1
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Fain CE, Zheng J, Jin F, Ayasoufi K, Wu Y, Lilley MT, Dropik AR, Wolf DM, Rodriguez RC, Aibaidula A, Tritz ZP, Bouchal SM, Pewe LL, Urban SL, Chen Y, Chang SY, Hansen MJ, Kachergus JM, Shi J, Thompson EA, Jensen HE, Harty JT, Parney IF, Sun J, Wu LJ, Johnson AJ. Discrete class I molecules on brain endothelium differentially regulate neuropathology in experimental cerebral malaria. Brain 2024; 147:566-589. [PMID: 37776513 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication that can arise from Plasmodium infection. CD8 T-cell engagement of brain vasculature is a putative mechanism of neuropathology in cerebral malaria. To define contributions of brain endothelial cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen-presentation to CD8 T cells in establishing cerebral malaria pathology, we developed novel H-2Kb LoxP and H-2Db LoxP mice crossed with Cdh5-Cre mice to achieve targeted deletion of discrete class I molecules, specifically from brain endothelium. This strategy allowed us to avoid off-target effects on iron homeostasis and class I-like molecules, which are known to perturb Plasmodium infection. This is the first endothelial-specific ablation of individual class-I molecules enabling us to interrogate these molecular interactions. In these studies, we interrogated human and mouse transcriptomics data to compare antigen presentation capacity during cerebral malaria. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), we observed that H-2Kb and H-2Db class I molecules regulate distinct patterns of disease onset, CD8 T-cell infiltration, targeted cell death and regional blood-brain barrier disruption. Strikingly, ablation of either molecule from brain endothelial cells resulted in reduced CD8 T-cell activation, attenuated T-cell interaction with brain vasculature, lessened targeted cell death, preserved blood-brain barrier integrity and prevention of ECM and the death of the animal. We were able to show that these events were brain-specific through the use of parabiosis and created the novel technique of dual small animal MRI to simultaneously scan conjoined parabionts during infection. These data demonstrate that interactions of CD8 T cells with discrete MHC class I molecules on brain endothelium differentially regulate development of ECM neuropathology. Therefore, targeting MHC class I interactions therapeutically may hold potential for treatment of cases of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cori E Fain
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | | | - Yue Wu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Meredith T Lilley
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Abigail R Dropik
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Delaney M Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | | | - Abudumijiti Aibaidula
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Zachariah P Tritz
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Samantha M Bouchal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242USA
| | - Stina L Urban
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242USA
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | | | | | - Ji Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224USA
| | - E Aubrey Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224USA
| | - Hadley E Jensen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
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2
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Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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3
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Brandi J, Lehmann C, Kaminski LC, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Addo M, Ramharter M, Mackroth M, Jacobs T, Riehn M. T cells expressing multiple co-inhibitory molecules in acute malaria are not exhausted but exert a suppressive function in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:312-327. [PMID: 34752634 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming activation of T cells in acute malaria is associated with severe outcomes. Thus, counter-regulation by anti-inflammatory mechanisms is indispensable for an optimal resolution of disease. Using Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection of C57BL/6 mice, we performed a comprehensive analysis of co-inhibitory molecules expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells using an unbiased cluster analysis approach. We identified similar T cell clusters co-expressing several co-inhibitory molecules like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) in the CD4+ and the CD8+ T cell compartment. Interestingly, despite expressing co-inhibitory molecules, which are associated with T cell exhaustion in chronic settings, these T cells were more functional compared to activated T cells that were negative for co-inhibitory molecules. However, T cells expressing high levels of PD-1 and LAG-3 also conferred suppressive capacity and thus resembled type I regulatory T cells. To our knowledge, this is the first description of malaria-induced CD8+ T cells with suppressive capacity. Importantly, we found an induction of T cells with a similar co-inhibitory rich phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients. In conclusion, we demonstrate that malaria-induced T cells expressing co-inhibitory molecules are not exhausted, but acquire additional suppressive capacity, which might represent an immune regulatory pathway to prevent further activation of T cells during acute malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brandi
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cari Lehmann
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Medical Department, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| | - Marylyn Addo
- Medical Department, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Medical Department, Division of Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Mackroth
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Medical Department, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| | - Mathias Riehn
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Caccuri F, Bugatti A, Zani A, De Palma A, Di Silvestre D, Manocha E, Filippini F, Messali S, Chiodelli P, Campisi G, Fiorentini S, Facchetti F, Mauri P, Caruso A. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Remodels the Phenotype and Promotes Angiogenesis of Primary Human Lung Endothelial Cells. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1438. [PMID: 34361874 PMCID: PMC8305478 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury are life-threatening manifestations of severe viral infection. The pathogenic mechanisms that lead to respiratory complications, such as endothelialitis, intussusceptive angiogenesis, and vascular leakage remain unclear. In this study, by using an immunofluorescence assay and in situ RNA-hybridization, we demonstrate the capability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect human primary lung microvascular endothelial cells (HL-mECs) in the absence of cytopathic effects and release of infectious particles. Preliminary data point to the role of integrins in SARS-CoV-2 entry into HL-mECs in the absence of detectable ACE2 expression. Following infection, HL-mECs were found to release a plethora of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic molecules, as assessed by microarray analyses. This conditioned microenvironment stimulated HL-mECs to acquire an angiogenic phenotype. Proteome analysis confirmed a remodeling of SARS-CoV-2-infected HL-mECs to inflammatory and angiogenic responses and highlighted the expression of antiviral molecules as annexin A6 and MX1. These results support the hypothesis of a direct role of SARS-CoV-2-infected HL-mECs in sustaining vascular dysfunction during the early phases of infection. The construction of virus-host interactomes will be instrumental to identify potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19 aimed to inhibit HL-mEC-sustained inflammation and angiogenesis upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Antonella De Palma
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy; (A.D.P.); (D.D.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy; (A.D.P.); (D.D.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Ekta Manocha
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Federica Filippini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Serena Messali
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Paola Chiodelli
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Campisi
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Simona Fiorentini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy; (A.D.P.); (D.D.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.B.); (A.Z.); (E.M.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (G.C.); (S.F.)
