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Ali M, Edrees WH, Al-Shehari WA, Xue G, Al-Hammadi S, Qasem EA, Chaulagain RP, Lal N. Antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from pregnant women. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1434677. [PMID: 39170986 PMCID: PMC11335731 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1434677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida species, opportunistic yeast, are the second most common cause of female vulvovaginal candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility profile of the isolated Candida species in pregnant women in Hajjah governorate, Yemen. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 396 pregnant women attending Authority AL-Gumhorri Hospital Hajjah between February and July 2023. Vaginal swabs were collected, and Candida species were isolated and identified based on the standard laboratory method. Furthermore, the antifungal drug susceptibility of Candida species was determined by the Kirby-Bauer technique. Results and discussion The prevalence of vaginal Candida infection among pregnant women was 61.4%. Candida albicans was the most predominant species (59.26%), followed by Candida krusei(13.58%), Candida Tropicalis (11.12%), Candida Grabata (9.87%), and Candida dubliniensis (6.17%). The highest rate of Candida infections was among women aged 24-30 years (71.9%) who finished primary school (77.8%), with the third trimester (80%), multigravida (66.1%), and recurrent infection (67.7%) showing significant differences (P < 0.05). The Candida albicans isolates were resistant to clotrimazole and itraconazole at 34.7% and 23.6%, respectively.In addition, the resistance of Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Candida dublinensis isolates to fluconazole, voriconazole, voriconazole, and nystatin was 57.6%, 63%, 43.8%, and 60%, respectively. Additionally, approximately 46.2% of isolated Candida albicans exhibited one kind of antifungal drug resistance, whereas 38.7% of isolated non-albicans exhibited resistance to three different antifungal agents. According to the above findings, Candida infection is highly prevalent in Yemen and quite widespread. Interventions in health education are advised to increase women's knowledge of vaginitis and its prevention. The antifungal susceptibility test may also be helpful in determining the best medication for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqsood Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wadhah Hassan Edrees
- Medical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Hajjah University, Hajjah, Yemen
- Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Al-Razi University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | | | - Gao Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Safa Al-Hammadi
- Department Oral Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Eglal Ahmed Qasem
- Medical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Ram Prasad Chaulagain
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Nand Lal
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Panagopoulou P, Roilides E. An update on pharmacotherapy for fungal infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024. [PMID: 39096057 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2387686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. AREAS COVERED We describe epidemiology, causes and risk factors of IFD in allogeneic HSCT discussing prophylaxis and treatment in various HSCT phases. We present the most recent studies on this thematic area, including novel data on currently available antifungals, i.e. formulations, dosing, safety, efficacy and therapeutic drug monitoring. Finally, we present the most recent relevant recommendations published. Literature search included PubMed, Scopus and clinicaltrials.gov between January 2014-April 2024. EXPERT OPINION The antifungal agents employed for prophylaxis and therapy should be predicated on local epidemiology of IFD. Fluconazole prophylaxis remains a first-line choice before engraftment when the main pathogen is Candida spp. After engraftment prophylaxis should be with mold-active agents (i.e. triazoles). For candidiasis echinocandins are suggested as first-line treatment, whereas aspergillosis responds well to mold-active azoles and liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB). For mucormycosis treatment of choice includes L-AmB and isavuconazole. Choice between fever-driven and diagnostics-driven strategies remains equivocal. Open research topics remain: 1) optimization of tools to ensure prompt and accurate IFD diagnosis to avoid unnecessary exposure to antifungals, drug interactions and cost; 2) refinement of treatment for resistant/refractory strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Panagopoulou
- Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University School of Medicine and Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University School of Medicine and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Mokhtar MN, Rahman RA, Abdullah FH, Azaharuddin I, Izaham A, Ding CH. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Fungemia in an Infected Biloma Patient Following a Traumatic Liver Injury. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:880. [PMID: 38727437 PMCID: PMC11083281 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fungemia is rare and highly resistant to antifungal therapy. We herein report a case involving a 31-year-old male admitted after a high-velocity road traffic accident. He sustained a grade IV liver injury with right hepatic vein thrombosis, which necessitated an urgent laparotomy. Post-operatively, repeated imaging of the abdomen revealed the presence of a biloma. Percutaneous subdiaphragmatic drainage was carried out but appeared ineffective, prompting a second surgery for an urgent hemi-hepatectomy. The patient was then nursed in the intensive care unit (ICU); however, during his stay in the ICU, he became more sepsis, which was evident by worsening ventilatory support and a rise in septic parameters from the biochemistry parameters. Despite intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam and fluconazole, his septic parameters did not improve and a full septic workup was conducted and was found to be positive for Rhodotorula mucilaginosa from the blood cultures. After discussion with the infectious disease physicians and clinical microbiologists, it was decided to initiate a course of intravenous meropenem and amphotericin B based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, considering the patient's extended ICU stay and catheter use. Eventually, after successfully weaning off mechanical ventilation, the patient was discharged from ICU care. This case underscores the necessity of individualized approaches, combining timely imaging, appropriate drainage techniques, and tailored treatments to optimize outcomes for such intricate post-traumatic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nizam Mokhtar
