molecules and reduce neutrophil infiltration in A. fumigatus infected corneas of C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xu-Dong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Fountain MD, McLellan LA, Smith NL, Loughery BF, Rakowski JT, Tse HY, Hillman GG. Isoflavone-mediated radioprotection involves regulation of early endothelial cell death and inflammatory signaling in Radiation-Induced lung injury. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:245-256. [PMID: 31633433 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1683642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Vascular damage and inflammation are limiting toxic effects of lung cancer radiotherapy, which lead to pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. We have demonstrated that soy isoflavones (SIF) mitigate these toxic effects at late time points after radiation. However, the process by which SIF impacts the onset of radiation-induced inflammation remains to be elucidated. We have now investigated early events of radiation-induced inflammation and identified cellular and molecular signaling patterns by endothelial cells that could be modified by SIF to control vascular damage and the initiation of lung inflammation.Materials and methods: Histopathological, cellular and molecular studies were performed on mouse lungs from C57Bl/6 mice treated with 10 Gy of thoracic radiation (XRT) in conjunction with daily oral SIF treatment given prior and after radiation. Parallel studies were performed in-vitro using EA.hy926 endothelial cell line with SIF and radiation. Immunohistochemistry, western blots analysis, and flow cytometry were performed on lung tissue or EA.hy926 cells to analyze endothelial cells, their patterns of cell death or survival, and signaling molecules involved in inflammatory events.Results: Histopathological differences in inflammatory infiltrates and vascular injury in lungs, including vascular endothelial cells, were observed with SIF treatment at early time points post-XRT. XRT-induced expression of proinflammatory adhesion molecule ICAM-1 cells was reduced by SIF in-vitro and in-vivo in endothelial cells. Molecular changes in endothelial cells with SIF treatment in conjunction with XRT included increased DNA damage, reduced cell viability and cyclin B1, and inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Analysis of cell death showed that SIF treatment promoted apoptotic endothelial cell death and decreased XRT-induced type III cell death. In-vitro molecular studies indicated that SIF + XRT increased apoptotic caspase-9 activation and production of IFNβ while reducing the release of inflammatory HMGB-1 and IL-1α, the cleavage of pyroptotic gasdermin D, and the release of active IL-1β, which are all events associated with type III cell death.Conclusions: SIF + XRT caused changes in patterns of endothelial cell death and survival, proinflammatory molecule release, and adhesion molecule expression at early time points post-XRT associated with early reduction of immune cell recruitment. These findings suggest that SIF could mediate its radioprotective effects in irradiated lungs by limiting excessive immune cell homing via vascular endothelium into damaged lung tissue and curtailing the overall inflammatory response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Fountain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Laura A McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Natalie L Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Brian F Loughery
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joseph T Rakowski
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Harley Y Tse
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gilda G Hillman
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Ma L, Bai N, Xu H. LOX-1 is involved in TLR2 induced RANKL regulation in peri-implantitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105956. [PMID: 31655342 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore whether receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) is involved in the nosogenesis of peri-implantitis and to reveal the regulatory mechanism in Porphyromonas gingivalis induced RANKL production. METHODS Therefore, we collected peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and gingival tissues from healthy implants and peri-implantitis patients. The expression of RANKL in samples was tested by ELISA, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The production of RANKL in THP-1 macrophages stimulated with P. gingivalis was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Then macrophages were pre-treated with neutralizing antibodies of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and inhibitors of TLR2, LOX-1 or Erk1/2 before P. gingivalis stimulation to evaluate the roles of TLR2, LOX-1 and Erk1/2 in RANKL production by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The protein level of RANKL was higher in PICF of peri-implantitis patients than healthy implants. We observed increased RANKL expression in P. gingivalis infected macrophages compared to controls. RANKL induced by P. gingivalis stimulation was mediated by TLR2 and Erk1/2 signaling pathway in THP-1 macrophages. LOX-1 is involved in TLR2 induced RANKL expression. CONCLUSION RANKL was involved in peri-implantitis, and regulated by TLR2, LOX-1 and Erk1/2 signaling against P. gingivalis infection. As the novel inflammation pathway triggers, TLR2 and LOX-1 which mediate RANKL production seems to be potential drug targets of peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huirong Xu
- Department of Pathology, ZiBo Central Hospital, ZiBo, Shandong Province, China
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Ma L, Bai N, Xu H. Wnt5a is involved in LOX-1 and TLR4 induced host inflammatory response in peri-implantitis. J Periodontal Res 2019; 55:199-208. [PMID: 31593304 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Peri-implantitis is a plaque-associated pathological condition occurring in tissues around dental implants, characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone. Wnt5a is the activating ligand of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways and plays important roles in leukocyte infiltration and cytokine/ chemokine production in inflammatory disorders. Previous studies showed that Wnt5a was significantly up-regulated in gingival tissues of chronic and aggressive periodontitis. However, the roles and the regulatory mechanisms of Wnt5a in peri-implantitis are not well known. METHODS The expression of Wnt5a in gingival tissues collected from 8 healthy implant patients and 8 peri-implantitis patients was analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Porphyromonas gingivalis infected macrophages isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers were used as an in vitro cellular model of peri-implantitis. Using neutralizing antibodies, inhibitors and siRNA, the production and roles of Wnt5a in peri-implantitis were assessed by immunofluorescence, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Unpaired two-tailed Student's t test was used to compare qRT-PCR and Western blotting results. P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Wnt5a was highly expressed in the gingival tissues of peri-implantitis patients. Compared to controls, Wnt5a increased in P gingivalis infected macrophages. Wnt5a production in response to P gingivalis infection was dependent on LOX-1 and TLR4. Compared to controls, Wnt5a knockdown impaired IL-1β, MCP-1, and MMP2 production induced by P gingivalis infection. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Wnt5a is involved in LOX-1 and TLR4 induced inflammatory signature via inflammatory cytokines production in response to P gingivalis infection. These findings demonstrate that Wnt5a maybe an important component of the host immune response in peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huirong Xu
- Department of Pathology, ZiBo Central Hospital, ZiBo, China
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ATF4 Involvement in TLR4 and LOX-1-Induced Host Inflammatory Response to Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:5830202. [PMID: 30647960 PMCID: PMC6311808 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5830202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is induced by various stressors. Here, we investigated the expression of ATF4 in the host inflammatory response to Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. Methods A. fumigatus keratitis mouse models developed by intrastromal injection as well as corneal epithelium scratching were examined daily with a slit lamp microscope for corneal opacification and ulceration. Subsequent in vitro experimentation was carried out in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) as well as THP-1 macrophages infected with A. fumigatus. Inhibitors, including CLI-095, Poly (I), SCH772984, and SP600125, were used to assess the role of proteins like toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in ATF4 expression as a response to A. fumigatus infection. This assessment was made in both mouse models and HCECs using western blot. Results Compared to the controls, ATF4 was increased in corneas from two kinds of A. fumigatus keratitis models at 3 days after infection. ATF4 expression was upregulated with A. fumigatus conidia both in HCECs and THP-1 macrophages 16 hours after stimulation. Furthermore, ATF4 expression in response to A. fumigatus infection was shown to be dependent on TLR4 and LOX-1 expression, and ERK1/2 and JNK contributed to the expression of ATF4 in response to A. fumigatus. Conclusion Our results clearly indicate that ATF4 was involved in the host antifungal immune response to A. fumigatus keratitis; expression was found to be dependent on TLR4, LOX-1 expression, and MAPKs pathway.
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Abstract
Purpose: Fungal keratitis is a major cause of corneal ulcers, resulting in significant visual impairment and blindness. Fenretinide, a derivative of vitamin A, has been shown to suppress inflammation in a multitude of diseases. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effect of fenretinide in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis of the eye in a mouse model. Methods: In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed in mouse models and THP-1 macrophage cell cultures infected with A. fumigatus, respectively. Experimental subjects were first pretreated with fenretinide, and then the effect of the compound was assessed with clinical evaluation, neutrophil staining, myeloperoxidase assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot. Results: We confirmed that fenretinide contributed to protection of corneal transparency during early mouse A. fumigatus keratitis by reducing neutrophil recruitment, decreasing myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and increasing apoptosis. Compared with controls, fenretinide impaired proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) production in response to A. fumigatus exposure with contributions by lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusions: Together, these findings demonstrate that fenretinide may suppress inflammation through reduced neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory cytokine production in A. fumigatus keratitis.
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Wnt5a contributes to dectin-1 and LOX-1 induced host inflammatory response signature in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Cell Signal 2018; 52:103-111. [PMID: 30172652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis causes devastating corneal ulcers which can result in significant visual impairment and even blindness. As a ligand that activates the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, Wnt5a triggers the production of important inflammatory chemokines and the chemotactic migration of neutrophils. In this study we aimed to characterize the role of Wnt5a production, in situ, in vivo and in vitro in response to fungal keratitis. Wnt5a expression in corneas of Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis patients was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence. In vivo and in vitro experiments were then performed in mouse models and THP-1 macrophages cell cultures infected with A. fumigatus, respectively. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with siRNAs or neutralizing antibodies for dectin-1, LOX-1 and Wnt5a, or inhibitors of erk1/2 and JNK. Changes in Wnt5a expression were assessed by clinical evaluation, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, western blot and bioluminescence imaging system image acquisition. We confirmed that corneal Wnt5a expression increased with A. fumigatus keratitis in patients and a murine model. Wnt5a production was dependent on dectin-1 and LOX-1 expression with contributions by Erk1/2 and JNK pathways. Additionally, Wnt5a knockdown revealed decreased levels of MPO, lower neutrophil recruitment, and a higher fungal load in mouse models. Compared with controls, Wnt5a knockdown impaired pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β production in response to A. fumigatus exposure. Wnt5a also produces dectin-1 and LOX-1 induced inflammatory signature via effective neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory cytokine production in response to A. fumigatus keratitis. These findings demonstrate that Wnt5a is a critical component of the antifungal immune response.