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5
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Hai L, Shi X, Wang Q. Attenuated T Cell Responses Are Associated With the Blockade of Cerebral Malaria Development by YOP1-Deficient Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642585. [PMID: 34025654 PMCID: PMC8134684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticulon and the REEP family of proteins stabilize the high curvature of endoplasmic reticulum tubules. The REEP5 homolog in Plasmodium, Plasmodium berghei YOP1 (PbYOP1), plays an important role in the erythrocytic cycle of the P. berghei ANKA and the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that protection from ECM in Pbyop1Δ-infected mice is associated with reduced intracerebral Th1 accumulation, decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and attenuated pathologies in the brainstem, though the total number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells sequestered in the brain are not reduced. Expression of adhesive molecules on brain endothelial cells, including ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD36, are decreased, particularly in the brainstem, where fatal pathology is always induced during ECM. Subsequently, CD8+ T cell-mediated cell apoptosis in the brain is compromised. These findings suggest that Pbyop1Δ parasites can be a useful tool for mechanistic investigation of cerebral malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Gbedande K, Carpio VH, Stephens R. Using two phases of the CD4 T cell response to blood-stage murine malaria to understand regulation of systemic immunity and placental pathology in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:88-114. [PMID: 31903675 PMCID: PMC7540220 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria remain a risk for millions of children and pregnant women. Here, we seek to integrate knowledge of mouse and human T helper cell (Th) responses to blood-stage Plasmodium infection to understand their contribution to protection and pathology. Although there is no complete Th subset differentiation, the adaptive response occurs in two phases in non-lethal rodent Plasmodium infection, coordinated by Th cells. In short, cellular immune responses limit the peak of parasitemia during the first phase; in the second phase, humoral immunity from T cell-dependent germinal centers is critical for complete clearance of rapidly changing parasite. A strong IFN-γ response kills parasite, but an excess of TNF compared with regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) can cause immunopathology. This common pathway for pathology is associated with anemia, cerebral malaria, and placental malaria. These two phases can be used to both understand how the host responds to rapidly growing parasite and how it attempts to control immunopathology and variation. This dual nature of T cell immunity to Plasmodium is discussed, with particular reference to the protective nature of the continuous generation of effector T cells, and the unique contribution of effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Gbedande
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robin Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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7
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Darling TK, Mimche PN, Bray C, Umaru B, Brady LM, Stone C, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Lane TE, Ayong LS, Lamb TJ. EphA2 contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier in cerebral malaria. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008261. [PMID: 31999807 PMCID: PMC6991964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is a key feature of cerebral malaria. Increased barrier permeability occurs due to disassembly of tight and adherens junctions between endothelial cells, yet the mechanisms governing junction disassembly and vascular permeability during cerebral malaria remain poorly characterized. We found that EphA2 is a principal receptor tyrosine kinase mediating BBB breakdown during Plasmodium infection. Upregulated on brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines, EphA2 is required for the loss of junction proteins on mouse and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, EphA2 is necessary for CD8+ T cell brain infiltration and subsequent BBB breakdown in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. Blocking EphA2 protects against BBB breakdown highlighting EphA2 as a potential therapeutic target for cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayer K. Darling
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Patrice N. Mimche
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Christian Bray
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Banlanjo Umaru
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lauren M. Brady
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Colleen Stone
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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8
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Claser C, Nguee SYT, Balachander A, Wu Howland S, Becht E, Gunasegaran B, Hartimath SV, Lee AWQ, Theng Theng Ho J, Bing Ong C, Newell EW, Goggi J, Guan Ng L, Renia L. Lung endothelial cell antigen cross-presentation to CD8 +T cells drives malaria-associated lung injury. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4241. [PMID: 31534124 PMCID: PMC6751193 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI) are life-threatening manifestations of severe malaria infections. The pathogenic mechanisms that lead to respiratory complications, such as vascular leakage, remain unclear. Here, we confirm that depleting CD8+T cells with anti-CD8β antibodies in C57BL/6 mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (PbA) prevent pulmonary vascular leakage. When we transfer activated parasite-specific CD8+T cells into PbA-infected TCRβ-/- mice (devoid of all T-cell populations), pulmonary vascular leakage recapitulates. Additionally, we demonstrate that PbA-infected erythrocyte accumulation leads to lung endothelial cell cross-presentation of parasite antigen to CD8+T cells in an IFNγ-dependent manner. In conclusion, pulmonary vascular damage in ALI is a consequence of IFNγ-activated lung endothelial cells capturing, processing, and cross-presenting malaria parasite antigen to specific CD8+T cells induced during infection. The mechanistic understanding of the immunopathogenesis in malaria-associated ARDS and ALI provide the basis for development of adjunct treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
| | - Samantha Yee Teng Nguee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2 Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Akhila Balachander
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Wu Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Etienne Becht
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Bavani Gunasegaran
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Siddesh V Hartimath
- Isotopic Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), A*STAR, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Audrey W Q Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Theng Theng Ho
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Chee Bing Ong
- Histolopathology/Advanced Molecular Pathology Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Level 6 Proteos Building, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Julian Goggi
- Isotopic Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), A*STAR, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2 Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
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9
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Pais TF, Penha-Gonçalves C. Brain Endothelium: The "Innate Immunity Response Hypothesis" in Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3100. [PMID: 30761156 PMCID: PMC6361776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening neurological syndrome caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection afflicting mainly children in Africa. Current pathogenesis models implicate parasite and host-derived factors in impairing brain vascular endothelium (BVE) integrity. Sequestration of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in brain microvessels is a hallmark of CM pathology. However, the precise mechanisms driving loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function with consequent brain injury are still unsettled and it is plausible that distinct pathophysiology trajectories are involved. Studies in humans and in the mouse model of CM indicate that inflammatory reactions intertwined with microcirculatory and coagulation disturbances induce alterations in vascular permeability and impair BBB integrity. Yet, the role of BVE as initiator of immune responses against parasite molecules and iRBCs is largely unexplored. Brain endothelial cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and are privileged sensors of blood-borne infections. Here, we focus on the hypothesis that innate responses initiated by BVE and subsequent interactions with immune cells are critical to trigger local effector immune functions and induce BBB damage. Uncovering mechanisms of BVE involvement in sensing Plasmodium infection, recruiting of immune cells and directing immune effector functions could reveal pharmacological targets to promote BBB protection with potential applications in CM clinical management.
