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Mitesser V, Simantov K, Dzikowski R. Time to switch gears: how long noncoding RNAs function as epigenetic regulators in Apicomplexan parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 79:102484. [PMID: 38688159 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are emerging as important regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes. In recent years, a large repertoire of lncRNA were discovered in Apicomplexan parasites and were implicated in several mechanisms of gene expression, including marking genes for activation, contributing to the formation of subnuclear compartments and organization, regulating the deposition of epigenetic modifications, influencing chromatin and chromosomal structure and manipulating host gene expression. Here, we aim to update recent knowledge on the role of lncRNAs as regulators in Apicomplexan parasites and highlight the possible molecular mechanisms by which they function. We hope that some of the hypotheses raised here will contribute to further investigation and lead to new mechanistic insight and better understanding of the role of lncRNA in parasite's biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mitesser
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Karina Simantov
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ron Dzikowski
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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2
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Jia LS, Liu Z, Zhu SH, Zhao QP, Han HY, Zhao HZ, Yu Y, Dong H. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of chicken DF-1 cells infected with Eimeria tenella, using tandem mass tag (TMT) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry. Parasite 2024; 31:23. [PMID: 38759153 PMCID: PMC11101204 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite which causes great harm to the poultry breeding industry. Protein phosphorylation plays a vital role in host cell-E. tenella interactions. However, no comprehensive phosphoproteomic analyses of host cells at various phases of E. tenella infection have been published. In this study, quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of chicken embryo DF-1 fibroblasts that were uninfected (UI) or infected with E. tenella for 6 h (PI6, the early invasion phase) or 36 h (PI36, the trophozoite development phase) was conducted. A total of 10,122 phosphopeptides matched to 3,398 host cell phosphoproteins were identified and 13,437 phosphorylation sites were identified. Of these, 491, 1,253, and 275 differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins were identified in the PI6/UI, PI36/UI, and PI36/PI6 comparisons, respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that E. tenella modulated host cell processes through phosphorylation, including focal adhesion, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, and FoxO signaling to support its early invasion phase, and modulating adherens junctions and the ErbB signaling pathway to favor its trophozoite development. These results enrich the data on the interaction between E. tenella and host cells and facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Shu Jia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture Minhang Shanghai 200241 PR China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture Minhang Shanghai 200241 PR China
| | - Shun-Hai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture Minhang Shanghai 200241 PR China
| | - Qi-Ping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture Minhang Shanghai 200241 PR China
| | - Hong-Yu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture Minhang Shanghai 200241 PR China
| | - Huan-Zhi Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture Minhang Shanghai 200241 PR China
| | - Yu Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture Minhang Shanghai 200241 PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture Minhang Shanghai 200241 PR China
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Wang L, Cui Z, Li N, Liang G, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li D, Li X, Zhang S, Zhang L. Comparative proteomics reveals Cryptosporidium parvum infection disrupts cellular barriers. J Proteomics 2023; 287:104969. [PMID: 37463621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting humans and animals and is a leading cause of diarrheal disease and early childhood mortality. The molecular mechanisms underlying invasive infection and its pathogenesis remain largely unknown. To better understand the molecular mechanism of the interaction between C. parvum and host cells, we profiled the changes of host cells membrane proteins extracted using native membrane protein extraction kit between C. parvum-infected HCT-8 cells and the control group after C. parvum infected 6 h combined with quantitative Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) liquid chromatography-dual mass spectrometry proteomic analysis. Among the 4844 quantifiable proteins identified, the expression levels of 625 were upregulated, and those of 116 were downregulated at 6 h post-infection compared with controls (1.5-fold difference in abundance, p < 0.05). Enrichment analysis of the function, protein domain and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway of the differentially expressed proteins revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly related to biological functions related to the cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic matrix. We also found that infection with C. parvum may destroy HCT-8 intercellular space adhesion. Six proteins were further verified using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Through systematic analysis of proteomics related to HCT-8 cell membranes infected by C. parvum, we found many host membrane proteins that can serve as potential receptors in C. parvum adhesion or invasion. C. parvum infection destroyed host cell barrier function and caused extensive changes in host cytoskeleton proteins, providing a deeper understanding of the molecules and their functions involved in the host-C. parvum interaction. SIGNIFICANCE: There is a lack of systematic research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of C. parvum with host cells. Changes of host cell membrane proteins after C. parvum infection may be used to examine the host cell receptors for parasite adhesion and invasion, and how the parasite interacts with these receptors. It is of great significance that host cells undergo membrane fusion to mediate invasion. Through proteomic studies on the host cell membrane after infection with HCT-8 cells by C. parvum, we observed disruption of the host cell cellular barrier function and widespread alteration of host cytoskeletal proteins caused by C. parvum infection, providing a deeper understanding of the molecules and their functions involved in host-C. parvum interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Guanda Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Yuexin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Dongfang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
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Hu R, Wan L, Liu X, Lu J, Hu X, Zhang X, Zhang M. K. pneumoniae and M. smegmatis infect epithelial cells via different strategies. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:4396-4412. [PMID: 37691650 PMCID: PMC10482649 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background As the first line of defense, epithelial cells play a vital role in the initiation and control of both innate and adaptive immunity, which participate in the development of disease. Despite its therapeutic significance, little is understood about the specific interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and lung epithelial cells. Methods In this study, we performed a head-to-head comparison of the virulence and infection mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis), which represent Gram-negative/positive respiratory pathogens, respectively, in lung epithelial cell models for the first time. Results Through scanning electron microscopy combined with bacterial infection experiments, we confirmed the ability of K. pneumoniae and M. smegmatis strains to form biofilm and cord factor out of the cell wall. M. smegmatis has stronger adhesion and intracellular retention ability, while K. pneumoniae is more likely to induce acute infection. These pathogens could stay and proliferate in lung epithelial cells and stimulate the secretion of specific cytokines and chemokines through a gene transcription regulator. M. smegmatis infection can promote crosstalk among epithelial cells and other immune cells in the lung from a very early stage by prompting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, there were significant correlations between K. pneumonia infection and higher levels of interleukin-15 (IL-15), interleukin-1Rα (IL-1Rα), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) basic, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). At the same time, K. pneumonia infection also led to changes in the expression of cytoskeletal proteins in epithelial cells. Conclusions Our results emphasized the immunoprotection and immunomodulation of lung epithelial cells against exogenous pathogenic microorganisms, indicating that different pathogens damaged the host through different strategies and induced varying innate immune responses. At the same time, they provided important clues and key immune factors for dealing with complicated pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjing Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Center Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Xichi Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
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Apical Secretory Glycoprotein Complex Contributes to Cell Attachment and Entry by Cryptosporidium parvum. mBio 2023; 14:e0306422. [PMID: 36722968 PMCID: PMC9973360 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03064-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric pathogen that invades epithelial cells in the intestine, where it resides at the apical surface in a unique epicellular location. Compared with those of related apicomplexan parasites, the processes of host cell attachment and invasion by C. parvum are poorly understood. The streamlined C. parvum genome contains numerous mucin-like glycoproteins, several of which have previously been shown to mediate cell attachment, although the majority are unstudied. Here, we identified the antigens recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1A5, which stains the apical end of sporozoites and mature merozoites. Immunoprecipitation with MAb 1A5 followed by mass spectrometry identified a heterodimer comprised of paralogous proteins which are related to additional orthologs in the genome of C. parvum and related species. Paralogous glycoproteins recognized by MAb 1A5 heterodimerize as a complex displayed on the parasite surface, and they also interact with lectins that suggest that they contain mucin-like, O-linked oligosaccharides. Although the gene encoding one of the paralogs was readily disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, its partner, which contains a mucin-like domain related to GP900, was refractory to deletion. Combined with the ability of MAb 1A5 to partially neutralize host cell attachment by sporozoites, these findings define a new family of secretory glycoproteins that participate in cell invasion by Cryptosporidium spp. IMPORTANCE Although Cryptosporidium is extremely efficient at penetrating mucus and invading epithelial cells in the intestine, the mechanism of cell attachment is poorly understood. To expand our understanding of this process, we characterized the antigens recognized by a monoclonal antibody that stains the apical end of invasive stages called sporozoites and merozoites. Our studies identify a family of glycoproteins that form heterodimers on the parasite cell surface to facilitate host cell attachment and entry. By further defining the role of mucin-like glycoproteins in host cell attachment, our studies may lead to strategies to disrupt cell adhesion and thereby decrease infection.
