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Cui FJ, Yang YM, Sun L, Zan XY, Sun WJ, Zeb U. Grifola frondosa polysaccharides: A review on structure/activity, biosynthesis and engineering strategies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128584. [PMID: 38056754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the main polymers in edible fungi Grifola frondosa, playing a crucial role in the physiology and representing the healthy benefits for humans. Recent efforts have well elucidated the fine structures and biological functions of G. frondosa polysaccharides. The recently-rapid developments and increasing availability in fungal genomes also accelerated the better understanding of key genes and pathways involved in biosynthesis of G. frondosa polysaccharides. Herein, we provide a brief overview of G. frondosa polysaccharides and their activities, and comprehensively outline the complex process, genes and proteins corresponding to G. frondosa polysaccharide biosynthesis. The regulation strategies including strain improvement, process optimization and genetic engineering were also summarized for maximum production of G. frondosa polysaccharides. Some remaining unanswered questions in describing the fine synthesis machinery were also pointed out to open up new avenues for answering the structure-activity relationship and improving polysaccharide biosynthesis in G. frondosa. The review hopefully presents a reasonable full picture of activities, biosynthesis, and production regulation of polysaccharide in G. frondosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing 334221, PR China.
| | - Yu-Meng Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xin-Yi Zan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing 334221, PR China
| | - Umar Zeb
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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2
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Cui FJ, Fu X, Sun L, Zan XY, Meng LJ, Sun WJ. Recent insights into glucans biosynthesis and engineering strategies in edible fungi. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-18. [PMID: 38105513 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2289341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal α/β-glucans have significant importance in cellular functions including cell wall structure, host-pathogen interactions and energy storage, and wide application in high-profile fields, including food, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals. Fungal species and their growth/developmental stages result in a diversity of glucan contents, structures and bioactivities. Substantial progresses have been made to elucidate the fine structures and functions, and reveal the potential molecular synthesis pathway of fungal α/β-glucans. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the biosynthetic machineries, including: precursor UDP-glucose synthesis, initiation, elongation/termination and remodeling of α/β-glucan chains, and molecular regulation to maximally produce glucans in edible fungi. This review would provide future perspectives to biosynthesize the targeted glucans and reveal the catalytic mechanism of enzymes associated with glucan synthesis, including: UDP-glucose pyrophosphate phosphorylases (UGP), glucan synthases, and glucanosyltransferases in edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Zan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Meng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing, P. R. China
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3
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Controlled processivity in glycosyltransferases: A way to expand the enzymatic toolbox. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108081. [PMID: 36529206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GT) catalyse the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates which are the most abundant group of molecules in nature. They are involved in several key mechanisms such as cell signalling, biofilm formation, host immune system invasion or cell structure and this in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. As a result, research towards complete enzyme mechanisms is valuable to understand and elucidate specific structure-function relationships in this group of molecules. In a next step this knowledge could be used in GT protein engineering, not only for rational drug design but also for multiple biotechnological production processes, such as the biosynthesis of hyaluronan, cellooligosaccharides or chitooligosaccharides. Generation of these poly- and/or oligosaccharides is possible due to a common feature of several of these GTs: processivity. Enzymatic processivity has the ability to hold on to the growing polymer chain and some of these GTs can even control the number of glycosyl transfers. In a first part, recent advances in understanding the mechanism of various processive enzymes are discussed. To this end, an overview is given of possible engineering strategies for the purpose of new industrial and fundamental applications. In the second part of this review, we focused on specific chain length-controlling mechanisms, i.e., key residues or conserved regions, and this for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes.
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Olek AT, Rushton PS, Kihara D, Ciesielski P, Aryal UK, Zhang Z, Stauffacher CV, McCann MC, Carpita NC. Essential amino acids in the Plant-Conserved and Class-Specific Regions of cellulose synthases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:142-160. [PMID: 36250895 PMCID: PMC9806608 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Plant-Conserved Region (P-CR) and the Class-Specific Region (CSR) are two plant-unique sequences in the catalytic core of cellulose synthases (CESAs) for which specific functions have not been established. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis to replace amino acids and motifs within these sequences predicted to be essential for assembly and function of CESAs. We developed an in vivo method to determine the ability of mutated CesA1 transgenes to complement an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) temperature-sensitive root-swelling1 (rsw1) mutant. Replacement of a Cys residue in the CSR, which blocks dimerization in vitro, rendered the AtCesA1 transgene unable to complement the rsw1 mutation. Examination of the CSR sequences from 33 diverse angiosperm species showed domains of high-sequence conservation in a class-specific manner but with variation in the degrees of disorder, indicating a nonredundant role of the CSR structures in different CESA isoform classes. The Cys residue essential for dimerization was not always located in domains of intrinsic disorder. Expression of AtCesA1 transgene constructs, in which Pro417 and Arg453 were substituted for Ala or Lys in the coiled-coil of the P-CR, were also unable to complement the rsw1 mutation. Despite an expected role for Arg457 in trimerization of CESA proteins, AtCesA1 transgenes with Arg457Ala mutations were able to fully restore the wild-type phenotype in rsw1. Our data support that Cys662 within the CSR and Pro417 and Arg453 within the P-CR of Arabidopsis CESA1 are essential residues for functional synthase complex formation, but our data do not support a specific role for Arg457 in trimerization in native CESA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Olek
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Phillip S Rushton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Peter Ciesielski
- Renewable Resources & Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Zicong Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Cynthia V Stauffacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Expression Analysis in Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria under Environmental Stress. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091379. [PMID: 36143415 PMCID: PMC9505014 DOI: 10.3390/life12091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference genes, also referred to as housekeeping genes (HKGs), play an important role in gene expression analysis by serving as an internal control. These HKGs are usually involved in basic cellular functions and their expression should remain at relatively constant levels. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has been used to measure gene expression. Since the normalization of gene expression data depends on baseline expression of HKGs, it is important to identify and verify true HKGs for the qRT-PCR analysis. The goal of this study is to identify and confirm HKGs in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, a nitrogen fixing bacterium which forms a symbiotic relationship with soybean. By revealing such HKGs, the normalization of gene expression would be more robust, reliable, and consistent. Here, we analyzed previous gene expression data for B. diazoefficiens under multiple environmental conditions. As a result, we identified seven constitutively expressed genes among 8453 genes across all conditions. Their fold-change values were within a range of −1.25-fold < x < 1.25-fold. We adopted GeNorm, NormFinder, and comparative ∆Ct methods to rank the seven candidate genes based on their expression stability. To validate these potential HKGs, we measured their expression in various experimental conditions, such as heat, pH, and heavy metal stress. The HKGs that were found in B. diazoefficiens were also applied in closely related species by identifying their homologs.
