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Shi W, Zhang Q, Li H, Du D, Ma X, Wang J, Jiang J, Liu C, Kou L, Ren J. Biofilm Formation, Motility, and Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes Are Reduced by Deletion of the Gene lmo0159, a Novel Listerial LPXTG Surface Protein. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1354. [PMID: 39065121 PMCID: PMC11278909 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis in humans and other animals. Surface proteins with the LPXTG motif have important roles in the virulence of L. monocytogenes. Lmo0159 is one such protein, but little is known about its role in L. monocytogenes virulence, motility, and biofilm formation. Here, we constructed and characterized a deletion mutant of lmo0159 (∆lmo0159). We analyzed not only the capacity of biofilm formation, motility, attachment, and intracellular growth in different cell types but also LD50; bacterial load in mice's liver, spleen, and brain; expression of virulence genes; and survival time of mice after challenge. The results showed that the cross-linking density of the biofilm of ∆lmo0159 strain was lower than that of WT by microscopic examination. The expression of biofilm-formation and virulence genes also decreased in the biofilm state. Subsequently, the growth and motility of ∆lmo0159 in the culture medium were enhanced. Conversely, the growth and motility of L. monocytogenes were attenuated by ∆lmo0159 at both the cellular and mouse levels. At the cellular level, ∆lmo0159 reduced plaque size; accelerated scratch healing; and attenuated the efficiency of adhesion, invasion, and intracellular proliferation in swine intestinal epithelial cells (SIEC), RAW264.7, mouse-brain microvascular endothelial cells (mBMEC), and human-brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). The expression of virulence genes was also inhibited. At the mouse level, the LD50 of the ∆lmo0159 strain was 100.97 times higher than that of the WT strain. The bacterial load of the ∆lmo0159 strain in the liver and spleen was lower than that of the WT strain. In a mouse model of intraperitoneal infection, the deletion of the lmo0159 gene significantly prolonged the survival time of the mice, suggesting that the lmo0159 deletion mutant also exhibited reduced virulence. Thus, our study identified lmo0159 as a novel virulence factor among L. monocytogenes LPXTG proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Qiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Honghuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Dongdong Du
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China;
| | - Xun Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Caixia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Lijun Kou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Jingjing Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
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De Pascalis R, Rossi AP, Mittereder L, Takeda K, Akue A, Kurtz SL, Elkins KL. Production of IFN-γ by splenic dendritic cells during innate immune responses against Francisella tularensis LVS depends on MyD88, but not TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237034. [PMID: 32745117 PMCID: PMC7398525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of IFN-γ is a key innate immune mechanism that limits replication of intracellular bacteria such as Francisella tularensis (Ft) until adaptive immune responses develop. Previously, we demonstrated that the host cell types responsible for IFN-γ production in response to murine Francisella infection include not only natural killer (NK) and T cells, but also a variety of myeloid cells. However, production of IFN-γ by mouse dendritic cells (DC) is controversial. Here, we directly demonstrated substantial production of IFN-γ by DC, as well as hybrid NK-DC, from LVS-infected wild type C57BL/6 or Rag1 knockout mice. We demonstrated that the numbers of conventional DC producing IFN-γ increased progressively over the course of 8 days of LVS infection. In contrast, the numbers of conventional NK cells producing IFN-γ, which represented about 40% of non-B/T IFN-γ-producing cells, peaked at day 4 after LVS infection and declined thereafter. This pattern was similar to that of hybrid NK-DC. To further confirm IFN-γ production by infected cells, DC and neutrophils were sorted from naïve and LVS-infected mice and analyzed for gene expression. Quantification of LVS by PCR revealed the presence of Ft DNA not only in macrophages, but also in highly purified, IFN-γ producing DC and neutrophils. Finally, production of IFN-γ by infected DC was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Notably, IFN-γ production patterns similar to those in wild type mice were observed in cells derived from LVS-infected TLR2, TLR4, and TLR2xTLR9 knockout (KO) mice, but not from MyD88 KO mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the pivotal roles of DC and MyD88 in IFN-γ production and in initiating innate immune responses to this intracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Pascalis
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDP); (KLE)
| | - Amy P. Rossi
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adovi Akue
- Flow Cytometry Core, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sherry L. Kurtz
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Elkins
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDP); (KLE)
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Rana A, de Almeida FC, Paico Montero HA, Gonzales Carazas MM, Bortoluci KR, Sad S, Amarante-Mendes GP. RIPK3 and Caspase-1/11 Are Necessary for Optimal Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cell Response Elicited by Genetically Modified Listeria monocytogenes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:536. [PMID: 32328060 PMCID: PMC7160319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient induction of effector and long-term protective antigen-specific CD8+ T memory response by vaccination is essential to eliminate malignant and pathogen-infected cells. Intracellular infectious bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, have been considered potent vectors to carry multiple therapeutic proteins and generate antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Although the role of molecules involved in inflammatory cell death pathways, such as necroptosis (RIPK3-mediated) and pyroptosis (Caspase-1/11-mediated), as effectors of immune response against intracellular bacteria are relatively well understood, their contribution to the adjuvant effect of recombinant bacterial vectors in the context of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response remained obscure. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of RIPK3 and Caspase-1/11 (Casp-1/11) individual and combined deficiencies on the modulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response during vaccination of mice with ovalbumin-expressing L. monocytogenes (LM-OVA). We observed that Casp-1/11 but not RIPK3 deficiency negatively impacts the capacity of mice to clear LM-OVA. Importantly, both RIPK3 and Casp-1/11 are necessary for optimal LM-OVA-mediated antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response, as measured by in vivo antigen-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation, target cell elimination, and cytokine production. Furthermore, Casp-1/11 and Casp-1/11/RIPK3 combined deficiencies restrict the early initiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell memory response. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that RIPK3 and Casp-1/11 influence the quality of CD8+ T cell responses induced by recombinant L. monocytogenes vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Rana
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Campos de Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina R Bortoluci
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu Q, Yu Z, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, Chen W. Surface components and metabolites of probiotics for regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:23. [PMID: 32024520 PMCID: PMC7003451 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-1289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota can significantly affect the function of the intestinal barrier. Some intestinal probiotics (such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, a few Escherichia coli strains, and a new generation of probiotics including Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Akkermansia muciniphila) can maintain intestinal epithelial homeostasis and promote health. This review first summarizes probiotics' regulation of the intestinal epithelium via their surface compounds. Surface layer proteins, flagella, pili and capsular polysaccharides constitute microbial-associated molecular patterns and specifically bind to pattern recognition receptors, which can regulate signaling pathways to produce cytokines or inhibit apoptosis, thereby attenuating inflammation and enhancing the function of the gut epithelium. The review also explains the effects of metabolites (such as secreted proteins, organic acids, indole, extracellular vesicles and bacteriocins) of probiotics on host receptors and the mechanisms by which these metabolites regulate gut epithelial barrier function. Previous reviews summarized the role of the surface macromolecules or metabolites of gut microbes (including both probiotics and pathogens) in human health. However, these reviews were mostly focused on the interactions between these substances and the intestinal mucosal immune system. In the current review, we only focused on probiotics and discussed the molecular interaction between these bacteria and the gut epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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Fels U, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Proteogenomics in Aid of Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies: A Bacterial Perspective. Proteomes 2017; 5:E26. [PMID: 29019919 PMCID: PMC5748561 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
