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Boteva E, Doychev K, Kirilov K, Handzhiyski Y, Tsekovska R, Gatev E, Mironova R. Deglycation activity of the Escherichia coli glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128541. [PMID: 38056730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycation is a spontaneous chemical reaction, which affects the structure and function of proteins under normal physiological conditions. Therefore, organisms have evolved diverse mechanisms to combat glycation. In this study, we show that the Escherichia coli glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) exhibits deglycation activity. We found that E. coli Pgi catalyzes the breakdown of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)-derived Amadori products (APs) in chicken lysozyme. The affinity of Pgi to the glycated lysozyme (Km, 1.1 mM) was ten times lower than the affinity to its native substrate, fructose 6-phosphate (Km, 0.1 mM). However, the high kinetic constants of the enzyme with the glycated lysozyme (kcat, 396 s-1 and kcat/Km, 3.6 × 105 M-1 s-1) indicated that the Pgi amadoriase activity may have physiological implications. Indeed, when using total E. coli protein (20 mg/mL) as a substrate in the deglycation reaction, we observed a release of G6P from the bacterial protein at a Pgi specific activity of 33 μmol/min/mg. Further, we detected 11.4 % lower APs concentration in protein extracts from Pgi-proficient vs. deficient cells (p = 0.0006) under conditions where the G6P concentration in Pgi-proficient cells was four times higher than in Pgi-deficient cells (p = 0.0001). Altogether, these data point to physiological relevance of the Pgi deglycation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitsa Boteva
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Konstantin Doychev
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Kiril Kirilov
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Handzhiyski
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Rositsa Tsekovska
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Evan Gatev
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Roumyana Mironova
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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2
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Garai S, Bhowal B, Gupta M, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A, Kaur C. Role of methylglyoxal and redox homeostasis in microbe-mediated stress mitigation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111922. [PMID: 37952767 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the general consequences of stress in plants is the accumulation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and carbonyl species (like methylglyoxal) to levels that are detrimental for plant growth. These reactive species are inherently produced in all organisms and serve different physiological functions but their excessive accumulation results in cellular toxicity. It is, therefore, essential to restore equilibrium between their synthesis and breakdown to ensure normal cellular functioning. Detoxification mechanisms that scavenge these reactive species are considered important for stress mitigation as they maintain redox balance by restricting the levels of ROS, methylglyoxal and other reactive species in the cellular milieu. Stress tolerance imparted to plants by root-associated microbes involves a multitude of mechanisms, including maintenance of redox homeostasis. By improving the overall antioxidant response in plants, microbes can strengthen defense pathways and hence, the adaptive abilities of plants to sustain growth under stress. Hence, through this review we wish to highlight the contribution of root microbiota in modulating the levels of reactive species and thereby, maintaining redox homeostasis in plants as one of the important mechanisms of stress alleviation. Further, we also examine the microbial mechanisms of resistance to oxidative stress and their role in combating plant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Garai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bidisha Bhowal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Charanpreet Kaur
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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3
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Ketoreductase-assisted synthesis of chiral selective tert-butyl{5-[(4-cyanophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl]-2-fluorophenyl}carbamate: process minutiae, optimization and characterization. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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4
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Ghosh A, Mustafiz A, Pareek A, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL. Glyoxalase III enhances salinity tolerance through reactive oxygen species scavenging and reduced glycation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13693. [PMID: 35483971 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a metabolically generated highly cytotoxic compound that accumulates in all living organisms, from Escherichia coli to humans, under stress conditions. To detoxify MG, nature has evolved reduced glutathione (GSH)-dependent glyoxalase and NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase systems. But both GSH and NADPH have been reported to be limiting in plants under stress conditions, and thus detoxification might not be performed efficiently. Recently, glyoxalase III (GLY III)-like enzyme activity has been reported from various species, which can detoxify MG without any cofactor. In the present study, we have tested whether an E. coli gene, hchA, encoding a functional GLY III, could provide abiotic stress tolerance to living systems. Overexpression of this gene showed improved tolerance in E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells against salinity, dicarbonyl, and oxidative stresses. Ectopic expression of the E. coli GLY III gene (EcGLY-III) in transgenic tobacco plants confers tolerance against salinity at both seedling and reproductive stages as indicated by their height, weight, membrane stability index, and total yield potential. Transgenic plants showed significantly increased glyoxalase and antioxidant enzyme activity that resisted the accumulation of excess MG and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during stress. Moreover, transgenic plants showed more anti-glycation activity to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end product (AGE) that might prevent transgenic plants from stress-induced senescence. Taken together, all these observations indicate that overexpression of EcGLYIII confers salinity stress tolerance in plants and should be explored further for the generation of stress-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Ghosh
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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5
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Koschmieder J, Alseekh S, Shabani M, Baltenweck R, Maurino VG, Palme K, Fernie AR, Hugueney P, Welsch R. Color recycling: metabolization of apocarotenoid degradation products suggests carbon regeneration via primary metabolic pathways. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:961-977. [PMID: 35064799 PMCID: PMC9035014 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of carotenoid-accumulating roots revealed that oxidative carotenoid degradation yields glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Our data suggest that these compounds are detoxified via the glyoxalase system and re-enter primary metabolic pathways. Carotenoid levels in plant tissues depend on the relative rates of synthesis and degradation. We recently identified redox enzymes previously known to be involved in the detoxification of fatty acid-derived reactive carbonyl species which were able to convert apocarotenoids into corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids. However, their subsequent metabolization pathways remain unresolved. Interestingly, we found that carotenoid-accumulating roots have increased levels of glutathione, suggesting apocarotenoid glutathionylation to occur. In vitro and in planta investigations did not, however, support the occurrence of non-enzymatic or enzymatic glutathionylation of β-apocarotenoids. An alternative breakdown pathway is the continued oxidative degradation of primary apocarotenoids or their derivatives into the shortest possible oxidation products, namely glyoxal and methylglyoxal, which also accumulated in carotenoid-accumulating roots. In fact, combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis suggest that the high levels of glutathione are most probably required for detoxifying apocarotenoid-derived glyoxal and methylglyoxal via the glyoxalase pathway, yielding glycolate and D-lactate, respectively. Further transcriptome analysis suggested subsequent reactions involving activities associated with photorespiration and the peroxisome-specific glycolate/glyoxylate transporter. Finally, detoxified primary apocarotenoid degradation products might be converted into pyruvate which is possibly re-used for the synthesis of carotenoid biosynthesis precursors. Our findings allow to envision carbon recycling during carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation and re-synthesis which consumes energy, but partially maintains initially fixed carbon via re-introducing reactive carotenoid degradation products into primary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Marzieh Shabani
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Veronica G Maurino
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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6