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Fu X, Zan XY, Sun L, Tan M, Cui FJ, Liang YY, Meng LJ, Sun WJ. Functional Characterization and Structural Basis of the β-1,3-Glucan Synthase CMGLS from Mushroom Cordyceps militaris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8725-8737. [PMID: 35816703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-Glucan synthases play key roles in glucan synthesis, cell wall assembly, and growth of fungi. However, their multi-transmembrane domains (over 14 TMHs) and large molecular masses (over 100 kDa) significantly hamper understanding of their catalytic characteristics and mechanisms. In the present study, the 5841-bp gene CMGLS encoding the 221.7 kDa membrane-bound β-1,3-glucan synthase CMGLS in Cordyceps militaris was cloned, identified, and structurally analyzed. CMGLS was partially purified with a specific activity of 87.72 pmol/min/μg, a purification fold of 121, and a yield of 10.16% using a product-entrapment purification method. CMGLS showed a strict specificity to UDP-glucose with a Km value of 84.28 μM at pH 7.0 and synthesized β-1,3-glucan with a maximum degree of polymerization (DP) of 70. With the assistance of AlphaFold and molecular docking, the 3D structure of CMGLS and its binding features with substrate UDP-glucose were proposed for the first time to our knowledge. UDP-glucose potentially bound to at least 11 residues via hydrogen bonds, π-stacking ,and salt bridges, and Arg 1436 was predicted as a key residue directly interacting with the moieties of glucose, phosphate, and the ribose ring on UDP-glucose. These findings would open an avenue to recognize and understand the glucan synthesis process and catalytic mechanism of β-1,3-glucan synthases in mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Zan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ming Tan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Jie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing 334221, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Meng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing 334221, P.R. China
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7
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Hata Y, Serizawa T. Self-assembly of cellulose for creating green materials with tailor-made nanostructures. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3944-3966. [PMID: 33908581 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by living systems, biomolecules have been employed in vitro as building blocks for creating advanced nanostructured materials. In regard to nucleic acids, peptides, and lipids, their self-assembly pathways and resulting assembled structures are mostly encoded in their molecular structures. On the other hand, outside of its chain length, cellulose, a polysaccharide, lacks structural diversity; therefore, it is challenging to direct this homopolymer to controllably assemble into ordered nanostructures. Nevertheless, the properties of cellulose assemblies are outstanding in terms of their robustness and inertness, and these assemblies are attractive for constructing versatile materials. In this review article, we summarize recent research progress on the self-assembly of cellulose and the applications of assembled cellulose materials, especially for biomedical use. Given that cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, gaining control over cellulose assembly represents a promising route for producing green materials with tailor-made nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Hata
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Serizawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H121 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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Karas BJ, Ross L, Novero M, Amyot L, Shrestha A, Inada S, Nakano M, Sakai T, Bonetta D, Sato S, Murray JD, Bonfante P, Szczyglowski K. Intragenic complementation at the Lotus japonicus CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D1 locus rescues root hair defects. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:2037-2050. [PMID: 34618101 PMCID: PMC8331140 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hair cells form the primary interface of plants with the soil environment, playing key roles in nutrient uptake and plant defense. In legumes, they are typically the first cells to become infected by nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria during root nodule symbiosis. Here, we report a role for the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D1 (CSLD1) gene in root hair development in the legume species Lotus japonicus. CSLD1 belongs to the cellulose synthase protein family that includes cellulose synthases and cellulose synthase-like proteins, the latter thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of hemicellulose. We describe 11 Ljcsld1 mutant alleles that impose either short (Ljcsld1-1) or variable (Ljcsld1-2 to 11) root hair length phenotypes. Examination of Ljcsld1-1 and one variable-length root hair mutant, Ljcsld1-6, revealed increased root hair cell wall thickness, which in Ljcsld1-1 was significantly more pronounced and also associated with a strong defect in root nodule symbiosis. Lotus japonicus plants heterozygous for Ljcsld1-1 exhibited intermediate root hair lengths, suggesting incomplete dominance. Intragenic complementation was observed between alleles with mutations in different CSLD1 domains, suggesting CSLD1 function is modular and that the protein may operate as a homodimer or multimer during root hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumil J Karas
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lisa Amyot
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
| | - Arina Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Sayaka Inada
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michiharu Nakano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-nino-cho, Nishiku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Dario Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sushei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
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Mrudulakumari Vasudevan U, Lee OK, Lee EY. Alginate derived functional oligosaccharides: Recent developments, barriers, and future outlooks. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118158. [PMID: 34119132 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is a biopolymer used extensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) derived from alginate exhibit superior biological activities and therapeutic potential. Alginate lyases with characteristic substrate specificity can facilitate the production of a broad array of AOS with precise structure and functionality. By adopting innovative analytical tools in conjunction with focused clinical studies, the structure-bioactivity relationship of a number of AOS has been brought to light. This review covers fundamental aspects and recent developments in AOS research. Enzymatic and microbial processes involved in AOS production from brown algae and sequential steps involved in AOS structure elucidation are outlined. Biological mechanisms underlying the health benefits of AOS and their potential industrial and therapeutic applications are elaborated. Withal, various challenges in AOS research are traced out, and future directions, specifically on recombinant systems for AOS preparation, are delineated to further widen the horizon of these exceptional oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Mrudulakumari Vasudevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Ogawa M, Wada H, Yoshimura T, Sato A, Fukuda R, Koyama Y, Horiuchi H. Deletion of Aspergillus nidulans cpsA/rseA induces increased extracellular hydrolase production in solid-state culture partly through the high osmolarity glycerol pathway. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:589-598. [PMID: 33827772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Koji molds, such as Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae, are used in the food industry in East Asia and have been explored for the large-scale production of extracellular hydrolases. We previously found that the deletion of a gene encoding a putative GT2 glycosyltransferase increased production of extracellular hydrolases in A. sojae. The gene was named rseA (regulator of the secretory enzyme A). We predicted that intracellular signaling pathways were involved in the increased production of hydrolases in the ΔrseA mutant of A. sojae. However, little has been reported on molecular biological knowledge about A. sojae. Hence, Aspergillus nidulans, a typical model organism used in molecular biology, was employed for the functional characterization of rseA in this study. Deletion of the rseA ortholog in A. nidulans induced increased extracellular production of hydrolases under the solid-state cultivation condition, similar to that in A. sojae. The involvement of the cell wall integrity pathway and the high osmolarity glycerol pathway in ΔrseA was further investigated. The results indicated that the HOG pathway played an important role in the increased extracellular production of hydrolases caused by the deletion of the rseA gene. rseA ortholog in A. nidulans was identical to cpsA, which was reported to function as a regulator of mycotoxin production, morphogenesis, and cell wall biosynthesis. However, this is the first study reporting that rseA/cpsA regulates extracellular hydrolase production in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ogawa
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Noda Institute for Scientific Research, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Wada
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Taro Yoshimura
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Ryouichi Fukuda
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yasuji Koyama
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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11
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Bain M, van de Meene A, Costa R, Doblin MS. Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 ( CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:602850. [PMID: 33505412 PMCID: PMC7829222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bain
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rafael Costa
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L’Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L’Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Animal Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food (LIAF), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Azurmendi HF, Veeramachineni V, Freese S, Lichaa F, Freedberg DI, Vann WF. Chemical structure and genetic organization of the E. coli O6:K15 capsular polysaccharide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12608. [PMID: 32724125 PMCID: PMC7387560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides are important virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria. Characterizing the structural components and biosynthetic pathways for these polysaccharides is key to our ability to design vaccines and other preventative therapies that target encapsulated pathogens. Many gram-negative pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli express acidic capsules. The E. coli K15 serotype has been identified as both an enterotoxigenic and uropathogenic pathogen. Despite its relevance as a disease-causing serotype, the associated capsular polysaccharide remains poorly characterized. We describe in this report the chemical structure of the K15 polysaccharide, based on chemical analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. The repeating structure of the K15 polysaccharide consists of 4)-α-GlcpNAc-(1 → 5)-α-KDOp-(2 → partially O-acetylated at 3-hydroxyl of GlcNAc. We also report, the organization of the gene cluster responsible for capsule biosynthesis. We identify genes in this cluster that potentially encode an O-acetyltransferase, an N-acetylglucosamine transferase, and a KDO transferase consistent with the structure we report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F Azurmendi
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Vamsee Veeramachineni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Stephen Freese
- Affinivax, 650 East Kendall St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Flora Lichaa
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Darón I Freedberg
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Willie F Vann
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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13
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A multidomain α-glucan synthetase 2 (AmAgs2) is the key enzyme for pullulan biosynthesis in Aureobasidium melanogenum P16. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:1037-1045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Extracellular polysaccharides and glycoproteins of pathogenic bacteria assist in adherence, autoaggregation, biofilm formation, and host immune system evasion. As a result, considerable research in the field of glycobiology is dedicated to study the composition and function of glycans associated with virulence, as well as the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis with the aim to identify novel antibiotic targets. Especially, insights into the enzyme mechanism, substrate binding, and transition-state structures are valuable as a starting point for rational inhibitor design. An intriguing aspect of enzymes that generate or process polysaccharides and glycoproteins is the level of processivity. The existence of enzymatic processivity reflects the need for regulation of the final glycan/glycoprotein length and structure, depending on the role they perform. In this Review, we describe the currently reported examples of various processive enzymes involved in polymerization and transfer of sugar moieties, predominantly in bacterial pathogens, with a focus on the biochemical methods, to showcase the importance of studying processivity for understanding the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Yakovlieva
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Biosynthesis of Galactan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a Viable TB Drug Target? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010020. [PMID: 31935842 PMCID: PMC7168186 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While target-based drug design has proved successful in several therapeutic areas, this approach has not yet provided compelling outcomes in the field of antibacterial agents. This statement remains especially true for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against tuberculosis, an infectious disease that is among the top ten leading causes of death globally. Mycobacterial galactan is an important component of the protective cell wall core of the tuberculosis pathogen and it could provide a promising target for the design of new drugs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on galactan biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including landmark findings that led to the discovery and understanding of three key enzymes in this pathway: UDP-galactose mutase, and galactofuranosyl transferases GlfT1 and GlfT2. Moreover, we recapitulate the efforts aimed at their inhibition. The predicted common transition states of the three enzymes provide the lucrative possibility of multitargeting in pharmaceutical development, a favourable property in the mitigation of drug resistance. We believe that a tight interplay between target-based computational approaches and experimental methods will result in the development of original inhibitors that could serve as the basis of a new generation of drugs against tuberculosis.