By providing useful tools to study host-pathogen interactions, next-generation omics has recently enabled the study of gene expression changes in both pathogen and infected host simultaneously. However, since great discriminative power is required to study pathogen and host simultaneously throughout the infection process, the depth of quantitative gene expression profiling has proven to be unsatisfactory when focusing on bacterial pathogens, thus preferentially requiring specific strategies or the development of novel methodologies based on complementary omics approaches. In this review, we focus on the difficulties encountered when making use of proteogenomics approaches to study bacterial pathogenesis. In addition, we review different omics strategies (i.e., transcriptomics, proteomics and secretomics) and their applications for studying interactions of pathogens with their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Fels
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Petra Van Damme
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Zhu Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. Human γδ T cells augment antigen presentation in Listeria Monocytogenes infection. Mol Med 2016; 22:737-746. [PMID: 27652377 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating γδ T cells in healthy individuals rapidly respond to bacterial and viral pathogens. Many studies have demonstrated that γδ T cells are activated and expanded by Listeria monocytogenes (L.monocytogenes), a foodborne bacterial pathogen with high fatality rates. However, the roles of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection are not clear. In the present study, we characterized the morphological characteristics of phagocytosis in γδ T cells after L.monocytogenes infection using transmission electron microscopy. Results show activation markers including HLA-DR and lymph node-homing receptor CCR7 on γδ T cells were upregulated after stimulation via L.monocytogenes. Significant proliferation and differentiation of primary αβ T cells was also observed after co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with γδ T cells anteriorly stimulated by L.monocytogenes. L.monocytogenes infection decreased the percentage of γδ T cells in mouse IELs and increased MHC-II expression on the surface of γδ T cells in vivo. Our findings shed light on antigen presentation of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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Jacob J, Makou P, Finke A, Mielke M. Inflammatory response of TLR4 deficient spleen macrophages (CRL 2471) to Brucella abortus S19 and an isogenic ΔmglA deletion mutant. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:141-51. [PMID: 26946956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brucellosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis caused by members of the genus Brucella. One of them, Brucella abortus, is the etiological agent of bovine brucellosis. With the attenuated strain B. abortus S19 a vaccine is available. However, both, virulence (safety) and the ability to induce a protective B and T cell response (efficacy) have to be tested in suitable assays before successful use in the field. For this purpose, several macrophage cell lines of various origins have been used while splenic macrophages are the preferred host cells in vivo. We here characterized the in vitro response of the murine splenic macrophage cell line CRL 2471(I-13.35) to B. abortus. This cell line still depends on the presence of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and is derived from LPS resistant (TLR4 deficient) C3H/HeJ mice. For infection the vaccine strain B. abortus S19A as well as the formerly described isogenic deletion mutant B. abortus S19A ΔmglA 3.14 were used. While numbers of viable bacteria did not differ significantly between the vaccine strain and the deletion mutant at 6h post infection, a higher bacterial load was measured in case of the mutant at 24h and 48h after infection. This was also true, when IFNγ was used for macrophage activation. A comprehensive gene expression profile of macrophages was analysed 6 and 24h after infection by means of an RT-PCR based gene expression array. The mutant strain B. abortus S19A ΔmglA 3.14 elicited a stronger cellular response of the splenic macrophages as compared to the parental vaccine strain. This was most prominent for the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL6 as well as for the chemokine ligands CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL17 and the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and ICAM1. While these differences were also present in IFNγ-stimulated macrophages, an addition of IFNγ after infection not only resulted in a dramatic increase of the translation of the afore mentioned genes but also resulted in the translation of IFNß1, IL12ß, MIP1α and β (CCL3, CCL4), NOS2 (and SOD2) and FAS. CONCLUSION The TLR4 deficient murine splenic macrophage cell line CRL 2471 was used for the first time for the characterization of macrophage-Brucella interaction to investigate the pre-immune phase of brucellosis in vitro. Typical pro-inflammatory cytokines and certain surface receptors were differentially induced by B. abortus S19 A and an isogenic ΔmglA deletion mutant in vitro. This model may be useful for further studies to characterize the inflammatory response of splenic macrophages to intracellular gram-negative bacteria avoiding cell responses to soluble LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Jacob
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patricia Makou
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Finke
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Mielke
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The skin and the mucosa of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are continuously exposed to microorganisms, but only a limited number of these enter the body and cause disease. To resist microbial infection, the host has developed a multitude of defense mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune systems. Dendritic cells (DCs) provide the link between these arms of the immune system. The initiation of an immune response is critically dependent on the activation of DCs, which can discriminate between different classes of microorganisms and elicit tailored antimicrobial immune responses. They have an extraordinary capacity to stimulate naive T cells and initiate primary immune responses. In turn, some pathogens interfere with DC function to block or delay their elimination by the host. Progress in understanding the role of DCs in the host response to microbes is reviewed.
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Kubicka-Sierszen A, Grzegorczyk JŁ. The influence of infectious factors on dendritic cell apoptosis. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:1044-51. [PMID: 26528349 PMCID: PMC4624750 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.54860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens can have a negative influence on dendritic cells (DCs), causing their apoptosis, which prevents active presentation of foreign antigens. It results in a state of immunosuppression which makes the body susceptible to secondary infections. Infected immature DCs have lower expression of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules, reduced ability to secrete cytokines and an inhibited maturation process and are incapable of effective antigen presentation and activation of T-lymphocytes. In some cases, the ability of DCs to undergo rapid apoptosis is important for the body defense, which is probably because of DCs' ability to cross-present and cooperate with other cells. Apoptotic bodies released from the infected DCs are phagocytosed by other DCs, which then stimulate the effector cells and present antigens more efficiently than infected cells. The aim of this article is to review how the DCs respond to viral and bacterial factors and which biochemical mechanisms are responsible for their apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kubicka-Sierszen
- Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janina Ł Grzegorczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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10
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Correlation between fibronectin binding protein A expression level at the surface of recombinant lactococcus lactis and plasmid transfer in vitro and in vivo. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:248. [PMID: 25249337 PMCID: PMC4180319 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibronectin Binding Protein A (FnBPA) is an invasin from Staphylococcus aureus that allows this pathogen to internalize into eukaryote cells. It was previously demonstrated that recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing FnBPA were invasive and able to transfer a plasmid to eukaryotic cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the invasivity of recombinant strains of Lactococcus lactis that express FnBPA under the control of its constitutive promoter or driven by the strong nisin inducible expression system (NICE) were studied. Results It was demonstrated that the nisA promoter allows an increase of FnBPA expression on the surface of Lactococcus lactis surface, as shown by flow cytometry, which subsequently enhanced internalization and plasmid transfer properties in vitro in Caco2 cells and Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells. In vivo, the use of nisA promoter increase the plasmid transfer in cells of both the small and large intestine of mice. Conclusion FnBPA expression at the surface of recombinant L. lactis is positively correlated to internalization and DNA transfer properties. The recombinant strains of L. lactis that expresses FnBPA under the control of the nisin inducible expression system could thus be considered as an improved tool in the field of DNA transfer.