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Serwas NK, Huemer J, Dieckmann R, Mejstrikova E, Garncarz W, Litzman J, Hoeger B, Zapletal O, Janda A, Bennett KL, Kain R, Kerjaschky D, Boztug K. CEBPE-Mutant Specific Granule Deficiency Correlates With Aberrant Granule Organization and Substantial Proteome Alterations in Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2018; 9:588. [PMID: 29651288 PMCID: PMC5884887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific granule deficiency (SGD) is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal neutrophils evidenced by reduced granules, absence of granule proteins, and atypical bilobed nuclei. Mutations in CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-ε (CEBPE) are one molecular etiology of the disease. Although C/EBPε has been studied extensively, the impact of CEBPE mutations on neutrophil biology remains elusive. Here, we identified two SGD patients bearing a previously described heterozygous mutation (p.Val218Ala) in CEBPE. We took this rare opportunity to characterize SGD neutrophils in terms of granule distribution and protein content. Granules of patient neutrophils were clustered and polarized, suggesting that not only absence of specific granules but also defects affecting other granules contribute to the phenotype. Our analysis showed that remaining granules displayed mixed protein content and lacked several glycoepitopes. To further elucidate the impact of mutant CEBPE, we performed detailed proteomic analysis of SGD neutrophils. Beside an absence of several granule proteins in patient cells, we observed increased expression of members of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex (nesprin-2, vimentin, and lamin-B2), which control nuclear shape. This suggests that absence of these proteins in healthy individuals might be responsible for segmented shapes of neutrophilic nuclei. We further show that the heterozygous mutation p.Val218Ala in CEBPE causes SGD through prevention of nuclear localization of the protein product. In conclusion, we uncover that absence of nuclear C/EBPε impacts on spatiotemporal expression and subsequent distribution of several granule proteins and further on expression of proteins controlling nuclear shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Serwas
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Huemer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Régis Dieckmann
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ester Mejstrikova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wojciech Garncarz
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiri Litzman
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Birgit Hoeger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondrej Zapletal
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ales Janda
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschky
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Che C, Liu J, Yang J, Ma L, Bai N, Zhang Q. Osteopontin is essential for IL-1β production and apoptosis in peri-implantitis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2018; 20:384-392. [PMID: 29446213 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengye Che
- Department of Prosthodontics; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Prosthodontics; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao China
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PRR Function of Innate Immune Receptors in Recognition of Bacteria or Bacterial Ligands. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1112:255-280. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Che C, Liu J, Ma L, Xu H, Bai N, Zhang Q. LOX-1 is involved in IL-1β production and extracellular matrix breakdown in dental peri-implantitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:127-135. [PMID: 28898769 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore whether lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) are involved in the nosogenesis of human dental peri-implantitis and determine the role of LOX-1 in IL-1β, MMP2 and MMP9 production in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. METHODS Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was collected from ten patients with healthy implants and ten patients with peri-implantitis. The LOX-1 protein in PICF was detected by Western-blot, and the expression of LOX-1 in superficial gingiva of peri-implantitis patients was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The IL-1β, MMP2 and MMP9 proteins in PICF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). THP-1 macrophages were pretreated with neutralizing antibody (LOX-1) and inhibitors (LOX-1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) to evaluate the role of LOX-1 and JNK in IL-1β production, as well as the role of LOX-1 in MMP2 and MMP9 production in response to P. gingivalis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western-blot. RESULTS LOX-1, IL-1β, MMP2 and MMP9 increased in PICF of peri-implantitis patients and in THP-1 macrophages on P. gingivalis stimulation. IL-1β, MMP2 and MMP9 production in response to P. gingivalis in THP-1 macrophages was dependent on LOX-1. JNK was responsible for LOX-1 induced IL-1β production as a result of P. gingivalis infection. CONCLUSION LOX-1 is involved in IL-1β production and extracellular matrix breakdown is a novel inflammatory pathway trigger and potential drug target in human dental peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huirong Xu
- Department of Pathology, ZiBo Central Hospital, ZiBo, Shandong Province, China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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Nath AP, Ritchie SC, Byars SG, Fearnley LG, Havulinna AS, Joensuu A, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Wennerström A, Milani L, Metspalu A, Männistö S, Würtz P, Kettunen J, Raitoharju E, Kähönen M, Juonala M, Palotie A, Ala-Korpela M, Ripatti S, Lehtimäki T, Abraham G, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Perola M, Inouye M. An interaction map of circulating metabolites, immune gene networks, and their genetic regulation. Genome Biol 2017; 18:146. [PMID: 28764798 PMCID: PMC5540552 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunometabolism plays a central role in many cardiometabolic diseases. However, a robust map of immune-related gene networks in circulating human cells, their interactions with metabolites, and their genetic control is still lacking. Here, we integrate blood transcriptomic, metabolomic, and genomic profiles from two population-based cohorts (total N = 2168), including a subset of individuals with matched multi-omic data at 7-year follow-up. RESULTS We identify topologically replicable gene networks enriched for diverse immune functions including cytotoxicity, viral response, B cell, platelet, neutrophil, and mast cell/basophil activity. These immune gene modules show complex patterns of association with 158 circulating metabolites, including lipoprotein subclasses, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, small molecules, and CRP. Genome-wide scans for module expression quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) reveal five modules with mQTLs that have both cis and trans effects. The strongest mQTL is in ARHGEF3 (rs1354034) and affects a module enriched for platelet function, independent of platelet counts. Modules of mast cell/basophil and neutrophil function show temporally stable metabolite associations over 7-year follow-up, providing evidence that these modules and their constituent gene products may play central roles in metabolic inflammation. Furthermore, the strongest mQTL in ARHGEF3 also displays clear temporal stability, supporting widespread trans effects at this locus. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a detailed map of natural variation at the blood immunometabolic interface and its genetic basis, and may facilitate subsequent studies to explain inter-individual variation in cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artika P Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott C Ritchie
- Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean G Byars
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liam G Fearnley
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Anni Joensuu
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | | | - Lili Milani
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gad Abraham
- Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia. .,Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia. .,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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Zou XZ, Gong ZC, Liu T, He F, Zhu TT, Li D, Zhang WF, Jiang JL, Hu CP. Involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition afforded by activation of LOX-1/ TGF-β1/KLF6 signaling pathway in diabetic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 44:70-77. [PMID: 28315789 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diabetic pulmonary fibrosis is a severe disease that increases mortality risk of diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to pulmonary fibrosis in diabetes are poorly understood. This study investigated the roles of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the associated molecular mechanisms in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS The rat model of diabetic pulmonary fibrosis was established by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg). Typical lesions of diabetic pulmonary fibrosis were observed 8 weeks after STZ injection by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and A549 cells were treated by high glucose. Gene or protein expression was measured by real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. The knockdown of lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was conducted by siRNA. RESULTS Activation of EMT was observed in lung tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats, exhibiting a loss in the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin and an increase in the mesenchymal marker Vimentin. The protein and mRNA levels of LOX-1, TGF-β1 and krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) in the lung tissues were increased. Incubation of HBECs and A549 cells with high glucose activated EMT and induced an increase in LOX-1, TGF-β1 and KLF-6 expression. LOX-1 siRNA inhibited high glucose-induced EMT in HBECs and A549 cells, which correlated with the reduction of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 siRNA decreased the expression of LOX-1 and KLF6. CONCLUSIONS EMT was involved in the pathological process of diabetic pulmonary fibrosis, which was activated by LOX-1/TGF-β1/KLF6 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhou Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui 230011, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 33006, China
| | - Jun-Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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Shen XF, Cao K, Jiang JP, Guan WX, Du JF. Neutrophil dysregulation during sepsis: an overview and update. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1687-1697. [PMID: 28244690 PMCID: PMC5571534 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains a leading cause of death worldwide, despite advances in critical care, and understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment strategies. No specific therapy or drugs are available for sepsis. Neutrophils play a critical role in controlling infection under normal conditions, and it is suggested that their migration and antimicrobial activity are impaired during sepsis which contribute to the dysregulation of immune responses. Recent studies further demonstrated that interruption or reversal of the impaired migration and antimicrobial function of neutrophils improves the outcome of sepsis in animal models. In this review, we provide an overview of the associated mediators and signal pathways involved which govern the survival, migration and antimicrobial function of neutrophils in sepsis, and discuss the potential of neutrophils as a target to specifically diagnose and/or predict the outcome of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Peng Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Xian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Feng Du
- Department of General Surgery, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jin L, Batra S, Jeyaseelan S. Deletion of Nlrp3 Augments Survival during Polymicrobial Sepsis by Decreasing Autophagy and Enhancing Phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1253-1262. [PMID: 28031338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical player in innate immunity. Neutrophil recruitment to tissues and effective neutrophil function are critical innate immune mechanisms for bacterial clearance. However, the role of NLRP3 in neutrophil-dependent bacterial clearance in polymicrobial sepsis is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the role of NLRP3 in polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Our results showed protection from death in NLRP3-deficient (Nlrp3-/-) and NLRP3 inhibitor-treated wild-type (C57BL/6) mice. Nlrp3-/- and NLRP3 inhibitor-treated mice displayed lower bacterial load but no impairment in neutrophil recruitment to peritoneum. However, neutrophil depletion abrogated protection from death in Nlrp3-/- mice in response to CLP. Intriguingly, following CLP, Nlrp3-/- peritoneal cells (primarily neutrophils) demonstrate decreased autophagy, augmented phagocytosis, and enhanced scavenger receptor (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure) and mannose-binding leptin expression. These findings enhance our understanding of the critical role of NLRP3 in modulating autophagy and phagocytosis in neutrophils and suggest that therapies should be targeted to modulate autophagy and phagocytosis in neutrophils to control bacterial burden in tissues during CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliang Jin
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
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35