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10
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Teo TH, Howland SW, Claser C, Gun SY, Poh CM, Lee WW, Lum FM, Ng LF, Rénia L. Co-infection with Chikungunya virus alters trafficking of pathogenic CD8 + T cells into the brain and prevents Plasmodium-induced neuropathology. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:121-138. [PMID: 29113976 PMCID: PMC5760855 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviral diseases have risen significantly over the last 40 years, increasing the risk of co-infection with other endemic disease such as malaria. However, nothing is known about the impact arboviruses have on the host response toward heterologous pathogens during co-infection. Here, we investigate the effects of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) co-infection on the susceptibility and severity of malaria infection. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model, we show that concurrent co-infection induced the most prominent changes in ECM manifestation. Concurrent co-infection protected mice from ECM mortality without affecting parasite development in the blood. This protection was mediated by the alteration of parasite-specific CD8+ T-cell trafficking through an IFNγ-mediated mechanism. Co-infection with CHIKV induced higher splenic IFNγ levels that lead to high local levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10. This induced retention of CXCR3-expressing pathogenic CD8+ T cells in the spleen and prevented their migration to the brain. This then averts all downstream pathogenic events such as parasite sequestration in the brain and disruption of blood-brain barrier that prevents ECM-induced mortality in co-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chek Meng Poh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy Wl Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa Fp Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Muscate F, Stetter N, Schramm C, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Bosurgi L, Jacobs T. HVEM and CD160: Regulators of Immunopathology During Malaria Blood-Stage. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2611. [PMID: 30483269 PMCID: PMC6243049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are key players during infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). While they cannot provide protection against blood-stage parasites, they can cause immunopathology, thus leading to the severe manifestation of cerebral malaria. Hence, the tight control of CD8+ T cell function is key in order to prevent fatal outcomes. One major mechanism to control CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation and effector function is the integration of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals. In this study, we show that one such pathway, the HVEM-CD160 axis, significantly impacts CD8+ T cell regulation and thereby the incidence of cerebral malaria. Here, we show that the co-stimulatory molecule HVEM is indeed required to maintain CD8+ T effector populations during infection. Additionally, by generating a CD160-/- mouse line, we observe that the HVEM ligand CD160 counterbalances stimulatory signals in highly activated and cytotoxic CD8+ T effector cells, thereby restricting immunopathology. Importantly, CD160 is also induced on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells during acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in humans. In conclusion, CD160 is specifically expressed on highly activated CD8+ T effector cells that are harmful during the blood-stage of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Muscate
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Stetter
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Centre for Rare Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Lidia Bosurgi
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Fernandes P, Howland SW, Heiss K, Hoffmann A, Hernández-Castañeda MA, Obrová K, Frank R, Wiedemann P, Bendzus M, Rénia L, Mueller AK. A Plasmodium Cross-Stage Antigen Contributes to the Development of Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1875. [PMID: 30154793 PMCID: PMC6102508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a complex neurological syndrome caused by an infection with Plasmodium falciparum parasites and is exclusively attributed to a series of host–parasite interactions at the pathological blood-stage of infection. In contrast, the preceding intra-hepatic phase of replication is generally considered clinically silent and thereby excluded from playing any role in the development of neurological symptoms. In this study, however, we present an antigen PbmaLS_05 that is presented to the host immune system by both pre-erythrocytic and intra-erythrocytic stages and contributes to the development of cerebral malaria in mice. Although deletion of the endogenous PbmaLS_05 prevented the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in susceptible mice after both sporozoite and infected red blood cell (iRBC) infections, we observed significant differences in contribution of the host immune response between both modes of inoculation. Moreover, PbmaLS_05-specific CD8+ T cells contributed to the development of ECM after sporozoite but not iRBC-infection, suggesting that pre-erythrocytic antigens like PbmaLS_05 can also contribute to the development of cerebral symptoms. Our data thus highlight the importance of the natural route of infection in the study of ECM, with potential implications for vaccine and therapeutic strategies against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Fernandes
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kirsten Heiss
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Hoffmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Klára Obrová
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Frank
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wiedemann
- Department of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Bendzus
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Draheim M, Wlodarczyk MF, Crozat K, Saliou JM, Alayi TD, Tomavo S, Hassan A, Salvioni A, Demarta-Gatsi C, Sidney J, Sette A, Dalod M, Berry A, Silvie O, Blanchard N. Profiling MHC II immunopeptidome of blood-stage malaria reveals that cDC1 control the functionality of parasite-specific CD4 T cells. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1605-1621. [PMID: 28935714 PMCID: PMC5666312 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In malaria, CD4 Th1 and T follicular helper (TFH) cells are important for controlling parasite growth, but Th1 cells also contribute to immunopathology. Moreover, various regulatory CD4 T‐cell subsets are critical to hamper pathology. Yet the antigen‐presenting cells controlling Th functionality, as well as the antigens recognized by CD4 T cells, are largely unknown. Here, we characterize the MHC II immunopeptidome presented by DC during blood‐stage malaria in mice. We establish the immunodominance hierarchy of 14 MHC II ligands derived from conserved parasite proteins. Immunodominance is shaped differently whether blood stage is preceded or not by liver stage, but the same ETRAMP‐specific dominant response develops in both contexts. In naïve mice and at the onset of cerebral malaria, CD8α+ dendritic cells (cDC1) are superior to other DC subsets for MHC II presentation of the ETRAMP epitope. Using in vivo depletion of cDC1, we show that cDC1 promote parasite‐specific Th1 cells and inhibit the development of IL‐10+CD4 T cells. This work profiles the P. berghei blood‐stage MHC II immunopeptidome, highlights the potency of cDC1 to present malaria antigens on MHC II, and reveals a major role for cDC1 in regulating malaria‐specific CD4 T‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Draheim
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam F Wlodarczyk
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Crozat
- CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Plateforme de Protéomique et Peptides Modifiés (P3M), CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Tchilabalo Dilezitoko Alayi
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Plateforme de Protéomique et Peptides Modifiés (P3M), CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stanislas Tomavo
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Plateforme de Protéomique et Peptides Modifiés (P3M), CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ali Hassan
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anna Salvioni
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marc Dalod
- CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Berry
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
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14