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (F.H.A.); (I.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Raha Abdul Rahman
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (F.H.A.); (I.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Farah Hanim Abdullah
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (F.H.A.); (I.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Izzuddin Azaharuddin
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (F.H.A.); (I.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Azarinah Izaham
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (F.H.A.); (I.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Chuan Hun Ding
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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Saha D, Sharma A, Borah N, Saikia D. The Spectrum of Pathogenic Yeast Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Assam, India. Cureus 2022; 14:e31512. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Fungemia, a Rare Opportunistic Infection without Central Venous Catheter Implantation, Successfully Treated by Liposomal Amphotericin B. Case Rep Infect Dis 2022; 2022:7830126. [PMID: 35693115 PMCID: PMC9187488 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7830126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is rare and highly resistance to antifungal therapy. Since most cases of R. mucilaginosa fungemia are attributed to medical devices, limited information is currently available on infection without central venous catheter (CVC) implantation. We herein report a case of R. mucilaginosa fungemia without implantation of CVC, successfully treated by liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB). Case Presentation. An 81-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive lung disease and rheumatoid arthritis was admitted with dyspnea and fever. The present case had no previous history of CVC implantation. Candidemia was suspected based on yeast and salmon-pink colonies in blood cultures, and thus, micafungin (MCFG) was administered. The isolated yeast was identified as R. mucilaginosa, which exhibited resistance to MCFG. Therefore, antifungal therapy was changed to L-AMB. The sterile blood culture and defervescence were observed from the initiation of L-AMB. Conclusion. Although the obvious entry point was unclear, long-term immunosuppressive therapy for RA may have damaged the gastrointestinal tract, which leading to the bacterial translocation of R. mucilaginosa. An early class switch to L-AMB was effective. Physicians need to consider the administration of L-AMB in cases suspected of R. mucilaginosa fungemia following the detection of salmon-pink colonies in blood cultures.
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Alikhani T, Daie Ghazvini R, Mirzaii M, Hashemi SJ, Fazli M, Rafat Z, Roostaei D, Ardi P, Kamali Sarvestani H, Zareei M. Drug Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Candida Species of Vaginal Origin. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 51:913-918. [PMID: 35936523 PMCID: PMC9288395 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i4.9253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida species are normal vaginal flora in healthy women, which can cause vulvovaginal candid-iasis (VVC). The formation of biofilm is a cause of drug resistance in Candida species of vaginal origin. We aimed to specify Candida species cause VVC, detect their biofilm-forming ability, and antifungal susceptibility pattern. METHODS Overall 150 vaginal samples were collected from suspected cases of referring to Bahar Hospital of Shahroud, Iran between Jan 2018 and Jan 2019. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Chrome gar Candida and Corn meal agar (CMA). PCR-RFLP was performed to confirm the identification. Bio-film formation of the identified species was measured by the Crystal Violet method. The susceptibility to fluconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole was determined based on the CLSI document M27-A3. RESULTS Of 50 women (33.3%) were suffering from VVC. C.albicans was the predominant species isolated in this study (n=39, 78%) followed by C. glabratia (n=11, 22%). In addition, in 25 (50%) of positive samples, bio-film formation was determined. The mean MIC of fluconazole and clotrimazole for C. albicans was 5.02 μg/mL and 3.92 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the mean MIC related to these drugs for C. glabrata was 12.45 μg / mL and 4.1μg / mL, respectively. The mean diameter of miconazole inhibition zone for C. albicans and C. glabra isolates was 25.13 mm and 24.5mm, respectively and all of them were susceptible to this drug. CONCLUSION C.albicans was the predominant Candida species isolated from patients with VVC and also was the predominant biofilm producer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Alikhani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Daie Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaii
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamal Hashemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Fazli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Zahra Rafat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Davoud Roostaei