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Skariah S, Sultan AA, Mordue DG. IFN-induced cell-autonomous immune mechanisms in the control of intracellular protozoa. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1559-1571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Protein Kinase C-α Is a Gatekeeper of Cryptosporidium Sporozoite Adherence and Invasion. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0067921. [PMID: 35099276 PMCID: PMC8929341 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00679-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium infection is a leading cause of diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality in young children globally. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human protein kinase C-α (PRKCA) gene region have been associated with susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis. Here, we examined the role of protein kinase C-α (PKCα) activity in human HCT-8 intestinal epithelial cells during infection with Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. To delineate the role of PKCα in infection, we developed a fluorescence-based imaging assay to differentiate adherent from intracellular parasites. We tested pharmacological agonists and antagonists of PKCα and measured the effect on C. parvum sporozoite adherence to and invasion of HCT-8 cells. We demonstrate that both PKCα agonists and antagonists significantly alter parasite adherence and invasion in vitro. We found that HCT-8 cell PKCα is activated by C. parvum infection. Our findings suggest intestinal epithelial cell PKCα as a potential host-directed therapeutic target for cryptosporidiosis and implicate PKCα activity as a mediator of parasite adherence and invasion.
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Liu Z, Geng X, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Han H, Yu Y, Huang W, Yao Y, Huang B, Dong H. Effects of host vimentin on Eimeria tenella sporozoite invasion. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:8. [PMID: 34983604 PMCID: PMC8729122 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chicken coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Eimeria of Apicomplexa, which has caused great economic loss to the poultry breeding industry. Host vimentin is a key protein in the process of infection of many pathogens. In an earlier phosphorylation proteomics study, we found that the phosphorylation level of host vimentin was significantly regulated after Eimeria tenella sporozoite infection. Therefore, we explored the role of host vimentin in the invasion of host cells by sporozoites. Methods Chicken vimentin protein was cloned and expressed. We used qPCR, western blotting, and indirect immunofluorescence to detect levels of mRNA transcription, translation, and phosphorylation, and changes in the distribution of vimentin after E. tenella sporozoite infection. The sporozoite invasion rate in DF-1 cells treated with vimentin polyclonal antibody or with small interfering RNA (siRNA), which downregulated vimentin expression, was assessed by an in vitro invasion test. Results The results showed that vimentin transcription and translation levels increased continually at 6–72 h after E. tenella sporozoite infection, and the total phosphorylation levels of vimentin also changed. About 24 h after sporozoite infection, vimentin accumulated around sporozoites in DF-1 cells. Treating DF-1 cells with vimentin polyclonal antibody or downregulating vimentin expression by siRNA significantly improved the invasion efficiency of sporozoites. Conclusion In this study, we showed that vimentin played an inhibitory role during the invasion of sporozoites. These data provided a foundation for clarifying the relationship between Eimeria and the host. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05107-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfei Geng
- Beijing YuanDa Spark Medicine Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Guérin A, Roy NH, Kugler EM, Berry L, Burkhardt JK, Shin JB, Striepen B. Cryptosporidium rhoptry effector protein ROP1 injected during invasion targets the host cytoskeletal modulator LMO7. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1407-1420.e5. [PMID: 34348092 PMCID: PMC8475647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The parasite Cryptosporidium invades and replicates in intestinal epithelial cells and is a leading cause of diarrheal disease and early childhood mortality. The molecular mechanisms that underlie infection and pathogenesis are largely unknown. Here, we delineate the events of host cell invasion and uncover a mechanism unique to Cryptosporidium. We developed a screen to identify parasite effectors, finding the injection of multiple parasite proteins into the host from the rhoptry organelle. These factors are targeted to diverse locations within the host cell and its interface with the parasite. One identified effector, rhoptry protein 1 (ROP1), accumulates in the terminal web of enterocytes through direct interaction with the host protein LIM domain only 7 (LMO7) an organizer of epithelial cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion. Genetic ablation of LMO7 or ROP1 in mice or parasites, respectively, impacts parasite burden in vivo in opposite ways. Taken together, these data provide molecular insight into how Cryptosporidium manipulates its intestinal host niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Guérin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily M Kugler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurence Berry
- LPHI, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jung-Bum Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Guérin A, Striepen B. The Biology of the Intestinal Intracellular Parasite Cryptosporidium. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 28:509-515. [PMID: 33031769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium emerged as a leading global cause of severe diarrheal disease in children. The parasite occupies a unique intracellular niche at the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells, where it undergoes a complex sexual life cycle. How this life cycle unfolds and how host and parasite interact remain largely to be discovered. A series of technical advances now offer genetic and immunological tools for mechanistic investigation of the parasite. Here we introduce the pathogen and disease and highlight important questions to tackle onward. We invite scientists to consider this versatile parasite model to probe the biology and immunology of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Guérin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Paone S, D'Alessandro S, Parapini S, Celani F, Tirelli V, Pourshaban M, Olivieri A. Characterization of the erythrocyte GTPase Rac1 in relation to Plasmodium falciparum invasion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22054. [PMID: 33328606 PMCID: PMC7744522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still a devastating disease with 228 million cases globally and 405,000 lethal outcomes in 2018, mainly in children under five years of age. The threat of emerging malaria strains resistant to currently available drugs has made the search for novel drug targets compelling. The process by which Plasmodium falciparum parasites invade the host cell has been widely studied, but only a few erythrocyte proteins involved in this process have been identified so far. The erythrocyte protein Rac1 is a GTPase that plays an important role in host cell invasion by many intracellular pathogens. Here we show that Rac1 is recruited in proximity to the site of parasite entry during P. falciparum invasion process and that subsequently localizes to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. We also suggest that this GTPase may be involved in erythrocyte invasion by P. falciparum, by testing the effect of specific Rac1 inhibitory compounds. Finally, we suggest a secondary role of the erythrocyte GTPase also in parasite intracellular development. We here characterize a new erythrocyte protein potentially involved in P. falciparum invasion of the host cell and propose the human GTPase Rac1 as a novel and promising antimalarial drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Paone
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Celani
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Leprêtre M, Almunia C, Armengaud J, Le Guernic A, Salvador A, Geffard A, Palos-Ladeiro M. Identification of immune-related proteins of Dreissena polymorpha hemocytes and plasma involved in host-microbe interactions by differential proteomics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6226. [PMID: 32277127 PMCID: PMC7148315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological responses of zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha are investigated to assess the impact of contaminants on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. In addition to concentrate chemical contaminants in their tissues, zebra mussels accumulate several microorganisms such as viruses, protozoa and bacteria. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the defence against microorganisms this study aims at identifying immune proteins from D. polymorpha hemolymph involved in defence against protozoa and viruses. For this purpose, hemolymph were exposed ex vivo to Cryptosporidium parvum and RNA poly I:C. Differential proteomics on both hemocytes and plasma revealed immune proteins modulated under exposures. Different patterns of response were observed after C. parvum and RNA poly I:C exposures. The number of modulated proteins per hemolymphatic compartments suggest that C. parvum is managed in cells while RNA poly I:C is managed in plasma after 4 h exposure. BLAST annotation and GO terms enrichment analysis revealed further characteristics of immune mechanisms. Results showed that many proteins involved in the recognition and destruction of microorganisms were modulated in both exposure conditions, while proteins related to phagocytosis and apoptosis were exclusively modulated by C. parvum. This differential proteomic analysis highlights in zebra mussels modulated proteins involved in the response to microorganisms, which reflect a broad range of immune mechanisms such as recognition, internalization and destruction of microorganisms. This study paves the way for the identification of new markers of immune processes that can be used to assess the impact of both chemical and biological contaminations on the health status of aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Leprêtre
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR 5280, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Almunia
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Antoine Le Guernic
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Arnaud Salvador
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR 5280, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Mélissa Palos-Ladeiro
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France.