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16
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Rzeszutek E, Díaz-Moreno SM, Bulone V. Identification and Characterization of the Chitin Synthase Genes From the Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2873. [PMID: 31921051 PMCID: PMC6923183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Saprolegnia parasitica is a pathogenic oomycete responsible for severe fish infections. Despite its low abundance in the cell wall of S. parasitica, chitin is essential for hyphal growth as the inhibition of its biosynthesis leads to highly reduced growth. Here we identified and characterized chitin synthases (CHS) from S. parasitica as potential targets for anti-oomycete drugs. Bioinformatics analyses allowed the identification of six different putative Chs genes in the genome of the pathogen. The total number of genes was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and their expression levels were determined by quantitative PCR. Four of the six Chs genes were expressed in the mycelium, while the two others exhibited undetectable levels of expression. The mycelium was highly sensitive to the addition of nikkomycin Z (NZ) in the culture medium, which led to a decreased amount of chitin in the cell wall by up to 40% in the conditions tested, and to the formation of abnormal branching structures in the hyphae. The presence of NZ increased the expression level of one of the genes, Chs3, suggesting that the corresponding product is compensating the disruption of chitin biosynthesis in the hyphae. In addition, the activity of isolated CHS was strongly inhibited by NZ in vitro. Altogether our data indicate the importance of CHS for the vegetative growth of S. parasitica and demonstrate that these enzymes represent promising targets for the control of diseases caused by oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Rzeszutek
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
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17
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Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Magnapothe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease, leading to severe loss in cultivated rice production worldwide. In this study, we identified a conserved type 2 glycosyltransferase named MoGt2 in M. oryzae. The mogt2Δ targeted gene deletion mutants exhibited pleiotropic defects in vegetative growth, conidiation, stress response, hyphal appressorium-mediated penetration, and pathogenicity. Furthermore, conserved glycosyltransferase domains are critical for MoGt2 function. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed potential target genes under MoGt2 regulation in M. oryzae conidiation. Identification of potential glycoproteins modified by MoGt2 provided information on its regulatory mechanism of gene expression and biological functions. Overall, our study represents the first report of type 2 glycosyltransferase function in M. oryzae infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenesis. Magnaporthe oryzae causes the rice blast disease, which is one of the most serious diseases of cultivated rice worldwide. Glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification of secretory and membrane proteins in all eukaryotes, catalyzed by glycosyltransferases (GTs). In this study, we identified and characterized a type 2 glycosyltransferase, MoGt2, in M. oryzae. Targeted gene deletion mutants of MoGT2 (mogt2Δ strains) were nonpathogenic and were impaired in vegetative growth, conidiation, and appressorium formation at hyphal tips. Moreover, MoGT2 plays an important role in stress tolerance and hydrophobin function of M. oryzae. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis showed that conserved glycosyltransferase domains (DxD and QxxRW) are critical for biological functions of MoGt2. MoGT2 deletion led to altered glycoproteins during M. oryzae conidiation. By liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified several candidate proteins as potential substrates of MoGt2, including several heat shock proteins, two coiled-coil domain-containing proteins, aminopeptidase 2, and nuclease domain-containing protein 1. On the other hand, we found that a conidiation-related gene, genes involved in various metabolism pathways, and genes involved in cell wall integrity and/or osmotic response were differentially regulated in the mogt2Δ mutant, which may potentially contribute to its condiation defects. Taken together, our results show that MoGt2 is important for infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenesis in M. oryzae. IMPORTANCE The ascomycete fungus Magnapothe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease, leading to severe loss in cultivated rice production worldwide. In this study, we identified a conserved type 2 glycosyltransferase named MoGt2 in M. oryzae. The mogt2Δ targeted gene deletion mutants exhibited pleiotropic defects in vegetative growth, conidiation, stress response, hyphal appressorium-mediated penetration, and pathogenicity. Furthermore, conserved glycosyltransferase domains are critical for MoGt2 function. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed potential target genes under MoGt2 regulation in M. oryzae conidiation. Identification of potential glycoproteins modified by MoGt2 provided information on its regulatory mechanism of gene expression and biological functions. Overall, our study represents the first report of type 2 glycosyltransferase function in M. oryzae infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenesis.
