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Nafie EH, Abou-Gamra MM, Mossalem HS, Sarhan RM, Hammam OA, Nasr SM, Anwar MM. Evaluation of the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of mucus and tissue nucleoproteins extracted from Biomphalaria alexandrina snails on schistosomiasis mansoni. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:551-569. [PMID: 39145357 PMCID: PMC11319553 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with considerable morbidity. The lone effective drug, praziquantel (PZQ), is showing emergence of drug resistance hence, searching for new supportive treatment is crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mucus and nucleoproteins (NPs) extracted from Biomphalaria alexandrina (B. alexandrina) snails on miracidia, cercariae and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) adults in vitro and assess their experimental in vivo effect through parasitological, histopathological, and biochemical parameters. The in vivo study included 90 male Swiss albino mice. Mice were grouped into 9 groups; G1-G5 were infected and treated with; GI: PZQ, GII: mucus, GIII: combined PZQ and mucus, GIV: NPs, GV: combined PZQ and NPs. Control groups; C1: Non infected non treated (negative control), C2: Infected non treated (positive control), C3: Non infected mucus treated and C4: Non infected NPs treated. The in vitro study proved that the mucus had a better lethal effect on cercariae than miracidia, while NPs had better lethal effect on miracidia. The mucus lethal effect on adults surpassed the NPs as 100% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study proved that the combined NPs or mucus with PZQ added to the effect of individual PZQ resulting in 100% total worm burden (TWB) reduction. As regard oxidative stress markers, the lowest level of nitric oxide (NO) was shown with combined PZQ and NPs. While, the highest glutathione (GSH) level was produced by individual PZQ. The study concluded that mucus and NPs of B. alexandrina had cercaricidal, miracidicidal and anti-schistosomal effect in vitro and that their combination could be considered a contribution to PZQ potentiality in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa H. Nafie
- Departments of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Maha M. Abou-Gamra
- Departments of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Hanan S. Mossalem
- Departments of Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, El-Nile St., Warrak El-Hader, P.O. BOX 30, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Sarhan
- Departments of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Olfat A. Hammam
- Departments of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, El-Nile St., Warrak El-Hader, P.O. BOX 30, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sami M. Nasr
- Departments of Biochemistry, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, El-Nile St., Warrak El-Hader, P.O. BOX 30, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona M. Anwar
- Departments of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
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Silva TD, Gonçalves-Santos E, Gonçalves RV, Souza RLM, Caetano JE, Caldas IS, Diniz LF, Marques MJ, Novaes RD. Matrix metalloproteinases inhibition reveals the association between inflammation, collagen accumulation and intestinal translocation of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111353. [PMID: 38086267 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic infection that causes enterohepatic morbidity associated with severe granulomatous inflammation triggered by parasite eggs. In this disease, granulomatous inflammation leads to intestinal erosion and environmental excretion of S. mansoni eggs from feces, an essential process for propagating the parasite and infecting host organisms. Metalloproteinases (MMP) are involved in S. mansoni-induced hepatic granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. However, the relationship between MMP and collagen accumulation with the intestinal excretion of parasite eggs remains unclear. Thus, the present study investigated whether MMP inhibition is capable of modulating granulomatous inflammation, collagen accumulation and mechanical resistance to the point of influencing the dynamics between intestinal retention and excretion of S. mansoni eggs in infected mice. Our findings indicated that doxycycline (a potent MMP inhibitor) aggravates intestinal inflammation and subverts collagen dynamics in schistosomiasis. By attenuating MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, this drug is capable of enhancing fibrosis and mechanical resistance of the intestinal wall, hindering S. mansoni eggs translocation. Although collagen content was not correlated with MMP activity, intestinal retention and fecal excretion of parasite eggs in untreated mice; these correlations were observed for doxycycline-treated animals. Thus, our study provides evidence that doxycycline is able to attenuate fecal elimination of S. mansoni eggs by inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, events potentially associated with excessive collagen accumulation, which increases intestinal mechanical resistance and hinders eggs translocation through the intestinal wall. Variations in intestinal collagen dynamics are relevant since they may represent changes in the environmental dispersion of S. mansoni eggs, bringing repercussions for schistosomiasis propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago D Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel L M Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Edson Caetano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo S Caldas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Livia F Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Differential Analysis of Key Proteins Related to Fibrosis and Inflammation in Soluble Egg Antigen of Schistosoma mansoni at Different Infection Times. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030441. [PMID: 36986363 PMCID: PMC10054402 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major global health problem. Schistosomes secrete antigens into the host tissue that bind to chemokines or inhibit immune cell receptors, regulating the immune responses to allow schistosome development. However, the detailed mechanism of chronic schistosome infection-induced liver fibrosis, including the relationship between secreted soluble egg antigen (SEA) and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, is still unknown. We used mass spectrometry to identify the SEA protein sequences from different infection weeks. In the 10th and 12th infection weeks, we focused on the SEA components and screened out the special protein components, particularly fibrosis- and inflammation-related protein sequences. Our results have identified heat shock proteins, phosphorylation-associated enzymes, or kinases, such as Sm16, GSTA3, GPCRs, EF1-α, MMP7, and other proteins linked to schistosome-induced liver fibrosis. After sorting, we found many special proteins related to fibrosis and inflammation, but studies proving their association with schistosomiasis infection are limited. Follow-up studies on MICOS, MATE1, 14-3-3 epsilon, and CDCP1 are needed. We treated the LX-2 cells with the SEA from the 8th, 10th, and 12th infection weeks to test HSC activation. In a trans-well cell model in which PBMCs and HSCs were co-cultured, the SEA could significantly induce TGF-β secretion, especially from the 12th week of infection. Our data also showed that TGF-β secreted by PBMC after the SEA treatment activates LX-2 and upregulates hepatic fibrotic markers α-SMA and collagen 1. Based on these results, the CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) screened at the 12th infection week could be investigated further. This study clarifies the trend of immune mechanism variation in the different stages of schistosome infection. However, how egg-induced immune response transformation causes liver tissue fibrosis needs to be studied further.