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13
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Jumani RS, Hasan MM, Stebbins EE, Donnelly L, Miller P, Klopfer C, Bessoff K, Teixeira JE, Love MS, McNamara CW, Huston CD. A suite of phenotypic assays to ensure pipeline diversity when prioritizing drug-like Cryptosporidium growth inhibitors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1862. [PMID: 31015448 PMCID: PMC6478823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09880-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of life-threatening diarrhea in children, and the only currently approved drug is ineffective in malnourished children and immunocompromised people. Large-scale phenotypic screens are ongoing to identify anticryptosporidial compounds, but optimal approaches to prioritize inhibitors and establish a mechanistically diverse drug development pipeline are unknown. Here, we present a panel of medium-throughput mode of action assays that enable testing of compounds in several stages of the Cryptosporidium life cycle. Phenotypic profiles are given for thirty-nine anticryptosporidials. Using a clustering algorithm, the compounds sort by phenotypic profile into distinct groups of inhibitors that are either chemical analogs (i.e. same molecular mechanism of action (MMOA)) or known to have similar MMOA. Furthermore, compounds belonging to multiple phenotypic clusters are efficacious in a chronic mouse model of cryptosporidiosis. This suite of phenotypic assays should ensure a drug development pipeline with diverse MMOA without the need to identify underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv S Jumani
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Muhammad M Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Erin E Stebbins
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Liam Donnelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Peter Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Connor Klopfer
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kovi Bessoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94305-5101, USA
| | - Jose E Teixeira
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Melissa S Love
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher D Huston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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14
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Interferon-λ3 Promotes Epithelial Defense and Barrier Function Against Cryptosporidium parvum Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:1-20. [PMID: 30849550 PMCID: PMC6510929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The epithelial response is critical for intestinal defense against Cryptosporidium, but is poorly understood. To uncover the host strategy for defense against Cryptosporidium, we examined the transcriptional response of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to C parvum in experimentally infected piglets by microarray. Up-regulated genes were dominated by targets of interferon (IFN) and IFN-λ3 was up-regulated significantly in infected piglet mucosa. Although IFN-λ has been described as a mediator of epithelial defense against viral pathogens, there is limited knowledge of any role against nonviral pathogens. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to determine the significance of IFN-λ3 to epithelial defense and barrier function during C parvum infection. METHODS The significance of C parvum-induced IFN-λ3 expression was determined using an immunoneutralization approach in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. The ability of the intestinal epithelium to up-regulate IFN-λ2/3 expression in response to C parvum infection and the influence of IFN-λ2/3 on epithelial defense against C parvum invasion, intracellular development, and loss of barrier function was examined using polarized monolayers of a nontransformed porcine-derived small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Specifically, changes in barrier function were quantified by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance and transepithelial flux studies. RESULTS Immunoneutralization of IFN-λ2/3 in C parvum-infected neonatal mice resulted in a significantly increased parasite burden, fecal shedding, and villus blunting with crypt hyperplasia during peak infection. In vitro, C parvum was sufficient to induce autonomous IFN-λ3 and interferon-stimulated gene 15 expression by IECs. Priming of IECs with recombinant human IFN-λ3 promoted cellular defense against C parvum infection and abrogated C parvum-induced loss of barrier function by decreasing paracellular permeability to sodium. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify IFN-λ3 as a key epithelial defense mechanism against C parvum infection.
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15
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Heo I, Dutta D, Schaefer DA, Iakobachvili N, Artegiani B, Sachs N, Boonekamp KE, Bowden G, Hendrickx APA, Willems RJL, Peters PJ, Riggs MW, O'Connor R, Clevers H. Modelling Cryptosporidium infection in human small intestinal and lung organoids. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:814-823. [PMID: 29946163 PMCID: PMC6027984 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell-derived organoids recapitulate in vivo physiology of their original tissues, representing valuable systems to model medical disorders such as infectious diseases. Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, is a leading cause of diarrhoea and a major cause of child mortality worldwide. Drug development requires detailed knowledge of the pathophysiology of Cryptosporidium, but experimental approaches have been hindered by the lack of an optimal in vitro culture system. Here, we show that Cryptosporidium can infect epithelial organoids derived from human small intestine and lung. The parasite propagates within the organoids and completes its complex life cycle. Temporal analysis of the Cryptosporidium transcriptome during organoid infection reveals dynamic regulation of transcripts related to its life cycle. Our study presents organoids as a physiologically relevant in vitro model system to study Cryptosporidium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inha Heo
- Hubrecht Institute, Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Devanjali Dutta
- Hubrecht Institute, Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nino Iakobachvili
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Artegiani
- Hubrecht Institute, Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute, Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim E Boonekamp
- Hubrecht Institute, Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Bowden
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Antoni P A Hendrickx
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Peters
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Roberta O'Connor
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Princess Máxima Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Monoclonal Antibodies to Intracellular Stages of Cryptosporidium parvum Define Life Cycle Progression In Vitro. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00124-18. [PMID: 29848759 PMCID: PMC5976880 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00124-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. Currently, there is a limited array of antibodies available against the parasite, which hinders imaging studies and makes it difficult to visualize the parasite life cycle in different culture systems. In order to alleviate this reagent gap, we created a library of novel antibodies against the intracellular life cycle stages of Cryptosporidium. We identified antibodies that recognize specific life cycle stages in distinctive ways, enabling unambiguous description of the parasite life cycle. These MAbs will aid future investigation into Cryptosporidium biology and help illuminate growth differences between various culture platforms. Among the obstacles hindering Cryptosporidium research is the lack of an in vitro culture system that supports complete life development and propagation. This major barrier has led to a shortage of widely available anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies and a lack of markers for staging developmental progression. Previously developed antibodies against Cryptosporidium were raised against extracellular stages or recombinant proteins, leading to antibodies with limited reactivity across the parasite life cycle. Here we sought to create antibodies that recognize novel epitopes that could be used to define intracellular development. We identified a mouse epithelial cell line that supported C. parvum growth, enabling immunization of mice with infected cells to create a bank of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against intracellular parasite stages while avoiding the development of host-specific antibodies. From this bank, we identified 12 antibodies with a range of reactivities across the parasite life cycle. Importantly, we identified specific MAbs that can distinguish different life cycle stages, such as trophozoites, merozoites, type I versus II meronts, and macrogamonts. These MAbs provide valuable tools for the Cryptosporidium research community and will facilitate future investigation into parasite biology. IMPORTANCECryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. Currently, there is a limited array of antibodies available against the parasite, which hinders imaging studies and makes it difficult to visualize the parasite life cycle in different culture systems. In order to alleviate this reagent gap, we created a library of novel antibodies against the intracellular life cycle stages of Cryptosporidium. We identified antibodies that recognize specific life cycle stages in distinctive ways, enabling unambiguous description of the parasite life cycle. These MAbs will aid future investigation into Cryptosporidium biology and help illuminate growth differences between various culture platforms.
