1
|
Kontowicz E, Moreno-Madriñan M, Clarke Z, Ragland D, Beauvais W. Risk assessment of influenza transmission between workers and pigs on US indoor hog growing units. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106232. [PMID: 39053175 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
On pig farms ample opportunity exists for pig-to-human and human-to-pig (cross-species) influenza transmission. The purpose of this study was to assess the risks of cross-species influenza transmission within an indoor pig grower unit in the United States and to prioritize data gaps. Using the World Organization for Animal Health risk assessment framework we evaluated influenza transmission across two risk pathways: 1. What is the likelihood that based on current conditions on a single typical hog grower-finisher facility in the Midwest (US), during a single production cycle, at least one hog becomes infected with an influenza virus associated with swine (either H1N1, H3N2, or H1N2) [step 1a] and that at least one worker becomes infected as a result [step 1b] and that the worker develops symptoms [step 1c]? And 2. What is the likelihood that, based on current conditions on a single typical hog grower-finisher facility in the Midwest (US), during a single production cycle, at least one worker becomes infected with an influenza virus associated with people (either H1N1, H3N2, or H1N2) [step 2a] and that at least one pig becomes infected as a result [step 2b] and that the pig(s) develop(s) symptoms [step 2c]? Semi-quantitative probability and uncertainty assessments were based on literature review including passive and active influenza surveillance data. We assumed a typical pig-grower farm has capacity for 4,000 pigs, two workers, and minimal influenza control measures. Probability and uncertainty categories were assessed for each risk step and the combined risk pathway. The combined risk assessment for risk pathway one was estimated to be Very Low for H1N1 and H1N2 with an overall High level of uncertainty. The combined risk assessment for risk pathway two was estimated to be Extremely Low for H1N1 and H3N2 with a High degree of uncertainty. Scenario analyses in which influenza control measures were assumed to be implemented separately (implementing vaccinating sows, mass vaccinating incoming pigs or improved personal protective equipment adherence) showed no reduction in the combined risk category. When implementing three influenza control methods altogether, the combined risk could be reduced to Extremely Low for risk pathway one and remained Extremely Low for risk pathway two. This work highlights that multiple influenza control methods are needed to reduce the risks of inter-species influenza transmission on swine farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kontowicz
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Max Moreno-Madriñan
- Global Health Program, DePauw University, Greencastle 46135, Indiana; Department of Global Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
| | - Zenobya Clarke
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Darryl Ragland
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Wendy Beauvais
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Islam MA, Zayed H, Ohimain EI, Lee SS, Bhattacharya P, Dhama K. Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review. J Microbiol 2024; 62:337-354. [PMID: 38777985 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Reverse zoonosis reveals the process of transmission of a pathogen through the human-animal interface and the spillback of the zoonotic pathogen. In this article, we methodically demonstrate various aspects of reverse zoonosis, with a comprehensive discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV reverse zoonosis. First, different components of reverse zoonosis, such as humans, different pathogens, and numerous animals (poultry, livestock, pets, wild animals, and zoo animals), have been demonstrated. Second, it explains the present status of reverse zoonosis with different pathogens during previous occurrences of various outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Here, we present 25 examples from literature. Third, using several examples, we comprehensively illustrate the present status of the reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Here, we have provided 17 examples of SARS-CoV-2 reverse zoonosis and two examples of MPXV reverse zoonosis. Fourth, we have described two significant aspects of reverse zoonosis: understanding the fundamental aspects of spillback and awareness. These two aspects are required to prevent reverse zoonosis from the current infection with two significant viruses. Finally, the One Health approach was discussed vividly, where we urge scientists from different areas to work collaboratively to solve the issue of reverse zoonosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, VyasaVihar, Balasore, 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
- Advanced Molecular Lab, Department of Microbiology, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Karimganj, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, Qatar University, QU Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elijah Ige Ohimain
- Microbiology Department, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khalil AM, Martinez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis of emerging respiratory viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1232772. [PMID: 38249300 PMCID: PMC10796657 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1232772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung infections in Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) are triggered by a variety of respiratory viruses. All human pandemics have been caused by the members of two major virus families, namely Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A viruses (IAVs); subtypes H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2) and Coronaviridae (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2). These viruses acquired some adaptive changes in a known intermediate host including domestic birds (IAVs) or unknown intermediate host (SARS-CoV-2) following transmission from their natural reservoirs (e.g. migratory birds or bats, respectively). Verily, these acquired adaptive substitutions facilitated crossing species barriers by these viruses to infect humans in a phenomenon that is known as zoonosis. Besides, these adaptive substitutions aided the variant strain to transmit horizontally to other contact non-human animal species including pets and wild animals (zooanthroponosis). Herein we discuss the main zoonotic and reverse-zoonosis events that occurred during the last two pandemics of influenza A/H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2. We also highlight the impact of interspecies transmission of these pandemic viruses on virus evolution and possible prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Based on information available and presented in this review article, it is important to close monitoring viral zoonosis and viral reverse zoonosis of pandemic strains within a One-Health and One-World approach to mitigate their unforeseen risks, such as virus evolution and resistance to limited prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee S, Ntakiyisumba E, Seol JW, Won G. Risk factors influencing swine influenza A virus infection in South Korea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and seroprevalence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1003351. [PMID: 36246324 PMCID: PMC9559919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past and current burden of swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) must be estimated since pigs act as mixing vessels and are considered a potential source of newly emerging IAV variants. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to integrate data on the prevalence and seroprevalence of swIAV in South Korean domestic pigs and evaluate important risk factors that influence these outcomes. Eight databases were searched for studies that evaluated the prevalence and seroprevalence of swIAV in South Korean pigs using a specified search string; twenty-seven eligible studies were identified after application of a set of pre-determined inclusion criteria by three authors. The reported prevalence and seroprevalence were pooled separately in proportions between 0 and 1, using a random-effect meta-analysis. To identify and quantify potential sources of heterogeneity, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses were conducted using covariates (publication type, swIAV subtype, growth stage of pigs, sampling region, publication year, sampling season, facility, detection method, sample type, and sample size). The overall prevalence and seroprevalence in domestic pigs were 0.05 [95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.05-0.12] and 0.35 (95% CIs: 0.14-0.63), respectively. To identify the impact of covariates on effect size, a suitable meta-regression model was determined using predictor importance estimates with corrected Akaike information criterion values. Consequently, the best-fit model included two covariates, publication year and sample size, which were significantly associated with high heterogeneity in the subgroup analysis. Furthermore, data visualization depicted a significant non-linear association between swIAV prevalence and seroprevalence and specific growth stages of pigs. These findings suggest that the periodic monitoring of pigs at different growth stages in large farms may help to establish the status of swIAV-spread across species in the region, and thereby minimize pandemic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuroda M, Usui T, Shibata C, Nishigaki H, Yamaguchi T. Possible bidirectional human-swine and subsequent human-human transmission of influenza virus A(H1N1)/2009 in Japan. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:721-728. [PMID: 35538641 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, sows at a swine farm in Japan showed influenza-like illness (ILI) shortly after contact with an employee that exhibited ILI. Subsequently, a veterinarian became sick shortly after examining the sows and was diagnosed with influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Then, her family also contracted the infection. Subsequently, Pandemic A(H1N1)2009 viruses were isolated from all samples obtained from the sows, veterinarian and her family. Whole-genome analysis of the isolates confirmed that the viruses belonged to the same lineage (6B.1A) and the genome sequences obtained from all of the isolates were almost identical to each other. Furthermore, an epidemiological survey revealed no contact between veterinarians or their families and influenza patients prior to the onset of illness. These results strongly indicated a case of bidirectional infection between humans and sows. At the same time, we found a few unique mutations in the IAV genomes corresponding to the host species. The mutations that occurred in the virus after it was transferred from the farm worker to the sows were not observed in the humans infected from the sows, probably as a result of the mutations reverting to the original nucleotides. These results demonstrate that the bidirectional transmission of IAV is a potential risk for the next pandemic outbreak due to the emergence of new mutant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moegi Kuroda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Chiharu Shibata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Haruka Nishigaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khalil AM, Yoshida R, Masatani T, Takada A, Ozawa M. Variation in the HA antigenicity of A(H1N1)pdm09-related swine influenza viruses. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33616517 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the influenza pandemic in 2009, the causative agent 'A(H1N1)pdm09 virus', has been circulating in both human and swine populations. Although phylogenetic analyses of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene segment have revealed broader genetic diversity of A(H1N1)pdm09-related swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) compared with human A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, it remains unclear whether the genetic diversity reflects the antigenic differences in HA. To assess the impact of the diversity of the HA gene of A(H1N1)pdm09-related swIAVs on HA antigenicity, we characterized 12 swIAVs isolated in Japan from 2013 to 2018. We used a ferret antiserum and a panel of anti-HA mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against an early A(H1N1)pdm09 isolate. The neutralization assay with the ferret antiserum revealed that five of the 12 swIAVs were significantly different in their HA antigenicity from the early A(H1N1)pdm09 isolate. The mAbs also showed differential neutralization patterns depending on the swIAV strains. In addition, the single amino acid substitution at position 190 of HA, which was found in one of the five antigenically different swIAVs but not in human isolates, was shown to be one of the critical determinants for the antigenic difference of swIAV HAs. Two potential N-glycosylation sites at amino acid positions 185 and 276 of the HA molecule were identified in two antigenically different swIAVs. These results indicated that the genetic diversity of HA in the A(H1N1)pdm09-related swIAVs is associated with their HA antigenic variation. Our findings highlighted the need for surveillance to monitor the emergence of swIAV antigenic variants with public health importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Over the past decade, pandemics caused by pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus in 2009 and severe acute respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 have emerged. Both are high-impact respiratory pathogens originating from animals. Their wide distribution in the human population subsequently results in an increased risk of human-to-animal transmission: reverse zoonosis. Although there have only been rare reports of reverse zoonosis events associated with the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic from SARS-CoV-2 so far, comparison with the pH1N1 influenza pandemic can provide a better understanding of the possible consequences of such events for public and animal health. The results of our review suggest that similar factors contribute to successful crossing of the host species barriers in both pandemics. Specific risk factors include sufficient interaction between infected humans and recipient animals, suitability of the animal host factors for productive virus infection, and suitability of the animal host population for viral persistence. Of particular concern is virus spread to susceptible animal species, in which group housing and contact network structure could potentially result in an alternative virus reservoir, from which reintroduction into humans can take place. Virus exposure in high-density populations could allow sustained transmission in susceptible animal species. Identification of the risk factors and serological surveillance in SARS-CoV-2-susceptible animal species that are group-housed should help reduce the threat from reverse zoonosis of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma W. Swine influenza virus: Current status and challenge. Virus Res 2020; 288:198118. [PMID: 32798539 PMCID: PMC7587018 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since swine influenza virus was first isolated in 1930, it has become endemic in pigs worldwide. Although large amount of swine influenza vaccines has been used in swine industry, swine influenza still cannot be efficiently controlled and has been an important economic disease for swine industry. The high diversity and varied distribution of different subtypes and genotypes of swine influenza viruses circulating in pigs globally is a major challenge to produce broadly effective vaccines and control disease. Importantly, swine influenza virus is able to cross species barrier to infect humans and even caused influenza pandemic in 2009. Herein, current status and challenge of swine influenza viruses is reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050355. [PMID: 32397138 PMCID: PMC7281378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a “mixing vessel” for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18), and Australia (n = 4). The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were the most common influenza A virus subtypes reported in swine in most countries across the globe, however, few strains of influenza B, C, and D viruses were also reported in certain countries. Multiple reports of the avian influenza virus strains documented in the last two decades in swine in China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, Nigeria, and Egypt provided the evidence of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from birds to swine. Inter-species transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 from horse to swine in China expanded the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. Additionally, numerous reports of the double and triple-reassortant strains which emerged due to reassortments among avian, human, and swine strains within swine further increased the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. These findings are alarming hence active surveillance should be in place to prevent future influenza pandemics.
Collapse
|
10
|
A Single Amino Acid at Position 431 of the PB2 Protein Determines the Virulence of H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses in Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01930-19. [PMID: 31996432 PMCID: PMC7108842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01930-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent reassortment among different influenza viruses in pigs adds complexity to the epidemiology of swine influenza. The diverse viral virulence phenotypes underline the need to investigate the possible genetic determinants for evaluating the pandemic potential to human public health. Here, we found that multiple genotypes of influenza viruses cocirculate in the swine population in Liaoning Province, China. Furthermore, we pinpointed a single amino acid at position 431 in the PB2 protein which plays a critical role in the virulence of H1N1 viruses in mice and found that the alteration of viral polymerase activities is the cause of the different virulence. Our study further indicated that the virulence of influenza virus is a polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residue in the PB2 provides important information for broadening knowledge on the genetic basis of viral virulence of influenza viruses. Genetic reassortments occurred continuously among multiple subtypes or genotypes of influenza viruses prevalent in pigs. Of note, some reassortant viruses bearing the internal genes of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (2009/H1N1) virus sporadically caused human infection, which highlights their potential threats to human public health. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analysis on swine influenza viruses (SIVs) circulating in Liaoning Province, China. A total of 22 viruses, including 18 H1N1 and 4 H1N2 viruses, were isolated from 5,750 nasal swabs collected from pigs in slaughterhouses from 2014 to 2016. H1N1 viruses formed four genotypes, which included Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) and double/triple reassortant H1N1 derived from EA H1N1, 2009/H1N1, and triple reassortant H1N2 (TR H1N2) viruses. H1N1 SIVs with different genotypes and even those within the same genotypes represented different pathogenicities in mice. We further characterized two naturally isolated H1N1 SIVs that had similar viral genomes but differed substantially in their virulence in mice and found that a single amino acid at position 431 in the basic polymerase 2 (PB2) protein significantly affected the viral replication capacity and virulence of these two viruses. Taken together, our findings revealed the diverse genomic origins and virulence of the SIVs prevalent in Liaoning Province during 2014 to 2016, which highlights that continuous surveillance is essential to monitor the evolution of SIVs. We identified a naturally occurring amino acid mutation in the PB2 protein of H1N1 SIVs that impacts the viral replication and virulence in mice by altering the viral polymerase activity. IMPORTANCE The frequent reassortment among different influenza viruses in pigs adds complexity to the epidemiology of swine influenza. The diverse viral virulence phenotypes underline the need to investigate the possible genetic determinants for evaluating the pandemic potential to human public health. Here, we found that multiple genotypes of influenza viruses cocirculate in the swine population in Liaoning Province, China. Furthermore, we pinpointed a single amino acid at position 431 in the PB2 protein which plays a critical role in the virulence of H1N1 viruses in mice and found that the alteration of viral polymerase activities is the cause of the different virulence. Our study further indicated that the virulence of influenza virus is a polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residue in the PB2 provides important information for broadening knowledge on the genetic basis of viral virulence of influenza viruses.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cao Z, Zeng W, Hao X, Huang J, Cai M, Zhou P, Zhang G. Continuous evolution of influenza A viruses of swine from 2013 to 2015 in Guangdong, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217607. [PMID: 31323023 PMCID: PMC6641472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern China is considered an important source of influenza virus pandemics because of the large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. To examine the trend in influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S), an active surveillance program has been conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Guangdong, China. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the external genes of the isolates were assigned to the Eurasian avian-like swine (EA) H1N1 and/or human-like H3N2 lineages with multiple substitutions, indicating a notable genetic shift. Moreover, the internal genes derived from different origins (PB2, PB1, PA, NP: pdm/09 (pandemic influenza virus 2009)-origin, M: pdm/09- or EA-origin, NS: North American Triple Reassortant (TR)-origin have become the dominant backbone of IAV-S in southern China. According to the origins of the eight gene segments, the isolates can be categorized into five genotypes. The results of mice experiment showed that the YJ4 (genotype 1) and DG2 (genotype 4) are the most pathogenic to mice, and the viruses are observed in kidneys and brains, indicating the systemic infection. The alterations of the IAV-S gene composition supported the continued implementation of the intensive surveillance of IAV-S and the greater attention focused on potential shifts toward transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqi Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junming Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (PZ)
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (PZ)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Virus survival and fitness when multiple genotypes and subtypes of influenza A viruses exist and circulate in swine. Virology 2019; 532:30-38. [PMID: 31003122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We performed swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance in Midwest USA and isolated 100 SIVs including endemic and reassortant H1 and H3 viruses with 2009 pandemic H1N1 genes. To determine virus evolution when different genotypes and subtypes of influenza A viruses circulating in the same swine herd, a virus survival experiment was conducted in pigs mimicking field situations. Five different SIVs were used to infect five pigs individually, then two groups of sentinel pigs were introduced to investigate virus transmission. Results showed that each virus replicated efficiently in lungs of each infected pig, but only reassortant H3N2 and H1N2v viruses transmitted to the primary contact pigs. Interestingly, the parental H1N2v was the majority of virus detected in the second group of sentinel pigs. These data indicate that the H1N2v seems to be more viable in swine herds than other SIV genotypes, and reassortment can enhance viral fitness and transmission.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen Y, Hammer EE, Richards VP. Phylogenetic signature of lateral exchange of genes for antibiotic production and resistance among bacteria highlights a pattern of global transmission of pathogens between humans and livestock. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 125:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
14
|
Baudon E, Peyre M, Peiris M, Cowling BJ. Epidemiological features of influenza circulation in swine populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179044. [PMID: 28591202 PMCID: PMC5462427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of the 2009 influenza pandemic virus with a swine origin stressed the importance of improving influenza surveillance in swine populations. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to describe epidemiological features of swine influenza (SI) across the world and identify factors impacting swine influenza virus surveillance. Methods The systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Articles published after 1990 containing data on SI on pig and herd-level seroprevalence, isolation and detection rates, and risk factors were included. Meta-regression analyses using seroprevalence and virological rates were performed. Results A total of 217 articles were included. Low avian influenza (AI) seroprevalence (means pig = 4.1%; herd = 15%) was found, showing that AIV do not readily establish themselves in swine while SIV seroprevalence was usually high across continents (influenza A means pig = 32.6–87.8%; herd = 29.3–100%). Higher pig density and number of pigs per farm were shown by the meta-regression analyses and/or the risk factor articles to be associated with higher SI seroprevalence. Lower seroprevalence levels were observed for countries with low-to-medium GDP. These results suggest that larger industrial farms could be more at risk of SIV circulation. Sampling swine with influenza-like illness (ILI) was positively associated with higher isolation rates; most studies in Europe, Latin and North America were targeting swine with ILI. Conclusions To improve understanding of SI epidemiology, standardization of the design and reporting of SI epidemiological studies is desirable. Performance of SI surveillance systems in low-to-medium GDP countries should be evaluated to rule out technical issues linked to lower observed SIV prevalence. Targeting certain swine age groups, farming systems and swine with ILI may improve the surveillance cost-effectiveness. However, focusing on pigs with ILI may bias virus detection against strains less virulent for swine but which may be important as pandemic threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Baudon
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - Marisa Peyre
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - Malik Peiris
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin John Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abente EJ, Kitikoon P, Lager KM, Gauger PC, Anderson TK, Vincent AL. A highly pathogenic avian-derived influenza virus H5N1 with 2009 pandemic H1N1 internal genes demonstrates increased replication and transmission in pigs. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:18-30. [PMID: 28206909 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a reverse-genetics-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 lineage influenza A virus that was isolated from a human, A/Iraq/755/06. We also examined surface gene reassortant viruses composed of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from A/Iraq/755/06 and the internal genes of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, A/New York/18/2009 (2Iraq/06 : 6NY/09 H5N1), and haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from A/New York/18/2009 with the internal genes of A/Iraq/755/06 (2NY/09 : 6Iraq/06 H1N1). The parental A/Iraq/755/06 caused little to no lesions in swine, limited virus replication was observed in the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts and transmission was detected in 3/5 direct-contact pigs based on seroconversion, detection of viral RNA or virus isolation. In contrast, the 2Iraq/06 : 6NY/09 H5N1 reassortant caused mild lung lesions, demonstrated sustained virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and transmitted to all contacts (5/5). The 2NY/09 : 6Iraq/06 H1N1 reassortant also caused mild lung lesions, there was evidence of virus replication in the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts and transmission was detected in all contacts (5/5). These studies indicate that an HPAI-derived H5N1 reassortant with pandemic internal genes may be more successful in sustaining infection in swine and that HPAI-derived internal genes were marginally compatible with pandemic 2009 H1N1 surface genes. Comprehensive surveillance in swine is critical to identify a possible emerging HPAI reassortant in all regions with HPAI in wild birds and poultry and H1N1pdm09 in pigs or other susceptible hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio J Abente
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Pravina Kitikoon