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Liang ZZ, Sherrid AM, Wallecha A, Kollmann TR. Listeria monocytogenes: a promising vehicle for neonatal vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1036-46. [PMID: 24513715 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination as a medical intervention has proven capable of greatly reducing the suffering from childhood infectious disease. However, newborns and infants in particular are age groups for whom adequate vaccine-mediated protection is still largely lacking. With the challenges that the neonatal immune system faces and the required highest level of stringency for safety, designing vaccines for early life in general and the newborn in particular poses great difficulty. Nevertheless, recent advances in our understanding of neonatal immunity and its responses to vaccines and adjuvants suggest that neonatal vaccination is a task fully within reach. Among the most promising developments in neonatal vaccination is the use of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) as a delivery platform. In this review, we will outline key properties of Lm that make it such an ideal neonatal and early life vaccine vehicle, and also discuss potential constraints of Lm as a vaccine delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Z Liang
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Child and Family Research Institute; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Ashley M Sherrid
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Child and Family Research Institute; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | | | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Child and Family Research Institute; Vancouver, BC Canada
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12
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Rothman J, Paterson Y. Live-attenuatedListeria-based immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:493-504. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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ZHU JIE, ZHANG YUANYUAN, SHEN YUESHUANG, ZHOU HUANQIN, YU XIAOMEI. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides induce Toll-like receptor 2- and 4-mediated phenotypic and functional maturation of murine dendritic cells via activation of NF-κB. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1216-20. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Bae GS, Kim JJ, Park KC, Koo BS, Jo IJ, Choi SB, Lee CH, Jung WS, Cho JH, Hong SH, Song HJ, Shin YK, Park SJ. Piperine Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-induced Maturation of Bone-marrow-derived Dendritic Cells Through Inhibition of ERK and JNK Activation. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1893-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Sang Bae
- Hanbang Body-fluid Research Center; Wonkwang University; Iksan 540-749 Jeonbuk South Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Kim
- ChungBuk Technopark Bio Center; Jecheon ChungBuk 390-250 South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Chel Park
- Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 540-749 South Korea
| | - Bon Soon Koo
- Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 540-749 South Korea
| | - Il-Joo Jo
- Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 540-749 South Korea
| | - Sun Bok Choi
- Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 540-749 South Korea
| | - Chang Hyuk Lee
- ChungBuk Technopark Bio Center; Jecheon ChungBuk 390-250 South Korea
| | - Won-Seok Jung
- Jeollanamdo Development Institute for Korean Traditional Medicine; Jangheung Jeollanamdo 529-851 South Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Cho
- Jeollanamdo Development Institute for Korean Traditional Medicine; Jangheung Jeollanamdo 529-851 South Korea
| | - Seung-Heon Hong
- Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Department of Oriental Pharmacy; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 540-749 South Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Song
- Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 540-749 South Korea
| | - Yong Kook Shin
- ChungBuk Technopark Bio Center; Jecheon ChungBuk 390-250 South Korea
| | - Sung-Joo Park
- Hanbang Body-fluid Research Center; Wonkwang University; Iksan 540-749 Jeonbuk South Korea
- Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 540-749 South Korea
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15
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Horton RE, Morrison NA, Beacham IR, Peak IR. Interaction of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis with human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:607-614. [PMID: 22301613 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.038588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic in areas of South-East Asia and northern Australia, and is classed as a category B select agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Factors that determine whether host infection is achieved or if disease is chronic or acute are unknown but the type of host immune response that is mounted is important. B. pseudomallei can replicate within macrophages, causing them to multinucleate. In light of the common lineage of macrophages with dendritic cells (DCs), and the role played by DCs in orchestration of the immune response, we investigated the interactions of a variety of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis strains with DCs. This study demonstrates that, in the majority of cases, infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells is dramatically decreased or cleared by 12 h post-infection, showing a lack of ability to replicate and survive within DCs. Additionally we have shown that B. pseudomallei activates DCs, as measured by cytokine secretion, and live bacteria are not required for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Horton
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Nigel A Morrison
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ifor R Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ian R Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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16
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Guirnalda P, Wood L, Paterson Y. Listeria monocytogenes and its products as agents for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Immunol 2012; 113:81-118. [PMID: 22244580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394590-7.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the use of Listeria monocytogenes and its virulence factors as cancer immunotherapeutics. We describe their development as vectors to carry protein tumor antigen and eukaryotic DNA plasmids to antigen-presenting cells and efforts to harness their tumor-homing properties. We also describe their use as vectors of angiogenic molecules to induce an immune response that will destroy tumor vasculature. The background knowledge necessary to understand the biology behind the rationale to develop Listeria as a vaccine vector for tumor immunotherapy is included as well as a brief summary of the major therapies that have used this approach thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Guirnalda
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Torabi-Rahvar M, Bozorgmehr M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Zarnani AH. Potentiation strategies of dendritic cell-based antitumor vaccines: combinational therapy takes the front seat. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:733-40. [PMID: 21558016 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent attempts to take advantage of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines for cancer immunotherapy, the results of clinical studies have been disappointing. This is mainly as a result of the diverse immune escape mechanisms used by the tumor together with the insufficient ability of DCs to mount an effective immune response against these mechanisms. In this regard, several approaches have been devised to improve the efficacy of DC-based vaccines. However, the application of each individual approach per se might not be sufficient to overwhelm the diverse immune escape mechanisms. In this review, we focus on current strategies for the ex vivo potentiation of DC-based vaccines, with an emphasis on combinational therapy methods as a promising alternative for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Torabi-Rahvar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:171-84. [PMID: 20157338 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How can probiotic bacteria transduce their health benefits to the host? Bacterial cell surface macromolecules are key factors in this beneficial microorganism-host crosstalk, as they can interact with host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the gastrointestinal mucosa. In this Review, we highlight the documented signalling interactions of the surface molecules of probiotic bacteria (such as long surface appendages, polysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids) with PRRs. Research on host-probiotic interactions can benefit from well-documented host-microorganism studies that span the spectrum from pathogenicity to mutualism. Distinctions and parallels are therefore drawn with the interactions of similar molecules that are presented by gastrointestinal commensals and pathogens.
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19
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Noske N, Kämmerer U, Rohde M, Hammerschmidt S. Pneumococcal Interaction with Human Dendritic Cells: Phagocytosis, Survival, and Induced Adaptive Immune Response Are Manipulated by PavA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1952-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Impact of preexisting vector-specific immunity on vaccine potency: characterization of listeria monocytogenes-specific humoral and cellular immunity in humans and modeling studies using recombinant vaccines in mice. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3958-68. [PMID: 19528221 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01274-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes is currently being developed as a vaccine platform for treatment or prevention of malignant and infectious diseases. The effectiveness of complex biologic vaccines, such as recombinant viral and bacterial vectors, can be limited by either preexisting or vaccine-induced vector-specific immunity. We characterized the level of L. monocytogenes-specific cellular and humoral immunity present in more than 70 healthy adult subjects as a first step to understanding its possible impact on the efficacy of L. monocytogenes-based vaccines being evaluated in early-phase clinical trials. Significant L. monocytogenes-specific humoral immunity was not measured in humans, consistent with a lack of antibodies in mice immunized with wild-type L. monocytogenes. Cellular immune responses specific for listeriolysin O, a secreted bacterial protein required for potency of L. monocytogenes-derived vaccines, were detected in approximately 60% of human donors tested. In mice, while wild-type L. monocytogenes did not induce significant humoral immunity, attenuated L. monocytogenes vaccine strains induced high-titer L. monocytogenes-specific antibodies when given at high doses used for immunization. Passive transfer of L. monocytogenes-specific antiserum to naïve mice had no impact on priming antigen-specific immunity in mice immunized with a recombinant L. monocytogenes vaccine. In mice with preexisting L. monocytogenes-specific immunity, priming of naïve T cells was not prevented, and antigen-specific responses could be boosted by additional vaccinations. For the first time, our findings establish the level of L. monocytogenes-specific cellular immunity in healthy adults, and, together with modeling studies performed with mice, they support the scientific rationale for repeated L. monocytogenes vaccine immunization regimens to elicit a desired therapeutic effect.