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17
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Wang Y, Gong AY, Ma S, Chen X, Li Y, Su CJ, Norall D, Chen J, Strauss-Soukup JK, Chen XM. Delivery of Parasite RNA Transcripts Into Infected Epithelial Cells During Cryptosporidium Infection and Its Potential Impact on Host Gene Transcription. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:636-643. [PMID: 28007919 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an important opportunistic parasite pathogen for immunocompromised individuals and a common cause of diarrhea in young children. Previous studies have identified a panel of RNA transcripts of very low protein-coding potential in C. parvum. Using an in vitro model of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis, we report here that some of these C. parvum RNA transcripts were selectively delivered into the nuclei of host epithelial cells during C. parvum infection. Nuclear delivery of several such parasitic RNAs, including Cdg7_FLc_0990, involved heat-shock protein 70-mediated nuclear importing mechanism. Overexpression of Cdg7_FLc_0990 in intestinal epithelial cells resulted in significant changes in expression levels of specific genes, with significant overlapping with alterations in gene expression profile detected in host cells after C. parvum infection. Our data demonstrate that C. parvum transcripts of low protein-coding potential are selectively delivered into epithelial cells during infection and may modulate gene transcription in infected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shibin Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Xiqiang Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Chun-Jen Su
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Dana Norall
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Juliane K Strauss-Soukup
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University College of Arts and Sciences, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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18
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Certad G, Viscogliosi E, Chabé M, Cacciò SM. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:561-576. [PMID: 28336217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal protozoa are important etiological agents of diarrhea, particularly in children, yet the public health risk they pose is often neglected. Results from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) showed that Cryptosporidium is among the leading causes of moderate to severe diarrhea in children under 2 years. Likewise, Giardia infects approximately 200 million individuals worldwide, and causes acute diarrhea in children under 5 years. Despite this recognized role as pathogens, the question is why and how these parasites cause disease in some individuals but not in others. This review focuses on known pathogenic mechanisms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and infection progress towards disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Certad
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Medical Research Department, Hospital Group of the Catholic Institute of Lille, Faculty of Medicine and Maieutics, Catholic University of Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Magali Chabé
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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19
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de Sablet T, Potiron L, Marquis M, Bussière FI, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Laurent F. Cryptosporidium parvum increases intestinal permeability through interaction with epithelial cells and IL-1β and TNFα released by inflammatory monocytes. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1871-1880. [PMID: 27324279 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells form a single layer separating the intestinal lumen containing nutriments and microbiota from the underlying sterile tissue and therefore play a key role in maintaining homeostasis. We investigated the factors contributing to the alteration of the epithelial barrier function during Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Infected polarized epithelial cell monolayers exhibit a drop in transepithelial resistance associated with a delocalization of E-cadherin and β-catenin from their intercellular area of contact, the adherens junction complex. In neonatal mice infected by C. parvum, the increased permeability is correlated with parasite development and with an important recruitment of Ly6c+ inflammatory monocytes to the subepithelial space. TNFα and IL-1β produced by inflammatory monocytes play a key role in the loss of barrier function. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that both the parasite and inflammatory monocytes contribute to the loss of intestinal barrier function during cryptosporidiosis.
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20
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Abstract
Invasive stages of apicomplexan parasites require a host cell to survive, proliferate and advance to the next life cycle stage. Once invasion is achieved, apicomplexans interact closely with the host cell cytoskeleton, but in many cases the different species have evolved distinct mechanisms and pathways to modulate the structural organization of cytoskeletal filaments. The host cell cytoskeleton is a complex network, largely, but not exclusively, composed of microtubules, actin microfilaments and intermediate filaments, all of which are modulated by associated proteins, and it is involved in diverse functions including maintenance of cell morphology and mechanical support, migration, signal transduction, nutrient uptake, membrane and organelle trafficking and cell division. The ability of apicomplexans to modulate the cytoskeleton to their own advantage is clearly beneficial. We here review different aspects of the interactions of apicomplexans with the three main cytoskeletal filament types, provide information on the currently known parasite effector proteins and respective host cell targets involved, and how these interactions modulate the host cell physiology. Some of these findings could provide novel targets that could be exploited for the development of preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.
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21
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Rucksaken R, Haonon O, Pinlaor P, Pairojkul C, Roytrakul S, Yongvanit P, Selmi C, Pinlaor S. Plasma IgG autoantibody against actin-related protein 3 in liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infection. Parasite Immunol 2016; 37:340-8. [PMID: 25809205 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis secondary to Opisthorchis viverrini infection leads to cholangiocellular carcinoma through chronic inflammation of the bile ducts and possibly inducing autoimmunity. It was hypothesized that plasma autoantibodies directed against self-proteins are biomarkers for opisthorchiasis. Plasma from patients with opisthorchiasis was tested using proteins derived from immortalized cholangiocyte cell lines, and spots reacting with plasma were excised and subjected to LC-MS/MS. Seven protein spots were recognized by IgG autoantibodies, and the highest matching scored protein was actin-related protein 3 (ARP3). The antibody against ARP3 was tested in plasma from 55 O. viverrini-infected patients, 24 patients with others endemic parasitic infections and 17 healthy controls using Western blot and ELISA. Immunoreactivity against recombinant ARP3 was significantly more prevalent in opisthorchiasis compared to healthy controls at Western blotting and ELISA (P < 0.05). Plasma ARP3 autoantibody titres were also higher in opisthorchiasis compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.01) and other parasitic infections including Strongyloides stercoralis (P < 0.001), echinostome (P < 0.05), hookworms (P < 0.001) and Taenia spp. (P < 0.05). It was further characterized in that the ARP3 autoantibody titre had a sensitivity of 78.18% and specificity of 100% for opisthorchiasis. In conclusion, it may be suggested that plasma anti-ARP3 might represent a new diagnostic antibody for opisthorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rucksaken
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - O Haonon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - P Pinlaor
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development in Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - C Pairojkul
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - S Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - P Yongvanit
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - C Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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22
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Dasgupta S, Auth T, Gov NS, Satchwell TJ, Hanssen E, Zuccala ES, Riglar DT, Toye AM, Betz T, Baum J, Gompper G. Membrane-wrapping contributions to malaria parasite invasion of the human erythrocyte. Biophys J 2015; 107:43-54. [PMID: 24988340 PMCID: PMC4184798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood stage malaria parasite, the merozoite, has a small window of opportunity during which it must successfully target and invade a human erythrocyte. The process of invasion is nonetheless remarkably rapid. To date, mechanistic models of invasion have focused predominantly on the parasite actomyosin motor contribution to the energetics of entry. Here, we have conducted a numerical analysis using dimensions for an archetypal merozoite to predict the respective contributions of the host-parasite interactions to invasion, in particular the role of membrane wrapping. Our theoretical modeling demonstrates that erythrocyte membrane wrapping alone, as a function of merozoite adhesive and shape properties, is sufficient to entirely account for the first key step of the invasion process, that of merozoite reorientation to its apex and tight adhesive linkage between the two cells. Next, parasite-induced reorganization of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton and release of parasite-derived membrane can also account for a considerable energetic portion of actual invasion itself, through membrane wrapping. Thus, contrary to the prevailing dogma, wrapping by the erythrocyte combined with parasite-derived membrane release can markedly reduce the expected contributions of the merozoite actomyosin motor to invasion. We therefore propose that invasion is a balance between parasite and host cell contributions, evolved toward maximal efficient use of biophysical forces between the two cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Dasgupta
- Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Auth
- Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Eric Hanssen
- Advanced Microscopy Facility, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Zuccala
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David T Riglar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Betz
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jake Baum