- Present address: Merck Animal Health, De Soto, Kansas, USA.,Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang S, Wang R, Su H, Wang B, Sizhu S, Lei Z, Jin M, Chen H, Cao J, Zhou H. Sus scrofa miR-204 and miR-4331 Negatively Regulate Swine H1N1/2009 Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting Viral HA and NS, Respectively. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040749. [PMID: 28368362 PMCID: PMC5412334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of swine pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus (SIV-H1N1/2009) in pigs has the potential to generate novel reassortant viruses, posing a great threat to human health. Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven as promising small molecules for regulating influenza A virus replication by directly targeting viral genomic RNA. In this study, we predicted potential Sus scrofa (ssc-, swine) miRNAs targeting the genomic RNA of SIV-H1N1/2009 by RegRNA 2.0, and identified ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 to target viral HA and NS respectively through dual-luciferase reporter assays. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of viral HA and NS were significantly suppressed when newborn pig trachea (NPTr) cells respectively overexpressed ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 and were infected with SIV-H1N1/2009, whereas the suppression effect could be restored when respectively decreasing endogenous ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 with inhibitors. Because of the importance of viral HA and NS in the life cycle of influenza A virus, ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 exhibited an inhibition effect on SIV-H1N1/2009 replication. The antiviral effect was sequence-specific of SIV-H1N1/2009, for the target sites in HA and NS of H5N1 or H9N2 influenza A virus were not conserved. Furthermore, SIV-H1N1/2009 infection reversely downregulated the expression of ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331, which might facilitate the virus replication in the host. In summary, this work will provide us some important clues for controlling the prevalence of SIV-H1N1/2009 in pig populations.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sus scrofa
- Trachea/cytology
- Trachea/metabolism
- Trachea/virology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ruifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huijuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Biaoxiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Suolang Sizhu
- Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhixin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jiyue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Moon HJ, Oh JS, Na W, Yeom M, Han SY, Kim SJ, Park BK, Song DS, Kang BK. Genetic Characteristics and Immunogenicity of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Isolate from Pig in Korea. Immune Netw 2016; 16:311-315. [PMID: 27799877 PMCID: PMC5086456 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.5.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus strain was isolated from a pig farm in Korea in December 2009. The strain was propagated in and isolated from both the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line and embryonated eggs. The partial and complete sequences of the strain were identical to those of A/California/04/2009, with >99% sequence similarity in the HA, NA, M, NS, NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 genes. The isolated strain was inactivated and used to prepare a swine influenza vaccine. This trial vaccine, containing the new isolate that has high sequence similarity with the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus, resulted in seroconversion in Guinea pigs and piglets. This strain could therefore be a potential vaccine candidate for swine influenza control in commercial farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Joon Moon
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin 17066, Korea
| | - Jin Sik Oh
- MEDIAN Diagnostics Inc., Chuncheon 24339, Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Han
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin 17066, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin 17066, Korea
| | - Bong Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dae Sub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Bo Kyu Kang
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin 17066, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tinoco YO, Montgomery JM, Kasper MR, Nelson MI, Razuri H, Guezala MC, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Widdowson MA, Barnes J, Gilman RH, Bausch DG, Gonzalez AE. Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:47-56. [PMID: 26011186 PMCID: PMC4687498 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to determine the frequency of pH1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru. Design Two‐year serial cross‐sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre‐pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post‐pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post‐pandemic period). Sample Backyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period. Main outcome measures We assessed current and past pH1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and RT‐PCR and compared the results with human incidence data from a population‐based active surveillance cohort study in Peru. Results Among 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to pH1N1 was 0% pre‐pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post‐pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The pH1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human‐to‐swine transmission events in backyard farm settings. Conclusions Our findings suggest that human‐to‐swine pH1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeny O Tinoco
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugo Razuri
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - John Barnes
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Daniel G Bausch
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoon S, Kim ED, Song MS, Han SJ, Park TK, Choi KS, Choi YK, Seo KY. Eyedrop Vaccination Induced Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against Influenza Virus in Ferrets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157634. [PMID: 27333331 PMCID: PMC4917170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated eyedrop vaccination (EDV) in pre-clinical development for immunological protection against influenza and for potential side effects involving ocular inflammation and the central nervous system (CNS). Live attenuated influenza EDV, CA07 (H1N1), PZ-4 (H1N2) and Uruguay (H3N2), induced both systemic and mucosal virus-specific antibody responses in ferrets. In addition, EDV resulted in a clinically significant protection against viral challenge, and suppression of viral replication in nasal secretion and lung tissue. Regarding safety, we found that administered EDV flow through the tear duct to reach the base of nasal cavity, and thus do not contact the olfactory bulb. All analyses for potential adverse effects due to EDV, including histological and functional examinations, did not reveal significant side effects. On the basis of these findings, we propose that EDV as effective, while being a safe administration route with minimum local side effects, CNS invasion, or visual function disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangchul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Medical Center, Seoul, 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Do Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Gyounggi-do, 10444, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Multiple divergent lineages challenge the design of cross-protective vaccines and highlight the need for additional surveillance. The evolutionary origins of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus that caused the first outbreak of the 2009 pandemic in Mexico remain unclear, highlighting the lack of swine surveillance in Latin American countries. Although Brazil has one of the largest swine populations in the world, influenza was not thought to be endemic in Brazil’s swine until the major outbreaks of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009. Through phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences of influenza viruses of the H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes collected in swine in Brazil during 2009–2012, we identified multiple previously uncharacterized influenza viruses of human seasonal H1N2 and H3N2 virus origin that have circulated undetected in swine for more than a decade. Viral diversity has further increased in Brazil through reassortment between co-circulating viruses, including A(H1N1)pdm09. The circulation of multiple divergent hemagglutinin lineages challenges the design of effective cross-protective vaccines and highlights the need for additional surveillance.
Collapse
|
22
|
Growth and Pathogenic Potential of Naturally Selected Reassortants after Coinfection with Pandemic H1N1 and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses. J Virol 2015; 90:616-23. [PMID: 26491154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01572-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coinfection of ferrets with H5N1 and pH1N1 viruses resulted in two predominate genotypes in the lungs containing surface genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in the backbone of pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1). Compared to parental strains, these reassortants exhibited increased growth and virulence in vitro and in mice but failed to be transmitted indirectly to naive contact ferrets. Thus, this demonstrates a possible natural reassortment following coinfection as well as the pathogenicity of the potential reassortants.