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Pichugin A, Zarling S, Perazzo L, Duffy PE, Ploegh HL, Krzych U. Identification of a Novel CD8 T Cell Epitope Derived from Plasmodium berghei Protective Liver-Stage Antigen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:91. [PMID: 29434602 PMCID: PMC5796907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified novel Plasmodium berghei (Pb) liver stage (LS) genes that as DNA vaccines significantly reduce Pb LS parasite burden (LPB) in C57Bl/6 (B6) mice through a mechanism mediated, in part, by CD8 T cells. In this study, we sought to determine fine antigen (Ag) specificities of CD8 T cells that target LS malaria parasites. Guided by algorithms for predicting MHC class I-restricted epitopes, we ranked sequences of 32 Pb LS Ags and selected ~400 peptides restricted by mouse H-2Kb and H-2Db alleles for analysis in the high-throughput method of caged MHC class I-tetramer technology. We identified a 9-mer H-2Kb restricted CD8 T cell epitope, Kb-17, which specifically recognized and activated CD8 T cell responses in B6 mice immunized with Pb radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) and challenged with infectious sporozoites (spz). The Kb-17 peptide is derived from the recently described novel protective Pb LS Ag, PBANKA_1031000 (MIF4G-like protein). Notably, immunization with the Kb-17 epitope delivered in the form of a minigene in the adenovirus serotype 5 vector reduced LPB in mice infected with spz. On the basis of our results, Kb-17 peptide was available for CD8 T cell activation and recall following immunization with Pb RAS and challenge with infectious spz. The identification of a novel MHC class I-restricted epitope from the protective Pb LS Ag, MIF4G-like protein, is crucial for advancing our understanding of immune responses to Plasmodium and by extension, toward vaccine development against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pichugin
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Stasya Zarling
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Leah Perazzo
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Patrick Emmet Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Hidde Lolke Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MD, United States
| | - Urszula Krzych
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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15
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Gun SY, Claser C, Teo TH, Howland SW, Poh CM, Chye RRY, Ng LFP, Rénia L. Interferon regulatory factor 1 is essential for pathogenic CD8+ T cell migration and retention in the brain during experimental cerebral malaria. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12819. [PMID: 29281764 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Host immune response has a key role in controlling the progression of malaria infection. In the well-established murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) with Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection, proinflammatory Th1 and CD8+ T cell response are essential for disease development. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) is a transcription factor that promotes Th1 responses, and its absence was previously shown to protect from ECM death. Yet the exact mechanism of protection remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that IRF1-deficient mice (IRF1 knockout) were protected from ECM death despite displaying early neurological signs. Resistance to ECM death was a result of reduced parasite sequestration and pathogenic CD8+ T cells in the brain. Further analysis revealed that IRF1 deficiency suppress interferon-γ production and delayed CD8+ T cell proliferation. CXCR3 expression was found to be decreased in pathogenic CD8+ T cells, which limited their migration to the brain. In addition, reduced expression of adhesion molecules by brain endothelial cells hampered leucocyte retention in the brain. Taken together, these factors limited sequestration of pathogenic CD8+ T cells and consequently its ability to induce extensive damage to the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Teck Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chek Meng Poh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rebecca Ren Ying Chye
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Eeka P, Phanithi PB. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Granzyme-b mediates neuronal cell death during Plasmodium berghei ANKA induced experimental cerebral malaria. Neurosci Lett 2018; 664:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Müller K, Gibbins MP, Matuschewski K, Hafalla JCR. Evidence of cross-stage CD8+ T cell epitopes in malaria pre-erythrocytic and blood stage infections. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28380250 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasites have a complex, multistage life cycle and there is a widely held view that each stage displays a distinct set of antigens presented to the immune system. Yet, molecular analysis of malaria parasites suggests that many putative antigenic targets are shared amongst the different stages. The specificities of these cross-stage antigens and the functions of the immune responses they elicit are poorly characterized. It is well-known that CD8+ T cells play opposing immune functions following Plasmodium berghei (Pb) infection of C57BL/6 mice. Whilst these cells play a crucial role in protective immunity against pre-erythrocytic stages, they are implicated in the development of severe disease during blood stages. Recently, CD8+ T cell epitopes derived from proteins supposedly specific for either pre-erythrocytic or blood stages have been described. In this brief report, we have compiled and confirmed data that the majority of the mRNAs and/or proteins from which these epitopes are derived display expression across pre-erythrocytic and blood stages. Importantly, we provide evidence of cross-stage immune recognition of the majority of these CD8+ T cell epitopes. Hence, our findings provide a resource to further examine the relevance of antigen-specific cross-stage responses during malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müller
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - M P Gibbins
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - K Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - J C R Hafalla
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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18
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Njunge JM, Oyaro IN, Kibinge NK, Rono MK, Kariuki SM, Newton CR, Berkley JA, Gitau EN. Cerebrospinal fluid markers to distinguish bacterial meningitis from cerebral malaria in children. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:47. [PMID: 29181450 PMCID: PMC5686508 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11958.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Few hospitals in high malaria endemic countries in Africa have the diagnostic capacity for clinically distinguishing acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) from cerebral malaria (CM). As a result, empirical use of antibiotics is necessary. A biochemical marker of ABM would facilitate precise clinical diagnosis and management of these infections and enable rational use of antibiotics. Methods. We used label-free protein quantification by mass spectrometry to identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers that distinguish ABM (n=37) from CM (n=22) in Kenyan children. Fold change (FC) and false discovery rates (FDR) were used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Subsequently, potential biomarkers were assessed for their ability to discriminate between ABM and CM using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results. The host CSF proteome response to ABM ( Haemophilusinfluenza and Streptococcuspneumoniae) is significantly different to CM. Fifty two proteins were differentially expressed (FDR<0.01, Log FC≥2), of which 83% (43/52) were upregulated in ABM compared to CM. Myeloperoxidase and lactotransferrin were present in 37 (100%) and 36 (97%) of ABM cases, respectively, but absent in CM (n=22). Area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were assessed for myeloperoxidase (1, 1, and 1; 95% CI, 1-1) and lactotransferrin (0.98, 0.97, and 1; 95% CI, 0.96-1). Conclusion. Myeloperoxidase and lactotransferrin have a high potential to distinguish ABM from CM and thereby improve clinical management. Their validation requires a larger cohort of samples that includes other bacterial aetiologies of ABM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Njunge
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ian N Oyaro
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nelson K Kibinge
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Martin K Rono