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Alfarouk KO, Alqahtani SS, Alshahrani S, Morgenstern J, Supuran CT, Reshkin SJ. The possible role of methylglyoxal metabolism in cancer. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:2010-2015. [PMID: 34517737 PMCID: PMC8451662 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1972994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours reprogram their metabolism to acquire an evolutionary advantage over normal cells. However, not all such metabolic pathways support energy production. An example of these metabolic pathways is the Methylglyoxal (MG) one. This pathway helps maintain the redox state, and it might act as a phosphate sensor that monitors the intracellular phosphate levels. In this work, we discuss the biochemical step of the MG pathway and interrelate it with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O Alfarouk
- Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology, and Tumor Metabolism, Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
| | - Jakob Morgenstern
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Universita Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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7
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Merchel Piovesan Pereira B, Adil Salim M, Rai N, Tagkopoulos I. Tolerance to Glutaraldehyde in Escherichia coli Mediated by Overexpression of the Aldehyde Reductase YqhD by YqhC. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:680553. [PMID: 34248896 PMCID: PMC8262776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.680553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaraldehyde is a widely used biocide on the market for about 50 years. Despite its broad application, several reports on the emergence of bacterial resistance, and occasional outbreaks caused by poorly disinfection, there is a gap of knowledge on the bacterial adaptation, tolerance, and resistance mechanisms to glutaraldehyde. Here, we analyze the effects of the independent selection of mutations in the transcriptional regulator yqhC for biological replicates of Escherichia coli cells subjected to adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) in the presence of glutaraldehyde. The evolved strains showed improved survival in the biocide (11-26% increase in fitness) as a result of mutations in the activator yqhC, which led to the overexpression of the yqhD aldehyde reductase gene by 8 to over 30-fold (3.1-5.2 log2FC range). The protective effect was exclusive to yqhD as other aldehyde reductase genes of E. coli, such as yahK, ybbO, yghA, and ahr did not offer protection against the biocide. We describe a novel mechanism of tolerance to glutaraldehyde based on the activation of the aldehyde reductase YqhD by YqhC and bring attention to the potential for the selection of such tolerance mechanism outside the laboratory, given the existence of YqhD homologs in various pathogenic and opportunistic bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Merchel Piovesan Pereira
- Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Muhammad Adil Salim
- Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Navneet Rai
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ilias Tagkopoulos
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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8
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Shimada T, Ogasawara H, Kobayashi I, Kobayashi N, Ishihama A. Single-Target Regulators Constitute the Minority Group of Transcription Factors in Escherichia coli K-12. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:697803. [PMID: 34220787 PMCID: PMC8249747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.697803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of regulatory targets of all transcription factors (TFs) is critical for understanding the entire network of genome regulation. A total of approximately 300 TFs exist in the model prokaryote Escherichia coli K-12, but the identification of whole sets of their direct targets is impossible with use of in vivo approaches. For this end, the most direct and quick approach is to identify the TF-binding sites in vitro on the genome. We then developed and utilized the gSELEX screening system in vitro for identification of more than 150 E. coli TF-binding sites along the E. coli genome. Based on the number of predicted regulatory targets, we classified E. coli K-12 TFs into four groups, altogether forming a hierarchy ranging from a single-target TF (ST-TF) to local TFs, global TFs, and nucleoid-associated TFs controlling as many as 1,000 targets. Using the collection of purified TFs and a library of genome DNA segments from a single and the same E. coli K-12, we identified here a total of 11 novel ST-TFs, CsqR, CusR, HprR, NorR, PepA, PutA, QseA, RspR, UvrY, ZraR, and YqhC. The regulation of single-target promoters was analyzed in details for the hitherto uncharacterized QseA and RspR. In most cases, the ST-TF gene and its regulatory target genes are adjacently located on the E. coli K-12 genome, implying their simultaneous transfer in the course of genome evolution. The newly identified 11 ST-TFs and the total of 13 hitherto identified altogether constitute the minority group of TFs in E. coli K-12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Ogasawara
- Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.,Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ikki Kobayashi
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Frontier Science, Hosei University, Koganei, Japan
| | - Akira Ishihama
- Department of Frontier Science, Hosei University, Koganei, Japan.,Micro-Nano Technology Research Center, Hosei University, Koganei, Japan
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9
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Chimentão R, Hirunsit P, Torres C, Ordoño MB, Urakawa A, Fierro J, Ruiz D. Selective dehydration of glycerol on copper based catalysts. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Arginine glycosylation enhances methylglyoxal detoxification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3834. [PMID: 33589708 PMCID: PMC7884692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion system effector proteins have primarily been characterized for their interactions with host cell proteins and their ability to disrupt host signaling pathways. We are testing the hypothesis that some effectors are active within the bacterium, where they modulate bacterial signal transduction and physiology. We previously determined that the Citrobacter rodentium effector NleB possesses an intra-bacterial glycosyltransferase activity that increases glutathione synthetase activity to protect the bacterium from oxidative stress. Here we investigated the potential intra-bacterial activities of NleB orthologs in Salmonella enterica and found that SseK1 and SseK3 mediate resistance to methylglyoxal. SseK1 glycosylates specific arginine residues on four proteins involved in methylglyoxal detoxification, namely GloA (R9), GloB (R190), GloC (R160), and YajL (R149). SseK1-mediated Arg-glycosylation of these four proteins significantly enhances their catalytic activity, thus providing another important example of the intra-bacterial activities of type three secretion system effector proteins. These data are also the first demonstration that a Salmonella T3SS effector is active within the bacterium.
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Characterizing the Mechanism of Action of an Ancient Antimicrobial, Manuka Honey, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Modern Transcriptomics. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00106-20. [PMID: 32606022 PMCID: PMC7329319 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00106-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Manuka honey has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and unlike traditional antibiotics, resistance to its killing effects has not been reported. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism of action of manuka honey and its key antibacterial components using a transcriptomic approach in a model organism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa We show that no single component of honey can account for its total antimicrobial action, and that honey affects the expression of genes in the SOS response, oxidative damage, and quorum sensing. Manuka honey uniquely affects genes involved in the explosive cell lysis process and in maintaining the electron transport chain, causing protons to leak across membranes and collapsing the proton motive force, and it induces membrane depolarization and permeabilization in P. aeruginosa These data indicate that the activity of manuka honey comes from multiple mechanisms of action that do not engender bacterial resistance.IMPORTANCE The threat of antimicrobial resistance to human health has prompted interest in complex, natural products with antimicrobial activity. Honey has been an effective topical wound treatment throughout history, predominantly due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Unlike traditional antibiotics, honey-resistant bacteria have not been reported; however, honey remains underutilized in the clinic in part due to a lack of understanding of its mechanism of action. Here, we demonstrate that honey affects multiple processes in bacteria, and this is not explained by its major antibacterial components. Honey also uniquely affects bacterial membranes, and this can be exploited for combination therapy with antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective on their own. We argue that honey should be included as part of the current array of wound treatments due to its effective antibacterial activity that does not promote resistance in bacteria.