Collapse
|
23
|
Decorte I, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Cay AB, De Regge N. Detection and Isolation of Swine Influenza A Virus in Spiked Oral Fluid and Samples from Individually Housed, Experimentally Infected Pigs: Potential Role of Porcine Oral Fluid in Active Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Swine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139586. [PMID: 26431039 PMCID: PMC4592207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of seasonality of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in combination with the capacity of swine to harbor a large number of co-circulating IAV lineages, resulting in the risk for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, stress the importance of swIAV surveillance. To date, active surveillance of swIAV worldwide is barely done because of the short detection period in nasal swab samples. Therefore, more sensitive diagnostic methods to monitor circulating virus strains are requisite. Methods qRT-PCR and virus isolations were performed on oral fluid and nasal swabs collected from individually housed pigs that were infected sequentially with H1N1 and H3N2 swIAV strains. The same methods were also applied to oral fluid samples spiked with H1N1 to study the influence of conservation time and temperature on swIAV infectivity and detectability in porcine oral fluid. Results All swIAV infected animals were found qRT-PCR positive in both nasal swabs and oral fluid. However, swIAV could be detected for a longer period in oral fluid than in nasal swabs. Despite the high detectability of swIAV in oral fluid, virus isolation from oral fluid collected from infected pigs was rare. These results are supported by laboratory studies showing that the PCR detectability of swIAV remains unaltered during a 24 h incubation period in oral fluid, while swIAV infectivity drops dramatically immediately upon contact with oral fluid (3 log titer reduction) and gets lost after 24 h conservation in oral fluid at ambient temperature. Conclusions Our data indicate that porcine oral fluid has the potential to replace nasal swabs for molecular diagnostic purposes. The difficulty to isolate swIAV from oral fluid could pose a drawback for its use in active surveillance programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Decorte
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Novel reassortant influenza viruses between pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and other influenza viruses pose a risk to public health. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:62-72. [PMID: 26344393 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is characterized by eight single-stranded, negative sense RNA segments, which allows for gene reassortment among different IAV subtypes when they co-infect a single host cell simultaneously. Genetic reassortment is an important way to favor the evolution of influenza virus. Novel reassortant virus may pose a pandemic among humans. In history, three human pandemic influenza viruses were caused by genetic reassortment between avian, human and swine influenza viruses. Since 2009, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pdm/09 H1N1) influenza virus composed of two swine influenza virus genes highlighted the genetic reassortment again. Due to wide host species and high transmission of the pdm/09 H1N1 influenza virus, many different avian, human or swine influenza virus subtypes may reassert with it to generate novel reassortant viruses, which may result in a next pandemic among humans. So, it is necessary to understand the potential threat of current reassortant viruses between the pdm/09 H1N1 and other influenza viruses to public health. This study summarized the status of the reassortant viruses between the pdm/09 H1N1 and other influenza viruses of different species origins in natural and experimental conditions. The aim of this summarization is to facilitate us to further understand the potential threats of novel reassortant influenza viruses to public health and to make effective prevention and control strategies for these pathogens.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee JH, Pascua PNQ, Decano AG, Kim SM, Park SJ, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Kim YI, Kim H, Kim SY, Song MS, Jang HK, Park BK, Choi YK. Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of a novel reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus with gene constellation derived from multiple viral sources. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:378-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
26
|
Efficient isolation of Swine influenza viruses by age-targeted specimen collection. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1331-8. [PMID: 25694523 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02941-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of swine influenza virus (SIV) infection is paramount for increasing the productivity of pig farming and minimizing the threat of pandemic outbreaks. Thus, SIV surveillance should be conducted by region and on a regular basis. Here, we established a microneutralization assay specific for SIV seroprevalence surveillance by using reporter gene-expressing recombinant influenza viruses. Growth-based SIV seroprevalence revealed that most sows and piglets were positive for neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses. In contrast, the 90-day-old growing pigs exhibited limited neutralizing activity in their sera, suggesting that this particular age of population is most susceptible to SIV infection and thus is an ideal age group for SIV isolation. From nasal swab specimens of healthy pigs in this age population, we were able to isolate SIVs at a higher incidence (5.3%) than those of previous reports. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes revealed that the isolated SIVs have circulated and evolved in pigs but not have been recently introduced from humans, implying that a large number of SIV lineages may remain "undiscovered" in the global porcine populations. We propose that the 90-day-old growing pig-targeted nasal swab collection presented in this study facilitates global SIV surveillance and contributes to the detection and control of SIV infection.
Collapse
|
27
|
Nelson MI, Vincent AL. Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:142-53. [PMID: 25564096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in swine are unknown, highlighting gaps in our understanding of influenza A virus (IAV) ecology and evolution. We review how recently strengthened influenza virus surveillance in pigs has revealed that influenza virus transmission from humans to swine is far more frequent than swine-to-human zoonosis, and is central in seeding swine globally with new viral diversity. The scale of global human-to-swine transmission represents the largest 'reverse zoonosis' of a pathogen documented to date. Overcoming the bias towards perceiving swine as sources of human viruses, rather than recipients, is key to understanding how the bidirectional nature of the human-animal interface produces influenza threats to both hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Ames, IA 50010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Amorim AR, Fornells LAMG, Reis FDC, Rezende DJ, Mendes GDS, Couceiro JNDSS, Santos NSDO. Influenza A virus infection of healthy piglets in an abattoir in Brazil: animal-human interface and risk for interspecies transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:548-53. [PMID: 23903968 PMCID: PMC3970599 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108052013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic influenza virus infections in pigs are frequent and the
lack of measures for controlling viral spread facilitates the circulation of
different virus strains between pigs. The goal of this study was to demonstrate
the circulation of influenza A virus strains among asymptomatic piglets in an
abattoir in Brazil and discuss the potential public health impacts. Tracheal
samples (n = 330) were collected from asymptomatic animals by a veterinarian
that also performed visual lung tissue examinations. No slaughtered animals
presented with any noticeable macroscopic signs of influenza infection following
examination of lung tissues. Samples were then analysed by reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction that resulted in the identification of
30 (9%) influenza A positive samples. The presence of asymptomatic pig
infections suggested that these animals could facilitate virus dissemination and
act as a source of infection for the herd, thereby enabling the emergence of
influenza outbreaks associated with significant economic losses. Furthermore,
the continuous exposure of the farm and abattoir workers to the virus increases
the risk for interspecies transmission. Monitoring measures of swine influenza
virus infections and vaccination and monitoring of employees for influenza
infection should also be considered. In addition regulatory agencies should
consider the public health ramifications regarding the potential zoonotic viral
transmission between humans and pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Ribeiro Amorim
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Qiao C, Liu L, Yang H, Chen Y, Xu H, Chen H. Novel triple reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses bearing six internal genes of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 influenza virus were detected in pigs in China. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:529-34. [PMID: 25467861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. Transmissions of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 virus from humans to poultry and other species of mammals were reported from several continents during the course of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Reassortant H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses containing genes of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 viruses appeared in pigs in some countries. STUDY DESIGN In winter of 2012, a total of 2600 nasal swabs were collected from healthy pigs in slaughterhouses located throughout 10 provinces in China. The isolated viruses were subjected to genetic and antigenic analysis. Two novel triple-reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses were isolated from swine in China in 2012, with the HA gene derived from Eurasian avian-like swine H1N1, the NA gene from North American swine H1N2, and the six internal genes from the pandemic 2009/H1N1 viruses. The two viruses had similar antigenic features and some significant changes in antigenic characteristics emerged when compared to the previously identified isolates. CONCLUSION We inferred that the novel reassortant viruses in China may have arisen from the accumulation of the three types of influenza viruses, which further indicates that swine herds serve as "mixing vessels" for influenza viruses. Influenza virus reassortment is an ongoing process, and our findings highlight the urgent need for continued influenza surveillance among swine herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Liping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Huanliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Huiyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim SH, Roh IS, Lee KK, Park CK. A novel reassortant H1N2 virus related to the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus isolated from Korean pigs. Virus Genes 2014; 48:193-8. [PMID: 24249519 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus in 2009, a novel reassortant H1N2 virus (A/Swine/Korea/VDS1/2010) containing the pH1N1 segments has been detected in Korean pig populations. The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of this virus are derived from reassortant H1N1- and H1N2-group viruses, respectively, identified in Korean pigs, while other genes originate from contemporary circulating pH1N1 viruses. The antigenic and biological properties of this novel virus, as determined by clinical, pathological, serological, and genetic analyses, are similar to those of pH1N1 viruses, which infect swine easily (Weingartl et al. J Virol 84:2245-2256, 2010; Brookes et al. PLoS one 5:e9068, 2010; Lange et al. J Gen Virol 90:2119-2123, 2009). Determining whether this virus will become established and pose a threat to mammalian populations requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim H, Kim JK, Song H, Choi J, Shim B, Kang B, Moon H, Yeom M, Kim SH, Song D, Song M. Preliminary study about sublingual administration of bacteria-expressed pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in miniature pigs. J Microbiol 2014; 52:794-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