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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Valigurová A, Paskerova GG, Diakin A, Kováčiková M, Simdyanov TG. Protococcidian Eleutheroschizon duboscqi, an Unusual Apicomplexan Interconnecting Gregarines and Cryptosporidia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125063. [PMID: 25915503 PMCID: PMC4411025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the attachment strategy, cell structure and the host-parasite interactions of the protococcidian Eleutheroschizon duboscqi, parasitising the polychaete Scoloplos armiger. The attached trophozoites and gamonts of E. duboscqi were detected at different development stages. The parasite develops epicellularly, covered by a host cell-derived, two-membrane parasitophorous sac forming a caudal tipped appendage. Staining with Evans blue suggests that this tail is protein-rich, supported by the presence of a fibrous substance in this area. Despite the ultrastructural evidence for long filaments in the tail, it stained only weakly for F-actin, while spectrin seemed to accumulate in this area. The attachment apparatus consists of lobes arranged in one (trophozoites) or two (gamonts) circles, crowned by a ring of filamentous fascicles. During trophozoite maturation, the internal space between the parasitophorous sac and parasite turns translucent, the parasite trilaminar pellicle seems to reorganise and is covered by a dense fibrous glycocalyx. The parasite surface is organised in broad folds with grooves in between. Micropores are situated at the bottom of the grooves. A layer of filaments organised in bands, underlying the folds and ending above the attachment fascicles, was detected just beneath the pellicle. Confocal microscopy, along with the application of cytoskeletal drugs (jasplakinolide, cytochalasin D, oryzalin) confirmed the presence of actin and tubulin polymerised forms in both the parasitophorous sac and the parasite, while myosin labelling was restricted to the sac. Despite positive tubulin labelling, no microtubules were detected in mature stages. The attachment strategy of E. duboscqi shares features with that of cryptosporidia and gregarines, i.e. the parasite itself conspicuously resembles an epicellularly located gregarine, while the parasitophorous sac develops in a similar manner to that in cryptosporidia. This study provides a re-evaluation of epicellular development in other apicomplexans and directly compares their niche with that of E. duboscqi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Valigurová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Gita G. Paskerova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei Diakin
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Kováčiková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Timur G. Simdyanov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1–12, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
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Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Singer SM. Regulation of intestinal epithelial cell cytoskeletal remodeling by cellular immunity following gut infection. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:369-78. [PMID: 22910215 PMCID: PMC4094376 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gut infections often lead to epithelial cell damage followed by a healing response. We examined changes in the epithelial cell cytoskeleton and the involvement of host adaptive immunity in these events using an in vivo model of parasitic infection. We found that both ezrin and villin, key components of the actin cytoskeleton comprising the brush border (BB) of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), underwent significant post-translational changes following gut infection and during the recovery phase of gut infection. Intriguingly, using mice lacking either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell responses, we demonstrated that the mechanisms by which ezrin and villin are regulated in response to infection are different. Both ezrin and villin undergo proteolysis during the recovery phase of infection. Cleavage of ezrin requires CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells, whereas cleavage of villin requires both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. Both proteins were also regulated by phosphorylation; reduced levels of phosphorylated ezrin and increased levels of villin phosphorylation were observed at the peak of infection and correlated with reduced BB enzyme activity. Finally, we show that infection also leads to enhanced proliferation of IECs in this model. Cytoskeletal remodeling in IECs can have critical roles in the immunopathology and healing responses observed during many infectious and non-infectious intestinal conditions. These data indicate that cellular immune responses can be significant drivers of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi or Steven M. Singer, Mailing address: Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0623D, La Jolla CA 92093-0623 USA; Phone (858)534-4625; Fax: 858-534-5691; ; Steven M. Singer, Georgetown University, 406 Reiss Building, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA; Phone (202)-687-9884; Fax: (202)-687-5662;
| | - Steven M. Singer
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi or Steven M. Singer, Mailing address: Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0623D, La Jolla CA 92093-0623 USA; Phone (858)534-4625; Fax: 858-534-5691; ; Steven M. Singer, Georgetown University, 406 Reiss Building, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA; Phone (202)-687-9884; Fax: (202)-687-5662;
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Kemp LE, Yamamoto M, Soldati-Favre D. Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012. [PMID: 23186105 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhoptries are club-shaped secretory organelles located at the anterior pole of species belonging to the phylum of Apicomplexa. Parasites of this phylum are responsible for a huge burden of disease in humans and animals and a loss of economic productivity. Members of this elite group of obligate intracellular parasites include Plasmodium spp. that cause malaria and Cryptosporidium spp. that cause diarrhoeal disease. Although rhoptries are almost ubiquitous throughout the phylum, the relevance and role of the proteins contained within the rhoptries varies. Rhoptry contents separate into two intra-organellar compartments, the neck and the bulb. A number of rhoptry neck proteins are conserved between species and are involved in functions such as host cell invasion. The bulb proteins are less well-conserved and probably evolved for a particular lifestyle. In the majority of species studied to date, rhoptry content is involved in formation and maintenance of the parasitophorous vacuole; however some species live free within the host cytoplasm. In this review, we will summarise the knowledge available regarding rhoptry proteins. Specifically, we will discuss the role of the rhoptry kinases that are used by Toxoplasma gondii and other coccidian parasites to subvert the host cellular functions and prevent parasite death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Zuccala ES, Gout AM, Dekiwadia C, Marapana DS, Angrisano F, Turnbull L, Riglar DT, Rogers KL, Whitchurch CB, Ralph SA, Speed TP, Baum J. Subcompartmentalisation of proteins in the rhoptries correlates with ordered events of erythrocyte invasion by the blood stage malaria parasite. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46160. [PMID: 23049965 PMCID: PMC3458004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell infection by apicomplexan parasites plays an essential role in lifecycle progression for these obligate intracellular pathogens. For most species, including the etiological agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, infection requires active host-cell invasion dependent on formation of a tight junction – the organising interface between parasite and host cell during entry. Formation of this structure is not, however, shared across all Apicomplexa or indeed all parasite lifecycle stages. Here, using an in silico integrative genomic search and endogenous gene-tagging strategy, we sought to characterise proteins that function specifically during junction-dependent invasion, a class of proteins we term invasins to distinguish them from adhesins that function in species specific host-cell recognition. High-definition imaging of tagged Plasmodium falciparum invasins localised proteins to multiple cellular compartments of the blood stage merozoite. This includes several that localise to distinct subcompartments within the rhoptries. While originating from the same organelle, however, each has very different dynamics during invasion. Apical Sushi Protein and Rhoptry Neck protein 2 release early, following the junction, whilst a novel rhoptry protein PFF0645c releases only after invasion is complete. This supports the idea that organisation of proteins within a secretory organelle determines the order and destination of protein secretion and provides a localisation-based classification strategy for predicting invasin function during apicomplexan parasite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Zuccala
- Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander M. Gout
- Bioinformatics Divisions, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danushka S. Marapana
- Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Angrisano
- Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David T. Riglar
- Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly L. Rogers
- Imaging Facility, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cynthia B. Whitchurch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence P. Speed
- Bioinformatics Divisions, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jake Baum
- Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Cryptic parasite revealed improved prospects for treatment and control of human cryptosporidiosis through advanced technologies. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2012; 77:141-73. [PMID: 22137584 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391429-3.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important genus of parasitic protozoa of humans and other vertebrates and is a major cause of intestinal disease globally. Unlike many common causes of infectious enteritis, there are no widely available, effective vaccine or drug-based intervention strategies for Cryptosporidium, and control is focused mainly on prevention. This approach is particularly deficient for infections of severely immunocompromised and/or suppressed, the elderly or malnourished people. However, cryptosporidiosis also presents a significant burden on immunocompetent individuals, and can, for example have lasting effects on the physical and mental development of children infected at an early age. In the last few decades, our understanding of Cryptosporidium has expanded significantly in numerous areas, including the parasite life-cycle, the processes of excystation, cellular invasion and reproduction, and the interplay between parasite and host. Nonetheless, despite extensive research, many aspects of the biology of Cryptosporidium remain unknown, and treatment and control are challenging. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of Cryptosporidium, with a focus on major advances arising from the recently completed genome sequences of the two species of greatest relevance in humans, namely Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. In addition, we discuss the potential of next-generation sequencing technologies, new advances in in silico analyses and progress in in vitro culturing systems to bridge these gaps and to lead toward effective treatment and control of cryptosporidiosis.