- Department. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Pegah Ardi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasti Kamali Sarvestani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zareei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zakhem AE, Istambouli R, Jabbour JF, Hindy JR, Gharamti A, Kanj SS. Diagnosis and Management of Invasive Candida Infections in Critically Ill Patients. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43:46-59. [PMID: 35172358 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis (IC) has become a serious problem in the intensive care unit patients with an attributable mortality rate that can reach up to 51%. Multiple global surveillance studies have shown an increasing incidence of candidemia. Despite their limited sensitivity (21-71%), cultures remain the gold standard for the diagnosis of IC associated with candidemia. Many adjunct laboratory tests exist to support or rule out the diagnosis, each with its indications and limitations, including procalcitonin, 1,3-β-D-glucan, mannan and anti-mannan antibodies, and Candida albicans germ tube antibody. In addition, polymerase chain reaction-based methods could expedite species identification in positive blood cultures, helping in guiding early empirical antifungal therapy. The management of IC in critically ill patients can be classified into prophylactic, preemptive, empiric, and directed/targeted therapy of a documented infection. There is no consensus concerning the benefit of prophylactic therapy in critically ill patients. While early initiation of appropriate therapy in confirmed IC is an important determinant of survival, the selection of candidates and drug of choice for empirical systemic antifungal therapy is more controversial. The choice of antifungal agents is determined by many factors, including the host, the site of infection, the species of the isolated Candida, and its susceptibility profile. Echinocandins are considered initial first-line therapy agents. Due to the conflicting results of the various studies on the benefit of preemptive therapy for critically ill patients and the lack of robust evidence, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) omitted this category from its updated guidelines and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) and the Critically Ill Patients Study Group of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) do not recommend it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline El Zakhem
- Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rachid Istambouli
- Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Francois Jabbour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joya-Rita Hindy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amal Gharamti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury, Connecticut
| | - Souha S Kanj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Characterisation of Candida parapsilosis CYP51 as a Drug Target Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Host. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010069. [PMID: 35050009 PMCID: PMC8781857 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is required for the biosynthesis of fungal-specific ergosterol and is the target of azole antifungal drugs. Despite proven success as a clinical target for azole antifungals, there is an urgent need to develop next-generation antifungals that target CYP51 to overcome the resistance of pathogenic fungi to existing azole drugs, toxic adverse reactions and drug interactions due to human drug-metabolizing CYPs. Candida parapsilosis is a readily transmitted opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes candidiasis in health care environments. In this study, we have characterised wild type C. parapsilosis CYP51 and its clinically significant, resistance-causing point mutation Y132F by expressing these enzymes in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae host system. In some cases, the enzymes were co-expressed with their cognate NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Constitutive expression of CpCYP51 Y132F conferred a 10- to 12-fold resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole, reduced to ~6-fold resistance for the tetrazoles VT-1161 and VT-1129, but did not confer resistance to the long-tailed triazoles. Susceptibilities were unchanged in the case of CpCPR co-expression. Type II binding spectra showed tight triazole and tetrazole binding by affinity-purified recombinant CpCYP51. We report the X-ray crystal structure of ScCYP51 in complex with VT-1129 obtained at a resolution of 2.1 Å. Structural analysis of azole—enzyme interactions and functional studies of recombinant CYP51 from C. parapsilosis have improved understanding of their susceptibility to azole drugs and will help advance structure-directed antifungal discovery.
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Kim J, Kim MJ, Chong YP, Kim SH, Choi SH, Lee SO, Woo JH, Kim YS, Jung J. Comparison of the characteristics of patients with invasive infections and noninvasive infections caused by Trichosporon asahii. Med Mycol 2021; 59:296-300. [PMID: 32876327 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed retrospective study to identify the characteristics of invasive Trichosporon asahii infection. A total of 102 patients with T. asahii were identified including 18 (18%) with invasive infection. Invasive infection was associated with indwelling central venous catheter (94% vs 54%, P = .001), prior antifungal agent use (50% vs 18%, P = .01), hematologic malignancy (33% vs 7%, P = .006), and end-stage renal disease (28% vs 7%, P = .02). Patients with invasive infections had higher in-hospital mortality than patients with noninvasive infections (61% vs 27%, P = .006). Those with the above risk factors should be monitored for the development of invasive T. asahii infection. LAY SUMMARY Patients with indwelling central venous catheter, prior antifungal agent use, hematologic malignancy, and end-stage renal disease were associated with invasive Trichosporon asahii infection. Patients with invasive infections had higher in-hospital mortality than patients without invasive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyeong Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Pil Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Oh Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Hee Woo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Mehta V, Nayyar C, Gulati N, Singla N, Rai S, Chandar J. A Comprehensive Review of Trichosporon spp.: An Invasive and Emerging Fungus. Cureus 2021; 13:e17345. [PMID: 34567886 PMCID: PMC8451254 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon species are basidiomycetous yeast-like organisms found ubiquitous in nature. They are increasingly been recognized as opportunistic pathogens capable of causing life-threatening invasive