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Guo X, Xiang Y, Yang H, Yu L, Peng X, Guo R. Association of the LOX-1 rs1050283 Polymorphism with Risk for Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction and its Effect on sLOX-1 and LOX-1 Expression in a Chinese Population. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 24:572-582. [PMID: 27840386 PMCID: PMC5453683 DOI: 10.5551/jat.36327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The interaction between lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) has been viewed as an important pathogenic factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to explore the association of a functional polymorphism rs1050283 in the 3'-untranslated region of the LOX-1 gene with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (ACI) susceptibility, and we also investigated the effects of the rs1050283 polymorphism on LOX-1 expression and serum levels of sLOX-1 in patients with ACI. METHODS A case-controlled study was performed in 526 patients with ACI and 640 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed by DNA sequencing method. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the level of LOX-1 expression. Serum levels of sLOX-1 were quantified using ELISA according to the manufacturer's instruction. RESULTS The results of the present study showed that the frequency of rs1050283 T allele was significantly higher in patients with ACI than in healthy controls. We also found that the rs1050283 polymorphism T allele was associated with increased LOX-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels in patients with ACI. Furthermore, we also observed that among patients with ACI, those with the rs1050283 T allele showed an increased serum level of sLOX-1. CONCLUSION Our research demonstrated that the rs1050283 T allele of LOX-1 is strongly associated with an increased risk for ACI in a Chinese population, which also affects levels of LOX-1 and sLOX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Yuanyuan Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Lijin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Xiangdong Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Ren Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
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36
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Pleiotropic regulations of neutrophil receptors response to sepsis. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:197-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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37
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He K, Yue LH, Zhao GQ, Li C, Lin J, Jiang N, Wang Q, Xu Q, Peng XD, Hu LT, Zhang J. The role of LOX-1 on innate immunity against Aspergillus keratitis in mice. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1245-50. [PMID: 27672585 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the effects of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor (LOX-1) on innate immunity against Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus ) in mice cornea. METHODS The mRNA levels of LOX-1 were tested in normal and A. fumigatus infected corneas of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. The expression of LOX-1, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, CXCL1 and IL-6, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) were tested with treatment with LOX-1 neutralizing antibody or control IgG in A. fumigatus infected corneas of C57BL/6. Macrophages and neutrophils were extracted from susceptible C57BL/6 mice, and pretreated with LOX-1 neutralizing antibody or IgG, then stimulated with A. fumigatus. The mRNA levels of LOX-1, TNF-α, CXCL1, IL-6, IL-10 and MMP9 were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The expression of LOX-1 was significantly increased in C57BL/6 mice corneas after A. fumigatus infection compared with BABL/c mice. After treatment with LOX-1 neutralizing antibody, the expression of LOX-1, TNF-α, CXCL1, IL-6, MMP9 and IL-10 in C57BL/6 corneas were significantly decreased compared with treatment with control IgG; the expression of LOX-1, CXCL1, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly decreased in macrophages, while TNF-α and MMP9 expressions had no change; LOX-1, TNF-α, CXCL1, IL-6, MMP9 and IL-10 expressions were significantly decreased in neutrophils. CONCLUSION The expression of LOX-1 can affect the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in fungal infected corneas, macrophages and neutrophils of C57BL/6. LOX-1 inhibition rebalances the inflammatory response of fungal keratitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Hui Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xu-Dong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Ting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Zeya B, Arjuman A, Chandra NC. Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LOX-1): A Chameleon Receptor for Oxidized LDL. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4437-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Zeya
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Albina Arjuman
- Division of P&I, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Nimai Chand Chandra
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
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Scietti L, Sampieri K, Pinzuti I, Bartolini E, Benucci B, Liguori A, Haag AF, Lo Surdo P, Pansegrau W, Nardi-Dei V, Santini L, Arora S, Leber X, Rindi S, Savino S, Costantino P, Maione D, Merola M, Speziale P, Bottomley MJ, Bagnoli F, Masignani V, Pizza M, Scharenberg M, Schlaeppi JM, Nissum M, Liberatori S. Exploring host-pathogen interactions through genome wide protein microarray analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27996. [PMID: 27302108 PMCID: PMC4908583 DOI: 10.1038/srep27996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During bacterial pathogenesis extensive contacts between the human and the bacterial extracellular proteomes take place. The identification of novel host-pathogen interactions by standard methods using a case-by-case approach is laborious and time consuming. To overcome this limitation, we took advantage of large libraries of human and bacterial recombinant proteins. We applied a large-scale protein microarray-based screening on two important human pathogens using two different approaches: (I) 75 human extracellular proteins were tested on 159 spotted Staphylococcus aureus recombinant proteins and (II) Neisseria meningitidis adhesin (NadA), an important vaccine component against serogroup B meningococcus, was screened against ≈2300 spotted human recombinant proteins. The approach presented here allowed the identification of the interaction between the S. aureus immune evasion protein FLIPr (formyl-peptide receptor like-1 inhibitory protein) and the human complement component C1q, key players of the offense-defense fighting; and of the interaction between meningococcal NadA and human LOX-1 (low-density oxidized lipoprotein receptor), an endothelial receptor. The novel interactions between bacterial and human extracellular proteins here presented might provide a better understanding of the molecular events underlying S. aureus and N. meningitidis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seguinde Arora