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients. It is an intracellular but extracytoplasmic parasite residing in a host cell-derived parasitophorous vacuole. It is still poorly understood how this parasite interacts with host cells. We observed that expression of the integrin α2 (ITGA2) gene in host cells was significantly upregulated upon C. parvum infection, and a higher level of ITGA2 protein was present in the parasite infection sites. The infection could be reduced by the treatment of antibodies against ITGA2 and integrin β1 (ITGB1) subunits, as well as by type I collagen (an integrin α2β1 ligand). We also generated stable knockdown of ITGA2 gene expression in HCT-8 cells and observed consistent reduction of parasite infection in these knockdown cells. Collectively, our evidence indicates that host cell ITGA2 might be involved in interacting with Cryptosporidium during infection, probably acting as part of the regulatory elements upstream of the reported recruiting and reorganization of F actin at the infection sites.
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O'Hara SP, Chen XM. The cell biology of cryptosporidium infection. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:721-30. [PMID: 21458585 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis remains a significant cause of enteric disease worldwide. Basic investigations of host: pathogen interactions have revealed the intricate processes mediating infection. The following summarizes the interactions that mediate infection and the host responses that both permit and ultimately clear the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Effect of low pH on the morphology and viability of Cryptosporidium andersoni sporozoites and histopathology in the stomachs of infected mice. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:287-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sharling L, Liu X, Gollapalli DR, Maurya SK, Hedstrom L, Striepen B. A screening pipeline for antiparasitic agents targeting cryptosporidium inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e794. [PMID: 20706578 PMCID: PMC2919388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is responsible for significant disease burden among children in developing countries. In addition Cryptosporidiosis can result in chronic and life-threatening enteritis in AIDS patients, and the currently available drugs lack efficacy in treating these severe conditions. The discovery and development of novel anti-cryptosporidial therapeutics has been hampered by the poor experimental tractability of this pathogen. While the genome sequencing effort has identified several intriguing new targets including a unique inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), pursuing these targets and testing inhibitors has been frustratingly difficult. Methodology and Principal Findings Here we have developed a pipeline of tools to accelerate the in vivo screening of inhibitors of C. parvum IMPDH. We have genetically engineered the related parasite Toxoplasma gondii to serve as a model of C. parvum infection as the first screen. This assay provides crucial target validation and a large signal window that is currently not possible in assays involving C. parvum. To further develop compounds that pass this first filter, we established a fluorescence-based assay of host cell proliferation, and a C. parvum growth assay that utilizes automated high-content imaging analysis for enhanced throughput. Conclusions and Significance We have used these assays to evaluate C. parvum IMPDH inhibitors emerging from our ongoing medicinal chemistry effort and have identified a subset of 1,2,3-triazole ethers that exhibit excellent in vivo selectivity in the T. gondii model and improved anti-cryptosporidial activity. Persistent diarrhea is a leading cause of illness and death among impoverished children, and a growing share of this disease burden can be attributed to the parasite Cryptosporidium. There are no vaccines to prevent Cryptosporidium infection, and the treatment options are limited and unreliable. Critically, no effective treatment exists for children or adults suffering from AIDS. Cryptosporidium presents many technical obstacles for drug discovery; perhaps the most important roadblock is the difficulty of monitoring drug action. Here we have developed a set of methods to accelerate the drug discovery process for cryptosporidiosis. We exploit the opportunities for experimental manipulation in the related parasite Toxoplasma to genetically engineer a Cryptosporidium model. This new model parasite mirrors the metabolism of Cryptosporidium for a particularly promising drug target that supplies the building blocks for DNA and RNA. Drug effectiveness can be assayed through simple fluorescence measurements for many candidates. Using this assay as an initial filter, and adapting other assays to a high throughput format, we identify several novel chemical compounds that exhibit markedly improved anti-cryptosporidial activity and excellent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sharling
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deviprasad R. Gollapalli
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sushil K. Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cholangiocyte myosin IIB is required for localized aggregation of sodium glucose cotransporter 1 to sites of Cryptosporidium parvum cellular invasion and facilitates parasite internalization. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2927-36. [PMID: 20457792 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00077-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization of the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, results in the formation of a unique intramembranous yet extracytoplasmic niche on the apical surfaces of host epithelial cells, a process that depends on host cell membrane extension. We previously demonstrated that efficient C. parvum invasion of biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) requires host cell actin polymerization and localized membrane translocation/insertion of Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and of aquaporin 1 (Aqp1), a water channel, at the attachment site. The resultant localized water influx facilitates parasite cellular invasion by promoting host-cell membrane protrusion. However, the molecular mechanisms by which C. parvum induces membrane translocation/insertion of SGLT1/Aqp1 are obscure. We report here that cultured human cholangiocytes express several nonmuscle myosins, including myosins IIA and IIB. Moreover, C. parvum infection of cultured cholangiocytes results in the localized selective aggregation of myosin IIB but not myosin IIA at the region of parasite attachment, as assessed by dual-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Concordantly, treatment of cells with the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML-7 or the myosin II-specific inhibitor blebbistatin or selective RNA-mediated repression of myosin IIB significantly inhibits (P < 0.05) C. parvum cellular invasion (by 60 to 80%). Furthermore ML-7 and blebbistatin significantly decrease (P < 0.02) C. parvum-induced accumulation of SGLT1 at infection sites (by approximately 80%). Thus, localized actomyosin-dependent membrane translocation of transporters/channels initiated by C. parvum is essential for membrane extension and parasite internalization, a phenomenon that may also be relevant to the mechanisms of cell membrane protrusion in general.
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Disruption of the Rickettsia rickettsii Sca2 autotransporter inhibits actin-based motility. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2240-7. [PMID: 20194597 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00100-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsii rickettsii, the etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, replicates within the cytosol of infected cells and uses actin-based motility to spread inter- and intracellularly. Although the ultrastructure of the actin tail and host proteins associated with it are distinct from those of Listeria or Shigella, comparatively little is known regarding the rickettsial proteins involved in its organization. Here, we have used random transposon mutagenesis of R. rickettsii to generate a small-plaque mutant that is defective in actin-based motility and does not spread directly from cell to cell as is characteristic of spotted fever group rickettsiae. The transposon insertion site of this mutant strain was within Sca2, a member of a family of large autotransporter proteins. Sca2 exhibits several features suggestive of its apparent role in actin-based motility. It displays an N-terminal secretory signal peptide, a C-terminal predicted autotransporter domain, up to four predicted Wasp homology 2 (WH2) domains, and two proline-rich domains, one with similarity to eukaryotic formins. In a guinea pig model of infection, the Sca2 mutant did not elicit fever, suggesting that Sca2 and actin-based motility are virulence factors of spotted fever group rickettsiae.