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12
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Propylene glycol oxidation with hydrogen peroxide over Zr-containing metal-organic framework UiO-66. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Characterization, functional analysis and application of 4-Coumarate: CoA ligase genes from Populus trichocarpa. J Biotechnol 2019; 302:92-100. [PMID: 31233773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.06.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
4-Coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) is an important branch point directing metabolites to flavonoid or monolignol pathways in plants. It plays a vital role in the biosynthesis of plant nature products in microbes. Herein, Ptr4CL4, Ptr4CL5 and Ptr4CL7 from Populus trichocarpa were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Two recombinant proteins Ptr4CL4 and Ptr4CL5 showed distinct activities for different substrates. The Ptr4CL4, not previously reported, showed the highest affinity and activity for p-coumaric acid, but a unique substrate self-inhibition was observed at high concentration of p-coumaric acid. Ptr4CL5 was suitable for pathway construction due to no self-substrate inhibition and high initial reaction rate. To explore the potential of Ptr4CL5 in biosynthesis of cinnamyl alcohol, a biosynthesis pathway established with Ptr4CL5, PtrCCR2, endogenous reductases was constructed in E. coli and the titer of cinnamyl alcohol reached 4.8 mM which is higher than other reports. The result indicates that the wood-derived Ptr4CL5 has signification potential in the biosynthesis of cinnamyl alcohol and other monolignol derivatives.
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14
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Deb SS, Reshamwala SMS, Lali AM. Activation of alternative metabolic pathways diverts carbon flux away from isobutanol formation in an engineered Escherichia coli strain. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:823-836. [PMID: 31093837 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic engineering efforts are guided by identifying gene targets for overexpression and/or deletion. Isobutanol, a biofuel candidate, is biosynthesized using the valine biosynthesis pathway and enzymes of the Ehrlich pathway. Most reported studies for isobutanol production in Escherichia coli employ multicopy plasmids, an approach that suffers from disadvantages such as plasmid instability, increased metabolic burden, and use of antibiotics to maintain selection pressure. Cofactor imbalance is another issue that may limit production of isobutanol, as two enzymes of the pathway utilize NADPH as a cofactor. RESULTS To address these issues, we constructed E. coli strains with chromosomally-integrated, codon-optimized isobutanol pathway genes (ilvGM, ilvC, kivd, adh) selected on the basis of their cofactor preferences. Genes involved in diverting pyruvate flux toward fermentation byproducts were deleted. Metabolite analyses of the constructed strains revealed extracellular accumulation of significant amounts of isobutyraldehyde, a pathway intermediate, and the overflow metabolites 2,3-butanediol and acetol. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the genetic modifications carried out led to activation of alternative pathways that diverted carbon flux toward formation of unwanted metabolites. The present study highlights how precursor metabolites can be metabolized through enzymatic routes that have not been considered important in previous studies due to the different strategies employed therein. The insights gained from the present study will allow rational genetic modification of host cells for production of metabolites of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini S Deb
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathatlal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Shamlan M S Reshamwala
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathatlal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India.
| | - Arvind M Lali
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathatlal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathatlal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
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15
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Methylglyoxal – An emerging biomarker for diabetes mellitus diagnosis and its detection methods. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 133:107-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Boteva E, Mironova R. Maillard reaction and aging: can bacteria shed light on the link? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1590160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elitsa Boteva
- Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology ‘Roumen Tsanev’, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Roumyana Mironova
- Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology ‘Roumen Tsanev’, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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17
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Poblete-Castro I, Wittmann C, Nikel PI. Biochemistry, genetics and biotechnology of glycerol utilization in Pseudomonas species. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 13:32-53. [PMID: 30883020 PMCID: PMC6922529 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of renewable waste feedstocks is an environment‐friendly choice contributing to the reduction of waste treatment costs and increasing the economic value of industrial by‐products. Glycerol (1,2,3‐propanetriol), a simple polyol compound widely distributed in biological systems, constitutes a prime example of a relatively cheap and readily available substrate to be used in bioprocesses. Extensively exploited as an ingredient in the food and pharmaceutical industries, glycerol is also the main by‐product of biodiesel production, which has resulted in a progressive drop in substrate price over the years. Consequently, glycerol has become an attractive substrate in biotechnology, and several chemical commodities currently produced from petroleum have been shown to be obtained from this polyol using whole‐cell biocatalysts with both wild‐type and engineered bacterial strains. Pseudomonas species, endowed with a versatile and rich metabolism, have been adopted for the conversion of glycerol into value‐added products (ranging from simple molecules to structurally complex biopolymers, e.g. polyhydroxyalkanoates), and a number of metabolic engineering strategies have been deployed to increase the number of applications of glycerol as a cost‐effective substrate. The unique genetic and metabolic features of glycerol‐grown Pseudomonas are presented in this review, along with relevant examples of bioprocesses based on this substrate – and the synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies implemented in bacteria of this genus aimed at glycerol valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Poblete-Castro
- Biosystems Engineering Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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Metcalf KJ, Slininger Lee MF, Jakobson CM, Tullman-Ercek D. An estimate is worth about a thousand experiments: using order-of-magnitude estimates to identify cellular engineering targets. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:135. [PMID: 30165868 PMCID: PMC6117934 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotechnological processes use microbes to convert abundant molecules, such as glucose, into high-value products, such as pharmaceuticals, commodity and fine chemicals, and energy. However, from the outset of the development of a new bioprocess, it is difficult to determine the feasibility, expected yields, and targets for engineering. In this review, we describe a methodology that uses rough estimates to assess the feasibility of a process, approximate the expected product titer of a biological system, and identify variables to manipulate in order to achieve the desired performance. This methodology uses estimates from literature and biological intuition, and can be applied in the early stages of a project to help plan future engineering. We highlight recent literature examples, as well as two case studies from our own work, to demonstrate the use and power of rough estimates. Describing and predicting biological function using estimates guides the research and development phase of new bioprocesses and is a useful first step to understand and build a new microbial factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin James Metcalf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Marilyn F Slininger Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Christopher Matthew Jakobson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Danielle Tullman-Ercek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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GLYI and D-LDH play key role in methylglyoxal detoxification and abiotic stress tolerance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5451. [PMID: 29615695 PMCID: PMC5883029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal(MG) is a potent cytotoxin that is produced as a byproduct of various metabolic reactions in the cell. The major enzymes for MG detoxification are Glyoxalase I(GLYI), Glyoxalase II(GLYII) and D-lactate dehydrogenase(D-LDH). These three enzymes work together and convert MG into D-pyruvate, which directly goes to TCA cycle. Here, a comparative study of the ability of MG detoxification of these three enzymes has been done in both E. coli and yeast. Ectopic expression of these three genes from Arabidopsis in E. coli in presence of different abiotic stress revealed the contribution of each of these genes in detoxifying MG. Yeast mutants of MG detoxification enzymes were also grown in different stress conditions to record the effect of each gene. These mutants were also used for complementation assays using the respective MG detoxifying genes from Arabidopsis in presence of various stress conditions. The MG content and the corresponding growth of cells was measured in all the bacterial as well as yeast strains. This study reveals differential contribution of MG detoxification enzymes in mitigating MG levels and alleviating stress in both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. GLYI and D-LDH were found to be key enzymes in MG detoxification under various abiotic stresses.