diseases (trichosporonosis), especially in immuno-suppressed patients and rarely in immuno-competent patients too. Earlier multiple members of the genus Trichosporon were clubbed together as T. beigelli but after the advent of molecular techniques, more than 50 different subspecies and around 16 different strains causing human diseases are reported. It is known to cause a wide range of diseases, from superficial to probable and proven invasive diseases to summer hypersensitivity. The ability of Trichosporon strains to form biofilms on implanted devices, glucuronoxylomannan in their cell walls, and production of proteases and lipases lead to the virulence of this genus. This ubiquitous fungus exhibits intrinsic resistance to echinocandins, variable minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for amphotericin B, and moderate susceptibility to fluconazole and Itraconazole, which are the commonly used anti-fungal agents for any invasive fungal infections which lead to the re-emergence of this notorious yet neglected pathogen and hence the reports of breakthrough infections among patients receiving these antifungals. This review is to understand the epidemiological, clinical details, and antifungal susceptibility pattern of various Trichosporon infections and it highlights the importance of early detection and treatment for this emerging yeast and also will add to the ongoing surveillance for the anti-fungal susceptibility pattern for this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Mehta
- Infectious Diseases, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Charu Nayyar
- Clinical Microbiology, Medanta SN Superspeciality Hospital, Sriganganagar, IND
| | - Neelam Gulati
- Clinical Microbiology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Nidhi Singla
- Microbiology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Sunvir Rai
- Preventive and Social Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Patiala, IND
| | - Jagdish Chandar
- Clinical Microbiology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, IND
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Species Distribution and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Recovered from Intensive Care Unit Patients, Vietnam National Hospital of Burn (2017-2019). Mycopathologia 2021; 186:543-551. [PMID: 34118027 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida species is the most common cause of invasive fungal infection. With the wide variation in species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of causative agents, local epidemiological profiles are needed to provide effective guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. OBJECTIVE To find out the species distribution and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida strains isolated from patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) of Vietnam. METHODS All patients in ICU of Vietnam National Hospital of Burn with Candida isolation reported from January 2017 to December 2019 were retrospectively studied. Species identification and antifungal susceptibility testing were performed using VITEK 2 Compact. The identification was reconfirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions when needed. RESULTS A total of 186 yeasts belonging to ten species were collected. The most common agent was C. tropicalis (45.7%), followed by C. albicans (42.4%), and C. parapsilosis (7.53%). The isolated yeasts showed less susceptibility to fluconazole (resistant rate R 10.7%) than to micafungin, caspofungin, flucytosine and amphotericin B (R 0%, 0.6%, 2.3% and 3.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). C. albicans isolates were more susceptible to fluconazole (R 5.2%) than C. tropicalis (R 15.7%). Resistance to voriconazole was seen only among C. albicans (3.9%) and C. tropicalis isolates (9.9%). CONCLUSION Non-albicans species (especially C. tropicalis) is the predominant species, and there is a significant proportion of isolates with reduced susceptibility to azole but not to echinocandin.
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A Novel, Inexpensive In-House Immunochromatographic Strip Test for Cryptococcosis Based on the Cryptococcal Glucuronoxylomannan Specific Monoclonal Antibody 18B7. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050758. [PMID: 33922698 PMCID: PMC8145812 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a novel lateral flow immunochromatoghaphic strip test (ICT) for detecting cryptococcal polysaccharide capsular antigens using only a single specific monoclonal antibody, mAb 18B7. The mAb 18B7 is a well characterized antibody that specifically binds repeating epitopes displayed on the cryptococcal polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). We validated the immunoreactivities of mAb 18B7 against capsular antigens of different cryptococcal serotypes. The mAb 18B7 ICT was constructed as a sandwich ICT strip and the antibody serving in the mobile phase (colloidal gold conjugated mAb 18B7) to bind one of the GXM epitopes while the stationary phase antibody (immobilized mAb18B7 on test line) binding to other remaining unoccupied epitopes to generate a positive visual readout. The lower limit of detection of capsular antigens for each of the Cryptococcus serotypes tested was 0.63 ng/mL. No cross-reaction was found against a panel of antigens isolated from cultures of other pathogenic fungal, except the crude antigen of Trichosporon sp. with the lower limit of detection of 500 ng/mL (~800 times higher than that for cryptococcal GXM). The performance of the mAb 18B7 ICT strip was studied using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum and compared to commercial diagnostic kits (latex agglutination CALAS and CrAg IMMY). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the mAb18B7 ICT with CSF from patients with confirmed cryptococcal meningitis were 92.86%, 100% and 96.23%, respectively. No false positives were observed with samples from non-cryptococcosis patients. With serum samples, the mAb 18B7 ICT gave a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 96.15%, 97.78% and 96.91%, respectively. Our results show that the mAb 18B7 based ICT was reliable, reproducible, and cost-effective as a point-of-care immunodiagnostic test for cryptococcosis. The mAb 18B7 ICT may be particularly useful in countries where commercial kits are not available or affordable.