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Ortega-Pierres G, Smith HV, Cacciò SM, Thompson RA. New tools provide further insights into Giardia and Cryptosporidium biology. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Thompson RCA, Olson ME, Zhu G, Enomoto S, Abrahamsen MS, Hijjawi NS. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 59:77-158. [PMID: 16182865 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(05)59002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most common enteric protozoan parasites of vertebrates with a wide host range that includes humans and domestic animals. It is a significant cause of diarrhoeal disease and an ubiquitous contaminant of water which serves as an excellent vehicle for transmission. A better understanding of the development and life cycle of Cryptosporidium, and new insights into its phylogenetic relationships, have illustrated the need to re-evaluate many aspects of the biology of Cryptosporidium. This has been reinforced by information obtained from the recent successful Cryptosporidium genome sequencing project, which has emphasised the uniqueness of this organism in terms of its parasite life style and evolutionary biology. This chapter provides an up to date review of the biology, biochemistry and host parasite relationships of Cryptosporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C A Thompson
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Frénal K, Soldati-Favre D. Role of the parasite and host cytoskeleton in apicomplexa parasitism. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 5:602-11. [PMID: 19527887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Apicomplexa includes a large and diverse group of obligate intracellular parasites that rely on actomyosin-based motility to migrate, enter host cells, and egress from infected cells. To ensure their intracellular survival and replication, the apicomplexans have evolved sophisticated strategies for subversion of the host cytoskeleton. Given the properties in common between the host and parasite cytoskeleton, dissecting their individual contribution to the establishment of parasitic infection has been challenging. Nevertheless, recent studies have provided new insights into the mechanisms by which parasites subvert the dynamic properties of host actin and tubulin to promote their entry, development, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Frénal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Mycobacterium avium genes MAV_5138 and MAV_3679 are transcriptional regulators that play a role in invasion of epithelial cells, in part by their regulation of CipA, a putative surface protein interacting with host cell signaling pathways. J Bacteriol 2008; 191:1132-42. [PMID: 19060135 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01359-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an important group of opportunistic pathogens for birds, cattle, swine, and immunosuppressed humans. Although invasion of epithelial cells lining the intestine is the chief point of entry for these organisms, little is known about the mechanisms by which members of the MAC are taken up by these cells. Studies with M. avium have shown that cytoskeletal rearrangement via activation of the small G-protein Cdc42 is involved and that this activation is regulated in part by the M. avium fadD2 gene. The fadD2 gene indirectly regulates a number of genes upon exposure to HEp-2 cells, including transcriptional regulators, membrane proteins, and secreted proteins. Overexpression of two fadD2-associated regulators (MAV_5138 and MAV_3679) led to increased invasion of HEp-2 cells, as well as altered expression of other genes. The protein product of one of the regulated genes, named CipA, has domains that resemble the PXXP motif of human Piccolo proteins, which bind SH3 domains in proteins involved in the scaffold complex formed during cytoskeletal rearrangement. Although CipA was not detected in the cytoplasm of HEp-2 cells exposed to M. avium, the recombinant protein was shown to be potentially expressed on the surface of Mycobacterium smegmatis incubated with HEp-2 cells and, possibly, to interact with human Cdc42. The interaction was then confirmed by showing that CipA activates Cdc42. These results suggest that members of the M. avium complex have a novel mechanism for activating cytoskeletal rearrangement, prompting uptake by host epithelial cells, and that this mechanism is regulated in part by fadD2, MAV_5138, and MAV_3679.
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Abstract
Intracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria subvert all the major cellular functions of their hosts. Targeted host processes include protein synthesis, membrane trafficking, modulation of gene expression, antigen presentation, and apoptosis. In recent years, it has become evident that protozoan pathogens, including members of the phylum Apicomplexa, also hijack their host cell's functions to access nutrients and to escape cellular defenses and immune responses. These obligate intracellular parasites provide superb illustrations of the subversion of host cell processes such as the recruitment and reorganization of host cell compartments without fusion around the parasitophorous vacuole of Toxoplasma gondii; the export of Plasmodium falciparum proteins on the surface of infected erythrocytes; and the induced transformation of the lymphocytes infected by Theileria parva, which leads to clonal extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Plattner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva CMU, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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39
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Overexpression of N-WASP in the brain of human epilepsy. Brain Res 2008; 1233:168-75. [PMID: 18708039 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal circuit remodeling is the most critical pathological characteristic closely associated with the initiation and maintenance of epilepsy; however, the exact mechanisms of neuronal remodeling need further elucidation. Neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that causes actin polymerization and thus neurite extension. Our previous research demonstrated that the upstream regulator of N-WASP, cell division cycle 42 GTP-binding protein (Cdc42), is significantly upregulated in the brains of patients with intractable epilepsy (IE). In addition, cDNA microarray analysis has shown that gene expression of N-WASP is notably enhanced in the epileptic brain, suggesting a possible role for N-WASP in epileptogenesis. Here, we investigated the expression of N-WASP and its downstream effector, actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3), at the protein level in the temporal lobe of IE patient brains to explore its possible role in the genesis of IE. Forty surgical samples from brains of patients with IE and 20 control brain tissues were obtained for this study. The expression of N-WASP in the anterior temporal neocortex was detected using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blotting; Arp2/3 expression was detected by western blotting. Compared with controls, N-WASP expression in brains of IE patients was significantly higher; similarly, Arp2/3 level was markedly increased in the IE patient group. These results suggest that increased expression of N-WASP in the human brain may be associated with human IE.
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40
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Hermosilla C, Schröpfer E, Stowasser M, Eckstein-Ludwig U, Behrendt JH, Zahner H. Cytoskeletal changes in Eimeria bovis-infected host endothelial cells during first merogony. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:521-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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O'Hara SP, Small AJ, Chen XM, LaRusso NF. Host cell actin remodeling in response to Cryptosporidium. Subcell Biochem 2008; 47:92-100. [PMID: 18512344 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78267-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium exhibits a complex strategy to invade and establish productive infection sites, involving complimentary parasite and host cell processes. While the work regarding host cell actin remodeling has greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in the parasite induced actin reorganization, the specific function of host cell actin remodeling is still equivocal. We contend that host cell actin polymerization contributes to the development of productive C. parvum infection sites by generating membrane protrusion events, which may assist in the retention of the parasite at the apical surface within the unique extracytoplasmic niche. With our current understanding of the molecular pathways initiating actin remodeling upon C. parvum interactions with host cells, the next logical step is to determine the upstream events resulting in PI3K activation and the specific role of actin remodeling in parasite development, a process that may have implications beyond host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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42
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Valigurová A, Jirků M, Koudela B, Gelnar M, Modrý D, Šlapeta J. Cryptosporidia: Epicellular parasites embraced by the host cell membrane. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:913-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Carabeo RA, Dooley CA, Grieshaber SS, Hackstadt T. Rac interacts with Abi-1 and WAVE2 to promote an Arp2/3-dependent actin recruitment during chlamydial invasion. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:2278-88. [PMID: 17501982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydiae are Gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogens to which access to an intracellular environment is fundamental to their development. Chlamydial attachment to host cells induces the activation of the Rac GTPase, which is required for the localization of WAVE2 at the sites of chlamydial entry. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that Chlamydia trachomatis infection promoted the interaction of Rac with WAVE2 and Abi-1, but not with IRSp53. siRNA depletion of WAVE2 and Abi-1 abrogated chlamydia-induced actin recruitment and significantly reduced the uptake of the pathogen by the depleted cells. Chlamydia invasion also requires the Arp2/3 complex as demonstrated by its localization to the sites of chlamydial attachment and the reduced efficiency of chlamydial invasion in cells overexpressing the VCA domain of the neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Thus, C. trachomatis activates Rac and promotes its interaction with WAVE2 and Abi-1 to activate the Arp2/3 complex resulting in the induction of actin cytoskeletal rearrangements that are required for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rey A Carabeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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44