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18
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Cao S, Cheng H, Zhang J, Aslam M, Yan M, Hu A, Lin L, Ojolo SP, Zhao H, Priyadarshani SVGN, Yu Y, Cao G, Qin Y. Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Pattern Analysis and Evolution of the Ces/Csl Gene Superfamily in Pineapple ( Ananas comosus). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31398920 PMCID: PMC6724413 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase (Ces) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene families belonging to the cellulose synthase gene superfamily, are responsible for the biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose of the plant cell wall, and play critical roles in plant development, growth and evolution. However, the Ces/Csl gene family remains to be characterized in pineapple, a highly valued and delicious tropical fruit. Here, we carried out genome-wide study and identified a total of seven Ces genes and 25 Csl genes in pineapple. Genomic features and phylogeny analysis of Ces/Csl genes were carried out, including phylogenetic tree, chromosomal locations, gene structures, and conserved motifs identification. In addition, we identified 32 pineapple AcoCes/Csl genes with 31 Arabidopsis AtCes/Csl genes as orthologs by the syntenic and phylogenetic approaches. Furthermore, a RNA-seq investigation exhibited the expression profile of several AcoCes/Csl genes in various tissues and multiple developmental stages. Collectively, we provided comprehensive information of the evolution and function of pineapple Ces/Csl gene superfamily, which would be useful for screening out and characterization of the putative genes responsible for tissue development in pineapple. The present study laid the foundation for future functional characterization of Ces/Csl genes in pineapple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiang Cao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Han Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiashuo Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mohammad Aslam
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Maokai Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Anqi Hu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lili Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Simon Peter Ojolo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Heming Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - S V G N Priyadarshani
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Guangqiu Cao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Yuan Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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19
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Lin S, Yu L, Zhang H. Transcriptomic Responses to Thermal Stress and Varied Phosphorus Conditions in Fugacium kawagutii. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7040096. [PMID: 30987028 PMCID: PMC6517890 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reef-associated Symbiodiniaceae live in tropical and oligotrophic environments and are prone to heat and nutrient stress. How their metabolic pathways respond to pulses of warming and phosphorus (P) depletion is underexplored. Here, we conducted RNA-seq analysis to investigate transcriptomic responses to thermal stress, phosphate deprivation, and organic phosphorus (OP) replacement in Fugacium kawagutii. Using dual-algorithm (edgeR and NOIseq) to remedy the problem of no replicates, we conservatively found 357 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under heat stress, potentially regulating cell wall modulation and the transport of iron, oxygen, and major nutrients. About 396 DEGs were detected under P deprivation and 671 under OP utilization, both mostly up-regulated and potentially involved in photosystem and defensome, despite different KEGG pathway enrichments. Additionally, we identified 221 genes that showed relatively stable expression levels across all conditions (likely core genes), mostly catalytic and binding proteins. This study reveals a wide range of, and in many cases previously unrecognized, molecular mechanisms in F. kawagutii to cope with heat stress and phosphorus-deficiency stress. Their quantitative expression dynamics, however, requires further verification with triplicated experiments, and the data reported here only provide clues for generating testable hypotheses about molecular mechanisms underpinning responses and adaptation in F. kawagutii to temperature and nutrient stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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20
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Nishitsuji K, Arimoto A, Higa Y, Mekaru M, Kawamitsu M, Satoh N, Shoguchi E. Draft genome of the brown alga, Nemacystus decipiens, Onna-1 strain: Fusion of genes involved in the sulfated fucan biosynthesis pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4607. [PMID: 30872679 PMCID: PMC6418280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The brown alga, Nemacystus decipiens ("ito-mozuku" in Japanese), is one of the major edible seaweeds, cultivated principally in Okinawa, Japan. N. decipiens is also a significant source of fucoidan, which has various physiological activities. To facilitate brown algal studies, we decoded the ~154 Mbp draft genome of N. decipiens Onna-1 strain. The genome is estimated to contain 15,156 protein-coding genes, ~78% of which are substantiated by corresponding mRNAs. Mitochondrial genes analysis showed a close relationship between N. decipiens and Cladosiphon okamuranus. Comparisons with the C. okamuranus and Ectocarpus siliculosus genomes identified a set of N. decipiens-specific genes. Gene ontology annotation showed more than half of these are classified as molecular function, enzymatic activity, and/or biological process. Extracellular matrix analysis revealed domains shared among three brown algae. Characterization of genes that encode enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway for sulfated fucan showed two sets of genes fused in the genome. One is a fusion of L-fucokinase and GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase genes, a feature shared with C. okamuranus. Another fusion is between an ST-domain-containing gene and an alpha/beta hydrolase gene. Although the function of fused genes should be examined in future, these results suggest that N. decipiens is another promising source of fucoidan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nishitsuji
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Asuka Arimoto
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Higa
- Onna Fisheries Cooperative, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0414, Japan
| | | | - Mayumi Kawamitsu
- DNA Sequencing Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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21
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Verdín J, Sánchez-León E, Rico-Ramírez AM, Martínez-Núñez L, Fajardo-Somera RA, Riquelme M. Off the wall: The rhyme and reason of Neurospora crassa hyphal morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100020. [PMID: 32743136 PMCID: PMC7389182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and β-1,3-glucan synthases are transported separately in chitosomes and macrovesicles. Chitin synthases occupy the core of the SPK; β-1,3-glucan synthases the outer layer. CHS-4 arrival to the SPK and septa is CSE-7 dependent. Rabs YPT-1 and YPT-31 localization at the SPK mimics that of chitosomes and macrovesicles. The exocyst acts as a tether between the SPK outer layer vesicles and the apical PM.
The fungal cell wall building processes are the ultimate determinants of hyphal shape. In Neurospora crassa the main cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, are synthesized by enzymes conveyed by specialized vesicles to the hyphal tip. These vesicles follow different secretory routes, which are delicately coordinated by cargo-specific Rab GTPases until their accumulation at the Spitzenkörper. From there, the exocyst mediates the docking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they ultimately get fused. Although significant progress has been done on the cellular mechanisms that carry cell wall synthesizing enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to hyphal tips, a lot of information is still missing. Here, the current knowledge on N. crassa cell wall composition and biosynthesis is presented with an emphasis on the underlying molecular and cellular secretory processes.
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Key Words
- BGT, β-1,3-glucan transferases
- CHS, chitin synthase
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CWI, cell wall integrity
- CWP, cell wall proteins
- Cell wall
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GH, glycosyl hydrolases
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- GSC, β-1,3-glucan synthase complex
- MMD, myosin-like motor domain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MT, microtubule
- NEC, network of elongated cisternae
- PM, plasma membrane
- SPK, Spitzenkörper
- Spitzenkörper
- TIRFM, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
- TM, transmembrane
- Tip growth
- Vesicles
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Verdín
- Industrial Biotechnology, CIATEJ-Jalisco State Scientific Research and Technology Assistance Center, Mexico National Council for Science and Technology, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Leonora Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rosa A Fajardo-Somera
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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22
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Breuer M, Earnest TM, Merryman C, Wise KS, Sun L, Lynott MR, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Lapek JD, Gonzalez DJ, de Crécy-Lagard V, Haas D, Hanson AD, Labhsetwar P, Glass JI, Luthey-Schulten Z. Essential metabolism for a minimal cell. eLife 2019; 8:36842. [PMID: 30657448 PMCID: PMC6609329 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