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Leber
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simonetta Rindi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marcello Merola
- GSK Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.,University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Biology, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Meike Scharenberg
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Schlaeppi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Sônego F, Castanheira FVES, Ferreira RG, Kanashiro A, Leite CAVG, Nascimento DC, Colón DF, Borges VDF, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha FQ. Paradoxical Roles of the Neutrophil in Sepsis: Protective and Deleterious. Front Immunol 2016; 7:155. [PMID: 27199981 PMCID: PMC4844928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, an overwhelming inflammatory response syndrome secondary to infection, is one of the costliest and deadliest medical conditions worldwide. Neutrophils are classically considered to be essential players in the host defense against invading pathogens. However, several investigations have shown that impairment of neutrophil migration to the site of infection, also referred to as neutrophil paralysis, occurs during severe sepsis, resulting in an inability of the host to contain and eliminate the infection. On the other hand, the neutrophil antibacterial arsenal contributes to tissue damage and the development of organ dysfunction during sepsis. In this review, we provide an overview of the main events in which neutrophils play a beneficial or deleterious role in the outcome of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Sônego
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Gomes Ferreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Carvalho Nascimento
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - David Fernando Colón
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Fátima Borges
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiróz Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Xia X, Li Y, Su Q, Huang Z, Shen Y, Li W, Yu C. Inhibitory effects of Mycoepoxydiene on macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:23. [PMID: 26045945 PMCID: PMC4455339 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoepoxydiene (MED) is a polyketide that can be isolated from a marine fungus and is associated with various activities, including antitumor and anti-inflammatory functions. However, its effects on atherosclerosis remain unknown. Macrophage-derived foam cells play crucial roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. In this study, we investigated the effects of MED on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophage foam cell formation and activation, and on high fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Results Our findings show that MED could significantly inhibit ox-LDL-induced macrophage foam cell formation and suppress the expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), which is a receptor for ox-LDL. Additionally, MED could significantly inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. Mechanistically, MED inhibited NF-κB activation by blocking IκB-α degradation and reducing NF-κB DNA binding activity. Moreover, MED dramatically reduced the occurrence of HFD-induced atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE−/− mice. Conclusions Our study shows that MED can inhibit macrophage foam cell formation and activation by inhibiting NF-κB activation, thereby protecting ApoE−/− mice from HFD-induced atherosclerosis. Our findings suggest that MED might be a potential lead compound for the development of antiatherosclerotic therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-015-0017-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang-An South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 360112 China
| | - Qiang Su
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Weihua Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
| | - Chundong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang-An South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 360112 China
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Zani IA, Stephen SL, Mughal NA, Russell D, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Wheatcroft SB, Ponnambalam S. Scavenger receptor structure and function in health and disease. Cells 2015; 4:178-201. [PMID: 26010753 PMCID: PMC4493455 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are a ‘superfamily’ of membrane-bound receptors that were initially thought to bind and internalize modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL), though it is currently known to bind to a variety of ligands including endogenous proteins and pathogens. New family of SRs and their properties have been identified in recent years, and have now been classified into 10 eukaryote families, defined as Classes A-J. These receptors are classified according to their sequences, although in each class they are further classified based in the variations of the sequence. Their ability to bind a range of ligands is reflected on the biological functions such as clearance of modified lipoproteins and pathogens. SR members regulate pathophysiological states including atherosclerosis, pathogen infections, immune surveillance, and cancer. Here, we review our current understanding of SR structure and function implicated in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izma Abdul Zani
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sam L Stephen
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nadeem A Mughal
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - David Russell
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Newman A, Mann S, Nydam DV, Overton TR, Behling-Kelly E. Impact of dietary plane of energy during the dry period on lipoprotein parameters in the transition period in dairy cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:118-26. [PMID: 25958934 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The high energy demands of dairy cows during the transition period from late gestation into early lactation can place them at an increased risk for the development of metabolic and infectious diseases. Modification of the dry period diet has been investigated as a preventive means to minimize the detrimental aspects of metabolic shifts during the transition period. Studies investigating the impact of dry period diet on lipid parameters during the transition period have largely focused on markers of lipolysis and ketogenesis. Total cholesterol declines during the periparturient period and increases in early lactation. The impact total energy in the dry period diet has on the ability of the cow to maintain total serum cholesterol, as well as its natural high-density lipoprotein-rich status, during this metabolically challenging window is not clear. The impact