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Ragione RML, Best A, Clifford D, Weyer U, Johnson L, Marshall RN, Marshall J, Cooley WA, Farrelly S, Pearson GR, Woodward MJ. Influence of colostrum deprivation and concurrent Cryptosporidium parvum infection on the colonization and persistence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in young lambs. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:819-828. [PMID: 16772407 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coliO157 : H7 andCryptosporidium parvuminfections of man have been associated with direct contact with small ruminants. Colostrum protects neonates against gastrointestinal pathogens, and orphan lambs, which are common on petting farms, may be deprived of this protection. In a recent study, it was demonstrated that high shedding ofE. coliO157 : H7 by an 8-week-old goat kid was associated with coincidentalC. parvuminfection. Furthermore, both pathogens were co-located in the distal gastrointestinal tract. It was hypothesized that colostrum deprivation and pre-infection withC. parvumpredisposed young ruminants to colonization and increased shedding ofE. coliO157 : H7. To test this, 21 lambs 5 weeks of age were divided into four groups as follows: (A) colostrum-deprived and inoculated withE. coliO157 : H7, (B) colostrum-deprived and inoculated withC. parvumand thenE. coliO157 : H7, (C) conventionally reared and inoculated withE. coliO157 : H7, (D) conventionally reared and inoculated withC. parvumand thenE. coliO157 : H7.C. parvumwas detected between 8 and 12 days post-inoculation in most of the infected lambs. At 24 h post-inoculation withE. coliO157 : H7, all lambs were shedding between 5×104and 5×107 c.f.u.E. coliO157 : H7 per gram of faeces.E. coliO157 : H7 was shed in higher numbers in the groups pre-inoculated withC. parvum, whether conventionally reared or colostrum-deprived. Interestingly, for the colostrum-deprived lambs on day 3, a significant difference in shedding ofE. coliO157 : H7 was observed (P=0.038), with the lambs inoculated withE. colialone yielding higher counts than those pre-inoculated withC. parvum. From day 15 onwards, shedding ofE. coliO157 : H7 was highest from the colostrum-deprivedC. parvum-infected lambs, then (in descending order of shedding) the colostrum-deprived lambs, the conventionally reared lambs infected withC. parvum, and the conventionally reared animals. In total, four animals were euthanized, two at 24 h and two at 96 h post inoculation withE. coliO157 : H7 (two conventionally reared and two colostrum-deprived). All animals euthanized were from groups pre-inoculated withC. parvumprior to challenge withE. coliO157 : H7. On examination of tissues, in three of the four animals examined, multifocal attaching and effacing lesions were observed in the caecum, colon, rectum and at the recto-anal junction, and were confirmed by immunohistochemistry to be associated withE. coliO157 : H7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - G R Pearson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Sunnotel O, Lowery CJ, Moore JE, Dooley JSG, Xiao L, Millar BC, Rooney PJ, Snelling WJ. Cryptosporidium. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:7-16. [PMID: 16834714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses characteristics of the genus Cryptosporidium and addresses the pathogenesis, reservoirs, public health significance and current applications for the detection and typing of this important pathogen. By increasing knowledge in key areas of Cryptosporidium research such as aetiology, epidemiology, transmission and host interactions, the numbers of cases of human cryptosporidiosis should be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sunnotel
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry, UK
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46
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two of the most commonly occurring enteric protozoans. They are responsible for diarrheal diseases that may lead to nutritional deficiencies and significant morbidity and mortality, especially among children in developing countries and patients who have immune defects. Both are difficult to diagnose with microscopic techniques. This article provides an updated review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 535EE, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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47
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Abstract
Over the millennia, pathogens have coevolved with their hosts and acquired the ability to intercept, disrupt, mimic, and usurp numerous signaling pathways of those hosts. The study of host/pathogen interactions thus not only teaches us about the intricate biology of these parasitic invaders but also provides interesting insights into basic cellular processes both at the level of the individual cell and more globally throughout the organism. Host/pathogen relationships also provide insights into the evolutionary forces that shape biological diversity. Here we review a few recent examples of how viruses, bacteria, and parasites manipulate tyrosine kinase-mediated and Rho guanosine triphosphatase-mediated signaling pathways of their hosts to achieve efficient entry, replication, and exit during their infectious cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Münter
- Department of Parasitology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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O'Hara SP, Lin JJC. Accumulation of tropomyosin isoform 5 at the infection sites of host cells during Cryptosporidium invasion. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:45-54. [PMID: 16479376 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton of host cells has been implicated in Cryptosporidium invasion. However, the underlying mechanism of how actin filaments and associated proteins modulate this process remains unclear. In this study, we use in vitro cultured cell lines, human ileocecal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and an in vivo mouse model to investigate the roles of tropomyosin isoforms in Cryptosporidium invasion. Using isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies, we found that the major human tropomyosin (hTM) isoforms expressed in HCT-8 cells are hTM4 and hTM5. HCT-8 cells also express hTM1 at low levels but not hTM2 and hTM3. During Cryptosporidium parvum infection, hTM5 colocalized to the infection sites with a novel parasite membrane protein, CP2. Neither hTM1 nor hTM4 accumulated at infection sites. Similarly, a high level of TM5 and varying amounts of TM4 accumulated at the C. parvum infection sites in CHO cells. CHO cells overexpressing hTM5 exhibit a significantly higher percent of mature meronts early in the infection process relative to CHO cells or CHO cells overexpressing a tropomyosin mutant, chimeric isoform hTM5/3. These results suggest that functional TM5 enhances Cryptosporidium invasion of host cells. In C. parvum-infected mice, accumulation and rearrangement of TM5 and TM4 were detected throughout the infected ileum. Similarly, in the Cryptosporidium muris-infected mice, TM5 accumulated in discrete regions of the epithelial cells of gastric glands and in the oocyst-laden stomach gland lumen. Cryptosporidium infection appears to rearrange and recruit host TM isoforms in both culture cells and in the mouse. Localized accumulation of tropomyosin at the infection sites may facilitate parasite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
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Hashim A, Mulcahy G, Bourke B, Clyne M. Interaction of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum with primary human and bovine intestinal cells. Infect Immun 2006; 74:99-107. [PMID: 16368962 PMCID: PMC1346631 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.99-107.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis in humans is caused by the zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum and the anthroponotic pathogen Cryptosporidium hominis. To what extent the recently recognized C. hominis species differs from C. parvum is unknown. In this study we compared the mechanisms of C. parvum and C. hominis invasion using a primary cell model of infection. Cultured primary bovine and human epithelial intestinal cells were infected with C. parvum or C. hominis. The effects of the carbohydrate lectin galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc) and inhibitors of cytoskeletal function and signal transduction mechanisms on entry of the parasites into host cells were tested. HCT-8 cells (human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cells) were used for the purpose of comparison. Pretreatment of parasites with Gal/GalNAc inhibited entry of C. parvum into HCT-8 cells and primary bovine cells but had no effect on entry of either C. parvum or C. hominis into primary human cells or on entry of C. hominis into HCT-8 cells. Both Cryptosporidium species entered primary cells by a protein kinase C (PKC)- and actin-dependent mechanism. Staurosporine, in particular, attenuated infection, likely through a combination of PKC inhibition and induction of apoptosis. Diversity in the mechanisms used by Cryptosporidium species to infect cells of different origins has important implications for understanding the relevance of in vitro studies of Cryptosporidium pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Hashim
- The Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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50
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Chen XM, O'Hara SP, Nelson JB, Splinter PL, Small AJ, Tietz PS, Limper AH, LaRusso NF. Multiple TLRs are expressed in human cholangiocytes and mediate host epithelial defense responses to Cryptosporidium parvum via activation of NF-kappaB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7447-56. [PMID: 16301652 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection of epithelial cells by Cryptosporidium parvum triggers a variety of host-cell innate and adaptive immune responses including release of cytokines/chemokines and up-regulation of antimicrobial peptides. The mechanisms that trigger these host-cell responses are unclear. Thus, we evaluated the role of TLRs in host-cell responses during C. parvum infection of cultured human biliary epithelia (i.e., cholangiocytes). We found that normal human cholangiocytes express all known TLRs. C. parvum infection of cultured cholangiocytes induces the selective recruitment of TLR2 and TLR4 to the infection sites. Activation of several downstream effectors of TLRs including IL-1R-associated kinase, p-38, and NF-kappaB was detected in infected cells. Transfection of cholangiocytes with dominant-negative mutants of TLR2 and TLR4, as well as the adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88), inhibited C. parvum-induced activation of IL-1R-associated kinase, p-38, and NF-kappaB. Short-interfering RNA to TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 also blocked C. parvum-induced NF-kappaB activation. Moreover, C. parvum selectively up-regulated human beta-defensin-2 in directly infected cells, and inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4 signals or NF-kappaB activation were each associated with a reduction of C. parvum-induced human beta-defensin-2 expression. A significantly higher number of parasites were detected in cells transfected with a MyD88 dominant-negative mutant than in the control cells at 48-96 h after initial exposure to parasites, suggesting MyD88-deficient cells were more susceptible to infection. These findings demonstrate that cholangiocytes express a variety of TLRs, and suggest that TLR2 and TLR4 mediate cholangiocyte defense responses to C. parvum via activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Chen
- The Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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