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Garcia-Gutiérrez CA, Cuétara-García MS, Moragues MD, Ligero J, Quevedo SM, Buitrago MJ. Low sensitivity of conventional fungal agars in fungemia by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: description of two cases. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:21. [PMID: 33773588 PMCID: PMC8005224 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although most bloodstream yeast infections are caused by Candida spp., infections by rare or less common species have increased in recent years. Diagnosis of infections caused by these species is difficult due to the lack of specific symptoms and adequate diagnostic tools. Cases presentation We describe two cases of fungemia by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa within a few months of each other, in a secondary Spanish hospital. In both cases, diagnosis was challenging. Blood subcultures in conventional fungal media were persistently negatives and the use of non-conventional fungal media was essential for isolating the yeasts and achieving a correct diagnosis. 1–3 beta-d-glucan detection and a panfungal PCR assay were helpful techniques to confirm the diagnosis Conclusion It is highly important to establish an early diagnosis for fungemia. The process is challenging because often non-specific symptoms are presents. When yeasts grow in blood cultures other genera than Candida spp. could be the cause of infection. Patient risk factors should be assessed to incorporate alternative culture media and the available rapid diagnostic test, in order to provide an early recognition of the pathogen. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-021-00427-w.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Dolores Moragues
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jorge Ligero
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara María Quevedo
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Buitrago
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Aguilar-Marcelino L, Al-Ani LKT, Freitas Soares FED, Moreira ALE, Téllez-Téllez M, Castañeda-Ramírez GS, Lourdes Acosta-Urdapilleta MD, Díaz-Godínez G, Pineda-Alegría JA. Formation, Resistance, and Pathogenicity of Fungal Biofilms: Current Trends and Future Challenges. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Carolus H, Pierson S, Lagrou K, Van Dijck P. Amphotericin B and Other Polyenes-Discovery, Clinical Use, Mode of Action and Drug Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E321. [PMID: 33261213 PMCID: PMC7724567 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although polyenes were the first broad spectrum antifungal drugs on the market, after 70 years they are still the gold standard to treat a variety of fungal infections. Polyenes such as amphotericin B have a controversial image. They are the antifungal drug class with the broadest spectrum, resistance development is still relatively rare and fungicidal properties are extensive. Yet, they come with a significant host toxicity that limits their use. Relatively recently, the mode of action of polyenes has been revised, new mechanisms of drug resistance were discovered and emergent polyene resistant species such as Candida auris entered the picture. This review provides a short description of the history and clinical use of polyenes, and focusses on the ongoing debate concerning their mode of action, the diversity of resistance mechanisms discovered to date and the most recent trends in polyene resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Carolus
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.); (S.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siebe Pierson
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.); (S.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, UZ Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.); (S.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Triazole Evolution of Candida parapsilosis Results in Cross-Resistance to Other Antifungal Drugs, Influences Stress Responses, and Alters Virulence in an Antifungal Drug-Dependent Manner. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00821-20. [PMID: 33115837 PMCID: PMC7593601 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00821-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis causes life-threatening fungal infections. In the last 2 decades, the increasing number of azole-resistant C. parapsilosis clinical isolates has been attributable to the overuse and misuse of fluconazole, the first-line antifungal agent most commonly used in several countries. To date, the range of applicable antifungal drugs is limited. As a consequence, it is essential to understand the possible mechanisms of antifungal resistance development and their effect on virulence in order to optimize antifungal treatment strategies in the clinical setting. Our results revealed that the prolonged exposure to azoles resulted not only in azole resistance but also in cross-resistance development. Our data further indicate that resistance development may occur through different mechanisms that can also alter the virulence of C. parapsilosis. These results highlight the consequences of prolonged drug usage and suggest the need for developing alternative antifungal treatment strategies in clinical practice. The number of invasive infections caused by Candida species is increasing worldwide. The incidence of candidiasis cases caused by non-albicans Candida species, such as Candida parapsilosis, is also increasing, and non-albicans Candida species are currently responsible for more invasive infections than C. albicans. Additionally, while the development of azole resistance during invasive disease with C. albicans remains uncommon, azole-resistant C. parapsilosis strains are frequently isolated in the hospital setting. In this study, we applied direct selection to generate azole-adapted and azole-evolved C. parapsilosis strains in order to examine the effect of azole resistance development on fungal viability and pathogenesis progression. Depending on the drug applied, the different evolved strains developed distinct cross-resistance patterns: the fluconazole-evolved (FLUEVO) and voriconazole-evolved (VOREVO) strains gained resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole only, while posaconazole evolution resulted in cross-resistance to all azoles and the posaconazole-evolved (POSEVO) strains showed higher echinocandin MIC values than the FLUEVO and VOREVO strains. Whole-genome sequencing results identified the development of different resistance mechanisms in the evolved strains: the FLUEVO and VOREVO strains harbored amino acid substitutions in Mrr1p (A808T and N394Y, respectively), and the POSEVO strain harbored an amino acid change in Erg3p (D14Y). By revealing increased efflux pump activity in both the FLUEVO and the VOREVO strains, along with the altered sterol composition of the POSEVO strain, we now highlight the impact of the above-mentioned amino acid changes in C. parapsilosis azole resistance development. We further revealed that the virulence of this species was only slightly or partially affected by fluconazole and voriconazole adaptation, while it significantly decreased after posaconazole adaptation. Our results suggest that triazole adaptation can result in azole cross-resistance and that this process may also result in virulence alterations in C. parapsilosis, depending on the applied drug. IMPORTANCECandida parapsilosis causes life-threatening fungal infections. In the last 2 decades, the increasing number of azole-resistant C. parapsilosis clinical isolates has been attributable to the overuse and misuse of fluconazole, the first-line antifungal agent most commonly used in several countries. To date, the range of applicable antifungal drugs is limited. As a consequence, it is essential to understand the possible mechanisms of antifungal resistance development and their effect on virulence in order to optimize antifungal treatment strategies in the clinical setting. Our results revealed that the prolonged exposure to azoles resulted not only in azole resistance but also in cross-resistance development. Our data further indicate that resistance development may occur through different mechanisms that can also alter the virulence of C. parapsilosis. These results highlight the consequences of prolonged drug usage and suggest the need for developing alternative antifungal treatment strategies in clinical practice.