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Skelly PJ, Nation CS, Da'Dara AA. Schistosoma mansoni and the purinergic halo. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:1080-1088. [PMID: 36182536 PMCID: PMC9669209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Intravascular schistosomes may control immune and hemostatic responses by regulating the nature and amount of selected host purinergic signaling molecules - such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) - surrounding them. Such metabolites are collectively known as the worm's 'purinergic halo'. Host-interactive, membrane-bound, tegumental ectonucleotidases, notably SmATPDase1, SmNPP5, SmAP and SmNACE, can degrade proinflammatory, prothrombotic and immunomodulatory purinergic metabolites like those listed. A common catabolic product is the anti-inflammatory metabolite adenosine that can additionally be taken in by the worms as food. We envision the tegumental ectonucleotidases as having a twofold role at the worm surface: first, they degrade potentially harmful host signaling molecules, and second, they generate vital nutrients around the worms from where these can be conveniently imported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Skelly
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Catherine S Nation
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Akram A Da'Dara
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Winkelmann F, Rabes A, Reinholdt C, Koslowski N, Koczan D, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Sex-Specific Modulation of the Host Transcriptome in the Spleen of Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:893632. [PMID: 35865813 PMCID: PMC9294737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.893632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease that is primarily driven by the host’s immune response to schistosome eggs trapped in tissue and by the granulomatous inflammatory and fibrotic reaction they cause. Despite significant progress in understanding the complex immunological processes involved in the relationship between schistosomes and their host, neither an effective vaccine against the infection nor anti-fibrotic drugs currently exists, making the search for new targets for schistosome drugs and vaccine candidates even more important. In order to identify new molecular targets for defense against or elimination of the parasite, we investigate herein the interplay between the host and male or female schistosomes, clearly separating this from the action of the parasite eggs. Methods For this purpose, we infected 6–8-week-old female NMRI mice with 100 male (M), female (F), or both (MF) S. mansoni cercariae and performed a comparative transcriptomic and flow cytometric analysis of their spleens. Results Principal component analysis of a total of 22,207 transcripts showed a clear clustering of the experimental groups. We identified a total of 1,293 genes in group M, 512 genes in group F, and 4,062 genes in group MF that were differentially expressed compared to naive controls. The highest percentage of regulated genes (2,972; 65.9%) was found in group MF alone, but there was a large overlap between groups M and MF (798; 17.7%) and a small overlap between groups F and MF (91; 2.0%). Only 4.5% of genes (201) were revealed to be regulated in all experimental groups (M/F/MF). In addition, we were able to show that both worm sexes trigger immune responses in an egg-independent manner (non-polarized Th1 and Th2 response), with female worms exerting less regulatory influence than males. Conclusion Our data show that adult schistosomes trigger sex-specific, egg-independent immune responses. The lists of genes regulated by adult female or male worms presented here may be useful in deciphering host–parasite interactions to identify targets for schistosome elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Winkelmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Rabes
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cindy Reinholdt
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Koslowski
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C. Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Sombetzki
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martina Sombetzki,
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Sholeye AR, Williams AA, Loots DT, Tutu van Furth AM, van der Kuip M, Mason S. Tuberculous Granuloma: Emerging Insights From Proteomics and Metabolomics. Front Neurol 2022; 13:804838. [PMID: 35386409 PMCID: PMC8978302 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.804838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which claims hundreds of thousands of lives each year, is typically characterized by the formation of tuberculous granulomas — the histopathological hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). Our knowledge of granulomas, which comprise a biologically diverse body of pro- and anti-inflammatory cells from the host immune responses, is based mainly upon examination of lungs, in both human and animal studies, but little on their counterparts from other organs of the TB patient such as the brain. The biological heterogeneity of TB granulomas has led to their diverse, relatively uncoordinated, categorization, which is summarized here. However, there is a pressing need to elucidate more fully the phenotype of the granulomas from infected patients. Newly emerging studies at the protein (proteomics) and metabolite (metabolomics) levels have the potential to achieve this. In this review we summarize the diverse nature of TB granulomas based upon the literature, and amplify these accounts by reporting on the relatively few, emerging proteomics and metabolomics studies on TB granulomas. Metabolites (for example, trimethylamine-oxide) and proteins (such as the peptide PKAp) associated with TB granulomas, and knowledge of their localizations, help us to understand the resultant phenotype. Nevertheless, more multidisciplinary ‘omics studies, especially in human subjects, are required to contribute toward ushering in a new era of understanding of TB granulomas – both at the site of infection, and on a systemic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abisola Regina Sholeye
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Aurelia A. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - A. Marceline Tutu van Furth
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shayne Mason
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Shayne Mason
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Ho CH, Cheng CH, Huang TW, Peng SY, Lee KM, Cheng PC. Switched phenotypes of macrophages during the different stages of Schistosoma japonicum infection influenced the subsequent trends of immune responses. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 55:503-526. [PMID: 34330662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play crucial roles in immune responses during the course of schistosomal infections. METHODS We currently investigated influence of immunocompetent changes in macrophages via microarray-based analysis, mRNA expression analysis, detection of serum cytokines, and subsequent evaluation of the immune phenotypes following the differentiation of infection-induced lymphocytes in a unique T1/T2 double-transgenic mouse model. RESULTS The gradual upregulation of genes encoding YM1, YM2, and interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 receptors in infected mice indicated the role of type 2 alternatively activated macrophages (M2, AAMφs) in immune responses after Schistosoma japonicum egg production. FACS analysis showed that surface markers MHC class II (IA/IE) and CD8α+ of the macrophages also exhibited a dramatic change at the various time points before and after egg-production. The transgenic mouse experiments further demonstrated that the shifting of macrophage phenotypes influenced the percentage of helper T (Th)-2 cells, which was observed to be higher than that of Th1 cells, which increased only at 3 and 5 weeks post-infection. The differentiation of effector B cells showed a similar but more significant trend toward type-2 immunity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the infection of mice with S. japonicum resulted in a final Th2- and Be2-skewed immune response. This may be due to phenotypic changes in the macrophages. The influence of alternatively activated macrophages was also activated by S. japonicum egg production. This study elucidated the existence of variations in immune mechanisms at the schistosome infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsun Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wen Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Kin-Mu Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Butrous G. Schistosome infection and its effect on pulmonary circulation. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2019; 2019:5. [PMID: 31024947 PMCID: PMC6472693 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2019.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the most common parasitic disease associated with pulmonary hypertension. It induces remodelling via complex inflammatory processes, which eventually produce the clinical manifestation of pulmonary hypertension. The pulmonary hypertension shows clinical signs and symptoms that are not distinguishable from other forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazwan Butrous
- Professor of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, UK and University of Greenwich, Central Ave, Gillingham, Chatham ME4 4BF, Kent, UK
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Jatsa HB, Femoe UM, Njiaza J, Tombe Tombe DS, Mbolang LN, Nkondo ET, Tchuente LAT, Dimo T, Kamtchouing P. Efficacy of Sida pilosa Retz aqueous extract against Schistosoma mansoni - induced granulomatous inflammation in the liver and the intestine of mice: histomorphometry and gastrointestinal motility evaluation. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:247. [PMID: 30189873 PMCID: PMC6127922 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The macerate of Sida pilosa aerial parts is used empirically for the treatment of intestinal helminthiasis. Previous studies have shown that Sida pilosa aqueous extract (SpAE) has schistosomicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in Schistosoma mansoni infection. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of SpAE on the granulomatous inflammation induced by S. mansoni in the liver and the intestine of mice by histomorphometry; as well as on the gastrointestinal motility. METHODS To study the effect of SpAE on the liver and intestine histomorphometry and on the gastrointestinal motility, SpAE was administered at 200 mg/kg per os to S. mansoni-infected mice for 4 weeks. Praziquantel was used as reference drug. Prior to carrying out sacrifice, a batch of mice was subjected to gastrointestinal transit evaluation with 3% charcoal meal. After sacrifying another batch of mice, we performed histological and morphometric analyses of the liver and the ileum. We measured the following: total proteins, transaminases, malondialdehyde, nitrites, superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione. The effect of SpAE (4, 8, 16 and 32 mg/mL) on the ileum contractile activity was evaluated either in the absence or in the presence of pharmacological blockers. RESULTS SpAE induced a significant reduction of hepatosplenomegaly and intestine enlargement. The number of granulomas was reduced by 52.82% in the liver and 52.79% in the intestine, whereas the volume of hepatic granulomas decreased by 48.76% after SpAE treatment. SpAE also reduced (p < 0.001) the ileal muscular layer thickness. The levels of total proteins, transaminases, malondialdehyde, nitrites, superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione were restored after treatment of infected mice with SpAE. A normalization of the gastrointestinal transit was also recorded after SpAE treatment. The effect of SpAE on intestinal motility was mediated via intracellular and extracellular calcium mobilization. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that SpAE improves granulomatous inflammation induced by S. mansoni both in the liver and in the intestine, as well as it re-establishes normal gastrointestinal transit. SpAE may be used for the development of alternative medicine against S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Boukeng Jatsa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ulrich Membe Femoe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Njiaza
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Simplice Tombe Tombe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lohik Nguegan Mbolang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emilienne Tienga Nkondo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuente
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Kamtchouing
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Sombetzki M, Koslowski N, Rabes A, Seneberg S, Winkelmann F, Fritzsche C, Loebermann M, Reisinger EC. Host Defense Versus Immunosuppression: Unisexual Infection With Male or Female Schistosoma mansoni Differentially Impacts the Immune Response Against Invading Cercariae. Front Immunol 2018; 9:861. [PMID: 29743881 PMCID: PMC5930291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the intravascular diecious trematode Schistosoma spp. remains a serious tropical disease and public health problem in the developing world, affecting over 258 million people worldwide. During chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection, complex immune responses to tissue-entrapped parasite eggs provoke granulomatous inflammation which leads to serious damage of the liver and intestine. The suppression of protective host immune mechanisms by helminths promotes parasite survival and benefits the host by reducing tissue damage. However, immune-suppressive cytokines may reduce vaccine-induced immune responses. By combining a single-sex infection system with a murine air pouch model, we were able to demonstrate that male and female schistosomes play opposing roles in modulating the host’s immune response. Female schistosomes suppress early innate immune responses to invading cercariae in the skin and upregulate anergy-associated genes. In contrast, male schistosomes trigger strong innate immune reactions which lead to a reduction in worm and egg burden in the liver. Our data suggest that the female worm is a neglected player in the dampening of the host’s immune defense system and is therefore a promising target for new immune modulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sombetzki
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Koslowski
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Rabes
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sonja Seneberg
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Franziska Winkelmann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carlos Fritzsche
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Alhusseiny SM, El-Beshbishi SN, Hashim MMA, El-nemr HEDE, Handoussa AE. A comparative study on the anti-schistosomal and hepatoprotective effects of vinpocetine and isosorbide-5-mononitrate on Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Acta Trop 2017; 176:114-125. [PMID: 28757393 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a remarkable public health problem in developing countries. Presently, praziquantel is the optional drug for all human schistosomiasis. Owing to the increased praziquantel resistance, there is an urgent need to develop new alternatives. This study aims at determining the anti-schistosomal and/or the hepatoprotective effects of the anti-inflammatory drug; vinpocetine, and the vasodilator and the nitric oxide donor; isosorbide-5-mononitrate, in comparison to praziquantel. In the present research, the therapeutic efficacies of these drugs were assessed in Swiss albino female mice (CD-I strain) experimentally infected with an Egyptian strain of Schistosoma mansoni, using some general, parasitological, and histopathological parameters. In this work, praziquantel significantly reduced worm burden and hepatic egg load, increased the percentage of dead eggs in the small intestine and decreased granuloma count, but did not reduce granuloma diameter. While, either vinpocetine or isosorbide-5-mononitrate monotherapy did not induce significant reduction in the worm count, hepatic egg load or shift in the oogram pattern, but significantly reduced granuloma count and diameter. Moreover, isosorbide-5-mononitrate significantly reduced hepatic inflammation and necrosis. The best results were obtained in the mice groups treated with isosorbide-5-mononitrate combined with praziquantel or vinpocetine. Our results point to vinpocetine and isosorbide-5-mononitrate as a convenient and promising adjuvant to praziquantel for ameliorating schistosomal liver pathology. Further studies are recommended to reveal the actual pathways responsible for the different activities of vinpocetine and isosorbide-5-mononitrate.