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Gandhi NN, Cobra PF, Steele JL, Markley JL, Rankin SA. Lactobacillus demonstrate thiol-independent metabolism of methylglyoxal: Implications toward browning prevention in Parmesan cheese. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:968-978. [PMID: 29274980 PMCID: PMC6204231 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous production of α-dicarbonyls by lactic acid bacteria can influence the quality and consistency of fermented foods and beverages. Methylglyoxal (MG) in Parmesan cheese can contribute toward undesired browning during low temperature ripening and storage conditions, leading to the economic depreciation of affected cheeses. We demonstrate the effects of exogenously added MG on browning and volatile formation using a Parmesan cheese extract (PCE). To determine the influence of Lactobacillus on α-dicarbonyls, strains were screened for their ability to modulate concentrations of MG, glyoxal, and diacetyl in PCE. It was found that a major metabolic pathway of MG in Lactobacillus is a thiol-independent reduction, whereby MG is partially or fully reduced to acetol and 1,2-propanediol, respectively. The majority of lactobacilli grown in PCE accumulated the intermediate acetol, whereas Lactobacillus brevis 367 formed exclusively 1,2-propanediol and Lactobacillus fermentum 14931 formed both metabolites. In addition, we determined the inherent tolerance to bacteriostatic concentrations of MG among lactobacilli grown in rich media. It was found that L. brevis 367 reduces MG exclusively to 1,2-propanediol, which correlates to both its ability to significantly decrease MG concentrations in PCE, as well as its significantly higher tolerance to MG, in comparison to other lactobacilli screened. These findings have broader implications toward lactobacilli as a viable solution for reducing MG-mediated browning of Parmesan cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Gandhi
- Department of Food Science, and National Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - P F Cobra
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J L Steele
- Department of Food Science, and National Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J L Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - S A Rankin
- Department of Food Science, and National Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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King JR, Woolston BM, Stephanopoulos G. Designing a New Entry Point into Isoprenoid Metabolism by Exploiting Fructose-6-Phosphate Aldolase Side Reactivity of Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1416-1426. [PMID: 28375628 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 2C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in Escherichia coli has been highlighted for its potential to provide access to myriad isoprenoid chemicals of industrial and therapeutic relevance and discover antibiotic targets to treat microbial human pathogens. Here, we describe a metabolic engineering strategy for the de novo construction of a biosynthetic pathway that produces 1-dexoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP), the precursor metabolite of the MEP pathway, from the simple and renewable starting materials d-arabinose and hydroxyacetone. Unlike most metabolic engineering efforts in which cell metabolism is reprogrammed with enzymes that are highly specific to their desired reaction, we highlight the promiscuous activity of the native E. coli fructose-6-phosphate aldolase as central to the metabolic rerouting of carbon to DXP. We use mass spectrometric isotopomer analysis of intracellular metabolites to show that the engineered pathway is able to support in vivo DXP biosynthesis in E. coli. The engineered DXP synthesis is further able to rescue cells that were chemically inhibited in their ability to produce DXP and to increase terpene titers in strains harboring the non-native lycopene pathway. In addition to providing an alternative metabolic pathway to produce isoprenoids, the results here highlight the potential role of pathway evolution to circumvent metabolic inhibitors in the development of microbial antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. King
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Woolston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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22
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Zhou W, Bi H, Zhuang Y, He Q, Yin H, Liu T, Ma Y. Production of Cinnamyl Alcohol Glucoside from Glucose in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2129-2135. [PMID: 28229589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rosin, a cinnamyl alcohol glucoside, is one of the important ingredients in Rhodiola rosea, which is a valuable medicinal herb used for centuries. Rosin displayed multiple biological activities. The traditional method for producing rosin and derivatives is direct extraction from R. rosea, which suffers from limited availability of natural resources and complicated purification procedure. This work achieved de novo biosynthesis of rosin in Escherichia coli. First, a biosynthetic pathway of aglycon cinnamyl alcohol from phenylalanine was constructed. Subsequently, the UGT genes from Rhodiola sachalinensis (UGT73B6) or Arabidopsis thaliana (UGT73C5) were introduced into the above recombinant E. coli strain to produce rosin. Then the phenylalanine metabolic pathway of E. coli was optimized by genetic manipulation, and the production of rosin by the engineered E. coli reached 258.5 ± 8.8 mg/L. This study lays a significant foundation for microbial production of rosin and its derivatives using glucose as the renewable carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Bi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yibin Zhuang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qinglin He
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, China
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Shlar I, Droby S, Rodov V. Modes of antibacterial action of curcumin under dark and light conditions: A toxicoproteomics approach. J Proteomics 2017; 160:8-20. [PMID: 28315482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a potent natural food-grade antimicrobial compound. Exposure to light further enhances its antimicrobial capacity. Proteomic methods were used in this study for investigating the mechanistic aspects of the antibacterial curcumin effects in the dark and upon illumination. Escherichia coli cells exposed to water-dispersible curcumin-methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex under dark and light conditions were compared with the non-treated cells kept under the same illumination regimes. Curcumin treatment in the dark evoked adaptive responses aimed at mitigation of oxidative stress, DNA protection, proteostasis, modulation of redox state via changing NADH level, and gasotransmitter (H2S and NH3) biosynthesis. Although part of these phenomena were also present in E. coli treated under light, the light-induced curcumin toxicity was prevailed by maladaptive responses. The ROS burst induced upon curcumin treatment under light overrode the cellular adaptive mechanisms disrupting the iron metabolism, deregulating the iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and eventually leading to cell death. The toxicoproteomic findings were validated by transcriptomic analysis and by assessment of intracellular ROS, NADH, NADPH and iron levels. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study elucidate putative mechanistic basis of antibacterial effects of curcumin, suggesting ways towards more efficient contamination control. In particular, the antimicrobial efficacy of curcumin can be potentiated by targeting bacterial systems that remediate its dark toxicity by free radical detoxification and modulation of cell redox status. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first proteomic study differentiating between the dark and light-induced antimicrobial activity of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Shlar
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Samir Droby
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Victor Rodov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel.