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Ganeshkumar A, Nagarajan P, Mahalingam P, Balasubramanian S, Archunan PA, Govindaraju A, Rajaram R. Antifungal susceptibility and virulence profile of candida isolates from abnormal vaginal discharge of women from southern India. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 254:153-158. [PMID: 32971434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaginal candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection, largely associated with a woman's psychological and economic status. Recently, the rate of disease progression has increased extensively; however, region-specific studies are very limited. This study aimed to understand variation in hydrolytic activities and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolates from vaginal discharge. STUDY DESIGN The present study was aimed to understand the variation of hydrolytic activities and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolates from vaginal discharge. RESULTS In total, 34 different Candida isolates were collected: C. albicans (n = 17; 50 %), C. glabrata (n = 6; 17.64 %), C. tropicalis (n = 4; 11.76 %) and C. parapsilosis (n = 7; 20.58 %). All isolates were primarily identified and confirmed by basic microbiological methods followed by the VITEK-2 system. Antifungal susceptibility of the isolates were evaluated using yeast antifungal susceptibility testing cards. The isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis were 100 % susceptible to amphotericin B. The non-albicans isolates presented 100 % of proteolytic and lipolytic activity compared with C. albicans. Eight (47.06 %) C. albicans isolates showed positive esterase activity (Pz<1), whereas nine (52.94 %) were negative to esterase (Pz = 1). Of the 34 Candida isolates, 28 (82.35 %) were found to be moderate-to-strong biofilm producers: 14 C. albicans, three C. glabrata, six C. parapsilosis and five C. tropicalis. CONCLUSION This study clarified the antifungal susceptibility and virulence behaviour of Candida isolates; this will be of use in the selection of antifungal agents for Candida prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Ganeshkumar
- DNA Barcoding and Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India; Department of Microbiology, Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | - Prabhusaran Nagarajan
- Department of Microbiology, Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | - Pramila Mahalingam
- Department of Microbiology, Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, India; Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Memorial College, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | - Saranya Balasubramanian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | | | - Archunan Govindaraju
- Centre for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | - Rajendran Rajaram
- DNA Barcoding and Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The successful treatment of surgical fungal infections depends of a timely and adequate source control alongside with the use of prompt systemic antifungals. The main challenge of antifungal use in critically ill surgical patients is to find a balance between rational versus indiscriminate use in order to accomplish an antifungal stewardship program. RECENT FINDINGS Surgical fungal infections represent an important burden in the daily clinical activity in many ICUs. The efficacy of the available antifungal drugs has not been adequately assessed in randomized controlled trials with surgical fungal infections in ICU patients. Most clinical experience is limited to case reports or uncontrolled case series. Due to the lack of adequate scientific evidence to assess the role of the different antifungals in surgical ICU patients, it is usually suggested to follow the recommendations for invasive candidiasis and candidemia. SUMMARY Antifungal use in the surgical patients admitted to an ICU is a complex matter and there are several elements to consider like the presence of septic shock and multiorgan failure, local epidemiology and antifungal resistance, among others. The proper use of antifungals alongside early recognition and prompt source control, are critical factors for improved outcomes.
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Neofytos D. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Preemptive Approaches for the Prevention of Infections in the Stem Cell Transplant Recipient, with Analogies to the Hematologic Malignancy Patient. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:361-380. [PMID: 31005133 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious complications represent one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Prophylactic and preemptive treatment strategies against bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic pathogens are routinely implemented during high-risk post-HCT periods at most transplant centers. The basic concepts and review of current guidelines of antibiotic prophylaxis and empirical/preemptive antibiotic treatment in allogeneic HCT recipients are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios Neofytos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.
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20
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Onuchic L, Sato VAH, de Menezes Neves PDM, Balbo BEP, Portela-Neto AA, Ferreira FT, Watanabe EH, Watanabe A, de Almeida MCS, de Abreu Testagrossa L, Chocair PR, Onuchic LF. Two cases of fungal cyst infection in ADPKD: is this really a rare complication? BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:911. [PMID: 31664917 PMCID: PMC6819534 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyst infection is a prevalent complication in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients, however therapeutic and diagnostic approaches towards this condition remain unclear. The confirmation of a likely episode of cyst infection by isolating the pathogenic microorganism in a clinical scenario is possible only in the minority of cases. The available antimicrobial treatment guidelines, therefore, might not be appropriate to some patients. Case presentation We describe two unique cases of kidney cyst infection by Candida albicans, a condition that has not been previously described in literature. Both cases presented clear risk factors for Candida spp. infection. However, since there was no initial indication of cyst aspiration and culture, antifungal therapy was not immediately started and empirical treatment was initiated as recommended by the current guidelines. Antifungal treatment was instituted in both cases along the clinical course, according to their specificities. Conclusion Our report highlights the possibility of Candida spp. cyst infection. Failure of clinical improvement with antibiotics should raise the suspicion of a fungal infection. Identification of infected cysts should be pursued in such cases, particularly with PET-CT, and when technically possible followed by cyst aspiration and culture to guide treatment. Risk factors for this condition, such as Candida spp. colonization, previous antimicrobial therapy, hemodialysis, necrotizing pancreatitis, gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary surgical procedure, central venous catheter, total parenteral nutrition, diabetes mellitus and immunodeficiency (neutropenia < 500 neutrophils/mL, hematologic malignancy, chemotherapy, immunosuppressant drugs), should be also considered accepted criteria for empirical antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Onuchic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 4304, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | | | - Precil Diego Miranda de Menezes Neves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 4304, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Eduardo Pedroso Balbo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 4304, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Antônio Abel Portela-Neto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 4304, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Trani Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 4304, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Elieser Hitoshi Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 4304, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Andreia Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 4304, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Renato Chocair
- Nephrology and Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Onuchic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 4304, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil.