JCVI-syn3A, a robust minimal cell with a 543 kbp genome and 493 genes, provides a versatile platform to study the basics of life. Using the vast amount of experimental information available on its precursor, Mycoplasma mycoides capri, we assembled a near-complete metabolic network with 98% of enzymatic reactions supported by annotation or experiment. The model agrees well with genome-scale in vivo transposon mutagenesis experiments, showing a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.59. The genes in the reconstruction have a high in vivo essentiality or quasi-essentiality of 92% (68% essential), compared to 79% in silico essentiality. This coherent model of the minimal metabolism in JCVI-syn3A at the same time also points toward specific open questions regarding the minimal genome of JCVI-syn3A, which still contains many genes of generic or completely unclear function. In particular, the model, its comparison to in vivo essentiality and proteomics data yield specific hypotheses on gene functions and metabolic capabilities; and provide suggestions for several further gene removals. In this way, the model and its accompanying data guide future investigations of the minimal cell. Finally, the identification of 30 essential genes with unclear function will motivate the search for new biological mechanisms beyond metabolism. One way that researchers can test whether they understand a biological system is to see if they can accurately recreate it as a computer model. The more they learn about living things, the more the researchers can improve their models and the closer the models become to simulating the original. In this approach, it is best to start by trying to model a simple system. Biologists have previously succeeded in creating ‘minimal bacterial cells’. These synthetic cells contain fewer genes than almost all other living things and they are believed to be among the simplest possible forms of life that can grow on their own. The minimal cells can produce all the chemicals that they need to survive – in other words, they have a metabolism. Accurately recreating one of these cells in a computer is a key first step towards simulating a complete living system. Breuer et al. have developed a computer model to simulate the network of the biochemical reactions going on inside a minimal cell with just 493 genes. By altering the parameters of their model and comparing the results to experimental data, Breuer et al. explored the accuracy of their model. Overall, the model reproduces experimental results, but it is not yet perfect. The differences between the model and the experiments suggest new questions and tests that could advance our understanding of biology. In particular, Breuer et al. identified 30 genes that are essential for life in these cells but that currently have no known purpose. Continuing to develop and expand models like these to reproduce more complex living systems provides a tool to test current knowledge of biology. These models may become so advanced that they could predict how living things will respond to changing situations. This would allow scientists to test ideas sooner and make much faster progress in understanding life on Earth. Ultimately, these models could one day help to accelerate medical and industrial processes to save lives and enhance productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Breuer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Tyler M Earnest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | | | - Kim S Wise
- J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Lijie Sun
- J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | | | | | | | - John D Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Drago Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Piyush Labhsetwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - John I Glass
- J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Zaida Luthey-Schulten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
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23
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Punekar AS, Samsudin F, Lloyd AJ, Dowson CG, Scott DJ, Khalid S, Roper DI. The role of the jaw subdomain of peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases for lipid II polymerization. Cell Surf 2018; 2:54-66. [PMID: 30046666 PMCID: PMC6053601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (PGT) catalyse the essential polymerization of lipid II into linear glycan chains required for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The PGT domain is composed of a large head subdomain and a smaller jaw subdomain and can be potently inhibited by the antibiotic moenomycin A (MoeA). We present an X-ray structure of the MoeA-bound Staphylococcus aureus monofunctional PGT enzyme, revealing electron density for a second MoeA bound to the jaw subdomain as well as the PGT donor site. Isothermal titration calorimetry confirms two drug-binding sites with markedly different affinities and positive cooperativity. Hydrophobic cluster analysis suggests that the membrane-interacting surface of the jaw subdomain has structural and physicochemical properties similar to amphipathic cationic α -helical antimicrobial peptides for lipid II recognition and binding. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations of the drug-free and -bound forms of the enzyme demonstrate the importance of the jaw subdomain movement for lipid II selection and polymerization process and provide molecular-level insights into the mechanism of peptidoglycan biosynthesis by PGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S. Punekar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Firdaus Samsudin
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Lloyd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - David J. Scott
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Spallation Source and Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Syma Khalid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Roper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Zou X, Zhen Z, Ge Q, Fan S, Liu A, Gong W, Li J, Gong J, Shi Y, Wang Y, Liu R, Duan L, Lei K, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Zhang S, Jia T, Zhang L, Shang H, Yuan Y. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the evolution and expression patterns of the cellulose synthase gene superfamily in Gossypium species. Gene 2017; 646:28-38. [PMID: 29278771 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase gene superfamily, which includes the cellulose synthase (Ces) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) families, is involved in the synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose. This superfamily is critical for cotton fiber development in Gossypium species. Applying a series of bioinformatic methods, we identified 228 Ces/Csl genes from four Gossypium species (G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii). These genes were then grouped into 11 subfamilies based on phylogenetic relationships. A subsequent analysis of gene evolution revealed sites in CSLG and CSLJ genes that were under long-term positive selection pressure, with a posterior probability >0.95. Moreover, the dN:dS value for the CSLJ clade was 1.305, suggesting this subfamily was under positive selection pressure. Our data indicated that the dN:dS value ranged from 0.0084 to 0.9693 among the homologous Ces/Csl genes, implying they were under purifying selection pressure. Our transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that CesA genes were more highly expressed in tetraploids than in diploids. However, the Csl expression levels exhibited the opposite trend. Furthermore, changes to promoter sequences may have influenced the expression of homologous Ces/Csl genes. Our findings may provide novel insights into the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of the Ces/Csl genes in Gossypium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhang Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Senmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Aiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Wankui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Juwu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ruixian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Li Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Kang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Haihong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Youlu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
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25
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Synthesis and DFT Calculations of Novel Vanillin-Chalcones and Their 3-Aryl-5-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)-ethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbaldehyde Derivatives as Antifungal Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091476. [PMID: 29240047 PMCID: PMC6151623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel (E)-1-(aryl)-3-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-ones 4 were synthesized by a Claisen-Schmidt reaction of 4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde (2) with several acetophenone derivatives 3. Subsequently, cyclocondensation reactions of chalcones 4 with hydrazine hydrate afforded the new racemic 3-aryl-5-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbaldehydes 5 when the reaction was carried out in formic acid. The antifungal activity of both series of compounds against eight fungal species was determined. In general, chalcone derivatives 4 showed better activities than pyrazolines 5 against all tested fungi. None of the compounds 4a–g and 5a–g showed activity against the three Aspergillus spp. In contrast, most of the compounds 4 showed moderate to high activities against three dermatophytes (MICs 31.25–62.5 µg/mL), being 4a followed by 4c the most active structures. Interestingly, 4a and 4c possess fungicidal rather than fungistatic activities, with MFC values between 31.25 and 62.5 μg/mL. The comparison of the percentages of inhibition of C. neoformans by the most active compounds 4, allowed us to know the role played by the different substituents of the chalcones’ A-ring. Also the most anti-cryptococcal compounds 4a–c and 4g, were tested in a second panel of five clinical C. neoformans strains in order to have an overview of their inhibition capacity not only of standardized but also of clinical C. neoformans strains. DFT calculations showed that the electrophilicity is the main electronic property to explain the differences in antifungal activities for the synthesized chalcones and pyrazolines compounds. Furthermore, a quantitative reactivity analysis showed that electron-withdrawing substituted chalcones presented the higher electrophilic character and hence, the greater antifungal activities among compounds of series 4.
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26
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Tanaka Y, Ogawa T, Maruta T, Yoshida Y, Arakawa K, Ishikawa T. Glucan synthase-like 2 is indispensable for paramylon synthesis in Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1360-1370. [PMID: 28423179 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The phytoflagellate Euglena gracilis produces a large amount of paramylon (PM), a conglomerate of liner β-1,3-glucan chains, as a storage polysaccharide. PM is synthesized from uridine diphosphate-glucose, but its mechanism of formation is largely unknown. Two enzymes, glucan synthase-like (EgGSL) 1 and EgGSL2 were previously identified as candidates for PM synthesis in a Euglena transcriptome analysis. Here, we performed a reverse genetic analysis on these enzymes. Knockdown of EgGSL2, but not EgGSL1, significantly inhibits PM accumulation in Euglena cells. Additionally, β-1,3-glucan synthesis is detected in a PM-associated membrane fraction extracted from Euglena cells. Our findings indicate that EgGSL2 is the predominant enzyme for PM biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ogawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Van Wyk N, Navarro D, Blaise M, Berrin JG, Henrissat B, Drancourt M, Kremer L. Characterization of a mycobacterial cellulase and its impact on biofilm- and drug-induced cellulose production. Glycobiology 2017; 27:392-399. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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28