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Pwani University Health and Research Institute, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles R Newton
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Evelyn N Gitau
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA), Nairobi, Kenya
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19
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Bujarbaruah D, Kalita MP, Baruah V, Basumatary TK, Hazarika S, Begum RH, Medhi S, Bose S. RANTES levels as a determinant of falciparum malaria severity or recovery. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28686299 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study explored the role of differential RANTES concentrations, its receptor CCR5 expression and resulting immunomodulation in the pathogenesis and/or recovery from falciparum malaria. The study population included cases of uncomplicated malaria (UC-M, N=128, enrolled on follow-up basis), severe malaria (SM, N=25), and healthy controls (N=112). Serum RANTES and TNF-α levels were evaluated by ELISA. Monocyte levels and activation profile were studied by flow cytometry. Differential mRNA expression profile was studied by real-time PCR. Blood parasite count was evaluated by registered pathologists. RANTES concentration was significantly downregulated in SM cases compared to UC-M (P=.046) and controls (P<.001). Expression of monocyte marker mCD14, activation markers CCR5 and CD40, and downstream effector cytokine TNF-α was significantly higher in malaria cases compared to controls, in SM cases compared to UC-M. TNF-α expression correlated positively with CD40 and CCR5 expressions. Follow-up-based analysis showed that RANTES concentrations increased on recovery compared to baseline in UC-M cases (P=.106) and inversely correlated with malaria parasite load, mCD14, CCR5 and CD40, and TNF-α expressions. These findings suggest an important association of RANTES concentrations in Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease pathogenesis, as well as recovery, mediated through differential modulation and regulated activation of monocytes and cytokine TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bujarbaruah
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Dimoria College, Khetri, Assam, India
| | - M P Kalita
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Diphu Campus, Assam University, Diphu, Assam, India
| | - V Baruah
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - T K Basumatary
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Diphu Campus, Assam University, Diphu, Assam, India
| | | | - R H Begum
- Diphu Campus, Assam University, Diphu, Assam, India
| | - S Medhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - S Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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20
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Host Resistance to Plasmodium-Induced Acute Immune Pathology Is Regulated by Interleukin-10 Receptor Signaling. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00941-16. [PMID: 28396319 PMCID: PMC5442633 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00941-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of malaria infection is dependent on a balance between proinflammatory and regulatory immune responses. While early effector T cell responses are required for limiting parasitemia, these responses need to be switched off by regulatory mechanisms in a timely manner to avoid immune-mediated tissue damage. Interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) signaling is considered to be a vital component of regulatory responses, although its role in host resistance to severe immune pathology during acute malaria infections is not fully understood. In this study, we have determined the contribution of IL-10R signaling to the regulation of immune responses during Plasmodium berghei ANKA-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). We show that antibody-mediated blockade of the IL-10R during P. berghei ANKA infection in ECM-resistant BALB/c mice leads to amplified T cell activation, higher serum gamma interferon (IFN-γ) concentrations, enhanced intravascular accumulation of both parasitized red blood cells and CD8+ T cells to the brain, and an increased incidence of ECM. Importantly, the pathogenic effects of IL-10R blockade during P. berghei ANKA infection were reversible by depletion of T cells and neutralization of IFN-γ. Our findings underscore the importance of IL-10R signaling in preventing T-cell- and cytokine-mediated pathology during potentially lethal malaria infections.
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21
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Du Y, Chen G, Zhang X, Yu C, Cao Y, Cui L. Artesunate and erythropoietin synergistically improve the outcome of experimental cerebral malaria. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 48:219-230. [PMID: 28531845 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological syndrome in humans and the main fatal cause of malaria. In malaria epidemic regions, despite appropriate anti-malarial treatment, 10-20% of deaths still occur during the acute phase. This is largely attributable to poor treatment access, therapeutic complexity and drug resistance; thus, developing additional clinical adjunctive therapies is an urgent necessity. In this study, we investigated the effect of artesunate (AST) and recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) using an experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model-C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Treatment with the combination of AST and rhEPO reduced endothelial activation and improved the integrity of blood brain barrier, which led to increased survival rate and reduced pathology in the ECM. In addition, this combination treatment down-regulated the Th1 response during PbA infection, which was correlated with the reduction of CCL2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-18, CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels, leading to reduced accumulation of pathogenic T cells in the brain. Meanwhile, AST and rhEPO combination led to decreased maturation and activation of splenic dendritic cells, expansion of regulatory T cells, and increased IL-10 and TGF-β production. In conclusion, these data provide a theoretical basis for clinical adjunct therapy with rhEPO and AST in human cerebral malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xuexing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunyun Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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22
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Perforin Expression by CD8 T Cells Is Sufficient To Cause Fatal Brain Edema during Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00985-16. [PMID: 28264905 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00985-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral malaria (HCM) is a serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. The most severe outcomes for patients include coma, permanent neurological deficits, and death. Recently, a large-scale magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in humans identified brain swelling as the most prominent predictor of fatal HCM. Therefore, in this study, we sought to define the mechanism controlling brain edema through the use of the murine experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model. Specifically, we investigated the ability of CD8 T cells to initiate brain edema during ECM. We determined that areas of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability colocalized with a reduction of the cerebral endothelial cell tight-junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin. Furthermore, through small-animal MRI, we analyzed edema and vascular leakage. Using gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI, we determined that vascular permeability is not homogeneous but rather confined to specific regions of the brain. Our findings show that BBB permeability was localized within the brainstem, olfactory bulb, and lateral ventricle. Concurrently with the initiation of vascular permeability, T2-weighted MRI revealed edema and brain swelling. Importantly, ablation of the cytolytic effector molecule perforin fully protected against vascular permeability and edema. Furthermore, perforin production specifically by CD8 T cells was required to cause fatal edema during ECM. We propose that CD8 T cells initiate BBB breakdown through perforin-mediated disruption of tight junctions. In turn, leakage from the vasculature into the parenchyma causes brain swelling and edema. This results in a breakdown of homeostatic maintenance that likely contributes to ECM pathology.