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12
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Soliman RH, Ismail OA, Badr MS, Nasr SM. Resveratrol ameliorates oxidative stress and organ dysfunction in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. Exp Parasitol 2017; 174:52-58. [PMID: 28167208 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni causes a major chronic debilitating disease in more than 230 million people around the world. The pathognomonic granuloma is a major cause of the oxidative stress encountered as a consequence of infection not only in the liver, but also in other important organs as spleen, lung, brain and kidney. Resveratrol administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg once daily for two weeks to mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni resulted in improvement in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Enzymatic antioxidant profile showed significant modulations in Superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and reduced glutathione levels. Specific biomarkers for homeostasis of brain and lung i.e. Tau and RAGE respectively, showed significant improvement after resveratrol administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Soliman
- Faculty of Medicine, Parasitology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Parasitology Department, Taif University, KSA.
| | - O A Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, Parasitology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia, Egypt
| | - M S Badr
- Medical Research Center, Ain Shams University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Egypt
| | - S M Nasr
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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13
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Feng M, Cheng X. Parasite-Associated Cancers (Blood Flukes/Liver Flukes). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:193-205. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Elsakkar MG, Eissa MM, Hewedy WA, Nassra RM, Elatrebi SF. Sodium valproate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, with praziquantel ameliorates Schistosoma mansoni-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Life Sci 2016; 162:95-101. [PMID: 27528511 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study explores the potential antifibrotic effect of sodium valproate (SV), an inhibitor of class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, and/or praziquantel (PZQ) on Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni)-induced liver fibrosis in mice. MAIN METHODS Male Swiss albino mice were divided into nine groups: group I- normal control (NC); group II- uninfected gum mucilage (GM) treated; group III- uninfected PZQ- treated; group IV- uninfected SV-treated; group V- control S. mansoni infected mice; group VI- infected GM-treated; group VII- infected PZQ-treated; group VIII- infected SV-treated; group IX- infected PZQ+SV treated. All SV administrations were 300mg/kg/day orally and administered for five weeks beginning on the 5th week post infection (WPI). All PZQ administrations were 500mg/kg/day orally and administered for 2 consecutive days beginning on the 7th WPI. Serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), hepatic hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, and liver function tests (AST and ALT) were determined. Specimens of the hepatic tissues were examined histologically. KEY FINDINGS Treatment of S. mansoni-infected mice with SV significantly decreased the serum levels of ALT, TGF-β1 and TNF-α, and the liver tissue hydroxyproline content compared with the S. mansoni infected untreated groups. Histologically, treatment with SV revealed regression of the granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Combined treatment with PZQ and SV produces more favorable biochemical results, and aborted granulomatous reaction compared with either drug alone. SIGNIFICANCE Sodium valproate is a promising anti-fibrotic agent. It demonstrated an anti-fibrotic effect in early stages of S. mansoni infection through downregulation of profibrogenic cytokines, and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed G Elsakkar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maha M Eissa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Hewedy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Rasha M Nassra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Soha F Elatrebi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Santos PDA, Lorena VMBD, Fernandes ÉDS, Sales IRF, Nascimento WRCD, Gomes YDM, Albuquerque MCPDA, Costa VMA, Souza VMOD. Gestation and breastfeeding in schistosomotic mothers differently modulate the immune response of adult offspring to postnatal Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:83-92. [PMID: 26872339 PMCID: PMC4750447 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni antigens in the early life alter homologous and
heterologous immunity during postnatal infections. We evaluate the immunity to
parasite antigens and ovalbumin (OA) in adult mice born/suckled by schistosomotic
mothers. Newborns were divided into: born (BIM), suckled (SIM) or born/suckled (BSIM)
in schistosomotic mothers, and animals from noninfected mothers (control). When
adults, the mice were infected and compared the hepatic granuloma size and
cellularity. Some animals were OA + adjuvant immunised. We evaluated hypersensitivity
reactions (HR), antibodies levels (IgG1/IgG2a) anti-soluble egg antigen and
anti-soluble worm antigen preparation, and anti-OA, cytokine production, and
CD4+FoxP3+T-cells by splenocytes. Compared to control group,
BIM mice showed a greater quantity of granulomas and collagen deposition, whereas SIM
and BSIM presented smaller granulomas. BSIM group exhibited the lowest levels of
anti-parasite antibodies. For anti-OA immunity, immediate HR was suppressed in all
groups, with greater intensity in SIM mice accompanied of the remarkable level of
basal CD4+FoxP3+T-cells. BIM and SIM groups produced less
interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-g. In BSIM, there was higher
production of IL-10 and IFN-g, but lower levels of IL-4 and
CD4+FoxP3+T-cells. Thus, pregnancy in schistosomotic mothers
intensified hepatic fibrosis, whereas breastfeeding diminished granulomas in
descendants. Separately, pregnancy and breastfeeding could suppress heterologous
immunity; however, when combined, the responses could be partially restored in
infected descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia d'Emery Alves Santos
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Érica de Souza Fernandes
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Iana Rafaela Fernandes Sales
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
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Zaia MG, Cagnazzo TDO, Feitosa KA, Soares EG, Faccioli LH, Allegretti SM, Afonso A, Anibal FDF. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Menthol and Menthone in Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:170. [PMID: 27378927 PMCID: PMC4911957 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematode worms and it is believed that more than 261 million people are affected worldwide. New drug development has become essential because there is a risk of the parasite becoming resistant to Praziquantel, the only drug available for this infection. This study evaluated parasitological, immunological and histological parameters in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni and treated with an herbal commercial medicine. This drug consists of menthol (30-55%) and menthone (14-32%). A 60 day treatment regimen with the herbal medicine decreased the number of S. mansoni eggs in the feces, liver, and intestine and reduced the number of hepatic granulomas. We observed a reduction of 84% in blood eosinophilia and a decrease in the IL-4 and IL-10 blood levels after treatment. Therefore, we propose that schistosomiasis treatment with this herbal medicine for 60 days has an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action in this animal model for schistosomiasis thus contributing to the decrease in physio pathological effects caused by S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio G Zaia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Túlio di Orlando Cagnazzo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Karina A Feitosa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Edson G Soares
- Department of Patology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Silmara M Allegretti
- Departamento De Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Afonso
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São CarlosSão Carlos, Brazil; Medical Parasitology Unit, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Bioanalytical, Microfabrication, and Separations Group, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São PauloSão Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
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Wang K, del Castillo C, Corre E, Pales Espinosa E, Allam B. Clam focal and systemic immune responses to QPX infection revealed by RNA-seq technology. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:146. [PMID: 26921237 PMCID: PMC4769524 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria is an important seafood species widely exploited along the eastern coasts of the United States and play a crucial role in coastal ecology and economy. Severe hard clam mortalities have been associated with the protistan parasite QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown). QPX infection establishes in pallial organs with the lesions typically characterized as nodules, which represent inflammatory masses formed by hemocyte infiltration and encapsulation of parasites. QPX infection is known to induce host changes on both the whole-organism level and at specific lesion areas, which imply systemic and focal defense responses, respectively. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations. Results RNA-seq was performed using Illumina Hiseq 2000 (641 Million 100 bp reads) to characterize M. mercenaria focal and systemic immune responses to QPX. Transcripts were assembled and the expression levels were compared between nodule and healthy tissues from infected clams, and between these and tissues from healthy clams. De novo assembly reconstructed a consensus transcriptome of 62,980 sequences that was functionally-annotated. A total of 3,131 transcripts were identified as differentially expressed in different tissues. Results allowed the identification of host immune factors implicated in the systemic and focal responses against QPX and unraveled the pathways involved in parasite neutralization. Among transcripts significantly modulated upon host-pathogen interactions, those involved in non-self recognition, signal transduction and defense response were over-represented. Alterations in pathways regulating hemocyte focal adhesion, migration and apoptosis were also demonstrated. Conclusions Our study is the first attempt to thoroughly characterize M. mercenaria transcriptome and identify molecular features associated with QPX infection. It is also one of the first studies contrasting focal and systemic responses to infections in invertebrates using high-throughput sequencing. Results identified the molecular signatures of clam systemic and focal defense responses, to collectively mediate immune processes such as hemocyte recruitment and local inflammation. These investigations improve our understanding of bivalve immunity and provide molecular targets for probing the biological bases of clam resistance towards QPX. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2493-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailai Wang
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Carmelo del Castillo
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Erwan Corre
- Analyses and Bioinformatics for Marine Science, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA.