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Li S, Zhang L, Wang Y, Xu F, Liu M, Lin P, Ren S, Ma R, Guo YD. Knockdown of a cellulose synthase gene BoiCesA affects the leaf anatomy, cellulose content and salt tolerance in broccoli. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41397. [PMID: 28169290 PMCID: PMC5294630 DOI: 10.1038/srep41397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the major component of cell wall materials. A 300 bp specific fragment from the cDNA fragment was chosen to insert into vector pFGC1008 at forward and reverse orientations to construct the recombinant RNAi vector. Knockdown of BoiCesA caused "dwarf" phenotype with smaller leaves and a loss of the content of cellulose. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the expression of the RNAi apparatus could repress expression of the CesA gene. Meanwhile, examination of the leaves from the T3 of RNAi transformants indicated reduction of cell expansion in vascular bundles, particularly on their abaxial surface. The proline and soluble sugar content increased contrarily. Under the salt stress, the T3 of RNAi plants showed significant higher resistance. The expression levels of some salt tolerance related genes (BoiProH, BoiPIP2;2, BoiPIP2;3) were significantly changed in T3 of RNAi plants. The results showed that the hairpin structure of CesA specific fragment inhibited the endogenous gene expression and it was proved that the cDNA fragment was relevant to the cellulose biosynthesis. Moreover, modulation cellulose synthesis probably was an important influencing factor in polysaccharide metabolism and adaptations of plants to stresses. This will provide technological possibilities for the further study of modulation of the cellulose content of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Fengfeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyun Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Lin
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Ren
- School of Agriculture, Virginia State University, PO Box 9061, Petersburg, VA23806, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
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29
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Kumar M, Atanassov I, Turner S. Functional Analysis of Cellulose Synthase (CESA) Protein Class Specificity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:970-983. [PMID: 27923988 PMCID: PMC5291044 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase complex (CSC) exhibits a 6-fold symmetry and is known as a "rosette." Each CSC is believed to contain between 18 and 24 CESA proteins that each synthesize an individual glucan chain. These chains form the microfibrils that confer the remarkable structural properties of cellulose. At least three different classes of CESA proteins are essential to form the CSC However, while organization of the CSC determines microfibril structure, how individual CESA proteins are organized within the CSC remains unclear. Parts of the plant CESA proteins map sufficiently well onto the bacterial CESA (BcsA) structure, indicating that they are likely to share a common catalytic mechanism. However, plant CESA proteins are much larger than the bacterial BcsA protein, prompting the suggestion that these plant-specific regions are important for interactions between CESA proteins and for conferring CESA class specificity. In this study, we have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of well-defined regions of secondary cell wall CESA proteins, with the aim of defining what distinguishes different CESA proteins and hence what determines the specificity of each CESA class. Our results demonstrate that CESA class specificity extends throughout the protein and not just in the highly variable regions. Furthermore, we find that different CESA isoforms vary greatly in their levels of site specificity and this is likely to be determined by the constraints imposed by their position within the CSC rather than their primary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Atanassov
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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30
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Rushton PS, Olek AT, Makowski L, Badger J, Steussy CN, Carpita NC, Stauffacher CV. Rice Cellulose SynthaseA8 Plant-Conserved Region Is a Coiled-Coil at the Catalytic Core Entrance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:482-494. [PMID: 27879387 PMCID: PMC5210708 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The crystallographic structure of a rice (Oryza sativa) cellulose synthase, OsCesA8, plant-conserved region (P-CR), one of two unique domains in the catalytic domain of plant CesAs, was solved to 2.4 Å resolution. Two antiparallel α-helices form a coiled-coil domain linked by a large extended connector loop containing a conserved trio of aromatic residues. The P-CR structure was fit into a molecular envelope for the P-CR domain derived from small-angle X-ray scattering data. The P-CR structure and molecular envelope, combined with a homology-based chain trace of the CesA8 catalytic core, were modeled into a previously determined CesA8 small-angle X-ray scattering molecular envelope to produce a detailed topological model of the CesA8 catalytic domain. The predicted position for the P-CR domain from the molecular docking models places the P-CR connector loop into a hydrophobic pocket of the catalytic core, with the coiled-coil aligned near the entrance of the substrate UDP-glucose into the active site. In this configuration, the P-CR coiled-coil alone is unlikely to regulate substrate access to the active site, but it could interact with other domains of CesA, accessory proteins, or other CesA catalytic domains to control substrate delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Rushton
- Department of Biological Sciences (P.S.R., C.N.S., N.C.C., C.V.S.), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (A.T.O., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (N.C.C., C.V.S.), and Purdue Center for Cancer Research (C.V.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (L.M.); and
- DeltaG Technologies, San Diego, California 92122 (J.B.)
| | - Anna T Olek
- Department of Biological Sciences (P.S.R., C.N.S., N.C.C., C.V.S.), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (A.T.O., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (N.C.C., C.V.S.), and Purdue Center for Cancer Research (C.V.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (L.M.); and
- DeltaG Technologies, San Diego, California 92122 (J.B.)
| | - Lee Makowski
- Department of Biological Sciences (P.S.R., C.N.S., N.C.C., C.V.S.), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (A.T.O., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (N.C.C., C.V.S.), and Purdue Center for Cancer Research (C.V.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (L.M.); and
- DeltaG Technologies, San Diego, California 92122 (J.B.)
| | - John Badger
- Department of Biological Sciences (P.S.R., C.N.S., N.C.C., C.V.S.), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (A.T.O., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (N.C.C., C.V.S.), and Purdue Center for Cancer Research (C.V.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (L.M.); and
- DeltaG Technologies, San Diego, California 92122 (J.B.)
| | - C Nicklaus Steussy
- Department of Biological Sciences (P.S.R., C.N.S., N.C.C., C.V.S.), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (A.T.O., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (N.C.C., C.V.S.), and Purdue Center for Cancer Research (C.V.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (L.M.); and
- DeltaG Technologies, San Diego, California 92122 (J.B.)
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Biological Sciences (P.S.R., C.N.S., N.C.C., C.V.S.), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (A.T.O., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (N.C.C., C.V.S.), and Purdue Center for Cancer Research (C.V.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (L.M.); and
- DeltaG Technologies, San Diego, California 92122 (J.B.)
| | - Cynthia V Stauffacher
- Department of Biological Sciences (P.S.R., C.N.S., N.C.C., C.V.S.), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (A.T.O., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (N.C.C., C.V.S.), and Purdue Center for Cancer Research (C.V.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (L.M.); and
- DeltaG Technologies, San Diego, California 92122 (J.B.)
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31
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Sun SJ, Horikawa Y, Wada M, Sugiyama J, Imai T. Site-directed mutagenesis of bacterial cellulose synthase highlights sulfur–arene interaction as key to catalysis. Carbohydr Res 2016; 434:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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O'Neill EC, Trick M, Hill L, Rejzek M, Dusi RG, Hamilton CJ, Zimba PV, Henrissat B, Field RA. The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2808-20. [PMID: 26289754 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00319a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a highly complex alga belonging to the green plant line that shows characteristics of both plants and animals, while in evolutionary terms it is most closely related to the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma and Leishmania. This well-studied organism has long been known as a rich source of vitamins A, C and E, as well as amino acids that are essential for the human diet. Here we present de novo transcriptome sequencing and preliminary analysis, providing a basis for the molecular and functional genomics studies that will be required to direct metabolic engineering efforts aimed at enhancing the quality and quantity of high value products from E. gracilis. The transcriptome contains over 30,000 protein-encoding genes, supporting metabolic pathways for lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates and vitamins, along with capabilities for polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis. The metabolic and environmental robustness of Euglena is supported by a substantial capacity for responding to biotic and abiotic stress: it has the capacity to deploy three separate pathways for vitamin C (ascorbate) production, as well as producing vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and, in addition to glutathione, the redox-active thiols nor-trypanothione and ovothiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis C O'Neill
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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33
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Wu D, Li A, Ma F, Yang J, Xie Y. Genetic control and regulatory mechanisms of succinoglycan and curdlan biosynthesis in genus Agrobacterium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6183-6192. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Sheppard DC, Howell PL. Biofilm Exopolysaccharides of Pathogenic Fungi: Lessons from Bacteria. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12529-12537. [PMID: 27129222 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.720995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides play an important structural and functional role in the development and maintenance of microbial biofilms. Although the majority of research to date has focused on the exopolysaccharide systems of biofilm-forming bacteria, recent studies have demonstrated that medically relevant fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus also form biofilms during infection. These fungal biofilms share many similarities with those of bacteria, including the presence of secreted exopolysaccharides as core components of the extracellular matrix. This review will highlight our current understanding of fungal biofilm exopolysaccharides, as well as the parallels that can be drawn with those of their bacterial counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Sheppard
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1.