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Identification and functional characterization of four novel aldo/keto reductases in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 by integrating wet lab with in silico approaches. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 17:413-425. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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25
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Bacterial Responses to Glyoxal and Methylglyoxal: Reactive Electrophilic Species. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010169. [PMID: 28106725 PMCID: PMC5297802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MG), belonging to α-oxoaldehydes, are produced by organisms from bacteria to humans by glucose oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidation. Since glyoxals contain two adjacent reactive carbonyl groups, they are referred to as reactive electrophilic species (RES), and are damaging to proteins and nucleotides. Therefore, glyoxals cause various diseases in humans, such as diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, from which all living organisms need to be protected. Although the glyoxalase system has been known for some time, details on how glyoxals are sensed and detoxified in the cell have not been fully elucidated, and are only beginning to be uncovered. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on bacterial responses to glyoxal, and specifically focus on the glyoxal-associated regulators YqhC and NemR, as well as their detoxification mediated by glutathione (GSH)-dependent/independent glyoxalases and NAD(P)H-dependent reductases. Furthermore, we will address questions and future directions.
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26
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Lee C, Kim J, Kwon M, Lee K, Min H, Kim SH, Kim D, Lee N, Kim J, Kim D, Ko C, Park C. Screening for Escherichia coli K-12 genes conferring glyoxal resistance or sensitivity by transposon insertions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw199. [PMID: 27535647 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal (GO) belongs to the reactive electrophilic species generated in vivo in all organisms. In order to identify targets of GO and their response mechanisms, we attempted to screen for GO-sensitive mutants by random insertions of TnphoA-132. The genes responsible for GO susceptibility were functionally classified as the following: (i) tRNA modification; trmE, gidA and truA, (ii) DNA repair; recA and recC, (iii) toxin-antitoxin; mqsA and (iv) redox metabolism; yqhD and caiC In addition, an insertion in the crp gene, encoding the cAMP responsive transcription factor, exhibits a GO-resistant phenotype, which is consistent with the phenotype of adenylate cyclase (cya) mutant showing GO resistance. This suggests that global regulation involving cAMP is operated in a stress response to GO. To further characterize the CRP-regulated genes directly associated with GO resistance, we created double mutants deficient in both crp and one of the candidate genes including yqhD, gloA and sodB The results indicate that these genes are negatively regulated by CRP as confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. We propose that tRNA as well as DNA are the targets of GO and that toxin/antitoxin, antioxidant and cAMP are involved in cellular response to GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoung Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmin Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Mudalkar S, Sreeharsha RV, Reddy AR. A novel aldo-keto reductase from Jatropha curcas L. (JcAKR) plays a crucial role in the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a potent electrophile. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 195:39-49. [PMID: 26995646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which further results in the production of reactive carbonyls (RCs) including methylglyoxal (MG). MG, an α, β-dicarbonyl aldehyde, is highly toxic to plants and the mechanism behind its detoxification is not well understood. Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) play a role in detoxification of reactive aldehydes and ketones. In the present study, we cloned and characterised a putative AKR from Jatropha curcas (JcAKR). Phylogenetically, it forms a small clade with AKRs of Glycine max and Rauwolfia serpentina. JcAKR was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL-21(DE3) cells and the identity of the purified protein was confirmed through MALDI-TOF analysis. The recombinant protein had high enzyme activity and catalytic efficiency in assays containing MG as the substrate. Protein modelling and docking studies revealed MG was efficiently bound to JcAKR. Under progressive drought and salinity stress, the enzyme and transcript levels of JcAKR were higher in leaves compared to roots. Further, the bacterial and yeast cells expressing JcAKR showed more tolerance towards PEG (5%), NaCl (200mM) and MG (5mM) treatments compared to controls. In conclusion, our results project JcAKR as a possible and potential target in crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mudalkar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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28
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Hoque TS, Hossain MA, Mostofa MG, Burritt DJ, Fujita M, Tran LSP. Methylglyoxal: An Emerging Signaling Molecule in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses and Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1341. [PMID: 27679640 PMCID: PMC5020096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenated short aldehyde methylglyoxal (MG) is produced in plants as a by-product of a number of metabolic reactions, including elimination of phosphate groups from glycolysis intermediates dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. MG is mostly detoxified by the combined actions of the enzymes glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II that together with glutathione make up the glyoxalase system. Under normal growth conditions, basal levels of MG remain low in plants; however, when plants are exposed to abiotic stress, MG can accumulate to much higher levels. Stress-induced MG functions as a toxic molecule, inhibiting different developmental processes, including seed germination, photosynthesis and root growth, whereas MG, at low levels, acts as an important signaling molecule, involved in regulating diverse events, such as cell proliferation and survival, control of the redox status of cells, and many other aspects of general metabolism and cellular homeostases. MG can modulate plant stress responses by regulating stomatal opening and closure, the production of reactive oxygen species, cytosolic calcium ion concentrations, the activation of inward rectifying potassium channels and the expression of many stress-responsive genes. MG appears to play important roles in signal transduction by transmitting and amplifying cellular signals and functions that promote adaptation of plants growing under adverse environmental conditions. Thus, MG is now considered as a potential biochemical marker for plant abiotic stress tolerance, and is receiving considerable attention by the scientific community. In this review, we will summarize recent findings regarding MG metabolism in plants under abiotic stress, and evaluate the concept of MG signaling. In addition, we will demonstrate the importance of giving consideration to MG metabolism and the glyoxalase system, when investigating plant adaptation and responses to various environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsina S. Hoque
- Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad G. Mostofa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Mohammad G. Mostofa, Lam-Son P. Tran, ;
| | | | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa UniversityKagawa, Japan