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Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension. PANVASCULAR MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7153457 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The bases of our current knowledge on the physiology of the hepatic portal system are largely owed to the work of three pioneering vascular researchers from the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries: A. Vesalius, W. Harvey, and F. Glisson. Vesalius is referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy, and in his influential book, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, he elaborated the first anatomical atlas of the hepatic portal venous system (Vesalius 2013). Sir William Harvey laid the foundations of modern cardiovascular research with his Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Harvey 1931) in which he established the nature of blood circulation. Finally, F. Glisson characterized the gastrointestinal-hepatic vascular system (Child 1955). These physiological descriptions were later complemented with clinical observations. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Morgagni, Puckelt, Cruveilhier, and Osler were the first to make the connection between common hepatic complications – ascites, splenomegaly, and gastrointestinal bleeding – and obstruction of the portal system (Sandblom 1993). These were the foundations that allowed Gilbert, Villaret, and Thompson to establish an early definition of portal hypertension at the beginning of the twentieth century. In this period, Thompson performed the first direct measurement of portal pressure by laparotomy in some patients (Gilbert and Villaret 1906; Thompson et al. 1937). Considering all these milestones, and paraphrasing Sir Isaac Newton, if hepatologists have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. Nowadays, our understanding of the pathogenesis of portal hypertension has largely improved thanks to the progress in preclinical and clinical research. However, this field is ever-changing and hepatologists are continually identifying novel pathological mechanisms and developing new therapeutic strategies for this clinical condition. Hence, the aim of this chapter is to summarize the current knowledge about this clinical condition.
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Negrão-Corrêa D, Fittipaldi JF, Lambertucci JR, Teixeira MM, Antunes CMDF, Carneiro M. Association of Schistosoma mansoni-specific IgG and IgE antibody production and clinical schistosomiasis status in a rural area of Minas Gerais, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88042. [PMID: 24505371 PMCID: PMC3913716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in murine models and human populations have indicated that the collagen-rich granulomatous response against parasite eggs trapped in the liver is associated with the development of severe hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, characterized by periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension. The role of the humoral response in parasite susceptibility has been well established, but its participation in disease severity remains poorly understood. In this work, we evaluated the relationship between parasite-reactive IgE and IgG levels and schistosomiasis morbidity in infected patients with similar parasite burdens. Methodology/Principal Findings Ninety-seven Schistosoma mansoni-infected individuals were subjected to clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound analysis. IgG reactivity and IgE concentration against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) and adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) were evaluated by ELISA assay. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between parasite-reactive antibodies and the co-variables investigated. The study population showed low parasite burden (median 30 eggs/g feces), constant re-infection, and signs of fibrosis was detected in more than 30% of individuals. Most infected individuals showed IgG reactivity, and the median concentrations of IgE anti-SEA and anti-SWAP antibodies were 1,870 and 1,375 ng/mL, respectively. There was no association between parasite burden and antibody response or any parameter of disease severity. However, IgG anti-SWAP level was positively associated with morbidity parameters, such as spleen size and thickness of portal vein at the entrance and secondary branch. In contrast, the data also revealed independent inverse correlations between concentration of parasite-reactive IgE and gallbladder wall thickness, a marker of fibrosis in schistosomiasis. Conclusions/Significance The data indicate that IgG anti-SWAP is positively associated with severe schistosomiasis, independently of parasite burden, while high production of parasite-specific IgE is associated with mild disease in the human population. Antibody profiles are good correlates for schistosomiasis severity and could be tested as biomarkers of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana F. Fittipaldi
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Lambertucci
- Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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A study of immunomodulatory genes responses to macrophages of Schistosoma japonicum infection during different stages by microarray analysis. Acta Trop 2013; 127:251-60. [PMID: 23732117 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages initiate, modulate, and also serve as final effector cells in immune responses during the course of schistosomal infections. In this study, we investigated the gene expression profile and functional changes of macrophages in immune responses against the Schistosoma japonicum by microarray analysis. Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated that a significant switch in gene transformation associated with a type-1 response and linked with a type-2 cytokine phenotype occurs between 4.5 and 8 weeks post-infection. Moreover, the gene profiles at 3 later time-points following egg challenge were similar in complexity and magnitude. The data also showed that there were mostly inhibition of gene expression related TLR, IFN, MHC and TNFrsf at the switch between 4.5 and 8 weeks post-infection, It is suggested that these immunomodulatory genes may be down-regulated in defense against S. japonicum eggs and granuloma pathology. The induction of alternatively activated macrophage (AAMϕ) was important for dampening the inflammation in hepatic granulomas and contributing to a decrease in cytotoxicity. The gene expressions involved in repair/remodeling during liver fibrosis were also observed after egg production. Understanding the immune mechanisms associated with parasitic resistance, pathology of parasite infection, and parasite growth will provide useful insight on host-schistosome interactions and for the control of schistosomiasis.