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Structure & Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Kaur S, Dhugga KS, Gill K, Singh J. Novel Structural and Functional Motifs in cellulose synthase (CesA) Genes of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147046. [PMID: 26771740 PMCID: PMC4714848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the primary determinant of mechanical strength in plant tissues. Late-season lodging is inversely related to the amount of cellulose in a unit length of the stem. Wheat is the most widely grown of all the crops globally, yet information on its CesA gene family is limited. We have identified 22 CesA genes from bread wheat, which include homoeologs from each of the three genomes, and named them as TaCesAXA, TaCesAXB or TaCesAXD, where X denotes the gene number and the last suffix stands for the respective genome. Sequence analyses of the CESA proteins from wheat and their orthologs from barley, maize, rice, and several dicot species (Arabidopsis, beet, cotton, poplar, potato, rose gum and soybean) revealed motifs unique to monocots (Poales) or dicots. Novel structural motifs CQIC and SVICEXWFA were identified, which distinguished the CESAs involved in the formation of primary and secondary cell wall (PCW and SCW) in all the species. We also identified several new motifs specific to monocots or dicots. The conserved motifs identified in this study possibly play functional roles specific to PCW or SCW formation. The new insights from this study advance our knowledge about the structure, function and evolution of the CesA family in plants in general and wheat in particular. This information will be useful in improving culm strength to reduce lodging or alter wall composition to improve biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simerjeet Kaur
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Kanwarpal S. Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery, DuPont Pioneer, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, United States of America
| | - Kulvinder Gill
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Alginate Biosynthesis inAzotobacter vinelandii: Overview of Molecular Mechanisms in Connection with the Oxygen Availability. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/2062360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacteriumAzotobacter vinelandiican synthetize the biopolymer alginate that has material properties appropriate for plenty of applications in industry as well as in medicine. In order to settle the foundation for improving alginate production without compromising its quality, a better understanding of the polymer biosynthesis and the mechanism of regulation during fermentation processes is necessary. This knowledge is crucial for the development of novel production strategies. Here, we highlight the key aspects of alginate biosynthesis that can lead to producing an alginate with specific material properties with particular focus on the role of oxygen availability linked with the molecular mechanisms involved in the alginate production.
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Hyaluronan Synthase: The Mechanism of Initiation at the Reducing End and a Pendulum Model for Polysaccharide Translocation to the Cell Exterior. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:367579. [PMID: 26472958 PMCID: PMC4581545 DOI: 10.1155/2015/367579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) biosynthesis has been studied for over six decades, but our understanding of the biochemical details of how HA synthase (HAS) assembles HA is still incomplete. Class I family members include mammalian and streptococcal HASs, the focus of this review, which add new intracellular sugar-UDPs at the reducing end of growing hyaluronyl-UDP chains. HA-producing cells typically create extracellular HA coats (capsules) and also secrete HA into the surrounding space. Since HAS contains multiple transmembrane domains and is lipid-dependent, we proposed in 1999 that it creates an intraprotein HAS-lipid pore through which a growing HA-UDP chain is translocated continuously across the cell membrane to the exterior. We review here the evidence for a synthase pore-mediated polysaccharide translocation process and describe a possible mechanism (the Pendulum Model) and potential energy sources to drive this ATP-independent process. HA synthases also synthesize chitin oligosaccharides, which are created by cleavage of novel oligo-chitosyl-UDP products. The synthesis of chitin-UDP oligomers by HAS confirms the reducing end mechanism for sugar addition during HA assembly by streptococcal and mammalian Class I enzymes. These new findings indicate the possibility that HA biosynthesis is initiated by the ability of HAS to use chitin-UDP oligomers as self-primers.
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Schmid J, Sieber V, Rehm B. Bacterial exopolysaccharides: biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:496. [PMID: 26074894 PMCID: PMC4443731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria produce a wide range of exopolysaccharides which are synthesized via different biosynthesis pathways. The genes responsible for synthesis are often clustered within the genome of the respective production organism. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes is critical toward genetic, metabolic and protein-engineering approaches to produce tailor-made polymers. These designer polymers will exhibit superior material properties targeting medical and industrial applications. Exploiting the natural design space for production of a variety of biopolymer will open up a range of new applications. Here, we summarize the key aspects of microbial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and highlight the latest engineering approaches toward the production of tailor-made variants with the potential to be used as valuable renewable and high-performance products for medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schmid
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität MünchenStraubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität MünchenStraubing, Germany
| | - Bernd Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyPalmerston North, New Zealand
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Yang H, Zimmer J, Yingling YG, Kubicki JD. How Cellulose Elongates--A QM/MM Study of the Molecular Mechanism of Cellulose Polymerization in Bacterial CESA. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6525-35. [PMID: 25942604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic mechanism of bacterial cellulose synthase was investigated by using a hybrid quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach. The Michaelis complex model was built based on the X-ray crystal structure of the cellulose synthase subunits BcsA and BcsB containing a uridine diphosphate molecule and a translocating glucan. Our study identified an SN2-type transition structure corresponding to the nucleophilic attack of the nonreducing end O4 on the anomeric carbon C1, the breaking of the glycosidic bond C1-O1, and the transfer of proton from the nonreducing end O4 to the general base D343. The activation barrier found for this SN2-type transition state is 68 kJ/mol. The rate constant of polymerization is estimated to be ∼8.0 s(-1) via transition state theory. A similar SN2-type transition structure was also identified for a second glucose molecule added to the growing polysaccharide chain, which aligned with the polymer 180° rotated compared to the initially added unit. This study provides detailed insights into how cellulose is extended by one glucose molecule at a time and how the individual glucose units align into cellobiose repeating units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- †Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- ‡Center for Membrane Biology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - James D Kubicki
- †Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Kumar M, Turner S. Plant cellulose synthesis: CESA proteins crossing kingdoms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:91-9. [PMID: 25104231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is a biopolymer of considerable economic importance. It is synthesised by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) in species ranging from bacteria to higher plants. Enormous progress in our understanding of bacterial cellulose synthesis has come with the recent publication of both the crystal structure and biochemical characterisation of a purified complex able to synthesis cellulose in vitro. A model structure of a plant CESA protein suggests considerable similarity between the bacterial and plant cellulose synthesis. In this review article we will cover current knowledge of how plant CESA proteins synthesise cellulose. In particular the focus will be on the lessons learned from the recent work on the catalytic mechanism and the implications that new data on cellulose structure has for the assembly of CESA proteins into the large complex that synthesis plant cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Science, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Science, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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42
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Preparation and Analysis of Cello- and Xylooligosaccharides. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, and certain organisms from bacteria to plants and animals synthesize cellulose as an extracellular polymer for various biological functions. Humans have used cellulose for millennia as a material and an energy source, and the advent of a lignocellulosic fuel industry will elevate it to the primary carbon source for the burgeoning renewable energy sector. Despite the biological and societal importance of cellulose, the molecular mechanism by which it is synthesized is now only beginning to emerge. On the basis of recent advances in structural and molecular biology on bacterial cellulose synthases, we review emerging concepts of how the enzymes polymerize glucose molecules, how the nascent polymer is transported across the plasma membrane, and how bacterial cellulose biosynthesis is regulated during biofilm formation. Additionally, we review evolutionary commonalities and differences between cellulose synthases that modulate the nature of the cellulose product formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. McNamara
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Jacob L.W. Morgan
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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Ultrastructure and composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana cell wall. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:1450-64. [PMID: 25239976 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00183-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine algae of the genus Nannochloropsis are promising producers of biofuel precursors and nutraceuticals and are also harvested commercially for aquaculture feed. We have used quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and carbohydrate analyses to characterize the architecture of the Nannochloropsis gaditana (strain CCMP 526) cell wall, whose recalcitrance presents a significant barrier to biocommodity extraction. The data indicate a bilayer structure consisting of a cellulosic inner wall (~75% of the mass balance) protected by an outer hydrophobic algaenan layer. Cellulase treatment of walls purified after cell lysis generates highly enriched algaenan preparations without using the harsh chemical treatments typically used in algaenan isolation and characterization. Nannochloropsis algaenan was determined to comprise long, straight-chain, saturated aliphatics with ether cross-links, which closely resembles the cutan of vascular plants. Chemical identification of >85% of the isolated cell wall mass is detailed, and genome analysis is used to identify candidate biosynthetic enzymes.