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21
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Cerovic V, McDonald V, Nassar MA, Paulin SM, Macpherson GG, Milling SWF. New insights into the roles of dendritic cells in intestinal immunity and tolerance. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 272:33-105. [PMID: 19121816 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical key role in the initiation of immune responses to pathogens. Paradoxically, they also prevent potentially damaging immune responses being directed against the multitude of harmless antigens, to which the body is exposed daily. These roles are particularly important in the intestine, where only a single layer of epithelial cells provides a barrier against billions of commensal microorganisms, pathogens, and food antigens, over a huge surface area. In the intestine, therefore, DCs are required to perform their dual roles very efficiently to protect the body from the dual threats of invading pathogens and unwanted inflammatory reactions. In this review, we first describe the biology of DCs and their interactions with other cells types, paying particular attention to intestinal DCs. We, then, examine the ways in which this biology may become misdirected, resulting in inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, we discuss how DCs potentiate immune responses against viral, bacterial, parasitic infections, and their importance in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. We, therefore, provide an overview of the complex cellular interactions that affect intestinal DCs and control the balance between immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Cerovic
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Popov A, Driesen J, Abdullah Z, Wickenhauser C, Beyer M, Debey-Pascher S, Saric T, Kummer S, Takikawa O, Domann E, Chakraborty T, Krönke M, Utermöhlen O, Schultze JL. Infection of myeloid dendritic cells with Listeria monocytogenes leads to the suppression of T cell function by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4976-88. [PMID: 18802101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages play an important role in pathogen sensing and antimicrobial defense. In this study we provide evidence that myeloid DC respond to infection with Listeria monocytogenes with simultaneous induction of multiple stimulatory and inhibitory molecules. However, the overall impact of infected DC during T cell encounter results in suppression of T cell activation, indicating that inhibitory pathways functionally predominate. Inhibitory activity of infected DC is effected mainly by IL-10 and cyclooxygenase 2-mediated mechanisms, with soluble CD25 acting as an IL-2 scavenger as well as by the products of tryptophan catabolism. These inhibitory pathways are strictly TNF-dependent. In addition to direct infection, DC bearing this regulatory phenotype can be induced in vitro by a combination of signals including TNF, TLR2, and prostaglandin receptor ligation and by supernatants derived from the infected cells. Both infection-associated DC and other in vitro-induced regulatory DC are characterized by increased resistance to infection and enhanced bactericidal activity. Furthermore, myeloid DC expressing multiple regulatory molecules are identified in vivo in granuloma during listeriosis and tuberculosis. Based on the in vivo findings and the study of in vitro models, we propose that in granulomatous infections regulatory DC may possess dual function evolved to protect the host from disseminating infection via inhibition of granuloma destruction by T cells and control of pathogen spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Popov
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Skoberne M, Yewdall A, Bahjat KS, Godefroy E, Lauer P, Lemmens E, Liu W, Luckett W, Leong M, Dubensky TW, Brockstedt DG, Bhardwaj N. KBMA Listeria monocytogenes is an effective vector for DC-mediated induction of antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3990-4001. [PMID: 19033668 PMCID: PMC2579623 DOI: 10.1172/jci31350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine strategies that utilize human DCs to enhance antitumor immunity have yet to realize their full potential. Approaches that optimally target a spectrum of antigens to DCs are urgently needed. Here we report the development of a platform for loading DCs with antigen. It is based on killed but metabolically active (KBMA) recombinant Listeria monocytogenes and facilitates both antigen delivery and maturation of human DCs. Highly attenuated KBMA L. monocytogenes were engineered to express an epitope of the melanoma-associated antigen MelanA/Mart-1 that is recognized by human CD8+ T cells when presented by the MHC class I molecule HLA-A*0201. The engineered KBMA L. monocytogenes induced human DC upregulation of costimulatory molecules and secretion of pro-Th1 cytokines and type I interferons, leading to effective priming of Mart-1-specific human CD8+ T cells and lysis of patient-derived melanoma cells. KBMA L. monocytogenes expressing full-length NY-ESO-1 protein, another melanoma-associated antigen, delivered the antigen for presentation by MHC class I and class II molecules independent of the MHC haplotype of the DC donor. A mouse therapeutic tumor model was used to show that KBMA L. monocytogenes efficiently targeted APCs in vivo to induce protective antitumor responses. Together, our data demonstrate that KBMA L. monocytogenes may be a powerful platform that can both deliver recombinant antigen to DCs for presentation and provide a potent DC-maturation stimulus, making it a potential cancer vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Skoberne
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Alice Yewdall
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Keith S. Bahjat
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Godefroy
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Peter Lauer
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Edward Lemmens
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Weiqun Liu
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Will Luckett
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Meredith Leong
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Thomas W. Dubensky
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Dirk G. Brockstedt
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
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24
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Stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by beta interferon increases necrotic death of macrophages upon Listeria monocytogenes infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1649-56. [PMID: 18268032 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01251-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine macrophage death upon infection with Listeria monocytogenes was previously shown to be increased by beta interferon, produced by the infected cells. We saw that interferon-upregulated caspase activation or other interferon-inducible, death-associated proteins, including TRAIL, protein kinase R, and p53, were not necessary for cell death. Macrophage death was reduced when inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was inhibited during infection, and iNOS-deficient macrophages were less susceptible to death upon infection than wild-type cells. The production of nitric oxide correlated with increased death, while no role was seen for iNOS in control of Listeria numbers during infection of resting macrophages. This indicates that the induction of iNOS by beta interferon in cells infected with L. monocytogenes contributes to cell death. Based on morphology, the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, and a lack of dependence on caspase 1, we characterize the type of cell death occurring and show that infected macrophages die by interferon-upregulated necrosis.
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25
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Probing host pathogen cross-talk by transcriptional profiling of both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and infected human dendritic cells and macrophages. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1403. [PMID: 18167562 PMCID: PMC2151136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptional profiling using microarrays provides a unique opportunity to decipher host pathogen cross-talk on the global level. Here, for the first time, we have been able to investigate gene expression changes in both Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a major human pathogen, and its human host cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Methodology/Principal Findings In addition to common responses, we could identify eukaryotic and microbial transcriptional signatures that are specific to the cell type involved in the infection process. In particular M. tuberculosis shows a marked stress response when inside dendritic cells, which is in accordance with the low permissivity of these specialized phagocytes to the tubercle bacillus and to other pathogens. In contrast, the mycobacterial transcriptome inside macrophages reflects that of replicating bacteria. On the host cell side, differential responses to infection in macrophages and dendritic cells were identified in genes involved in oxidative stress, intracellular vesicle trafficking and phagosome acidification. Conclusions/Significance This study provides the proof of principle that probing the host and the microbe transcriptomes simultaneously is a valuable means to accessing unique information on host pathogen interactions. Our results also underline the extraordinary plasticity of host cell and pathogen responses to infection, and provide a solid framework to further understand the complex mechanisms involved in immunity to M. tuberculosis and in mycobacterial adaptation to different intracellular environments.
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26
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Denis M, Buddle BM. Bovine dendritic cells are more permissive for Mycobacterium bovis
replication than macrophages, but release more IL-12 and induce better immune T-cell proliferation. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 86:185-91. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Denis
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Grasslands; New Zealand
| | - Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Grasslands; New Zealand
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27
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Expression, processing and transcriptional regulation of granulysin in short-term activated human lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2007; 8:9. [PMID: 17596262 PMCID: PMC1914365 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulysin, a cytotoxic protein expressed in human natural killer cells and activated T lymphocytes, exhibits cytolytic activity against a variety of intracellular microbes. Expression and transcription have been partially characterised in vitro and four transcripts (NKG5, 519, 520, and 522) were identified. However, only a single protein product of 15 kDa was found, which is subsequently processed to an active 9 kDa protein. Results In this study we investigated generation of granulysin in lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and antigen (Listeria) specific T-cells. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed NKG5 to be the most prominent transcript. It was found to be up-regulated in a time-dependent manner in LAK cells and antigen specific T-cells and their subsets. Two isoforms of 519 mRNA were up-regulated under IL-2 and antigen stimulation. Moreover, two novel transcripts, without any known function, comprising solely parts of the 5 prime region of the primary transcript, were detected. A significant increase of granulysin expressing LAK cells as well as antigen specific T-cells was shown by fluorescence microscopy. On the subset level, increase in CD4+ granulysin expressing cells was found only under antigen stimulation. Immunoblotting showed the 15 kDa form of granulysin to be present in the first week of stimulation either with IL-2 or with bacterial antigen. Substantial processing to the 9 kDa form was detected during the first week in LAK cells and in the second week in antigen specific T-cells. Conclusion This first comprehensive study of granulysin gene regulation in primary cultured human lymphocytes shows that the regulation of granulysin synthesis in response to IL-2 or bacterial antigen stimulation occurs at several levels: RNA expression, extensive alternative splicing and posttranslational processing.