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Pérez del Villar L, Vicente B, Galindo-Villardón P, Castellanos A, Pérez-Losada J, Muro A. Schistosoma mansoni experimental infection in Mus spretus (SPRET/EiJ strain) mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:27. [PMID: 23985166 PMCID: PMC3756336 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Most Schistosoma mansoni experimental infections are developed in several inbred strains of Mus musculus as definitive host. In contrast, Mus spretus is unexplored in Schistosoma infection studies. Mus spretus provides a high variation of immunological phenotypes being an invaluable tool for genetic studies and gene mapping. The aim of this study is to characterize hematological and immunological responses against Schistosoma mansoni infection in Mus spretus (SPRET/EiJ strain) vs. Mus musculus (CD1 strain) mice. Nine weeks after cercarial exposure, animals were perfused and the parasite burden was assessed. The parasitological data suggests that SPRET/EiJ mice tolerate higher parasite loads compared to CD1 strain. In addition, hematological parameters measured in Mus spretus group showed a significant increase in granulocytes population in early stages of infection compared to the CD1 cohort. Meanwhile, CD1 presented higher levels of lymphocytes and IgG1 in the late stages of S. mansoni experimental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pérez del Villar
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Parasitología Molecular, CIETUS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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Guirado E, Schlesinger LS. Modeling the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Granuloma - the Critical Battlefield in Host Immunity and Disease. Front Immunol 2013; 4:98. [PMID: 23626591 PMCID: PMC3631743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are the hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection and thus sit at the center of tuberculosis (TB) immunopathogenesis. TB can result from either early progression of a primary granuloma during the infection process or reactivation of an established granuloma in a latently infected person. Granulomas are compact, organized aggregates of immune cells consisting of blood-derived infected and uninfected macrophages, foamy macrophages, epithelioid cells (uniquely differentiated macrophages), and multinucleated giant cells (Langerhans cells) surrounded by a ring of lymphocytes. The granuloma's main function is to localize and contain M.tb while concentrating the immune response to a limited area. However, complete eradication does not occur since M.tb has its own strategies to persist within the granuloma and to reactivate and escape under certain conditions. Thus M.tb-containing granulomas represent a unique battlefield for dictating both the host immune and bacterial response. The architecture, composition, function, and maintenance of granulomas are key aspects to study since they are expected to have a profound influence on M.tb physiology in this niche. Granulomas are not only present in mycobacterial infections; they can be found in many other infectious and non-infectious diseases and play a crucial role in immunity and disease. Here we review the models currently available to study the granulomatous response to M.tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Guirado
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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Avula LR, Knapen D, Buckinx R, Vergauwen L, Adriaensen D, Van Nassauw L, Timmermans JP. Whole-genome microarray analysis and functional characterization reveal distinct gene expression profiles and patterns in two mouse models of ileal inflammation. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:377. [PMID: 22866923 PMCID: PMC3599598 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a number of intestinal inflammatory conditions pertain to the ileum, whole-genome gene expression analyses in animal models of ileal inflammation are lacking to date. Therefore, we aimed to identify and characterize alterations in gene expression in the acutely inflamed ileum of two murine models of intestinal inflammation, namely intestinal schistosomiasis and TNBS-induced ileitis, compared to healthy controls. To this end, we used whole-genome microarrays, followed by bioinformatics analyses to detect over-represented Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and Gene Ontology categories. Results Following screening of almost all known mouse genes and transcripts represented on the array, intestinal schistosomiasis and TNBS-induced ileitis yielded 207 and 1417 differentially expressed genes, respectively, with only 30 overlapping concordantly changed genes. Functional category groups consisting of complement and coagulation cascades, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, Fc epsilon receptor I signaling pathways and protein activation cascade, cell adhesion categories were over-represented in the differential gene list of intestinal schistosomiasis. Antigen processing and presentation, cell adhesion molecules, ABC transporters, Toll-like receptor signaling pathways and response to chemical stimulus categories were over-represented in the differential gene list of TNBS-induced ileitis. Although cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, intestinal immune network for IgA production, focal adhesion pathways and immune, inflammatory and defense response categories were over-represented in the differential gene lists of both inflammation models, the vast majority of the associated genes and changes were unique to each model. Conclusions This study characterized two models of ileal inflammation at a whole-genome level and outlined distinct gene expression profiles and patterns in the two models. The results indicate that intestinal schistosomiasis involves Th2 responses, complement activation, protein activation and enhanced ECM turnover, while TNBS-induced ileitis involves Th17 responses, defective antigen processing and presentation and altered Toll-like receptor-mediated responses. Signs of an impaired epithelial barrier are apparent in both inflammation models. Furthermore, the comprehensive differential gene list and functional groups provided by this study constitute an interesting starting point to explore new targets and extended functional networks dealing with small bowel inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela Rani Avula
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp B-2020, Belgium
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A high-fat diet associated with acute schistosomiasis mansoni causes disorganization in splenic architecture in mice. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:193-9. [PMID: 22781278 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To date, the effect of the changes promoted by hypercholesterolemia and experimental schistosomiasis infection on splenic architecture has remained elusive. In this paper, we compared spleen from control and infected mice fed either high-fat (29% lipids) or standard diet (12% lipids), assessing spleen volume by liquid displacement and splenic disorganization by histopathology, morphometry and stereology. Infected mice showed higher spleen volume than in corresponding uninfected mice (P<0.05). The white pulp compartment was reduced, red pulp and germinal center were enhanced (P<0.01). Microscopic examination showed cellular infiltrates characterized by polymorfonuclear cells, with intensive lymphocytic mitosis and Mott cells. Hemosiderin deposits tended to be in less extent in infected mice compared with uninfected controls. The red pulp compartment showed a significantly (P<0.05) increased average number of megakaryocytes compared with uninfected mice, which may be associated with hematopoietic reconstitution. High-fat fed mice showed larger white pulp than controls (P<0.05). Standard fed mice showed exudative-productive granuloma distributed only sparsely in the red pulp, whereas a tissue reaction characterized by a cell infiltration in high-fat fed mice was found. The results of the present study suggest that there is a significant relationship between high-fat diet intake and splenic disorganization such as a decrease in the numerical density of white pulp and, red pulp and germinal center hyperplasia. Such structural disorganization due to co-morbidites (schistosomiasis and dyslipidemia) may affect the microenvironments of the spleen that are necessary for the generation of immune responses to antigens.
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Changes in the small intestine ofSchistosoma mansoni-infected mice fed a high-fat diet. Parasitology 2012; 139:716-25. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe consumption of a high-fat diet modifies both the morphology of the small intestine and experimentally tested effects of schistosomiasis mansoni. However, whether a schistosomiasis infection associated with a high-fat diet causes injury to the small intestine has never been investigated. Mice were fed either a high-fat or a standard-fat diet for 6 months and were then infected withSchistosoma mansonicercariae. Physical characteristics of the intestinal tissue (mucosal thickness, small intestinal villi length and height, and abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes on the villous surface) and the distribution of granulomas along the intestinal segments and their developmental stage were measured at the time of sacrifice (9 or 17 weeks post-infection). The group fed a high-fat diet exhibited different granuloma stages, whereas the control group possessed only exudative granulomas. The chronically infected mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited higher granuloma and egg numbers than the acutely infected group. Exudative, exudative/exudative-productive and exudative-productive granulomas were present irrespective of diet. Computer-aided morphometric analysis confirmed that villus length, villus width, muscular height and submucosal height of the duodenal and jejunal segments were affected by diet and infection. In conclusion, a high-fat diet and infection had a significant impact on the small intestine morphology and morphometry among the animals tested.
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Hu S, Yang L, Wu Z, Wong CS, Fung MC. Suppression of adaptive immunity to heterologous antigens by SJ16 of Schistosoma japonicum. J Parasitol 2011; 98:274-83. [PMID: 22017401 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2692.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great effort that has been given to control the disease, schistosomiasis remains the most important human helminth infection in terms of morbidity and mortality. Natural infection of schistosomes induces very little protective immunity against reinfection. Moreover, effective schistosome vaccines for practical use have not been developed. These parasites appear to have evolved highly effective modulatory mechanisms on their host's immune system that promote the parasites' survival and also hinder the development of effective strategies for treatment of the disease. Understanding of the mechanisms of schistosome-mediated immune modulation would be most helpful in schistosomiasis prevention and control. Previously, we have identified from Schistosoma japonicum an anti-inflammatory protein, Sj16, which suppresses thioglycollate-induced peritoneal inflammation in BALB/c mice, as well as thioglycollate-mediated peritoneal macrophage maturation, while modulating cytokine and chemokine production from peritoneal cells. In the present study, we have further investigated the modulatory effect of Sj16 on the host's adaptive immunity to heterologous antigens with the use of recombinant Sj16 (rSj16) expressed and purified from Escherichia coli . Results from this study indicate that rSj16 significantly suppresses antibody production, in addition to Th1 and Th2 responses to heterologous antigens in the BALB/c mouse model. Our study also reveals that rSj16 suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced major histocompatibility complex II expression and IL-12 production, while increasing IL-10 production in resident peritoneal macrophages. These results may partially explain why parasite-related antigens cannot mount a protective immunity during early stages of schistosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Hu
- Department of Biology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Cheng PC, Lin CN, Chen YJ, Chang FS, Tsaihong JC, Lee KM. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 participates in Schistosoma mansoni inflammatory responses. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:276-86. [PMID: 21332515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses to microbial products are amplified by a pathway mediated by triggering a receptor expressed on the myeloid cells (TREM)-1. Relatively a few studies have been performed to investigate the role of TREM-1 in macrophage activation in response to parasitic infection. In this study, we delineate the role of the innate immunoreceptor TREM-1 in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni infection model from early to late (chronic) phases of infection. Flow cytometry analysis revealed gradual increase in the production of TREM-1 protein on CD11b(+) myeloid cells, with maximum production at 5 weeks p.i. Similar results in the pattern of TREM-1 mRNA expressions in splenic CD11b(+) cells from infected mice were obtained by real-time PCR. However, unlike in spleen, the TREM-1 mRNA expression in liver tissue showed no significant increase throughout the infection, including periods of maximum production of parasite eggs. Administration of schistosoma egg homogenate antigen to stimulate J774A.1 cells inhibited TREM-1 expression on the surface, indicating that some substances of the Schistosma eggs may inhibit the expression of TREM-1 on macrophages, lowering the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response of infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-C Cheng
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nair SS, Bommana A, Bethony JM, Lyon AJ, Ohshiro K, Pakala SB, Rinaldi G, Keegan B, Suttiprapa S, Periago MV, Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Kumar R. The metastasis-associated protein-1 gene encodes a host permissive factor for schistosomiasis, a leading global cause of inflammation and cancer. Hepatology 2011; 54:285-95. [PMID: 21488078 PMCID: PMC3125413 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Schistosoma haematobium is responsible for two-thirds of the world's 200 million to 400 million cases of human schistosomiasis. It is a group 1 carcinogen and a leading cause of bladder cancer that occurs after years of chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and hyperproliferation in the host liver. The coevolution of blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma and their human hosts is paradigmatic of long-term parasite development, survival, and maintenance in mammals. However, the contribution of host genes, especially those discrete from the immune system, necessary for parasite establishment and development remains poorly understood. This study investigated the role of metastasis-associated protein-1 gene (Mta1) product in the survival of S. haematobium and productive infection in the host. Using a Mta-1 null mouse model, here we provide genetic evidence to suggest that MTA1 expression positively influences survival and/or maturation of schistosomes in the host to patency, as we reproducibly recovered significantly fewer S. haematobium worms and eggs from Mta1-/- mice than wild-type mice. In addition, we found a distinct loss of cytokine interdependence and aberrant Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses in the Mta1-/- mice compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Thus, utilizing this Mta1-null mouse model, we identified a distinct contribution of the mammalian MTA1 in establishing a productive host-parasite interaction and thus revealed a host factor critical for the optimal survival of schistosomes and successful parasitism. Moreover, MTA1 appears to play a significant role in driving inflammatory responses to schistosome egg-induced hepatic granulomata reactions, and thus offers a survival cue for parasitism as well as an obligatory contribution of liver in schistosomiasis. CONCLUSION These findings raise the possibility to develop intervention strategies targeting MTA1 to reduce the global burden of schistosomiasis, inflammation, and neoplasia.