| | - Lam-Son P. Tran
- Plant Abiotic Stress Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang UniversityHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mohammad G. Mostofa, Lam-Son P. Tran, ;
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29
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Zhang MM, Ong CLY, Walker MJ, McEwan AG. Defence against methylglyoxal in Group A Streptococcus: a role for Glyoxylase I in bacterial virulence and survival in neutrophils? Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv122. [PMID: 26702634 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal is a dicarbonyl compound that acts as a toxic electrophile in biological systems. Methylglyoxal is produced in certain bacteria as a byproduct of glycolysis through methylglyoxal synthase. Like many bacteria, Group A Streptococcus (GAS), a Gram-positive human pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases, uses a two-step glyoxalase system to remove methylglyoxal. However, bioinformatic analysis revealed that no homologue of methylglyoxal synthase is present in GAS, suggesting that the role of the glyoxalase system is to detoxify methylglyoxal produced by the host. In this study, we investigated the role of methylglyoxal detoxification in the pathogenesis of GAS. A mutant (5448ΔgloA), deficient in glyoxylase I (S-lactoylglutathione lyase), was constructed and tested for susceptibility to methylglyoxal, human neutrophil survival and virulence in a murine model of infection. 5448ΔgloA was more sensitive to methylglyoxal and was also more susceptible to human neutrophil killing. Inhibition of neutrophil myeloperoxidase rescued the gloA-deficient mutant indicating that this enzyme was required for methylglyoxal production. Furthermore, the 5448ΔgloA mutant was slower at disseminating into the blood in the murine model. These data suggest that neutrophils produce methylglyoxal as an antimicrobial agent during bacterial infection, and the glyoxalase system is part of the GAS defence against the innate immune system during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- May M Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cheryl-lynn Y Ong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alastair G McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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30
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Lee C, Lee J, Lee JY, Park C. Characterization of theEscherichia coliYajL, YhbO and ElbB glyoxalases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv239. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to enhance acetol production from glycerol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7945-52. [PMID: 26078109 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetol, a C3 keto alcohol, is an important intermediate used to produce polyols and acrolein. To enhance acetol production from glycerol by Escherichia coli, a mutant (HJ02) was constructed by replacing the native glpK gene with the allele from E. coli Lin 43 and overexpression of yqhD, which encodes aldehyde oxidoreductase YqhD that converts methylglyoxal to acetol. Compared to the control strain without the glpK replacement, HJ02 had 5.5 times greater acetol production and a 53.4 % higher glycerol consumption rate. Then, glucose was added as a co-substrate to enhance NADPH availability and the ptsG gene was deleted in HJ02 (HJ04) to alleviate carbon catabolite repression, which led to a 30 % increase in the NADPH level and NADPH/NADP(+). Consequently, HJ04 accumulated up to 1.20 g/L of acetol, which is 69.0 % higher than that of HJ02. Furthermore, the gapA gene in HJ04 was silenced by antisense RNA (HJ05) to further enhance acetol production. The acetol concentration produced by HJ05 reached 1.82 g/L, which was 2.1 and 1.5 times higher than that of HJ02 and HJ04.Real-time PCR analysis indicates that glucose catabolism was rerouted from glycolysis to the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in HJ05.
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Urano N, Fujii M, Kaino H, Matsubara M, Kataoka M. Fermentative production of 1-propanol from sugars using wild-type and recombinant Shimwellia blattae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:2001-8. [PMID: 25547843 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Shimwellia blattae is an enteric bacterium and produces endogenous enzymes that convert 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) to 1-propanol, which is expected to be used as a fuel substitute and a precursor of polypropylene. Therefore, if S. blattae could be induced to generate its own 1,2-PD from sugars, it might be possible to produce 1-propanol from sugars with this microorganism. Here, two 1,2-PD production pathways were constructed in S. blattae, resulting in two methods for 1-propanol production with the bacterium. One method employed the L-rhamnose utilization pathway, in which L-rhamnose is split into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 1,2-PD. When wild-type S. blattae was cultured with L-rhamnose, an accumulation of 1,2-PD was observed. The other method for producing 1,2-PD was to introduce an engineered 1,2-PD production pathway from glucose into S. blattae. In both cases, the produced 1,2-PD was then converted to 1-propanol by 1,2-PD converting enzymes, whose production was induced by the addition of glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Urano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Reiger M, Lassak J, Jung K. Deciphering the role of the type II glyoxalase isoenzyme YcbL (GlxII-2) in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 362:1-7. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Chakraborty S, Karmakar K, Chakravortty D. Cells producing their own nemesis: Understanding methylglyoxal metabolism. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:667-78. [PMID: 25380137 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Kapudeep Karmakar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
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Enhancing Terpene yield from sugars via novel routes to 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:130-8. [PMID: 25326299 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02920-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpene synthesis in the majority of bacterial species, together with plant plastids, takes place via the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) pathway. The first step of this pathway involves the condensation of pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by DXP synthase (Dxs), with one-sixth of the carbon lost as CO2. A hypothetical novel route from a pentose phosphate to DXP (nDXP) could enable a more direct pathway from C5 sugars to terpenes and also circumvent regulatory mechanisms that control Dxs, but there is no enzyme known that can convert a sugar into its 1-deoxy equivalent. Employing a selection for complementation of a dxs deletion in Escherichia coli grown on xylose as the sole carbon source, we uncovered two candidate nDXP genes. Complementation was achieved either via overexpression of the wild-type E. coli yajO gene, annotated as a putative xylose reductase, or via various mutations in the native ribB gene. In vitro analysis performed with purified YajO and mutant RibB proteins revealed that DXP was synthesized in both cases from ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P). We demonstrate the utility of these genes for microbial terpene biosynthesis by engineering the DXP pathway in E. coli for production of the sesquiterpene bisabolene, a candidate biodiesel. To further improve flux into the pathway from Ru5P, nDXP enzymes were expressed as fusions to DXP reductase (Dxr), the second enzyme in the DXP pathway. Expression of a Dxr-RibB(G108S) fusion improved bisabolene titers more than 4-fold and alleviated accumulation of intracellular DXP.