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28
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Lee JS, Kim SG, Kim HK, Lee TH, Jeong YI, Lee CM, Yoon MS, Na YJ, Suh DS, Park NC, Choi IH, Kim GY, Choi YH, Chung HY, Park YM. Silibinin polarizes Th1/Th2 immune responses through the inhibition of immunostimulatory function of dendritic cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:385-97. [PMID: 17058260 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin is the primary active compound in silymarin. It has been demonstrated to exert anti-carcinogenic effects and hepato-protective effects. However, the effects of silibinin on the maturation and immunostimulatory activities exhibited by dendritic cells (DCs) remain, for the most part, unknown. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether silibinin can influence surface molecule expression, dextran uptake, cytokine production, capacity to induce T-cell differentiation, and the signaling pathways underlying these phenomena in murine bone marrow-derived DCs. Silibinin was shown to significantly suppress the expression of CD80, CD86, MHC class I, and MHC class II in the DCs, and was also associated with impairments of LPS-induced IL-12 expression in the DCs. Silibinin-treated DCs proved highly efficient with regard to Ag capture via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Silibinin also inhibited the LPS-induced activation of MAPKs and the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit. Additionally, silibinin-treated DCs evidenced an impaired induction of Th1 response, and a normal cell-mediated immune response. These findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological functions of silibinin, especially with regard to their impact on the DCs. These findings expand our current understanding of the immunopharmacological functions of silibinin, and may prove useful in the development of therapeutic adjuvants for acute and chronic DC-associated diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/drug effects
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Endocytosis/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunosuppression Therapy/methods
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/drug effects
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Male
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/drug effects
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Silybin
- Silymarin/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Transcription Factor RelA/drug effects
- Transcription Factor RelA/immunology
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sik Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Popov A, Abdullah Z, Wickenhauser C, Saric T, Driesen J, Hanisch FG, Domann E, Raven EL, Dehus O, Hermann C, Eggle D, Debey S, Chakraborty T, Krönke M, Utermöhlen O, Schultze JL. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing dendritic cells form suppurative granulomas following Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:3160-70. [PMID: 17111046 PMCID: PMC1636691 DOI: 10.1172/jci28996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of pathogens by formation of abscesses and granulomas is a major strategy of the innate immune system, especially when effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity are insufficient. We show in human listeriosis that DCs expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), together with macrophages, are major cellular components of suppurative granulomas in vivo. Induction of IDO by DCs is a cell-autonomous response to Listeria monocytogenes infection and was also observed in other granulomatous infections with intracellular bacteria, such as Bartonella henselae. Reporting on our use of the clinically applied anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab, we further demonstrate in vitro that IDO induction is TNF-alpha dependent. Repression of IDO therefore might result in exacerbation of granulomatous diseases observed during anti-TNF-alpha therapy. These findings place IDO(+) DCs not only at the intersection of innate and adaptive immunity but also at the forefront of bacterial containment in granulomatous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Popov
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tomo Saric
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Driesen
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eugen Domann
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Emma Lloyd Raven
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Oliver Dehus
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Corinna Hermann
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniela Eggle
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Svenja Debey
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Krönke
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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30
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Ben Nasr A, Haithcoat J, Masterson JE, Gunn JS, Eaves-Pyles T, Klimpel GR. Critical role for serum opsonins and complement receptors CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) in phagocytosis of Francisella tularensis by human dendritic cells (DC): uptake of Francisella leads to activation of immature DC and intracellular survival of the bacteria. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:774-86. [PMID: 16857732 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1205755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is one of the most infectious human pathogens known. Although much has been learned about the immune response of mice using an attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS) derived from F. tularensis subspecies holarctica (Type B), little is known about the responses of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (DC). Here, we show that optimal phagocytosis of LVS by DC is dependent on serum opsonization. We demonstrate that complement factor C3-derived opsonins and the major complement receptors expressed by DC, the integrins CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18), play a critical role in this adhesion-mediated phagocytosis. LVS induced proinflammatory cytokine production and up-regulation of costimulatory surface proteins (CD40, CD86, and MHC Class II) on DC but resisted killing. Once taken up, LVS grew intracellularly, resulting in DC death. DC maturation and cytokine production were induced by direct contact/phagocytosis of LVS or interaction with soluble products of the bacteria, and enhanced activation was seen when LVS was pretreated with serum. Sonicated LVS and supernatants from LVS cultures were potent activators of DC, but LVS LPS failed to activate DC maturation or cytokine production. Serum-treated LVS rapidly induced (within 6 h) a number of cytokines including IL-10, a potent suppressor of macrophage functions and down-regulator of Th1-like responses and the Th1 response inducer IL-12. These results suggest that the simultaneous production of an activating (IL-12, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha) and a suppressing (IL-10) cytokine profile could contribute to the immunopathogenesis of tularemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Ben Nasr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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31
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Yoon MS, Lee JS, Choi BM, Jeong YI, Lee CM, Park JH, Moon Y, Sung SC, Lee SK, Chang YH, Chung HY, Park YM. Apigenin Inhibits Immunostimulatory Function of Dendritic Cells: Implication of Immunotherapeutic Adjuvant. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1033-44. [PMID: 16782805 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.024547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, one of the most common flavonoids, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and free radical-scavenging properties. However, the influence of apigenin on the immunostimulatory effects and maturation of dendritic cells (DC) remains, for the most part, unknown. In this study, we have attempted to ascertain whether apigenin influences the expression of surface molecules, dextran uptake, cytokine production, and T-cell differentiation as well as the signaling pathways underlying these phenomena in murine bone marrow-derived DC. In the presence of apigenin, CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules, expressions on DC were significantly suppressed, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin (IL)-12 expression was impaired. The DC proved highly efficient at antigen capture, as evidenced by the observation of mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis in the presence of apigenin. The LPS-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, the nuclear translocation of its nuclear factor-kappaB p65 subunit, and the induction of the T-helper 1 response were all impaired in the presence of apigenin, whereas the cell-mediated immune response remained normal. These findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological functions of apigenin and its effects on DC, and they may also prove useful in the development of adjuvant therapies for individuals suffering from acute or chronic DC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Soo Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
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32
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Paschen A, Song M, Schenk S, Janda J, Nguyen XD, Osen W, Schadendorf D, Geginat G. Identification of a cross-reactive HLA-DRB1*0301-restricted CD4 T cell response directed against cholesterol-binding cytolysins from two different pathogens. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2034-43. [PMID: 16798043 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol-binding cytolysins constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of pore-forming proteins expressed by different gram-positive pathogens. Listeriolysin O, one well-characterized member of the cytolysin family, is also known to induce specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses upon infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes. Here we describe an HLA-DRB1*0301-restricted listeriolysin O-derived T cell epitope that is conserved among several members of the cytolysin family. An HLA-DRB1*0301-restricted CD4+ T cell line, established from spleen lymphocytes of L. monocytogenes-infected HLA-DRB1*0301-transgenic mice, cross-reacted with a homologous peptide from perfringolysin O, a cytolysin expressed by Clostridium perfringens. Ex vivo analysis of infected mice revealed an even broader cross-reaction of T cells with homologous peptides derived from perfringolysin O, streptolysin O, and cereolysin O. Interestingly, a cross-reactive memory CD4+ T cell response against the homologous peptides derived from listeriolysin O and perfringolysin O could also be detected in the blood from healthy HLA-DRB1*0301+ human donors. Remarkably, this response was even present in donors who did not exhibit a memory T cell reactivity against a second, non-conserved HLA-DRB1*0301-restricted LLO-derived CD4 T cell epitope, suggesting that cytolysin-producing bacteria other than L. monocytogenes can stimulate a cross-reactive cytolysin-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Paschen
- Skin Cancer Unit of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Faculty for Clinical Medicine Mannheim of the University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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33