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23
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Barker KR, Lu Z, Kim H, Zheng Y, Chen J, Conroy AL, Hawkes M, Cheng HS, Njock MS, Fish JE, Harlan JM, López JA, Liles WC, Kain KC. miR-155 Modifies Inflammation, Endothelial Activation and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Cerebral Malaria. Mol Med 2017; 23:24-33. [PMID: 28182191 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-155 has been shown to participate in host response to infection and neuro-inflammation via negative regulation of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity and T cell function. We hypothesized that miR-155 may contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM). To test this hypothesis, we used a genetic approach to modulate miR-155 expression in an experimental model of cerebral malaria (ECM). In addition, an engineered endothelialized microvessel system and serum samples from Ugandan children with CM were used to examine an anti-miR-155 as a potential adjunctive therapeutic for severe malaria. Despite higher parasitemia, survival was significantly improved in miR-155-/- mice vs. wild-type littermate mice in ECM. Improved survival was associated with preservation of BBB integrity and reduced endothelial activation, despite increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pre-treatment with antagomir-155 reduced vascular leak induced by human CM sera in an ex vivo endothelial microvessel model. These data provide evidence supporting a mechanistic role for miR-155 in host response to malaria via regulation of endothelial activation, microvascular leak and BBB dysfunction in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Richard Barker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, and the Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ziyue Lu
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, and the Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hani Kim
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, and the Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center of Cardiovascular Biology, Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Junmei Chen
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, and the Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Hawkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Henry S Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Makon-Sébastien Njock
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason E Fish
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John M Harlan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jose A López
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W Conrad Liles
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, and the Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Schmid U, Stenzel W, Koschel J, Raptaki M, Wang X, Naumann M, Matuschewski K, Schlüter D, Nishanth G. The Deubiquitinating Enzyme Cylindromatosis Dampens CD8 + T Cell Responses and Is a Critical Factor for Experimental Cerebral Malaria and Blood-Brain Barrier Damage. Front Immunol 2017; 8:27. [PMID: 28203236 PMCID: PMC5285367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of human malaria and may lead to death of Plasmodium falciparum-infected individuals. Cerebral malaria is associated with sequestration of parasitized red blood cells within the cerebral microvasculature resulting in damage of the blood-brain barrier and brain pathology. Although CD8+ T cells have been implicated in the development of murine experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), several other studies have shown that CD8+ T cells confer protection against blood-stage infections. Since the role of host deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in malaria is yet unknown, we investigated how the DUB cylindromatosis (CYLD), an important inhibitor of several cellular signaling pathways, influences the outcome of ECM. Upon infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) sporozoites or PbA-infected red blood cells, at least 90% of Cyld-/- mice survived the infection, whereas all congenic C57BL/6 mice displayed signatures of ECM, impaired parasite control, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier integrity. Cyld deficiency prevented brain pathology, including hemorrhagic lesions, enhanced activation of astrocytes and microglia, infiltration of CD8+ T cells, and apoptosis of endothelial cells. Furthermore, PbA-specific CD8+ T cell responses were augmented in the blood of Cyld-/- mice with increased production of interferon-γ and granzyme B and elevated activation of protein kinase C-θ and nuclear factor "kappa light-chain enhancer" of activated B cells. Importantly, accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the brain of Cyld-/- mice was significantly reduced compared to C57BL/6 mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments showed that the absence of ECM signatures in infected Cyld-/- mice could be attributed to hematopoietic and radioresistant parenchymal cells, most likely endothelial cells that did not undergo apoptosis. Together, we were able to show that host deubiqutinating enzymes play an important role in ECM and that CYLD promotes ECM supporting it as a potential therapeutic target for adjunct therapy to prevent cerebral complications of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schmid
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charite , Berlin , Germany
| | - Josephin Koschel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Maria Raptaki
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Organ-Specific Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gopala Nishanth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
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25
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Hirako IC, Ataide MA, Faustino L, Assis PA, Sorensen EW, Ueta H, Araújo NM, Menezes GB, Luster AD, Gazzinelli RT. Splenic differentiation and emergence of CCR5 +CXCL9 +CXCL10 + monocyte-derived dendritic cells in the brain during cerebral malaria. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13277. [PMID: 27808089 PMCID: PMC5097164 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells have an important role in immune surveillance. After being exposed to microbial components, they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs and activate T lymphocytes. Here we show that during mouse malaria, splenic inflammatory monocytes differentiate into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MO-DCs), which are CD11b+F4/80+CD11c+MHCIIhighDC-SIGNhighLy6c+ and express high levels of CCR5, CXCL9 and CXCL10 (CCR5+CXCL9/10+ MO-DCs). We propose that malaria-induced splenic MO-DCs take a reverse migratory route. After differentiation in the spleen, CCR5+CXCL9/10+ MO-DCs traffic to the brain in a CCR2-independent, CCR5-dependent manner, where they amplify the influx of CD8+ T lymphocytes, leading to a lethal neuropathological syndrome. Cerebral malaria is an often fatal complication of Plasmodium infection involving accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the central nervous system. Here the authors map the development and trafficking of CCR5+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells from the spleen to the brains of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Hirako
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Marco A Ataide
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas Faustino
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Patricia A Assis
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth W Sorensen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Hisashi Ueta
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Natalia M Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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26
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Wilson KD, Stutz SJ, Ochoa LF, Valbuena GA, Cravens PD, Dineley KT, Vargas G, Stephens R. Behavioural and neurological symptoms accompanied by cellular neuroinflammation in IL-10-deficient mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. Malar J 2016; 15:428. [PMID: 27557867 PMCID: PMC4995805 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria is one of the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection and occurs mostly in young African children. This syndrome results from a combination of high levels of parasitaemia and inflammation. Although parasite sequestration in the brain is a feature of the human syndrome, sequestering strains do not uniformly cause severe malaria, suggesting interplay with other factors. Host genetic factors such as mutations in the promoters of the cytokines IL-10 and TNF are also clearly linked to severe disease. Plasmodium chabaudi, a rodent malaria parasite, leads to mild illness in wildtype animals. However, IL-10−/− mice respond to parasite with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF, leading to lethal disease in the absence of sequestration in the brain. These mice also exhibit cerebral symptoms including gross cerebral oedema and haemorrhage, allowing study of these critical features of disease without the influence of sequestration. Methods The neurological consequences of P. chabaudi infection were investigated by performing a general behavioural screen (SHIRPA). The immune cell populations found in the brain during infection were also analysed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results IL-10−/− mice suffer significant declines in behavioural and physical capacities during infection compared to wildtype. In addition, grip strength and pain sensitivity were affected, suggestive of neurological involvement. Several immune cell populations were identified in the perfused brain on day 7 post-infection, suggesting that they are tightly adherent to the vascular endothelium, or potentially located within the brain parenchyma. There was an increase in both inflammatory monocyte and resident macrophage (CD11bhi, CD45+, MHCII+, Ly6C+/−) numbers in IL-10−/− compared to wildtype animals. In addition, the activation state of all monocytes and microglia (CD11bint, CD45−, MHC-II+) were increased. T cells making IFN-γ were also identified in the brain, but were localized within the vasculature, and not the parenchyma. Conclusions These studies demonstrate exacerbated neuroinflammation concurrent with development of behavioural symptoms in P. chabaudi infection of IL-10−/− animals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1477-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Lorenzo F Ochoa