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36
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Hoelzle RD, Virdis B, Batstone DJ. Regulation mechanisms in mixed and pure culture microbial fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2139-54. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Hoelzle
- Advanced Water Management Centre; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Bernardino Virdis
- Advanced Water Management Centre; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Centre for Microbial Electrosynthesis; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Damien J. Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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Bodiga VL, Eda SR, Bodiga S. Advanced glycation end products: role in pathology of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev 2014; 19:49-63. [PMID: 23404649 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-013-9374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a pivotal role in the development and progression of diabetic heart failure, although there are numerous other factors that mediate the disease response. AGEs are generated intra- and extracellularly as a result of chronic hyperglycemia. Then, following the interaction with receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs), a series of events leading to vascular and myocardial damage are elicited and sustained, which include oxidative stress, increased inflammation, and enhanced extracellular matrix accumulation resulting in diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Whereas targeting glycemic control and treating additional risk factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, are mandatory to reduce chronic complications and prolong life expectancy in diabetic patients, drug therapy tailored to reducing the deleterious effects of the AGE-RAGE interactions is being actively investigated and showing signs of promise in treating diabetic cardiomyopathy and associated heart failure. This review shall discuss the formation of AGEs in diabetic heart tissue, potential targets of glycation in the myocardium, and underlying mechanisms that lead to diabetic cardiomyopathy and heart failure along with the use of AGE inhibitors and breakers in mitigating myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Lakshmi Bodiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Krishna University, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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38
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Kunjapur AM, Tarasova Y, Prather KLJ. Synthesis and accumulation of aromatic aldehydes in an engineered strain of Escherichia coli. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11644-54. [PMID: 25076127 DOI: 10.1021/ja506664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes are useful in numerous applications, especially as flavors, fragrances, and pharmaceutical precursors. However, microbial synthesis of aldehydes is hindered by rapid, endogenous, and redundant conversion of aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols. We report the construction of an Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 strain with reduced aromatic aldehyde reduction (RARE) that serves as a platform for aromatic aldehyde biosynthesis. Six genes with reported activity on the model substrate benzaldehyde were rationally targeted for deletion: three genes that encode aldo-keto reductases and three genes that encode alcohol dehydrogenases. Upon expression of a recombinant carboxylic acid reductase in the RARE strain and addition of benzoate during growth, benzaldehyde remained in the culture after 24 h, with less than 12% conversion of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. Although individual overexpression results demonstrated that all six genes could contribute to benzaldehyde reduction in vivo, additional experiments featuring subset deletion strains revealed that two of the gene deletions were dispensable under the conditions tested. The engineered strain was next investigated for the production of vanillin from vanillate and succeeded in preventing formation of the byproduct vanillyl alcohol. A pathway for the biosynthesis of vanillin directly from glucose was introduced and resulted in a 55-fold improvement in vanillin titer when using the RARE strain versus the wild-type strain. Finally, synthesis of the chiral pharmaceutical intermediate L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) was demonstrated from benzaldehyde and glucose upon expression of a recombinant mutant pyruvate decarboxylase in the RARE strain. Beyond allowing accumulation of aromatic aldehydes as end products in E. coli, the RARE strain expands the classes of chemicals that can be produced microbially via aldehyde intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), §Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Toward aldehyde and alkane production by removing aldehyde reductase activity in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2014; 25:227-37. [PMID: 25108218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have enabled the construction of novel biological routes to valuable chemicals using suitable microbial hosts. Aldehydes serve as chemical feedstocks in the synthesis of rubbers, plastics, and other larger molecules. Microbial production of alkanes is dependent on the formation of a fatty aldehyde intermediate which is converted to an alkane by an aldehyde deformylating oxygenase (ADO). However, microbial hosts such as Escherichia coli are plagued by many highly active endogenous aldehyde reductases (ALRs) that convert aldehydes to alcohols, which greatly complicates strain engineering for aldehyde and alkane production. It has been shown that the endogenous ALR activity outcompetes the ADO enzyme for fatty aldehyde substrate. The large degree of ALR redundancy coupled with an incomplete database of ALRs represents a significant obstacle in engineering E. coli for either aldehyde or alkane production. In this study, we identified 44 ALR candidates encoded in the E. coli genome using bioinformatics tools, and undertook a comprehensive screening by measuring the ability of these enzymes to produce isobutanol. From the pool of 44 candidates, we found five new ALRs using this screening method (YahK, DkgA, GldA, YbbO, and YghA). Combined deletions of all 13 known ALRs resulted in a 90-99% reduction in endogenous ALR activity for a wide range of aldehyde substrates (C2-C12). Elucidation of the ALRs found in E. coli could guide one in reducing competing alcohol formation during alkane or aldehyde production.
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40
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Chandrangsu P, Dusi R, Hamilton CJ, Helmann JD. Methylglyoxal resistance in Bacillus subtilis: contributions of bacillithiol-dependent and independent pathways. Mol Microbiol 2014; 91:706-15. [PMID: 24330391 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a toxic by-product of glycolysis that damages DNA and proteins ultimately leading to cell death. Protection from MG is often conferred by a glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway. However, glutathione is absent from the low-GC Gram-positive Firmicutes, such as Bacillus subtilis. The identification of bacillithiol (BSH) as the major low-molecular-weight thiol in the Firmicutes raises the possibility that BSH is involved in MG detoxification. Here, we demonstrate that MG can rapidly and specifically deplete BSH in cells, and we identify both BSH-dependent and BSH-independent MG resistance pathways. The BSH-dependent pathway utilizes glyoxalase I (GlxA, formerly YwbC) and glyoxalase II (GlxB, formerly YurT) to convert MG to d-lactate. The critical step in this pathway is the activation of the KhtSTU K(+) efflux pump by the S-lactoyl-BSH intermediate, which leads to cytoplasmic acidification. We show that cytoplasmic acidification is both necessary and sufficient for maximal protection from MG. Two additional MG detoxification pathways operate independent of BSH. The first involves three enzymes (YdeA, YraA and YfkM) which are predicted to be homologues of glyoxalase III that converts MG to d-lactate, and the second involves YhdN, previously shown to be a broad specificity aldo-keto reductase that converts MG to acetol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Chandrangsu
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-8101, USA
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41
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Zhu H, Yi X, Liu Y, Hu H, Wood TK, Zhang X. Production of acetol from glycerol using engineered Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 149:238-43. [PMID: 24113547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli Lin43 is a strain which has some mutations in glycerol kinase (GlpK) and the repressor for the glycerol 3-phosphate regulon (GlpR). When exposed to glycerol, it quickly accumulates lethal levels of methylglyoxal, which is a precursor of acetol; acetol is important for the manufacture of polyols, acrolein, dyes, and skin tanning agents. This work reports the engineering of E. coli Lin 43 for the conversion of glycerol into acetol. First, the glyoxalase system was interrupted by deleting the gloA gene, which increased the acetol yield by 32%. In addition, the aldehyde reductase YqhD was overexpressed which led to an increase of acetol production by 11.4-fold. Acetol production was optimized by varying the cell density, glycerol concentration, supplemental carbon source, pH and temperature. Under the optimal conditions (OD600=20, 20 g/L glycerol, 2g/L succinate, pH 7.0, and 28°C), we obtained 5.4 g/L acetol in 21 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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42
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Glyoxal detoxification in Escherichia coli K-12 by NADPH dependent aldo-keto reductases. J Microbiol 2013; 51:527-30. [PMID: 23990306 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MG) are reactive carbonyl compounds that are accumulated in vivo through various pathways. They are presumably detoxified through multiple pathways including glutathione (GSH)-dependent/independent glyoxalase systems and NAD(P)H dependent reductases. Previously, we reported an involvement of aldo-ketoreductases (AKRs) in MG detoxification. Here, we investigated the role of various AKRs (YqhE, YafB, YghZ, YeaE, and YajO) in GO metabolism. Enzyme activities of the AKRs to GO were measured, and GO sensitivities of the corresponding mutants were compared. In addition, we examined inductions of the AKR genes by GO. The results indicate that AKRs efficiently detoxify GO, among which YafB, YghZ, and YeaE are major players.