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Ulett GC, Adderson EE. Regulation of Apoptosis by Gram-Positive Bacteria: Mechanistic Diversity and Consequences for Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:119-141. [PMID: 19081777 DOI: 10.2174/157339506776843033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is an important physiological mechanism, through which the human immune system regulates homeostasis and responds to diverse forms of cellular damage. PCD may also be involved in immune counteraction to microbial infection. Over the past decade, the amount of research on bacteria-induced PCD has grown tremendously, and the implications of this mechanism on immunity are being elucidated. Some pathogenic bacteria actively trigger the suicide response in critical lineages of leukocytes that orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune responses; other bacteria proactively prevent PCD to benefit their own survival and persistence. Currently, the microbial virulence factors, which represent the keys to unlocking the suicide response in host cells, are a primary focus of this field. In this review, we discuss these bacterial "apoptosis regulatory molecules" and the apoptotic events they either trigger or prevent, the host target cells of this regulatory activity, and the possible ramifications for immunity to infection. Gram-positive pathogens including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, and Clostridia species are discussed as important agents of human infection that modulate PCD pathways in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Ulett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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34
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Skoberne M, Somersan S, Almodovar W, Truong T, Petrova K, Henson PM, Bhardwaj N. The apoptotic-cell receptor CR3, but not alphavbeta5, is a regulator of human dendritic-cell immunostimulatory function. Blood 2006; 108:947-55. [PMID: 16614246 PMCID: PMC1895855 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-12-4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) that capture apoptotic cells (ACs) in the steady state mediate peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. ACs are recognized by an array of receptors on DCs, the redundancy of which is not completely defined. We made use of an AC surrogate system to address the individual roles of the alphavbeta5 and complement receptors (CRs) in the phagocytosis and induction of immunity. CR3 and CR4, while substantially less efficient than alphavbeta5 in internalizing ACs, initiate signals that render DCs tolerogenic. Responding T cells show impaired proliferation and IFNgamma production and subsequently die by apoptosis. While tolerogenic DCs are not induced via alphavbeta5, coligation of CR3 and alphavbeta5 maintains the DC's tolerogenic profile. This immunomodulatory role, however, is countered by a significant inflammatory stimulus such as bacterial infection. Overall, our data suggest that under steady-state conditions, signaling via CRs predominates to render DCs tolerogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Skoberne
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, MSB 507, New York, NY 10016, USA
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35
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Jiang-Shieh YF, Yeh KY, Wei IH, Chang CY, Chien HF, Tsai RY, Chang ML, Lee AW, Pai MH, Wu CH. Responses of microglia in vitro to the gram-positive bacterial component, lipoteichoic acid. J Neurosci Res 2006; 82:515-24. [PMID: 16237723 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An increase in incidence and severity of gram-positive infections has emerged in the past decade. In this regard, attention has been focused recently on immune responses of microglial cells in the central nervous system to gram-positive bacteria. The underlying immunological and cellular events in microglial activation induced by specific bacterial toxin of gram-positive bacteria, however, have not yet been clarified fully. This study reports that a simple cell wall product, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), derived from gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) could trigger microglial activation in vitro. Microglia challenged with LTA showed intense ruffling of plasma membrane in the form of lamellipodia or rounded up forming cell aggregates. MTT assay and Western blot analysis with anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody showed a significant microglial proliferation that may be induced at the later phases of LTA treatment with low doses but at the early period with a high dose. Concentrated LTA also caused apoptotic death of cultured microglia showing fragmented nuclei and increased expression of annexin V or caspase 3. In response to LTA, isolated microglia increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen. Microglial LTA receptors such as CD14 molecule, complement receptor type 3, and macrophage scavenger receptor were upregulated concurrently. In conclusion, staphylococcal LTA can exert an immunomodulatory effect on microglial morphology, cell cycle, and immunomolecules, including its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Jiang-Shieh
- Department of Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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36
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Schoen C, Kolb-Mäurer A, Geginat G, Löffler D, Bergmann B, Stritzker J, Szalay AA, Pilgrim S, Goebel W. Bacterial delivery of functional messenger RNA to mammalian cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 7:709-24. [PMID: 15839900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The limited access to the nuclear compartment may constitute one of the major barriers after bacteria-mediated expression plasmid DNA delivery to eukaryotic cells. Alternatively, a self-destructing Listeria monocytogenes strain was used to release translation-competent mRNA directly into the cytosol of epithelial cells, macrophages and human dendritic cells. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-encoding mRNA, adapted for translation in mammalian cells by linking an IRES element to the 5'-end of the egfp coding sequence, was produced by T7 RNA polymerase in the carrier bacteria upon entry into the cytosol where the mRNA is efficiently released from the lysed bacteria and immediately translated in eukaryotic host cells. Besides the much earlier expression of EGFP being detectable already 4 h after infection, the number of EGFP expressing mammalian cells obtained with this novel RNA delivery technique is comparable to or - especially in phagocytic cells - even higher than that obtained with the expression plasmid DNA delivery strategy. Accordingly, bacteria-mediated delivery of ovalbumin-encoding mRNA to macrophages resulted in efficient antigen processing and presentation in vitro indicating that this approach may also be adapted for the in vivo delivery of antigen-encoding mRNA leading to a more efficient immune response when applied to vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schoen
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
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37
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Stevens R, Lavoy A, Nordone S, Burkhard M, Dean GA. Pre-existing immunity to pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes does not prevent induction of immune responses to feline immunodeficiency virus by a novel recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine. Vaccine 2005; 23:1479-90. [PMID: 15670884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an attractive biologic vaccine vector against HIV because it induces a strong cell mediated immune response, can be delivered by mucosal routes, can be readily manipulated to express viral antigens, and is easy and inexpensive to produce. Proof of concept studies have been performed using HIV Gag expressing recombinant L. monocytogenes in the mouse. Here we report the development and validation of recombinant L. monocytogenes to be evaluated in the FIV/cat model of HIV. Using a simplified approach to introduce individual and polyprotein FIV gag genes, we show that recombinant L. monocytogenes containing the entire gag expresses the full-length Gag polyprotein in a soluble secreted form. A DNA vaccine plasmid (pND14-Lc-env) that replicates in Gram positive bacteria and contains the FIV SU (gp100) and the ectodomain of TM (gp40) in a eukaryotic expression cassette was transfected into LM-gag to create LM-gag/pND14-Lc-env. After infection of target cells with LM-gag/pND14-Lc-env in vitro, both FIV Gag and Env proteins were detected in soluble cell lysates. Whether previous exposure to L. monocytogenes affects the immunogenicity of LM-gag/pND14-Lc-env was determined in cats infected with wild-type L. monocytogenes orally and/or subcutaneously. After a single oral dose of LM-gag/pND14-Lc-env, cats with existing anti-L. monocytogenes immune responses developed anti-FIV Gag IgA titers in vaginal secretions, saliva, and feces. Similarly, FIV Gag and Env specific IFN-gamma ELISPOT responses were measurable in spleen and lymph node but at a statistically higher frequency in cats exposed to a single subcutaneous dose of wild-type L. monocytogenes versus cats exposed both subcutaneously and orally. The FIV/cat model will provide a useful challenge system to determine whether recombinant L. monocytogenes can protect against a lentivirus in its natural host after challenge by the routes common to HIV transmission.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cats
- Disease Models, Animal
- Feces
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Female
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/analysis
- Listeria monocytogenes/genetics
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Saliva/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vagina/immunology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Stevens
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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38
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Brockstedt DG, Bahjat KS, Giedlin MA, Liu W, Leong M, Luckett W, Gao Y, Schnupf P, Kapadia D, Castro G, Lim JYH, Sampson-Johannes A, Herskovits AA, Stassinopoulos A, Bouwer HGA, Hearst JE, Portnoy DA, Cook DN, Dubensky TW. Killed but metabolically active microbes: a new vaccine paradigm for eliciting effector T-cell responses and protective immunity. Nat Med 2005; 11:853-60. [PMID: 16041382 DOI: 10.1038/nm1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new class of vaccines, based on killed but metabolically active (KBMA) bacteria, that simultaneously takes advantage of the potency of live vaccines and the safety of killed vaccines. We removed genes required for nucleotide excision repair (uvrAB), rendering microbial-based vaccines exquisitely sensitive to photochemical inactivation with psoralen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light. Colony formation of the nucleotide excision repair mutants was blocked by infrequent, randomly distributed psoralen crosslinks, but the bacterial population was able to express its genes, synthesize and secrete proteins. Using the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes as a model platform, recombinant psoralen-inactivated Lm DeltauvrAB vaccines induced potent CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses and protected mice against virus challenge in an infectious disease model and provided therapeutic benefit in a mouse cancer model. Microbial KBMA vaccines used either as a recombinant vaccine platform or as a modified form of the pathogen itself may have broad use for the treatment of infectious disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Brockstedt
- Cerus Corporation, 2411 Stanwell Drive, Concord, California 94520, USA