of lipoproteins on inflammation and immune function may have a clinical impact on the cow's ability to ward off production-related diseases. In this study, we hypothesized that the provision of adequate, but not excessive, total metabolizable energy, would better allow the cow to maintain total cholesterol and a higher relative proportion of HDL throughout the transition period. Cows were allocated to one of three dry period dietary treatment groups following a randomized block design. Total serum triglycerides, cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions were measured on a weekly basis from approximately 7 weeks pre-calving to 6 weeks post-calving. The cows on the high energy diet maintained total serum cholesterol as compared to the cows provided a lower energy diet, but there was no significant increase in the LDL fraction of lipoproteins between diet treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Newman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - E Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Key role for scavenger receptor B-I in the integrative physiology of host defense during bacterial pneumonia. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:559-71. [PMID: 25336169 PMCID: PMC4406784 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor B-I (SR-BI) is a multirecognition receptor that regulates cholesterol trafficking and cardiovascular inflammation. Although it is expressed by neutrophils (PMNs) and lung-resident cells, no role for SR-BI has been defined in pulmonary immunity. Herein, we report that, compared with SR-BI(+/+) counterparts, SR-BI(-/-) mice suffer markedly increased mortality during bacterial pneumonia associated with higher bacterial burden in the lung and blood, deficient induction of the stress glucocorticoid corticosterone, higher serum cytokines, and increased organ injury. SR-BI(-/-) mice had significantly increased PMN recruitment and cytokine production in the infected airspace. This was associated with defective hematopoietic cell-dependent clearance of lipopolysaccharide from the airspace and increased cytokine production by SR-BI(-/-) macrophages. Corticosterone replacement normalized alveolar neutrophilia but not alveolar cytokines, bacterial burden, or mortality, suggesting that adrenal insufficiency derepresses PMN trafficking to the SR-BI(-/-) airway in a cytokine-independent manner. Despite enhanced alveolar neutrophilia, SR-BI(-/-) mice displayed impaired phagocytic killing. Bone marrow chimeras revealed this defect to be independent of the dyslipidemia and adrenal insufficiency of SR-BI(-/-) mice. During infection, SR-BI(-/-) PMNs displayed deficient oxidant production and CD11b externalization, and increased surface L-selectin, suggesting defective activation. Taken together, SR-BI coordinates several steps in the integrated neutrophilic host defense response to pneumonia.
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Gao R, Ma Z, Hu Y, Chen J, Shetty S, Fu J. Sirt1 restrains lung inflammasome activation in a murine model of sepsis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L847-53. [PMID: 25659903 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00274.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation is a major cause of organ damage during sepsis. The elderly are highly susceptible to sepsis-induced organ injury. Sirt1 expression is reduced during aging. In the present study, we investigated the role of Sirt1, a histone deacetylase, in controlling inflammatory responses in a murine sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We examined lung inflammatory signaling in inducible Sirt1 knockout (Sirt1(-/-)) mice and wild-type littermates (Sirt1(+/+)) after CLP. Our results demonstrated that Sirt1 deficiency led to severe lung inflammatory injury. To further investigate molecular mechanisms of Sirt1 regulation of lung inflammatory responses in sepsis, we conducted a series of experiments to assess lung inflammasome activation after CLP. We detected increased lung inflammatory signaling including NF-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and ERK1/2 activation in Sirt1(-/-) mice after CLP. Furthermore, inflammasome activity was increased in Sirt1(-/-) mice after CLP, as demonstrated by increased IL-1β and caspase-7 cleavage and activation. Aggravated inflammasome activation in Sirt1(-/-) mice was associated with the increased production of lung proinflammatory mediators, including ICAM-1 and high-mobility group box 1, and further disruption of tight junctions and adherens junctions, as demonstrated by dramatic reduction of lung claudin-1 and vascular endothelial-cadherin expression, which was associated with the upregulation of matrix metallopeptidase 9 expression. In summary, our results suggest that Sirt1 suppresses acute lung inflammation during sepsis by controlling inflammasome activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Gao
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongsen Ma
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Jian Fu
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky;
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MicroRNA-147b regulates vascular endothelial barrier function by targeting ADAM15 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110286. [PMID: 25333931 PMCID: PMC4198252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase15 (ADAM15) has been shown to be upregulated and mediate endothelial hyperpermeability during inflammation and sepsis. This molecule contains multiple functional domains with the ability to modulate diverse cellular processes including cell adhesion, extracellular matrix degradation, and ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins. These characteristics make ADAM15 an attractive therapeutic target in various diseases. The lack of pharmacological inhibitors specific to ADAM15 prompted our efforts to identify biological or molecular tools to alter its expression for further studying its function and therapeutic implications. The goal of this study was to determine if ADAM15-targeting microRNAs altered ADAM15-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction during septic challenge by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). An in silico analysis followed by luciferase reporter assay in human vascular endothelial cells identified miR-147b with the ability to target the 3′ UTR of ADAM15. Transfection with a miR-147b mimic led to decreased total, as well as cell surface expression of ADAM15 in endothelial cells, while miR-147b antagomir produced an opposite effect. Functionally, LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, evidenced by a reduction in transendothelial electric resistance and increase in albumin flux across endothelial monolayers, was attenuated in cells treated with miR-147b mimics. In contrast, miR-147b antagomir exerted a permeability-increasing effect in vascular endothelial cells similar to that caused by LPS. Taken together, these data suggest the potential role of miR147b in regulating endothelial barrier function by targeting ADAM15 expression.