32
|
Kirisawa R, Ogasawara Y, Yoshitake H, Koda A, Furuya T. Genomic reassortants of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 virus and endemic porcine H1 and H3 viruses in swine in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1457-70. [PMID: 25056678 PMCID: PMC4272978 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2010 to 2013 in Japan, we isolated 11 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) from
pigs showing respiratory symptoms. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that 6 H1N1
viruses originated from the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pdm 09) virus and the other 5 viruses
were reassortants between SIVs and pdm 09 viruses, representing 4 genotypes. Two H1N2
viruses contained H1 and N2 genes originated from Japanese H1N2 SIV together with internal
genes of pdm 09 viruses. Additionally, 1 H1N2 virus contained a further NP gene
originating from Japanese H1N2 SIV. One H1N1 virus contained only the H1 gene originating
from Japanese H1 SIV in a pdm 09 virus background. One H3N2 virus contained H3 and N2
genes originating from Japanese H3N2 SIV together with internal genes of pdm 09 virus. The
results indicate that pdm 09 viruses are distributed widely in the Japanese swine
population and that several reassortments with Japanese SIVs have occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikio Kirisawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyoudai Midori-machi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dorjee S, Revie CW, Poljak Z, McNab WB, Sanchez J. One-Health Simulation Modelling: A Case Study of Influenza Spread between Human and Swine Populations using NAADSM. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:36-55. [PMID: 24661802 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The circulation of zoonotic influenza A viruses including pH1N1 2009 and H5N1 continue to present a constant threat to animal and human populations. Recently, an H3N2 variant spread from pigs to humans and between humans in limited numbers. Accordingly, this research investigated a range of scenarios of the transmission dynamics of pH1N1 2009 virus at the swine-human interface while accounting for different percentages of swine workers initially immune. Furthermore, the feasibility of using NAADSM (North American Animal Disease Spread Model) applied as a one-health simulation model was assessed. The study population included 488 swine herds and 29, 707 households of people within a county in Ontario, Canada. Households were categorized as follows: (i) rural households with swine workers, (ii) rural households without swine workers, and (iii) urban households without swine workers. Forty-eight scenarios were investigated, based on the combination of six scenarios around the transmissibility of the virus at the interface and four vaccination coverage levels of swine workers (0-60%), all under two settings of either swine or human origin of the virus. Outcomes were assessed in terms of stochastic 'die-out' fraction, size and time to peak epidemic day, overall size and duration of the outbreaks. The modelled outcomes indicated that minimizing influenza transmissibility at the interface and targeted vaccination of swine workers had significant beneficial effects. Our results indicate that NAADSM can be used as a framework to model the spread and control of contagious zoonotic diseases among animal and human populations, under certain simplifying assumptions. Further evaluation of the model is required. In addition to these specific findings, this study serves as a benchmark that can provide useful input to a future one-health influenza modelling studies. Some pertinent information gaps were also identified. Enhanced surveillance and the collection of high-quality information for more accurate parameterization of such models are encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dorjee
- CVER, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - C W Revie
- CVER, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Z Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - W B McNab
- Animal Health and Welfare Branch, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J Sanchez
- CVER, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89055. [PMID: 24586500 PMCID: PMC3938448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research regarding zoonotic diseases often focuses on infectious diseases animals have given to humans. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that humans are transmitting pathogens to animals. Recent examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Ascaris lumbricoides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published literature regarding reverse zoonoses and highlight the need for future work in this area. Methods An initial broad literature review yielded 4763 titles, of which 4704 were excluded as not meeting inclusion criteria. After careful screening, 56 articles (from 56 countries over three decades) with documented human-to-animal disease transmission were included in this report. Findings In these publications, 21 (38%) pathogens studied were bacterial, 16 (29%) were viral, 12 (21%) were parasitic, and 7 (13%) were fungal, other, or involved multiple pathogens. Effected animals included wildlife (n = 28, 50%), livestock (n = 24, 43%), companion animals (n = 13, 23%), and various other animals or animals not explicitly mentioned (n = 2, 4%). Published reports of reverse zoonoses transmission occurred in every continent except Antarctica therefore indicating a worldwide disease threat. Interpretation As we see a global increase in industrial animal production, the rapid movement of humans and animals, and the habitats of humans and wild animals intertwining with great complexity, the future promises more opportunities for humans to cause reverse zoonoses. Scientific research must be conducted in this area to provide a richer understanding of emerging and reemerging disease threats. As a result, multidisciplinary approaches such as One Health will be needed to mitigate these problems.
Collapse
|
35
|
Identification of a linear epitope on the haemagglutinin protein of pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza virus using monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1413-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
36
|
Hassan L. Emerging Zoonoses in Domesticated Livestock of Southeast Asia. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152182 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Southeast Asia, identified as one of the hotspot for emerging and reemerging diseases is an area of emerging market with doubling population size within the next few years. The livestock industry is growing rapidly to cater for the population need via intensification and various diversification methods. This article discusses a few relevant emerging and emerging zoonoses within the past two decades and highlights the impact of these diseases to the animal industry and public health in the region.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lange J, Groth M, Schlegel M, Krumbholz A, Wieczorek K, Ulrich R, Köppen S, Schulz K, Appl D, Selbitz HJ, Sauerbrei A, Platzer M, Zell R, Dürrwald R. Reassortants of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and establishment of a novel porcine H1N2 influenza virus, lineage in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:345-56. [PMID: 24139631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incursion of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus (pdmH1N1) into the German pig population was investigated in a serosurvey and by virological means between June 2009 and December 2012. Analysis of 23,116 pig sera from a total of 2,666 herds revealed 224 herds that reacted with pdmH1N1 but not with the prevalent avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus. Sixty-six pdmH1N1 strains and their reassortant derivatives (pdmH1huN2, huH3pdmN1) have been collected since November 2009. Sequencing of three pdmH1N1, 20 pdmH1huN2 and one huH3pdmN1 strains with conventional and next generation sequencing techniques and subsequent phylogenetic analyses with available sequence data revealed the emergence of five distinct reassortant genotypes in Europe. The most frequent genotype emerged at least three times independently, one of which (Papenburg lineage) established a stable infection chain and became more prevalent in pigs than pdmH1N1 in Germany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Lange
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pascua PNQ, Lim GJ, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Song MS, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Emergence of H3N2pM-like and novel reassortant H3N1 swine viruses possessing segments derived from the A (H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus, Korea. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1283-91. [PMID: 24034626 PMCID: PMC4634262 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human‐to‐swine transmission of the pandemic H1N1 2009 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus in pig populations resulted in reassortment events with endemic swine influenza viruses worldwide. Objective We investigated whether A(H1N1)pdm09‐derived reassortant viruses are present in South Korea and sought to determine the pathogenic potential of the novel swine viruses. Methods Pig lung tissues were collected from commercially slaughtered pigs. Isolated swine influenza viruses were genetically analyzed and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Results We identified reassortant H3N2 (H3N2pM‐like) and H3N1 swine viruses containing A(H1N1)pdm09‐like segments in Korean pigs that are genetically closely related to strains recently detected in pigs and humans in North America. Although the H3N2pM‐like and novel H3N1 reassortants demonstrated efficient replication in mice and ferrets, all the H3N1 strains exhibited growth advantage over the representative H3N2pM‐like virus in human airway cells. Interestingly, A/swine/Korea/CY02‐07/2012(H3N1) and A/swine/Korea/CY03‐13/2012(H3N1) reassortants were more readily transmitted to respiratory‐droplet‐contact ferrets compared with the H3N2pM‐like (A/swine/Korea/CY02‐10/2012) isolate. Furthermore, serologic evaluation showed poor antigenicity to contemporary reference human seasonal H3N2 vaccine strains. Conclusions We report here for the first time the isolation of H3N2pM‐like viruses outside North America and of novel reassortant swine H3N1 viruses with A(H1N1)pdm09‐derived genes. Apart from further complicating the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in domestic pigs, our data also indicate that these strains could potentially pose threat to public health asserting the need for continuous virus monitoring in these ecologically important hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Complete Genome Sequences of Novel Reassortant H1N2 Swine Influenza Viruses Isolated from Pigs in the Republic of Korea. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/4/e00552-13. [PMID: 23929468 PMCID: PMC3738884 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00552-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel reassortant swine H1N2 influenza viruses were isolated from pigs in a commercial slaughterhouse in the Republic of Korea. Genome sequence analyses revealed that these isolates contain segments from Eurasian avian-like swine (hemagglutinin [HA]), Korean swine H1N2 (neuraminidase [NA]), and North American H3N2pM-like (remaining genes) viruses. Further characterization is needed to gauge the potential threats of these viruses to public health.