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Kim GY, Han MG, Song YS, Shin BC, Shin YI, Lee HJ, Moon DO, Lee CM, Kwak JY, Bae YS, Lee JD, Park YM. Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus induces toll-like receptors 2- and 4-mediated maturation of murine dendritic cells via activation of ERK, p38, and NF-kappaB. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 27:1656-62. [PMID: 15467214 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom polysaccharides are increasingly being utilized to treat a wide variety of diseases. Phellinus linteus proteoglycan (PL) has been reported to have anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties. However, the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether PL induces the phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) and the possibility that Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are known to be involved in immune-related responses, may be the receptor(s) of PL. The expression of surface molecules, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86, increased on DC that were stimulated in a dose-dependent manner with PL, in comparison with unstimulated DC. Furthermore, PL increases the production of IL-12 by DC, as well as the IL-2 secretion and proliferation of allogeneic T cells. In addition, the activities of PL on DC were significantly reduced by treating the cells with anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 antibody (Ab) prior to PL, suggesting that both of them are possible receptors of PL. Also, maturation of DC by PL was able to directly activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as ERK1/2 and p38, and the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB p65. Also, the pretreatment of DC with inhibitors of NF-kappaB p65, and ERK and p38 MAPK signal pathways inhibited PL-induced up-regulation of surface molecules, such as MHC class II and CD86, and IL-12 production. Our results demonstrated that PL stimulation could induce the phenotypic and functional maturation of DC via TLR2 and/or TLR4 mediated-NF-kappaB, ERK and p38 MAPK signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Young Kim
- Deparmtment of Microbiology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, South Korea
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Saikh KU, Kissner TL, Sultana A, Ruthel G, Ulrich RG. Human monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis express cell surface TLR9 and differentiate into dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:7426-34. [PMID: 15585868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
TLR9 recognizes DNA sequences containing hypomethylated CpG motifs and is a component of the innate immune system highly conserved during eukaryotic evolution. Previous reports suggested that the expression of TLR9 is restricted to plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B lymphocytes. Our results indicate that low levels of TLR9 are present on the cell surface of freshly isolated human monocytes, and expression is greatly increased by infection with Yersinia pestis. Enhanced cell surface TLR9 coincided with elevated levels of cytoplasmic TLR9 and recruitment of MyD88. Infected monocytes differentiated into mature dendritic cells, expressed IFN-alpha, and stimulated proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses specific to Y. pestis. Furthermore, uninfected B cells and monocytes both increased cell surface TLR9, CD86, and HLA-DR in response to treatment with CpG-containing oligonucleotides, whereas cell surface TLR9 was down-modulated on infected dendritic cells by the addition of agonist oligonucleotide. Our results suggest that increased expression of TLR9 on the surface of infected cells may serve a role as an activation signal to other cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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41
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Eppler E, Walch M, Latinovic-Golic S, Dumrese C, Filgueira L, Groscurth P. Human dendritic cells process and present Listeria antigens for in vitro priming of autologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 123:169-78. [PMID: 15812647 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of human dendritic cells (DC) in the immune response toward intracellularly growing Listeria was analyzed under in vitro conditions using several morphological and functional methods. DC incubated with Listeria innocua and L. monocytogenes, respectively, readily phagocytosed the bacteria. Listeria did not impair viability and immunogenic potential of human DC. Listerial antigens were found to be processed within the lysosomal compartment of DC and colocalized with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, as shown by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. DC challenged with apathogenic L. innocua were highly effective in priming autologous naive T cells (mainly CD4+) in vitro. The T cells strongly proliferated in the presence of DC incubated with L. innocua, which could be significantly inhibited by anti-MHC II mAb. L. innocua-primed T cells were also successfully stimulated by DC harboring the pathogenic L. monocytogenes, either the wild-type strain EGD or the p60 reduced mutant strain RIII. From our results, we conclude that human DC infected with nonpathogenic intracellular bacteria are able to efficiently prime naive T cells, which are then suitable for recognition of antigens derived from related virulent bacterial species. This in vitro human model provides an interesting tool for basic research in infectious immunology and possibly for a new immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Eppler
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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42
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Stier EM, Mandal M, Lee KD. Differential Cytosolic Delivery and Presentation of Antigen by Listeriolysin O-Liposomes to Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Mol Pharm 2004; 2:74-82. [PMID: 15804180 DOI: 10.1021/mp049896v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of antigenic protein to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages (MPhi) and dendritic cells (DCs), is required for an efficient CD8 T-cell-mediated immune response. We have previously shown that co-encapsulation of antigenic protein inside pH-sensitive liposomes with listeriolysin O (LLO), a pore-forming protein of Listeria monocytogenes, generates efficient major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I)-restricted immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we sought to analyze the relative efficiency of LLO-mediated cytosolic delivery of liposomal antigen in two important APCs, macrophages and dendritic cells, by examining the sequential steps involved in antigen presentation to T-cells in cultured mouse bone marrow-derived MPhis (BMMPhis) and DCs (BMDCs). BMMPhis overall presented liposomal antigen better than BMDCs at a given concentration of liposomal antigen incubated with cells, and the trend was also observed after the presentation was normalized by the uptake of antigen. When soluble antigen was directly introduced into the cytosol, however, BMDCs presented the antigen more efficiently than BMMPhis. In addition, when the APCs were externally loaded with the antigenic peptide of the protein, BMDCs displayed a higher level of cell surface MHC I-peptide complexes and presented the peptide more efficiently than BMMPhis. These results combined together suggest that LLO-mediated release of liposomal antigen from the endosomal/lysosomal compartment may be more pronounced in BMMPhis than in BMDCs, and further implicates differential activity of LLO and varying efficiency of LLO-mediated endosomal escape in different antigen-presenting cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Stier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Kim GY, Kim JH, Ahn SC, Lee HJ, Moon DO, Lee CM, Park YM. Lycopene suppresses the lipopolysaccharide-induced phenotypic and functional maturation of murine dendritic cells through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappaB. Immunology 2004; 113:203-11. [PMID: 15379981 PMCID: PMC1782570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent of antigen-presenting cells. The most important function of DC is to initiate the immune response by presenting antigens to naïve T lymphocytes. Currently, little is known about the basic action of lycopene in murine bone marrow (BM)-derived DC. In the present study, we have revealed that lycopene significantly attenuates the phenotypic and functional maturation of murine BM-DC, especially in lipopolysaccharide-induced DC maturation. We found that lycopene down-regulates the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and major histocompatibility complex type II molecules. We also determined that lycopene-treated DC were poor stimulators of naïve allogeneic T-cell proliferation and induced lower levels of interleukin-2 in responding T cells. They also exhibited impaired interleukin-12 production. Additionally, lycopene was able to inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, and the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB. Assessment of the in vivo effects of lycopene may reveal an inability to induce a normal cell-mediated immune response, despite the ability of the cells to migrate to the spleen. This data provides new insight into the immunopharmacology of lycopene and suggests a novel approach to the manipulation of DC for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan, South Korea
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Brockstedt DG, Giedlin MA, Leong ML, Bahjat KS, Gao Y, Luckett W, Liu W, Cook DN, Portnoy DA, Dubensky TW. Listeria-based cancer vaccines that segregate immunogenicity from toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:13832-7. [PMID: 15365184 PMCID: PMC518841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406035101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is being developed as a cancer vaccine platform because of its ability to induce potent innate and adaptive immunity. For successful clinical application, it is essential to develop a Listeria platform strain that is safe yet retains the potency of vaccines based on wild-type bacteria. Here, we report the development of a recombinant live-attenuated vaccine platform strain that retains the potency of the fully virulent pathogen, combined with a >1,000-fold reduction in toxicity, as compared with wild-type Listeria. By selectively deleting two virulence factors, ActA (DeltaactA) and Internalin B (DeltainlB), the immunopotency of Listeria was maintained and its toxicity was diminished in vivo, largely by blocking the direct internalin B-mediated infection of nonphagocytic cells, such as hepatocytes, and the indirect ActA-mediated infection by cell-to-cell spread from adjacent phagocytic cells. In contrast, infection of phagocytic cells was not affected, leaving intact the ability of Listeria to stimulate innate immunity and to induce antigenspecific cellular responses. Listeria DeltaactA/DeltainlB-based vaccines were rapidly cleared from mice after immunization and induced potent and durable effector and memory T-cell responses with no measurable liver toxicity. Therapeutic vaccination of BALB/c mice bearing murine CT26 colon tumor lung metastases or palpable s.c. tumors (>100 mm(3)) with recombinant Listeria DeltaactA/DeltainlB expressing an endogenous tumor antigen resulted in breaking of self-tolerance and long-term survival. We propose that recombinant Listeria DeltaactA/DeltainlB expressing human tumor-associated antigens represents an attractive therapeutic strategy for further development and testing in human clinical trials.