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43
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Ozyamak E, de Almeida C, de Moura APS, Miller S, Booth IR. Integrated stress response of Escherichia coli to methylglyoxal: transcriptional readthrough from the nemRA operon enhances protection through increased expression of glyoxalase I. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:936-50. [PMID: 23646895 PMCID: PMC3739934 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) elicits activation of K+ efflux systems to protect cells against the toxicity of the electrophile. ChIP-chip targeting RNA polymerase, supported by a range of other biochemical measurements and mutant creation, was used to identify genes transcribed in response to MG and which complement this rapid response. The SOS DNA repair regulon is induced at cytotoxic levels of MG, even when exposure to MG is transient. Glyoxalase I alone among the core MG protective systems is induced in response to MG exposure. Increased expression is an indirect consequence of induction of the upstream nemRA operon, encoding an enzyme system that itself does not contribute to MG detoxification. Moreover, this induction, via nemRA only occurs when cells are exposed to growth inhibitory concentrations of MG. We show that the kdpFABCDE genes are induced and that this expression occurs as a result of depletion of cytoplasmic K+ consequent upon activation of the KefGB K+ efflux system. Finally, our analysis suggests that the transcriptional changes in response to MG are a culmination of the damage to DNA and proteins, but that some integrate specific functions, such as DNA repair, to augment the allosteric activation of the main protective system, KefGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Ozyamak
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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44
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Lee C, Shin J, Park C. Novel regulatory systemnemRA-gloAfor electrophile reduction inEscherichia coli K-12. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:395-412. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Yuseong-gu; Daejeon; 305-701; Korea
| | - Jongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Yuseong-gu; Daejeon; 305-701; Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Yuseong-gu; Daejeon; 305-701; Korea
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45
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Mane RB, Yamaguchi A, Malawadkar A, Shirai M, Rode CV. Active sites in modified copper catalysts for selective liquid phase dehydration of aqueous glycerol to acetol. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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46
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Izumi S, Yoshinaga K, Abe JI. Growth Restraint Action of 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose on Gram-positive Bacteria. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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47
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Maru BT, Constanti M, Stchigel AM, Medina F, Sueiras JE. Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation of glycerol usingEnterobacterandCitrobacterSp. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:31-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Lapthorn AJ, Zhu X, Ellis EM. The diversity of microbial aldo/keto reductases from Escherichia coli K12. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 202:168-77. [PMID: 23103600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Escherichia coli K12 contains 9 open reading frames encoding aldo/keto reductases (AKRs) that are differentially regulated and sequence diverse. A significant amount of data is available for the E. coli AKRs through the availability of gene knockouts and gene expression studies, which adds to the biochemical and kinetic data. This together with the availability of crystal structures for nearly half of the E. coli AKRs and homologues of several others provides an opportunity to look at the diversity of these representative bacterial AKRs. Based around the common AKR fold of (β/α)8 barrel with two additional α-helices, the E. coli AKRs have a loop structure that is more diverse than their mammalian counterparts, creating a variety of active site architectures. Nearly half of the AKRs are expected to be monomeric, but there are examples of dimeric, trimeric and octameric enzymes, as well as diversity in specificity for NAD as well as NADP as a cofactor. However in functional assignments and characterisation of enzyme activities there is a paucity of data when compared to the mammalian AKR enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Lapthorn
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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49
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Agudo R, Roiban GD, Reetz MT. Achieving regio- and enantioselectivity of P450-catalyzed oxidative CH activation of small functionalized molecules by structure-guided directed evolution. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1465-73. [PMID: 22711296 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution of the monooxygenase P450-BM3 utilizing iterative saturation mutagenesis at and near the binding site enables a high degree of both regio- and enantioselectivity in the oxidative hydroxylation of cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester. Wild-type P450-BM3 is 84% regioselective for the allylic 3-position with 34% enantioselectivity in favor of the R alcohol. Mutants enabling R selectivity (>95% ee) or S selectivity (>95% ee) were evolved, while reducing other oxidation products and thus maximizing regioselectivity to >93%. Control of the substrate-to-enzyme ratio is necessary for obtaining optimal and reproducible enantioselectivities, an observation which is important in future protein engineering of these mono-oxygenases. An E. coli strain capable of NADPH regeneration was also engineered, simplifying directed evolution of P450 enzymes in general. These synthetic results set the stage for subsequent stereoselective and stereospecific chemical transformations to form more complex compounds, thereby illustrating the viability of combining genetically altered enzymes as catalysts in organic chemistry with traditional chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Agudo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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50
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Genomic rearrangements leading to overexpression of aldo-keto reductase YafB of Escherichia coli confer resistance to glyoxal. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:1979-88. [PMID: 22328670 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06062-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal is toxic and mutagenic α-oxoaldehyde generated in vivo as an oxidation by-product of sugar metabolism. We selected glyoxal-resistant mutants from an Escherichia coli strain lacking major glyoxal-detoxifying genes, gloA and yqhD, by growing cells in medium containing a lethal concentration of glyoxal. The mutants carried diverse genomic rearrangements, such as multibase deletions and recombination, in the upstream region of the yafB gene, encoding an aldo-keto reductase. Since these genomic lesions create transcriptional fusions of the yafB gene to the upstream rrn regulon or eliminate a negative regulatory site, the mutants generally enhanced an expression of the yafB gene. Glyoxal resistances of the mutants are correlated with the levels of yafB transcripts as well as the activities of aldo-keto reductase. An overproduction of YafB in the glyoxal-resistant mutant lacking the putative NsrR-binding site provides evidence that the yafB gene is negatively regulated by this protein. We also observed that the expression of yafB is enhanced with an increased concentration of glyoxal as well as a mutation in the fnr gene, encoding a putative regulator. The bindings of NsrR and Fnr to the yafB promoter were also demonstrated by gel mobility shift assays.
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