Collapse
|
40
|
Song MS, Hee Baek Y, Kim EH, Park SJ, Kim S, Lim GJ, Kwon HI, Pascua PNQ, Decano AG, Lee BJ, Kim YI, Webby RJ, Choi YK. Increased virulence of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant pandemic H1N1 virus in mice: potential emergence of drug-resistant and virulent variants. Virulence 2013; 4:489-93. [PMID: 23924955 DOI: 10.4161/viru.25952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1 2009 (A[H1N1]pdm09) variants associated with oseltamivir resistance have emerged with a histidine-to-tyrosine substitution in the neuraminidase(NA) at position 274 (H274Y). To determine whether the H274Y variant has increased virulence potential, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, with or without the H274Y mutation, was adapted by serial lung-to-lung passages in mice. The mouse-adapted H274Y (maCA04H274Y) variants showed increased growth properties and virulence in vitro and in vivo while maintaining high NA inhibitor resistance. Interestingly, most maCA04H274Y and maCA04 viruses acquired common mutations in HA (S183P and D222G) and NP (D101G), while only maCA04H274Y viruses had consensus additional K153E mutation in the HA gene, suggesting a potential association with the H274Y substitution. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 drug-resistant variants with increased virulence and the need for rapid development of novel antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Song
- Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection has been reported in a variety of mammalian and avian species. Wild waterfowl such as ducks and geese are considered the principal reservoir of many influenza A viruses. On May 2, 2009, the first confirmed case of pandemic 2009 H1N1 (pH1N1) in animals was reported in a small swine herd in Canada. A public health investigation concluded that transmission from people to pigs was the likely source of infection. Subsequently the pH1N1 virus has been reported in turkeys, cats, dogs, ferrets, and several wildlife species. Human to animal transmission has been confirmed or suspected in a number of cases. The naming of the virus as "swine flu" in the international media led to a drop in the demand for pork and subsequently a reduction in the price of pork paid to farmers. Estimates of losses to pork producers in North America run into hundreds of millions of dollars. Increased surveillance of swine populations for influenza viruses has been suggested as a control measure against the development of future pandemic viruses. In order to be successful, future surveillance and reporting policies must include provisions to protect the livelihoods of farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Keenliside
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Veterinary Epidemiologist, 116 Street Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lan YC, Su MC, Chen CH, Huang SH, Chen WL, Tien N, Lin CW. Epidemiology of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus during 2009-2010 in Taiwan. Virus Res 2013; 177:46-54. [PMID: 23886669 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Outbreak of swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 virus (pdmH1N1) occurred in 2009. Taiwanese authorities implemented nationwide vaccinations with pdmH1N1-specific inactivated vaccine as of November 2009. This study evaluates prevalence, HA phylogenetic relationship, and transmission dynamic of influenza A and B viruses in Taiwan in 2009-2010. Respiratory tract specimens were analyzed for influenza A and B viruses. The pdmH1N1 peaked in November 2009, was predominant from August 2009 to January 2010, then sharply dropped in February 2010. Significant prevalence peaks of influenza B in April-June of 2010 and H3N2 virus in July and August were observed. Highest percentage of pdmH1N1- and H3N2-positive cases appeared among 11-15-year-olds; influenza B-positive cases were dominant among those 6-10 years old. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees showed 11 unique clusters of pdmH1N1, seasonal H3N2 influenza A and B viruses, as well as transmission clusters and mixed infections of influenza strains in Taiwan. The 2009 pdmH1N1 virus was predominant in Taiwan from August 2009 to January 2010; seasonal H3N2 influenza A and B viruses exhibited small prevalence peaks after nationwide vaccinations. Phylogenetic evidence indicated transmission clusters and multiple independent clades of co-circulating influenza A and B strains in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lan
- Department of Health Risk Management, School of Public, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li Y, Zou W, Jia G, Ke J, Zhu J, Lin X, Zhou H, Jin M. The 2009 pandemic (H1N1) viruses isolated from pigs show enhanced pathogenicity in mice. Vet Res 2013; 44:41. [PMID: 23758678 PMCID: PMC3686621 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of the 2009 pandemic (H1N1) virus (2009/H1N1) in April 2009, cases of transmission from humans to pigs have been reported frequently. In our previous studies, four 2009/H1N1 variants were isolated from pigs. To better understand the phenotypic differences of the pig isolates compared with the human isolate, in this study mice were inoculated intranasally with different 2009/H1N1 viruses, and monitored for morbidity, mortality, and viral replication, cytokine production and pathological changes in the lungs. The results show that all isolates show effective replication in lungs, but varying in their ability to cause morbidity. In particular, the strains of A/swine/Nanchang/3/2010 (H1N1) and A/swine/Nanchang/F9/2010 (H1N1) show the greatest virulence with a persisting replication in lungs and high lethality for mice, compared with the human isolate A/Liaoning /14/2009 (H1N1), which shows low virulence in mice. Furthermore, the lethal strains could induce more severe lung pathological changes and higher production of cytokines than that of other strains at an early stage. Amino acid sequence analysis illustrates prominent differences in viral surface glycoproteins and polymerase subunits between pig isolates and human strains that might correlate with their phenotypic differences. These studies demonstrate that the 2009/H1N1 pig isolates exhibit heterogeneous infectivity and pathogencity in mice, and some strains possess an enhanced pathogenicity compared with the human isolate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P,R, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim EH, Pascua PNQ, Song MS, Baek YH, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Lim GJ, Kim SM, Decano A, Lee KJ, Cho WK, Ma JY, Choi YK. Immunomodulaton and attenuation of lethal influenza A virus infection by oral administration with KIOM-C. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:386-93. [PMID: 23588232 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions such as asthma, eczema, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, headaches, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer, and viral infections such as influenza. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of KIOM-C for the treatment of influenza A virus infection. Our results show that oral administration of KIOM-C conferred a survival benefit to mice infected with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus, and resulted in a 10- to 100-fold attenuation of viral replication in ferrets in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, oral administration of KIOM-C increased the production of antiviral cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNF-α, and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemokines (KC, MCP-1) in the Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of A(H1N1)pdm-infected mice. These results indicate that KIOM-C can promote clearance of influenza virus in the respiratory tracts of mice and ferrets by modulating cytokine production in hosts. Taken together, our results suggest that KIOM-C is a potential therapeutic compound mixture for the treatment of influenza virus infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Henugduk-Ku, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Song MS, Baek YH, Pascua PNQ, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Lim GJ, Choi YK. Establishment of Vero cell RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics for Influenza A virus and its application for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus vaccine production. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1230-1235. [PMID: 23486669 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant threat of newly emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential requires the need for prompt vaccine production. Here, we utilized the Vero cell polymerase I (PolI) promoter, rather than the commonly used human PolI promoter, in an established reverse-genetics system to rescue viable influenza viruses in Vero cells, an approved cell line for human vaccine production. The Vero PolI promoter was more efficient in Vero cells and demonstrated enhanced transcription levels and virus rescue rates commensurate with that of the human RNA PolI promoter in 293T cells. These results appeared to be associated with more efficient generation of A(H1N1)pdm09- and H5N1-derived vaccine seed viruses in Vero cells, whilst the rescue rates in 293T cells were comparable. Our study provides an alternative means for improving vaccine preparation by using a novel reverse-genetics system for generating influenza A viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo-Jin Lim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pérez LJ, Perera CL, Vega A, Frías MT, Rouseaux D, Ganges L, Nuñez JI, Díaz de Arce H. Isolation and complete genomic characterization of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza viruses from Cuban swine herds. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:781-8. [PMID: 23318219 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus poses a potential global threat for human and animal health. In this study, we carried out pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus surveillance in swine herds in Cuba intending to determine whether the virus was circulating among pig populations. As a result we describe, for the first time, the detection of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus in swine herds in Cuba. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization of three viral isolates were performed. Phylogenetic relationships confirmed that all of the eight genes of the three isolates were derived from the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus. The Cuban isolates, formed an independent cluster within the pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza strains. Different molecular markers, previously described in pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza viruses, related with adaptive evolution, viral evasion from the host-immune response, virulence and dissemination were also present in Cuban pandemic H1N1/2009 isolates.
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhu H, Webby R, Lam TTY, Smith DK, Peiris JSM, Guan Y. History of Swine influenza viruses in Asia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 370:57-68. [PMID: 21948002 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pig is one of the main hosts of influenza A viruses and plays important roles in shaping the current influenza ecology. The occurrence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus demonstrated that pigs could independently facilitate the genesis of a pandemic influenza strain. Genetic analyses revealed that this virus was derived by reassortment between at least two parent swine influenza viruses (SIV), from the northern American triple reassortant H1N2 (TR) and European avian-like H1N1 (EA) lineages. The movement of live pigs between different continents and subsequent virus establishment are preconditions for such a reassortment event to occur. Asia, especially China, has the largest human and pig populations in the world, and seems to be the only region frequently importing pigs from other continents. Virological surveillance revealed that not only classical swine H1N1 (CS), and human-origin H3N2 viruses circulated, but all of the EA, TR and their reassortant variants were introduced into and co-circulated in pigs in this region. Understanding the long-term evolution and history of SIV in Asia would provide insights into the emergence of influenza viruses with epidemic potential in swine and humans.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Asia/epidemiology
- Epidemics/history
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/history
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae/isolation & purification
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/history
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/epidemiology
- Swine Diseases/history
- Swine Diseases/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Zhu
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen Y, Zhang J, Qiao C, Yang H, Zhang Y, Xin X, Chen H. Co-circulation of pandemic 2009 H1N1, classical swine H1N1 and avian-like swine H1N1 influenza viruses in pigs in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 13:331-8. [PMID: 23146831 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. They were transmitted occasionally from humans to other mammals including pigs, dogs and cats. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic analysis of novel viruses in pigs in China. These viruses were related phylogenetically to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and pigs, which indicates that the pandemic virus is currently circulating in swine populations, and this hypothesis was further supported by serological surveillance of pig sera collected within the same period. Furthermore, we isolated another two H1N1 viruses belonging to the lineages of classical swine H1N1 virus and avian-like swine H1N1 virus, respectively. Multiple genetic lineages of H1N1 viruses are co-circulating in the swine population, which highlights the importance of intensive surveillance for swine influenza in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rith S, Netrabukkana P, Sorn S, Mumford E, Mey C, Holl D, Goutard F, Y B, Fenwick S, Robertson I, Roger F, Buchy P. Serologic evidence of human influenza virus infections in swine populations, Cambodia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:271-9. [PMID: 22642704 PMCID: PMC5779822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted from 2006 to 2010 and investigated the seroprevalence of influenza A viruses in Cambodian pigs, including human H1N1, H3N2, 2009 pandemic H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09), and highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses. Methods A total of 1147 sera obtained from pigs in Cambodia were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays for antibody to human influenza A viruses along with both HI and microneutralization (MN) tests to assess immunological responses to H5N1 virus. The results were compared by year, age, and province. Results Antibodies against a human influenza A virus were detected in 14·9% of samples. A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were dominant over the study period (23·1%), followed by those to human H1N1 (17·3%) and H3N2 subtypes (9·9%). No pigs were serologically positive for avian H5 influenza viruses. The seroprevalence of human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses peaked in 2008, while that of A(H1N1)pdm09 reached a peak in 2010. No significant differences in seroprevalence to human influenza subtypes were observed in different age groups. Conclusions Cambodian pigs were exposed to human strains of influenza A viruses either prior to or during this study. The implications of these high prevalence rates imply human‐to‐swine influenza virus transmission in Cambodia. Although pigs are mostly raised in small non‐commercial farms, our preliminary results provide evidence of sustained human influenza virus circulation in pig populations in Cambodia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sareth Rith
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Njabo KY, Fuller TL, Chasar A, Pollinger JP, Cattoli G, Terregino C, Monne I, Reynes JM, Njouom R, Smith TB. Pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus in swine, Cameroon, 2010. Vet Microbiol 2012; 156:189-92. [PMID: 21963416 PMCID: PMC3251638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although swine origin A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus (hereafter "pH1N1″) has been detected in swine in 20 countries, there has been no published surveillance of the virus in African livestock. The objective of this study was to assess the circulation of influenza A viruses, including pH1N1 in swine in Cameroon, Central Africa. We collected 108 nasal swabs and 98 sera samples from domestic pigs randomly sampled at 11 herds in villages and farms in Cameroon. pH1N1 was isolated from two swine sampled in northern Cameroon in January 2010. Sera from 28% of these herds were positive for influenza A by competitive ELISA and 92.6% of these swine showed cross reactivity with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus isolated from humans. These results provide the first evidence of this virus in the animal population in Africa. In light of the significant role of swine in the ecology of influenza viruses, our results call for greater monitoring and study in Central Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Njabo
- University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Dr. East, La Kretz Hall, Suite 300, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|