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Shariati F, Pérez-Arellano JL, Carranza C, López-Abán J, Vicente B, Arefi M, Muro A. Evaluation of the role of angiogenic factors in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:44-9. [PMID: 21296079 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one disease produced by helminths, which affect many people in tropical areas. Granuloma formation is the main mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Experimental studies have demonstrated angiogenesis (blood vessels formation from pre-existing vessels) in the initial phase of granuloma formation. In the present work, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) levels were analyzed in sera from people diagnosed with different helminthic infections. Patients with schistosomiasis and filariasis had significantly high VEGF levels in compared with healthy people and patients diagnosed with hookworms. In addition, the effects of angiogenesis inhibition using anti-angiogenic factors (endostatin) were evaluated in a schistosomiasis murine model. A lesion decrease was observed in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni and treated with endostatin. Finally, mechanisms of angiogenesis induction were studied and observed that cercariae antigens stimulated the angiogenic factors by host alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shariati
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Parasitología Molecular, CIETUS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Araújo AP, Frezza TF, Allegretti SM, Giorgio S. Hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in a murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:327-33. [PMID: 20858486 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis mansoni is a chronic parasitic disease where much of the symptomatology is attributed to granuloma formation, an immunopathological reaction against Schistosoma eggs. To more clearly understand the immunopathology of schistosomiasis, the tissue microenvironment generated by S. mansoni infected mice was investigated. Using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole, we provide immunohistochemical evidence that hypoxia occurred in inflammatory cells infiltrated around the eggs and cells surrounding granulomas in the liver, intestine, spleen and lungs of infected mice. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was mainly expressed in inflammatory cells surrounding the eggs and in hepatocytes surrounding cellular and fibrocellular granulomas in infected mouse liver. HIF-1α expression was also verified in granulomas in the other tissues tested (intestine, spleen and lungs). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was observed in the extracellular space surrounding inflammatory cells in liver granuloma. The VEGF expression pattern verified in infected mouse liver was very similar to that observed in the other tissues tested. A strong positive correlation occurred between pimonidazole binding and HIF-1α and VEGF expression in the tissues tested, except for lung. This work is the first evidence that infection by a helminth parasite, S. mansoni, produces a hypoxic tissue microenvironment and induces HIF-1α and VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paiva Araújo
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Cep 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Abdul-Ghani RA, Hassan AA. Murine schistosomiasis as a model for human schistosomiasis mansoni: similarities and discrepancies. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McDonald CJ, Jones MK, Wallace DF, Summerville L, Nawaratna S, Subramaniam VN. Increased iron stores correlate with worse disease outcomes in a mouse model of schistosomiasis infection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9594. [PMID: 20231891 PMCID: PMC2834747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a significant parasitic infection creating disease burden throughout many of the world's developing nations. Iron deficiency anemia is also a significant health burden resulting from both nutritional deficit as well as parasitic infection in these countries. In this study we investigated the relationships between the disease outcomes of Schistosoma japonicum infection and iron homeostasis. We aimed to determine if host iron status has an effect on schistosome maturation or egg production, and to investigate the response of iron regulatory genes to chronic schistosomiasis infection. Wild-type C57BL/6 and Transferrin Receptor 2 null mice were infected with S. japonicum, and sacrificed at the onset of chronic disease. Transferrin Receptor 2 null mice are a model of type 3 hereditary hemochromatosis and develop significant iron overload providing increased iron stores at the onset of infection. The infectivity of schistosomes and egg production was assessed along with the subsequent development of granulomas and fibrosis. The response of the iron regulatory gene Hepcidin to infection and the changes in iron status were assessed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Our results show that Hepcidin levels responded to the changing iron status of the animals, but were not significantly influenced by the inflammatory response. We also show that with increased iron availability at the time of infection there was greater development of fibrosis around granulomas. In conclusion, our studies indicate that chronic inflammation may not be the primary cause of the anemia seen in schistosomiasis, and suggest that increased availability of iron, such as through iron supplementation, may actually lead to increased disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. McDonald
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, Division of Cancer and Cell Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- Parasite Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel F. Wallace
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, Division of Cancer and Cell Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lesa Summerville
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, Division of Cancer and Cell Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sujeevi Nawaratna
- Parasite Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - V. Nathan Subramaniam
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, Division of Cancer and Cell Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Liver Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Crosby A, Jones FM, Southwood M, Stewart S, Schermuly R, Butrous G, Dunne DW, Morrell NW. Pulmonary vascular remodeling correlates with lung eggs and cytokines in murine schistosomiasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:279-88. [PMID: 19965814 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200903-0355oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Schistosomiasis is considered to be the most common worldwide cause of pulmonary hypertension. At present there is no well-characterized animal model to study the pathobiology of this important condition. OBJECTIVES To develop a mouse model of schistosomiasis, characterize the extent of pulmonary vascular remodeling, and determine the potential role of inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Mice (C57/Bl6) were infected transcutaneously with a high dose (approximately 75-100 cercariae) or a low dose (approximately 30 cercariae) of Schistosoma mansoni, and the development of lung and liver pathology was studied in the subacute (high-dose) and chronic (low-dose) settings. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the subacute setting, mice showed few eggs in the lungs and no evidence of pulmonary vascular remodeling. In contrast, chronically infected animals had a much greater lung egg burden and developed marked pulmonary vascular remodeling accompanied by perivascular inflammation from 12 weeks onwards. In addition, we observed the presence of plexiform-like lesions in these mice. Lung egg burden correlated with both liver egg burden and right ventricular (RV) index in the chronic group, although significant RV hypertrophy was lacking. Plasma Th1 and Th2 cytokines increased with time in the chronic group and correlated with the degree of pulmonary vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for extensive pulmonary vascular remodeling, despite the absence of RV hypertrophy, in a mouse model of schistosomiasis, including the formation of plexiform-like lesions. Inflammatory cytokines and lung egg burden may contribute to vascular lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexi Crosby
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Burke ML, Jones MK, Gobert GN, Li YS, Ellis MK, McManus DP. Immunopathogenesis of human schistosomiasis. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:163-76. [PMID: 19292768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis continues to be a significant cause of parasitic morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review considers the basic features of the pathology and clinical outcomes of hepatointestinal and genitourinary schistosomiasis, presents an overview of the numerous studies on animal models that have clarified many of the immunopathological features, and provides insight into our current understanding of the immunopathogenesis and genetic control of human schistosomiasis. In murine schistosomiasis, pathology is induced by a CD4(+) Th2 driven granulomatous response directed against schistosome eggs lodged in the host liver. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 drive this response, whereas IL-10, IL13Ralpha2, IFN-gamma and a subset of regulatory T-cells act to limit schistosome induced pathology. A variety of cell types including hepatic stellate cells, alternatively activated macrophages and regulatory T-cells have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Current knowledge suggests the immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying human schistosomiasis are likely to be similar. The review also considers the future development of anti-pathology schistosome vaccines. As fibrosis is an important feature of many other diseases such as Crohn's disease and sarcoidosis, a comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in schistosomiasis may also ultimately contribute to the development an effective disease intervention strategy for other granulofibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Burke
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia