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Khatoon N, Sharma Y, Sardar M, Manzoor N. Mode of action and anti-Candida activity of Artemisia annua mediated-synthesized silver nanoparticles. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:201-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dar OA, Lone SA, Malik MA, Wani MY, Talukdar MIA, Al‐Bogami AS, Hashmi AA, Ahmad A. Heteroleptic transition metal complexes of Schiff‐base‐derived ligands exert their antifungal activity by disrupting membrane integrity. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ovas Ahmad Dar
- Department of ChemistryJamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Lone
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg 2193 South Africa
| | | | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Jeddah Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg 2193 South Africa
- Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic HospitalNational Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg 2193 South Africa
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Sah P, Patel P, Chandrashekar C, Martena S, Ballal M, Hegde M, Guddattu V, Murdoch C, Sharma M, Radhakrishnan R. Oral candidal carriage correlates with CD4 + cell count but not with HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e12438. [PMID: 31313889 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The occurrence of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) may be influenced by oral candidal carriage (OCC). Although OPC is strongly associated with low CD4+ cell count (400-700 cells/mm3 ) and a lack of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the effect of these two parameters on OCC is debatable. We investigated the oral candidal carriage, species diversity, antifungal susceptibility and the association of OCC with CD4+ cell count and HAART. METHODS Oral candidal isolates from 120 HIV+ patients (60 receiving and 60 not receiving HAART) and 60 healthy controls were quantified, and their species determined using standard culture and biochemical methods, followed by antifungal susceptibility testing using the agar dilution method. RESULTS The OCC was significantly higher in HIV+ patients; Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species in both groups, followed by Candida tropicalis. Candidal density carriage correlated significantly with CD4+ cell count, but not with HIV and HAART status. Among the isolates from HIV+ patients, 35.4% showed reduced susceptibility to fluconazole. CONCLUSION HIV status results in significantly elevated rates of OCC C albicans remains the predominant pathogen, although other species are emerging rapidly. Resistance to fluconazole is on the rise, and more efficient treatment strategies need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratik Patel
- Clinical Oral Pathologist, Oroscan Diagnostics, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Chetana Chandrashekar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Suganthi Martena
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Mamatha Ballal
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Manjayya Hegde
- Antiretroviral Treatment Centre, Government District Hospital, Udupi, India
| | - Vasudeva Guddattu
- Department of Statistics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Craig Murdoch
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
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Fay VDS, Gregianini TS, Veiga ABGD, Gonçalves SMB, Rodrigues DM, Bonamigo RR. A 12-year study of fungal infections in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Rev Iberoam Micol 2019; 36:55-60. [PMID: 31014946 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of fungal infections has increased in recent years in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Epidemiological studies are important for proper control of infections. AIMS To evaluate the etiology of fungal infections in patients in RS, from 2003 to 2015. METHODS This is a retrospective and longitudinal study carried out at Mycology Department of Central Laboratory of RS; 13,707 samples were evaluated. The variables sex, age, site of infection, and etiologic agent were analyzed. Susceptibility of Candida to fluconazole was tested in isolates from samples collected in 2015 from 51 outpatients. RESULTS Of the 13,707 samples, 840 cases (6.12%) of fungal infections were found and included in the analyses; female gender accounted for the 55.9% of the cases. The main fungus was Candida albicans (450 cases, 53.38%; p<0.001). Onychomycosis was the most frequent infection in superficial mycoses. Systemic mycoses accounted for 54.05% of the cases, from which 68.8% occurred in males, mainly HIV-positive (33.11%), and the main etiologic agent in these cases was Cryptococcus neoformans (73.13%). Among 51 samples tested for susceptibility to fluconazole, 78.43% of Candida isolates were susceptible; 5.88% were susceptible in a dose-dependent manner, and 15.69% were resistant. CONCLUSIONS C. albicans is a common cause of fungal infections in RS, accounting for half of the cases; resistance to antifungals was found in non-hospitalized patients. In addition, women seem to be more susceptible to fungal infections than men, however men show more systemic mycoses than women. The nails are the most common site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa da Silva Fay
- LACEN/SES-RS (Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini
- LACEN/SES-RS (Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia da Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Stela Maris Bottin Gonçalves
- LACEN/SES-RS (Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diana Mara Rodrigues