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Stevens R, Howard KE, Nordone S, Burkhard M, Dean GA. Oral immunization with recombinant listeria monocytogenes controls virus load after vaginal challenge with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2004; 78:8210-8. [PMID: 15254192 PMCID: PMC446143 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.15.8210-8218.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes has many attractive characteristics as a vaccine vector against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Wild-type and attenuated Listeria strains expressing HIV Gag have been shown to induce long-lived mucosal and systemic T-cell responses in mice. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model of HIV we evaluated recombinant L. monocytogenes in a challenge system. Five cats were immunized with recombinant L. monocytogenes that expresses the FIV Gag and delivers an FIV Env-expressing DNA vaccine (LMgag/pND14-Lc-env). Control cats were either sham immunized or immunized with wild-type L. monocytogenes (LM-wt). At 1 year after vaginal challenge, provirus could not be detected in any of the nine tissues evaluated from cats immunized with the recombinant bacteria but was detected in at least one tissue in 8 of 10 control animals. Virus was isolated from bone marrow of four of five LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized cats by use of a stringent coculture system but required CD8(+) T-cell depletion, indicating CD8(+) T-cell suppression of virus replication. Control animals had an inverted CD4:CD8 ratio in mesenteric lymph node and were depleted of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) intestinal epithelial T cells, while LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized animals showed no such abnormalities. Vaginal FIV-specific immunoglobulin A was present at high titer in three LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized cats before challenge and in all five at 1 year postchallenge. This study demonstrates that recombinant L. monocytogenes conferred some control of viral load after vaginal challenge with FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Ahn SC, Kim GY, Kim JH, Baik SW, Han MK, Lee HJ, Moon DO, Lee CM, Kang JH, Kim BH, Oh YH, Park YM. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, constituent of green tea, suppresses the LPS-induced phenotypic and functional maturation of murine dendritic cells through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:148-55. [PMID: 14672711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on dendritic cells (DC) maturation were investigated. EGCG, in a dose-dependent manner, profoundly inhibited CD80, CD86, and MHC class I and II expression on bone marrow-derived murine myeloid DC. EGCG restored the decreased dextran-FITC uptake and inhibited enhanced IL-12 production by LPS-treated DC. EGCG-treated DC were poor stimulators of nai;ve allogeneic T-cell proliferation and reduced levels of IL-2 production in responding T cells. EGCG-pretreated DC inhibited LPS-induced MAPKs, such as ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and NF-kappaB p65 translocation. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms by which EGCG antagonized LPS-induced DC maturation appeared to involve the inhibition of MAPK and NF-kappaB activation. These novel findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of EGCG and suggest a novel approach to the manipulation of DC for therapeutic application of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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Kolb-Mäurer A, Kurzai O, Goebel W, Frosch M. The role of human dendritic cells in meningococcal and listerial meningitis. Int J Med Microbiol 2003; 293:241-9. [PMID: 14503789 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Few bacteria are capable of causing infections of the central nervous system (CNS), one of the most subtly shielded anatomical structures within the human body. Neisseria meningitidis is an important cause of bacterial meningitis and commonly affects otherwise healthy infants and adolescents. In contrast, Listeria monocytogenes is a cause of septicaemia and meningitis in neonates and immunocompromised adults. Dendritic cells (DCs) provide the physical link between the innate and adaptive immune system and play a crucial role in host defence against invading bacterial pathogens. The mechanisms of interaction of L. monocytogenes and N. meningitidis with DCs are entirely distinct. Whereas L. monocytogenes is readily phagocytosed by DCs by a serum-dependent mechanism, N. meningitidis is largely protected against phagocytotic uptake by its polysaccharide capsule. In addition, the pattern of secreted cytokines induced by L. monocytogenes is dominated by interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18, capable of initiating a Th-1 response, whereas N. meningitidis induces high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we propose distinct functions of DCs in both types of bacterial meningitis.
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Pilgrim S, Stritzker J, Schoen C, Kolb-Mäurer A, Geginat G, Loessner MJ, Gentschev I, Goebel W. Bactofection of mammalian cells by Listeria monocytogenes: improvement and mechanism of DNA delivery. Gene Ther 2003; 10:2036-45. [PMID: 14566363 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-mediated transfer of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells (bactofection) is a potent approach to express plasmid-encoded heterologous proteins (protein antigens, toxins or enzymes) in a large set of different cell types including phagocytic and nonphagocytic mammalian cells. Previously, we have described a Listeria monocytogenes-mediated DNA delivery system, which releases plasmid DNA directly into the cytosol of mammalian cells by partial self-destruction of the carrier bacteria. Here we report on a second generation of this phage lysin supported bactofection system, which is greatly improved with respect to plasmid stability, transfer efficacy and biosafety. In this case, DNA release is initiated by spontaneous bacterial lysis in the infected cells cytosol which is subsequently enhanced by the simultaneously released phage lysin produced by the intracellular carrier bacteria. Bacteria that are capable of cell-to-cell spread are found to be much more efficient in bactofection than their non spreading counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pilgrim
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut der Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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Hope JC, Whelan AO, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier M, Howard CJ. Maturation of bovine dendritic cells by lipopeptides. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 95:21-31. [PMID: 12969633 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The response of DC, and the subsequent stimulation of T cells, is an essential part of the initiation of immune responses following microbial challenge. The response of human DC to bacterial lipopeptides is mediated by toll-like receptor 2, and is characterised by DC maturation and the enhanced capacity to stimulate of T cells. We report here that bovine DC are also induced to mature following lipopeptide stimulation. Exposure of DC to the model lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 was associated with increased expression of MHC, costimulatory molecules, and enhanced secretion of IL-12 and TNFalpha. Lipopeptide-matured DC were superior in their ability to induce T cell activation and IFNgamma secretion. In contrast, exposure of MPhi to lipopeptides induced down-regulation of MHC expression and much lower increases in IL-12 secretion. A lipopeptide derived from the sequence of a relevant mycobacterial lipoprotein, MPB83, also influenced bovine DC by stimulating increases in IL-12 and TNFalpha secretion. These different changes in bovine DC and MPhi may have important implications for immune responses induced following bacterial infection with uptake of microbes by DC resulting in potentiation of their immunostimulatory capacity and uptake by MPhi having a much less marked effect on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne C Hope
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.
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50
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Kolb-Mäurer A, Goebel W. Susceptibility of hematopoietic stem cells to pathogens: role in virus/bacteria tropism and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 226:203-7. [PMID: 14553912 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated in the bone marrow and differentiate into erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, megacaryocytes, and lymphocytes. HSCs may be manipulated under different conditions. Advances in cell biology result in a better understanding of the relationship between viruses/bacteria and hematopoietic cells. Microbial infections can lead to profound disturbance of hematopoiesis. Infection may augment the production of cytokines, with proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells. Alternatively, infection may lead to destruction of progenitor cells. This results in defective hematopoiesis in certain infections. Since circulating CD34+ cells represent a distinct progenitor pool responsible for seeding extramedullary sites of hematopoiesis, infected peripheral blood-derived CD34+ progenitor cells may serve to disseminate pathogens into diverse anatomic sites. Therefore, progenitor cell infection may additionally effect long-term functional consequences within extramedullary sites of lymphopoiesis. A variety of viruses have been reported to target HSCs, whereas quiescent human HSCs are fully resistant to infection by different bacteria. For susceptibility of HSCs to infectious agents pathogen-receptor interaction plays an important role in virus/bacteria tropism and pathogenesis.
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