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TRAIL induces neutrophil apoptosis and dampens sepsis-induced organ injury in murine colon ascendens stent peritonitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97451. [PMID: 24887152 PMCID: PMC4041656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) influences several inflammatory reactions by partially still unknown mechanisms. TRAIL is produced and expressed by several cells of the immune system. Murine Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis (CASP) represents a hyperinflammatory model of diffuse peritonitis. As we have shown previously, TRAIL strongly improves survival in murine CASP. This is accompanied by a significantly reduced infiltration of neutrophils in the associated lymphoid tissue. Additionally, it is known that TRAIL induces apoptosis in neutrophils and acceleration of neutrophil apoptosis enhances resolution of inflammatory reactions. In this study, we investigated the correlation of the protective effect of TRAIL in sepsis and its influence on neutrophils. We found that neutrophils infiltrating the lymphoid organs express the TRAIL-receptor DR5 at high density. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TRAIL-treatment enhances apoptosis of neutrophils in the spleen, lung and liver and decreases organ injury during sepsis. To further examine a role for neutrophils in TRAIL-mediated protection in CASP, we have depleted neutrophils 24 hours prior to CASP. In these depleted mice, administration of TRAIL was ineffective. We conclude that TRAIL induces apoptosis in tissue-infiltrating neutrophils thereby protecting organs from sepsis-induced injury.
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Bakthavatsalam D, Soung RH, Tweardy DJ, Chiu W, Dixon RAF, Woodside DG. Chaperonin-containing TCP-1 complex directly binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the LOX-1 receptor. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2133-40. [PMID: 24846140 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) is a scavenger receptor that binds oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and has a role in atherosclerosis development. The N-terminus intracellular region (cytoplasmic domain) of LOX-1 mediates receptor internalization and trafficking, potentially through intracellular protein interactions. Using affinity isolation, we identified 6 of the 8 components of the chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) complex bound to LOX-1 cytoplasmic domain, which we verified by coimmunoprecipitation and immunostaining in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We found that the interaction between CCT and LOX-1 is direct and ATP-dependent and that OxLDL suppressed this interaction. Understanding the association between LOX-1 and the CCT complex may facilitate the design of novel therapies for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roh Hun Soung
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David J Tweardy
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard A F Dixon
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Darren G Woodside
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Yamashita CM, Fessler MB, Vasanthamohan L, Lac J, Madenspacher J, McCaig L, Yao L, Wang L, Puntorieri V, Mehta S, Lewis JF, Veldhuizen RAW. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice are susceptible to the development of acute lung injury. Respiration 2014; 87:416-27. [PMID: 24662316 DOI: 10.1159/000358438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been shown to play a pivotal role in the development of cardiovascular disease, attributable to its function in lipid trafficking and immune modulating properties; however, its role in modulating inflammation in the setting of acute lung injury (ALI) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether apoE-deficient mice (apoE-/-) are more susceptible to ALI compared to wild-type (WT) animals. METHODS Two independent models of ALI were employed. Firstly, WT and apoE-/- mice were randomized to acid aspiration (50 μl of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid) followed by 4 h of mechanical ventilation. Secondly, WT and apoE-/- mice were randomized to 72 h of hyperoxia exposure or room air. Thereafter, the intrinsic responses of WT and apoE-/- mice were assessed using the isolated perfused mouse lung (IPML) setup. Finally, based on elevated levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in apoE-/-, the effect of oxLDL on lung endothelial permeability and inflammation was assessed. RESULTS In both in vivo models, apoE-/- mice demonstrated greater increases in lung lavage protein levels, neutrophil counts, and cytokine expression (p < 0.05) compared to WT mice. Experiments utilizing the IPML setup demonstrated no differences in intrinsic lung responses to injury between apoE-/- and WT mice, suggesting the presence of a circulating factor as being responsible for the in vivo observations. Finally, the exposure of lung endothelial cells to oxLDL resulted in increased monolayer permeability and IL-6 release compared to native (nonoxidized) LDL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a susceptibility of apoE-/- animals to ALI that may occur, in part, due to elevated levels of oxLDL.
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Oxidized LDL and LOX-1 in experimental sepsis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:761789. [PMID: 24000272 PMCID: PMC3755390 DOI: 10.1155/2013/761789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and the lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) are upregulated in inflammation. Because of the importance of inflammation and capillary leakage in the impairment of the microcirculation, which in turn contributes to the development of sepsis and multiorgan failure, the role of oxidized LDL and LOX-1 as players of intestinal inflammation is of great interest. In fact, the blockade of LOX-1 during experimental endotoxemia was effective in reducing leukocyte activation. There are several mechanisms by which oxLDL can participate in local and systemic inflammation, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, capillary perfusion, leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, and endothelial activation. This review highlights the evidence relating oxLDL and LOX-1 to proinflammatory disease mechanisms. We also indicate situations when oxLDL, because of exposure time, dose, or degree of oxidization, is involved in disease resolution. Modulation of LOX-1 response could be utilized for the treatment of local and systemic inflammation, but the successful use of this target requires further understanding of its broad effects.
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