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Othman AA, Shoheib ZS, Abdel-Aleem GA, Shareef MM. Experimental schistosomal hepatitis: protective effect of coenzyme-Q10 against the state of oxidative stress. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:147-55. [PMID: 18640114 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) eggs trapped in the host liver elicit a chain of oxidative processes that may be, at least in part, responsible for the pathology and progression of fibrosis associated with schistosomal hepatitis. This study was designed to assess the protective effect of the antioxidant coenzyme-Q10 (Co-Q10) against experimental S. mansoni-induced oxidative stress in the liver, and its potential role as an adjuvant to praziquantel (PZQ) therapy. The oxidative stress and overall liver function were improved under Co-Q10 therapy as evidenced by significant reduction in oxidative stress markers and preservation of antioxidant factors. Liver fibrosis was also reduced with a positive impact on liver function. Moreover, addition of Co-Q10 to PZQ therapy caused: significant reduction of liver egg load, significant improvement of the redox status, and lastly decreased liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Othman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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36
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Ji F, Liu Z, Cao J, Li N, Liu Z, Zuo J, Chen Y, Wang X, Sun J. B cell response is required for granuloma formation in the early infection of Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1724. [PMID: 18320044 PMCID: PMC2248706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma egg-induced liver granuloma is a dynamic inflammatory reaction that results from complex immune responses to the infection. However, the role of B cells in inflammatory granuloma development is not yet fully understood. We report here that B cell function is required for S. japonicum egg-induced granuloma pathology in early infection. Both OBF-1 knockout mice and µMT mice develop severely reduced hepatic granulomas at five weeks post-infection compared to their wild-type counterparts. In contrast, they display no significant difference in granuloma pathology at eight weeks post-infection. Moreover, we find that B cells and antibodies accumulate in the granulomas of wild-type mice early in the infection, indicating a contribution of the B cell response to the granulomatous inflammation. Furthermore, defects in B cell function markedly reduce liver egg burden. These results suggest an important role for B cells in early granuloma pathology. Surprisingly, we found that the S. japonicum infection destroys the structure of the lymphoid follicles. This disruptive effect is correlated with a severely impaired T cell-dependent antibody response upon challenge with ovalbumin. Thus, these findings reveal a novel aspect of the interaction between Schistosoma and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanjie Liu
- Health Science Institute, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Health Science Institute, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Zuo
- Health Science Institute, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- Health Science Institute, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Health Science Institute, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Neves RH, Alencar ACMDB, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Machado-Silva JR, Gomes DC. Hepatic stereology of Schistosomiasis mansoni infected-mice fed a high-fat diet. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 101 Suppl 1:253-60. [PMID: 17308778 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000900039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diets induce weight gain and fatty liver in wild-type mice. Schistosomiasis mansoni infection also promotes hepatic injury. This study was designed to quantify hepatic alterations in schistosomiasis mansoni-infected mice fed a high fat-rich chow compared to mice fed a standard rodent chow, using stereology. Female SW mice fed each either high-fat diet (29% lipids) or standard chow (12% lipids) over 8 months, and then were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Four experimental groups were studied: infected mice fed a high-fat diet (IHFC) or standard chow (ISC), uninfected mice fed a high-fat diet (HFC) or standard chow (SC). Mice were sacrificed during early infection (9 weeks from exposure). The following hepatic biometry and the stereology parameters were determined: volume density (hepatocytes [h], sinusoids [s], steatosis [st] and hepatic fibrosis [hf]); numerical density (hepatocyte nuclei - Nv[h]); absolute number of total hepatocyte N[h], normal hepatocyte N[nh], and binucleated hepatocyte N[bh], percentage of normal hepatocyte P[nh] and binucleated hepatocyte P[bh]. IHFC and HFC groups exhibited TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and body mass significantly greater (p < 0.05) than control group. No significant differences were found regards liver volume (p = 0.07). Significant differences were observed regards P[nh] (p = 0.0045), P[bh] (p = 0.0045), Nv[h] (p = 0.0006), N[h] (p = 0.0125), N[bh] (p = 0.0164) and N[nh] (p = 0.0078). IHFC mice group presented 29% of binucleated hepatocytes compared to HFC group (19%), ISC group (17%) and SC (6%). Volume density was significantly different between groups: Vv[h] (p = 0.0052), Vv[s] (p = 0.0025), Vv[st] (p = 0.0004), and Vv[hf] (p = 0.0007). In conclusion, schistosomiasis mansoni infection with concurrent high-fat diet promotes intensive quantitative changes in hepatic structure, contributing to an increasing on hepatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Heisler Neves
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Departamento de Helmintologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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MORALES-MONTOR J, HALL CA. The host–parasite neuroimmunoendocrine network in schistosomiasis: consequences to the host and the parasite. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:599-608. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition influenced granuloma formation with suppressed collagen expression in myositis caused by Toxocara canis in mice. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:577-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Oloris SCS, Mesnil M, Reis VNDS, Sakai M, Matsuzaki P, Fonseca EDSM, da Silva TC, Avanzo JL, Sinhorini IL, Guerra JL, Costa-Pinto FA, Maiorka PC, Dagli MLZ. Hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni in mice deficient for connexin 43 present lower cell proliferation and higher collagen content. Life Sci 2007; 80:1228-35. [PMID: 17289089 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Granuloma formation involves a coordinated interaction between monocytes and macrophages, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and fibroblasts. It has been established that extracellular communication via cytokines is important for the assembly of granulomas. However, the importance of gap junctions and intercellular communication to granuloma formation and development had never been assessed. Connexins are proteins that form gap junctions, and connexin 43 (Cx43) is present in macrophages, lymphoid cells, myelogenous cells, fibroblasts and others. We analyzed the effect of heterologous deletion of Gja1 (Cx43 gene) on the formation and development of hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Heterozygous (Cx43(+/-)) and wild-type (Cx43(+/+)) mice were infected subcutaneously with S. mansoni cercarie and evaluated after 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Granuloma cells express Cx43, as revealed by real-time PCR in isolated granulomas, and by immunohistochemistry. Cx43 expression was reduced in Cx43(+/-) mice, as expected. No differences in the average area of granulomas or number of cells per granuloma were observed between mice of different genotypes. However, granuloma cells from Cx43(+/-) mice displayed a reduced index of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling at 8 and 12 weeks post-infection. Moreover, Cx43(+/-) granulomas unexpectedly presented a higher degree of fibrosis, quantified by morphometric analysis in Sirius Red-stained slides. Our results indicate that the deletion of one allele of the Cx43 gene, and possibly the reduced gap junction intercellular communication capacity (GJIC), may impair the interactions between granuloma cells, reducing their proliferation and increasing their collagen content, thereby modifying the characteristics of S. mansoni granuloma in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Catarina Salgado Oloris
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Leeto M, Herbert DR, Marillier R, Schwegmann A, Fick L, Brombacher F. TH1-dominant granulomatous pathology does not inhibit fibrosis or cause lethality during murine schistosomiasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1701-12. [PMID: 17071593 PMCID: PMC1780204 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced inflammation is accompanied by TH2 cell polarization and development of fibrotic granulomas in host tissue. The interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha), which mediates IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, is essential for granulomatous pathology through a putative CD4+ T-cell-dependent mechanism. In this study, we asked whether CD4+ T-cell-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice (Lck(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox)) developed granulomas and egg-driven collagen production. Although eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia were impaired in Lck(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox) mice, there was no reduction in size or collagen content of lung and liver granulomas. The lack of CD4+ T-cell IL-4Ralpha expression caused significant increases in interferon-gamma-producing cells, inducible nitric-oxide synthetase production, and hepatic damage, compared with similarly infected wild-type mice. Interestingly, this TH1-associated liver injury did not lead to premature mortality in this strain. Instead, lower levels of serum endotoxin in Lck(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox) mice suggest that intestinal barrier function may be the dominant factor for survival during natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosiuoa Leeto