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gustavo A Valbuena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Petra D Cravens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. .,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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27
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Billman ZP, Kas A, Stone BC, Murphy SC. Defining rules of CD8(+) T cell expansion against pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium antigens in sporozoite-immunized mice. Malar J 2016; 15:238. [PMID: 27113469 PMCID: PMC4845300 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole Plasmodium sporozoites serve as both experimental tools and potentially as deployable vaccines in the fight against malaria infection. Live sporozoites infect hepatocytes and induce a diverse repertoire of CD8(+) T cell responses, some of which are capable of killing Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes. Previous studies in Plasmodium yoelii-immunized BALB/c mice showed that some CD8(+) T cell responses expanded with repeated parasite exposure, whereas other responses did not. RESULTS Here, similar outcomes were observed using known Plasmodium berghei epitopes in C57BL/6 mice. With the exception of the response to PbTRAP, IFNγ-producing T cell responses to most studied antigens, such as PbGAP50, failed to re-expand in mice immunized with two doses of irradiated P. berghei sporozoites. In an effort to boost secondary CD8(+) T cell responses, heterologous cross-species immunizations were performed. Alignment of P. yoelii 17XNL and P. berghei ANKA proteins revealed that >60 % of the amino acids in syntenic orthologous proteins are continuously homologous in fragments ≥8-amino acids long, suggesting that cross-species immunization could potentially trigger responses to a large number of common Class I epitopes. Heterologous immunization resulted in a larger liver burden than homologous immunization. Amongst seven tested antigen-specific responses, only CSP- and TRAP-specific CD8(+) T cell responses were expanded by secondary homologous sporozoite immunization and only those to the L3 ribosomal protein and S20 could be re-expanded by heterologous immunization. In general, heterologous late-arresting, genetically attenuated sporozoites were better at secondarily expanding L3-specific responses than were irradiated sporozoites. GAP50 and several other antigens shared between P. berghei and P. yoelii induced a large number of IFNγ-positive T cells during primary immunization, yet these responses could not be re-expanded by either homologous or heterologous secondary immunization. CONCLUSIONS These studies highlight how responses to different sporozoite antigens can markedly differ in recall following repeated sporozoite vaccinations. Cross-species immunization broadens the secondary response to sporozoites and may represent a novel strategy for candidate antigen discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arnold Kas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brad C Stone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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28
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A TCRβ Repertoire Signature Can Predict Experimental Cerebral Malaria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147871. [PMID: 26844551 PMCID: PMC4742225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral Malaria (CM) is associated with a pathogenic T cell response. Mice infected by P. berghei ANKA clone 1.49 (PbA) developing CM (CM+) present an altered PBL TCR repertoire, partly due to recurrently expanded T cell clones, as compared to non-infected and CM- infected mice. To analyse the relationship between repertoire alteration and CM, we performed a kinetic analysis of the TRBV repertoire during the course of the infection until CM-related death in PbA-infected mice. The repertoires of PBL, splenocytes and brain lymphocytes were compared between infected and non-infected mice using a high-throughput CDR3 spectratyping method. We observed a modification of the whole TCR repertoire in the spleen and blood of infected mice, from the fifth and the sixth day post-infection, respectively, while only three TRBV were significantly perturbed in the brain of infected mice. Using multivariate analysis and statistical modelling, we identified a unique TCRβ signature discriminating CM+ from CTR mice, enriched during the course of the infection in the spleen and the blood and predicting CM onset. These results highlight a dynamic modification and compartmentalization of the TCR diversity during the course of PbA infection, and provide a novel method to identify disease-associated TCRβ signature as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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29
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Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Perivascular Arrest of CD8+ T Cells Is a Signature of Experimental Cerebral Malaria. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005210. [PMID: 26562533 PMCID: PMC4643016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant evidence that brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells play a central role in the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection of C57BL/6 mice. However, the mechanisms through which they mediate their pathogenic activity during malaria infection remain poorly understood. Utilizing intravital two-photon microscopy combined with detailed ex vivo flow cytometric analysis, we show that brain-infiltrating T cells accumulate within the perivascular spaces of brains of mice infected with both ECM-inducing (P. berghei ANKA) and non-inducing (P. berghei NK65) infections. However, perivascular T cells displayed an arrested behavior specifically during P. berghei ANKA infection, despite the brain-accumulating CD8+ T cells exhibiting comparable activation phenotypes during both infections. We observed T cells forming long-term cognate interactions with CX3CR1-bearing antigen presenting cells within the brains during P. berghei ANKA infection, but abrogation of this interaction by targeted depletion of the APC cells failed to prevent ECM development. Pathogenic CD8+ T cells were found to colocalize with rare apoptotic cells expressing CD31, a marker of endothelial cells, within the brain during ECM. However, cellular apoptosis was a rare event and did not result in loss of cerebral vasculature or correspond with the extensive disruption to its integrity observed during ECM. In summary, our data show that the arrest of T cells in the perivascular compartments of the brain is a unique signature of ECM-inducing malaria infection and implies an important role for this event in the development of the ECM-syndrome. Cerebral malaria is the most severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Utilizing the murine experimental model of cerebral malaria (ECM), it has been found that CD8+ T cells are a key immune cell type responsible for development of cerebral pathology during malaria infection. To identify how CD8+ T cells cause cerebral pathology during malaria infection, in this study we have performed detailed in vivo analysis (two photon imaging) of CD8+ T cells within the brains of mice infected with strains of malaria parasites that cause or do not cause ECM. We found that CD8+ T cells appear to accumulate in similar numbers and in comparable locations within the brains of mice infected with parasites that do or do not cause ECM. Importantly, however, brain accumulating CD8+ T cells displayed significantly different movement characteristics during the different infections. CD8+ T cells interacted with myeloid cells within the brain during infection with parasites causing ECM, but this association was not required for development of cerebral complications. Furthermore, our results suggest that CD8+ T cells do not cause ECM through the widespread killing of brain microvessel cells. The results in this study significantly improve our understanding of the ways through which CD8+ T cells can mediate cerebral pathology during malaria infection.