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Sundari BKR, Dasgupta MG. Isolation of developing secondary xylem specific cellulose synthase genes and their expression profiles during hormone signalling in Eucalyptus tereticornis. J Genet 2014; 93:403-14. [PMID: 25189235 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose synthases (CesA) represent a group of β-1, 4 glycosyl transferases involved in cellulose biosynthesis. Recent reports in higher plants have revealed that two groups of CesA gene families exist, which are associated with either primary or secondary cell wall deposition. The present study aimed at identifying developing secondary xylem specific cellulose synthase genes from Eucalyptus tereticornis, a species predominantly used in paper and pulp industries in the tropics. The differential expression analysis of the three EtCesA genes using qRT-PCR revealed 49 to 87 fold relative expression in developing secondary xylem tissues. Three full length gene sequences of EtCesA1, EtCesA2 and EtCesA3 were isolated with the size of 2940, 3114 and 3123 bp, respectively. Phytohormone regulation of all three EtCesA genes were studied by exogenous application of gibberellic acid, naphthalene acetic acid, indole acetic acid and 2, 4-epibrassinolide in internode tissues derived from three-month-old rooted cuttings. All three EtCesA transcripts were upregulated by indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid. This study demonstrates that the increased cellulose deposition in the secondary wood induced by hormones can be attributed to the upregulation of xylem specific CesAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandran Karpaga Raja Sundari
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, P.B. No. 1061, Forest Campus, R.S. Puram Coimbatore 641 002, India.
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Mansur JF, Alvarenga ESL, Figueira-Mansur J, Franco TA, Ramos IB, Masuda H, Melo ACA, Moreira MF. Effects of chitin synthase double-stranded RNA on molting and oogenesis in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 51:110-121. [PMID: 24398146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provided the demonstration of the presence of a single CHS gene in the Rhodnius prolixus (a blood-sucking insect) genome that is expressed in adults (integument and ovary) and in the integument of nymphs during development. This CHS gene appears to be essential for epidermal integrity and egg formation in R. prolixus. Because injection of CHS dsRNA was effective in reducing CHS transcript levels, phenotypic alterations in the normal course of ecdysis occurred. In addition, two phenotypes with severe cuticle deformations were observed, which were associated with loss of mobility and lifetime. The CHS dsRNA treatment in adult females affected oogenesis, reducing the size of the ovary and presenting a greater number of atresic oocytes and a smaller number of chorionated oocytes compared with the control. The overall effect was reduced oviposition. The injection of CHS dsRNA modified the natural course of egg development, producing deformed eggs that were dark in color and unable to hatch, distinct from the viable eggs laid by control females. The ovaries, which were examined under fluorescence microscopy using a probe for chitin detection, showed a reduced deposition on pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes compared with control. Taken together, these data suggest that the CHS gene is fundamentally important for ecdysis, oogenesis and egg hatching in R. prolixus and also demonstrated that the CHS gene is a good target for controlling Chagas disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F Mansur
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Evelyn S L Alvarenga
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Janaina Figueira-Mansur
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Franco
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela B Ramos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hatisaburo Masuda
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana C A Melo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica F Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Olek AT, Rayon C, Makowski L, Kim HR, Ciesielski P, Badger J, Paul LN, Ghosh S, Kihara D, Crowley M, Himmel ME, Bolin JT, Carpita NC. The structure of the catalytic domain of a plant cellulose synthase and its assembly into dimers. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2996-3009. [PMID: 25012190 PMCID: PMC4145127 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are para-crystalline arrays of several dozen linear (1→4)-β-d-glucan chains synthesized at the surface of the cell membrane by large, multimeric complexes of synthase proteins. Recombinant catalytic domains of rice (Oryza sativa) CesA8 cellulose synthase form dimers reversibly as the fundamental scaffold units of architecture in the synthase complex. Specificity of binding to UDP and UDP-Glc indicates a properly folded protein, and binding kinetics indicate that each monomer independently synthesizes single glucan chains of cellulose, i.e., two chains per dimer pair. In contrast to structure modeling predictions, solution x-ray scattering studies demonstrate that the monomer is a two-domain, elongated structure, with the smaller domain coupling two monomers into a dimer. The catalytic core of the monomer is accommodated only near its center, with the plant-specific sequences occupying the small domain and an extension distal to the catalytic domain. This configuration is in stark contrast to the domain organization obtained in predicted structures of plant CesA. The arrangement of the catalytic domain within the CesA monomer and dimer provides a foundation for constructing structural models of the synthase complex and defining the relationship between the rosette structure and the cellulose microfibrils they synthesize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Olek
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
| | - Catherine Rayon
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
| | - Lee Makowski
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hyung Rae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1971
| | - Peter Ciesielski
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biomolecular Science Group, Golden, Colorado 80401-3305
| | - John Badger
- DeltaG Technologies, San Diego, California 92122
| | - Lake N Paul
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057
| | - Subhangi Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1971
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1971 Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2107
| | - Michael Crowley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biomolecular Science Group, Golden, Colorado 80401-3305
| | - Michael E Himmel
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biomolecular Science Group, Golden, Colorado 80401-3305
| | - Jeffrey T Bolin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1971
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054 Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1971 Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057
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Teparić R, Mrsa V. Proteins involved in building, maintaining and remodeling of yeast cell walls. Curr Genet 2014; 59:171-85. [PMID: 23959528 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall defines the shape and provides osmotic stability to the yeast cell. It also serves to anchor proteins required for communication of the yeast cell with surrounding molecules and other cells. It is synthesized as a complex structure with β-1,3-glucan chains forming the basic network to which β-1,6-glucan, chitin and a number of mannoproteins are attached. Synthesis, maintaining and remodeling of this complex structure require a set of different synthases, hydrolases and transglycosidases whose concerted activities provide necessary firmness but at the same time flexibility of the wall moiety. The present state of comprehension of the interplay of these proteins in the yeast cell wall is the subject of this article.
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50
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De Caroli M, Lenucci MS, Di Sansebastiano GP, Tunno M, Montefusco A, Dalessandro G, Piro G. Cellular localization and biochemical characterization of a chimeric fluorescent protein fusion of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like A2 inserted into Golgi membrane. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:792420. [PMID: 24558328 PMCID: PMC3914377 DOI: 10.1155/2014/792420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes are believed to encode enzymes for the synthesis of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The subfamily of CslA is putatively involved in the biosynthesis of β -mannans. Here we report a study on the cellular localization and the enzyme activity of an Arabidopsis CslA family member, AtCslA2. We show that the fluorescent protein fusion AtCslA2-GFP, transiently expressed in tobacco leaf protoplasts, is synthesized in the ER and it accumulates in the Golgi stacks. The chimera is inserted in the Golgi membrane and is functional since membrane preparations obtained by transformed protoplasts carry out the in vitro synthesis of a 14C-mannan starting from GDP-D-[U-14C]mannose as substrate. The enzyme specific activity is increased by approximately 38% in the transformed protoplasts with respect to wild-type. Preliminary tests with proteinase K, biochemical data, and TM domain predictions suggest that the catalytic site of AtCslA2 faces the Golgi lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Michela Tunno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Montefusco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dalessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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