- Division of Infectious Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Neves RH, Miranda de Barros Alencar AC, Costa-Silva M, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Machado-Silva JR, Gomes DC. Long-term feeding a high-fat diet causes histological and parasitological effects on murine schistosomiasis mansoni outcome. Exp Parasitol 2006; 115:324-32. [PMID: 17112519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether long-term feeding a high-fat diet (HFC) has an effect on schistosomiasis mansoni outcome compared to standard chow diet (SC). Swiss Webster female mice (3 wk old) fed each diet over 5 months, and then were infected with 50 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Their nutritional status was assessed by monitoring growth rates twice a week and measuring serum levels of lipoproteins. Mice were euthanised 63 days after infection. Parasitological and liver histological analyses were performed. The levels of TC, HDL-C and LDL-C, fecal and tissue schistosome eggs were statistically different (p<0.05) between groups. Livers from HFC mice showed exudative, exudative/exudative-productive, exudative-productive and productive granulomas, some degree of hepatic steatosis and focal necrosis. Mice fed normal-chow did not present productive granulomas and hepatic steatosis. The morphometric evaluation of hepatic granulomas did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05) between diets assayed. The high-fat diet for long-term produces effects on schistosomiasis mansoni outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Heisler Neves
- Laboratory of Helminthology Romero Lascasas Porto, Biomedical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kamal SM, El Sayed Khalifa K. Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections. Parasite Immunol 2006; 28:483-96. [PMID: 16965284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic infections occur worldwide, especially in developing countries. About one-quarter of the world's population, 1.5 billion, are infected with one or more of the major soil-transmitted helminths, including hookworms, ascarids, and whipworms. Schistosomes infect more than 200 million people worldwide with 600 million at risk in 74 countries. The interaction between helminths and the host's immune system provokes particular immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms that ensure their survival in the host for years. However, these changes might impair the immunological response to bystander bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens and to vaccination. Modulation of the immune system by infection with helminthic parasites is proposed to reduce the levels of allergic responses and to protect against inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we summarize the immunological milieu associated with helminthic infections and its impact on viral infections, mainly hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus in humans and experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kamal
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.
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Van de Vijver KK, Colpaert CG, Jacobs W, Kuypers K, Hokke CH, Deelder AM, Van Marck EA. The host's genetic background determines the extent of angiogenesis induced by schistosome egg antigens. Acta Trop 2006; 99:243-51. [PMID: 17007805 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is characterised by periovular granuloma formation within the portal tract and presinusoidal venules. As inflammation wanes, continued attempts to wall off and repair hepatic injury, lead to the development of extensive fibrosis. The codependence of chronic inflammation and angiogenesis is a well-known phenomenon. Neovascularisation is a complex process of endothelial cell proliferation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Previous studies demonstrated the ability of schistosome soluble egg antigens (SEAs) to stimulate endothelial cell activation in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the angiogenic potential of SEA in Swiss and BALb/c mice, after infection with Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium and by implanting SEA-coated beads into the murine liver. Anti-CD34 and anti-Ki-67 immunohistochemical stainings demonstrated newly formed blood vessels within and at the periphery of the granulomas. However, in one third of the granulomas the pre-existing portal stroma was not destroyed by the granulomatous inflammation, angiogenesis was minimal or absent and further growth of the granuloma was prevented. In C57BL/6J and C3H/HeN inbred mice, this polarisation was even more pronounced. In 91% of the granulomas in C57BL6/J mice the portal stroma was preserved. These mice had significantly smaller granulomas, less fibrosis and less mortality as compared to the high pathology C3H/HeN mice, where 87% of the granulomas were of the angiogenic type with destruction of the pre-existing stroma, leading to more severe chronic pathology. Thus, host's genetic mechanisms regulating the degree of angiogenesis and fibrosis, determine the severity of schistosome-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K Van de Vijver
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Abath FGC, Morais CNL, Montenegro CEL, Wynn TA, Montenegro SML. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in schistosomiasis: what can be learnt from human studies? Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:85-91. [PMID: 16380294 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mice indicate that schistosome egg-induced granuloma formation and hepatic fibrosis depend markedly on cytokine regulation, with interleukin 10 having a central role. There is no clear consensus about the pattern of cytokine production and regulation that causes a minority of chronically exposed patients to develop severe hepatosplenic (HS) disease, which is characterized by periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension. HS disease and the progression of hepatic fibrosis are associated with the production of profibrotic type 2 cytokines in the early stages of infection with Schistosoma mansoni. However, other studies indicate that HS disease is characterized by a predominant T helper 1 profile. Until new tools and approaches are developed to study human disease in endemic areas, investigators must either speculate about indirect evidence from human studies or rely more heavily on findings generated from experimental models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico G C Abath
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, Brazil.
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Jenkins SJ, Hewitson JP, Jenkins GR, Mountford AP. Modulation of the host's immune response by schistosome larvae. Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:385-93. [PMID: 16179032 PMCID: PMC1825761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomes appear to have evolved several strategies to down-regulate the host's immune response in order to promote their own survival. For the host, down-regulation is also beneficial as it can limit the extent of pathology. It is widely accepted that schistosomes modulate the immune response during the chronic phase of infection after egg deposition has started. However, there is increasing evidence that modulation of the immune response can occur much earlier at the time infective cercariae penetrate the host skin. In this review, we explore the various lines of evidence that excretory/secretory (ES) molecules from cercariae down-regulate the host's immune response. We highlight the immunological factors that are produced and may be involved in regulating the immune system (e.g. IL-10, and eicosanoids), as well as speculating on possible mechanisms of immune modulation (e.g. mast-cell activation, T-cell apoptosis, and/or the skewed activation of antigen-presenting cells [APCs]). Finally, we draw attention to several molecules of schistosome origin that have the potential to stimulate the regulatory response (e.g. glycans) and link these to potential host receptors (e.g. TLRs and C-type lectins).
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Jenkins
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
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IL-12 induction of mRNA encoding substance P in murine macrophages from the spleen and sites of inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3906-11. [PMID: 15778345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide, interacts with the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) on immune cells to help control IFN-gamma production. In murine schistosomiasis mansoni, schistosome worms produce ova that incite focal Th2-type granulomatous inflammation within the liver and intestines. Normal gut is characterized by a controlled state of inflammation. IL-10 knockout mice develop chronic Th1-type colitis spontaneously. Both schistosome granulomas and gut mucosa display an SP immune regulatory circuit. However, the origin and regulation of SP production at these sites of inflammation are poorly understood. Macrophages are a potential source of SP. We therefore studied macrophages (F4/80(+)) from these models of inflammation. SP mRNA (preprotachykinin A (PPT A)) was detected within the schistosome granuloma, spleen, and lamina propria macrophages. Compared with those from wild-type mice, granuloma macrophages from STAT6(-/-) mice had 10-fold higher PPT A mRNA expression, whereas in STAT4(-/-) animals, PPT A mRNA expression was nearly abolished. IL-12 signals via STAT4 to induce Th1-type inflammation. It was demonstrated that IL-12, but not IL-18, induces SP mRNA expression in resting splenic macrophages from Schistosoma-infected mice and in wild-type lamina propria mononuclear cells. Thus, macrophages are a source for SP at these sites of chronic inflammation, and IL-12 and STAT4 are regulators of macrophage SP mRNA expression.
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Abdel Aziz MT, El-Asmar MF, Atta HM, Nassar YH, Shaker OG, El-Fattah MMA, El-Ansary AK, Fouad HH, Roshdy NK, Hosni HA, Rashed LA, Sabry DA. Gene Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1: Relationship to Fibrogenic and Apoptotic Factors in Murine Schistosomiasis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2005; 36:67-78. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.36.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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