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Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that brain endothelial cells cross-present parasite antigen during mouse experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Here we describe a 2-d protocol to detect cross-presentation by isolating the brain microvessels and incubating them with a reporter cell line that expresses lacZ upon detection of the relevant peptide-major histocompatibility complex. After X-gal staining, a typical positive result consists of hundreds of blue spots, compared with fewer than 20 spots from a naive brain. The assay is generalizable to other disease contexts by using reporter cells that express appropriate specific T cell receptors. Also described is the protocol for culturing endothelial cells from brain microvessels isolated from naive mice. After 7-10 d, an in vitro cross-presentation assay can be performed by adding interferon-γ, antigen (e.g., Plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells) and reporter cells in sequence over 3 d. This is useful for comparing different antigen forms or for probing the effects of various interventions.
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Activated Brain Endothelial Cells Cross-Present Malaria Antigen. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004963. [PMID: 26046849 PMCID: PMC4457820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the murine model of cerebral malaria caused by P. berghei ANKA (PbA), parasite-specific CD8+ T cells directly induce pathology and have long been hypothesized to kill brain endothelial cells that have internalized PbA antigen. We previously reported that brain microvessel fragments from infected mice cross-present PbA epitopes, using reporter cells transduced with epitope-specific T cell receptors. Here, we confirm that endothelial cells are the population responsible for cross-presentation in vivo, not pericytes or microglia. PbA antigen cross-presentation by primary brain endothelial cells in vitro confers susceptibility to killing by CD8+ T cells from infected mice. IFNγ stimulation is required for brain endothelial cross-presentation in vivo and in vitro, which occurs by a proteasome- and TAP-dependent mechanism. Parasite strains that do not induce cerebral malaria were phagocytosed and cross-presented less efficiently than PbA in vitro. The main source of antigen appears to be free merozoites, which were avidly phagocytosed. A human brain endothelial cell line also phagocytosed P. falciparum merozoites. Besides being the first demonstration of cross-presentation by brain endothelial cells, our results suggest that interfering with merozoite phagocytosis or antigen processing may be effective strategies for cerebral malaria intervention.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of several Plasmodium spp. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a common form of severe malaria resulting in nearly 700,000 deaths each year in Africa alone. At present, there is no adjunctive therapy for CM. Although the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CM are incompletely understood, it is likely that both intrinsic features of the parasite and the human host's immune response contribute to disease. The kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of immune responses, and drugs that inhibit the mTOR pathway have been shown to be antiparasitic. In a mouse model of CM, experimental CM (ECM), we show that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin protects against ECM when administered within the first 4 days of infection. Treatment with rapamycin increased survival, blocked breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and brain hemorrhaging, decreased the influx of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the brain and the accumulation of parasitized red blood cells in the brain. Rapamycin induced marked transcriptional changes in the brains of infected mice, and analysis of transcription profiles predicted that rapamycin blocked leukocyte trafficking to and proliferation in the brain. Remarkably, animals were protected against ECM even though rapamycin treatment significantly increased the inflammatory response induced by infection in both the brain and spleen. These results open a new avenue for the development of highly selective adjunctive therapies for CM by targeting pathways that regulate host and parasite metabolism. IMPORTANCE Malaria is a highly prevalent infectious disease caused by parasites of several Plasmodium spp. Malaria is usually uncomplicated and resolves with time; however, in about 1% of cases, almost exclusively among young children, malaria becomes severe and life threatening, resulting in nearly 700,000 deaths each year in Africa alone. Among the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection is cerebral malaria with a fatality rate of 15 to 20%, despite treatment with antimalarial drugs. Cerebral malaria takes a second toll on African children, leaving survivors at high risk of debilitating neurological defects. At present, we have no effective adjunctive therapies for cerebral malaria, and developing such therapies would have a large impact on saving young lives in Africa. Here we report results that open a new avenue for the development of highly selective adjunctive therapies for cerebral malaria by targeting pathways that regulate host and parasite metabolism.
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Howland SW, Claser C, Poh CM, Gun SY, Rénia L. Pathogenic CD8+ T cells in experimental cerebral malaria. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:221-31. [PMID: 25772948 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is one the major complications occurring during malaria infection. The mechanisms leading to this syndrome are still not completely understood. Although it is clear that parasite sequestration is the key initiation factor, the downstream pathological processes are still highly debated. The experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model, in which susceptible mice are infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, has led to the identification of CD8(+) T cells as the major mediator of ECM death. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and future developments in the understanding of the role of CD8(+) T cells in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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