- LACEN/SES-RS (Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renan Rangel Bonamigo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia da Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Dermatologia da Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Ambulatório de Dermatologia Sanitária da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Patients with suppressed immunity are at the highest risk for hospital-acquired infections. Among these, invasive candidiasis is the most prevalent systemic fungal nosocomial infection. Over recent decades, the combined prevalence of non-albicans Candida species outranked Candida albicans infections in several geographical regions worldwide, highlighting the need to understand their pathobiology in order to develop effective treatment and to prevent future outbreaks. Candida parapsilosis is the second or third most frequently isolated Candida species from patients. Besides being highly prevalent, its biology differs markedly from that of C. albicans, which may be associated with C. parapsilosis' increased incidence. Differences in virulence, regulatory and antifungal drug resistance mechanisms, and the patient groups at risk indicate that conclusions drawn from C. albicans pathobiology cannot be simply extrapolated to C. parapsilosis Such species-specific characteristics may also influence their recognition and elimination by the host and the efficacy of antifungal drugs. Due to the availability of high-throughput, state-of-the-art experimental tools and molecular genetic methods adapted to C. parapsilosis, genome and transcriptome studies are now available that greatly contribute to our understanding of what makes this species a threat. In this review, we summarize 10 years of findings on C. parapsilosis pathogenesis, including the species' genetic properties, transcriptome studies, host responses, and molecular mechanisms of virulence. Antifungal susceptibility studies and clinician perspectives are discussed. We also present regional incidence reports in order to provide an updated worldwide epidemiology summary.
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Dar OA, Lone SA, Malik MA, Wani MY, Ahmad A, Hashmi AA. New transition metal complexes with a pendent indole ring: insights into the antifungal activity and mode of action. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15151-15157. [PMID: 35514852 PMCID: PMC9064211 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new chemotherapeutic agents to treat multidrug-resistant fungal infections to augment the current treatment options is a must. In this direction, a series of mixed ligand complexes was synthesized from a Schiff base (L) obtained by the condensation of 2-hydroxynapthaldehyde and tryptamine, and 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-phen) as a secondary ligand. Based on spectral characterization and physical measurements an octahedral geometry was assigned to [Co(phen)LClH2O] (C2), [Ni(phen)LClH2O](C3), and [Zn(phen)LClH2O](C4) complexes while a distorted octahedral geometry was assigned to the [Cu(phen)LClH2O](C1) complex. All the synthesized compounds were tested for antifungal activity against 11 Candida albicans isolates, including fluconazole (FLC) resistant isolates, by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations and studying growth curves. MIC results suggest that all the newly synthesized compounds have potent antifungal activity at varying levels. The rapid action of these compounds on fungal cells suggested a membrane-located target for their action. Mixed ligand complexes containing a pendent indole showed significant proton pump ATPase targeted antifungal activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovas Ahmad Dar
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Lone
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- School of Pathology
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of the Witwatersrand
- Johannesburg
| | | | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- University of Jeddah
- Jeddah 21589
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- School of Pathology
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of the Witwatersrand
- Johannesburg
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Hu Z, Zhang J, Chen Z, Jin Z, Leng P, Zhou J, Xie X. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric identification and antifungal susceptibility analysis of Candida species isolated from patients with invasive yeast infections in five university hospitals. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 50:99-105. [PMID: 30637643 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-018-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this multicenter study, we compared the performance of the Bruker Biotyper MS system and VITEK 2 YST systems for invasive yeast identification, investigated the distribution of isolated species, and evaluated the antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. In cases of discrepant results lack of identification with either method, molecular identification techniques were employed. We tested 216 clinical isolates, and concordance between the two methods was observed for 192/216 isolates (88.9%). For five unidentified strains (2.3%), an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing approach was used. In brief, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) provided short turnaround times and more reliable results than those of Vitek 2 YST. In Wuhan, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, and C. tropicalis were the most common pathogens (93.0%) in patients with candidemia. Cryptococcus neoformans was mainly detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples (88.9%). Trichosporon asahii were all isolated from drainage fluids in the Surgery. Candida albicans was clearly susceptible to azoles, while C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis displayed differences in susceptibility to azoles. Our findings provide a basis for the practical application of MALDI-ToF MS for identification and for the use of ATB FUNGUS 3 to characterize the susceptibility of Candida spp., thereby providing significant data for therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Hu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 215 Zhongshan Ave., Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Juling Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 302 Hospital, No. 100 West Fourth Ring Road, Peking, 100166, China
| | - Zhongju Chen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Liberation Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhengjiang Jin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Hubei Women and Children's Hospital, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pei Leng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, No. 100 Xianggang Road, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Junying Zhou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Soochow, 215006, China
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Rasch S, Mayr U, Phillip V, Schmid RM, Huber W, Algül H, Lahmer T. Increased risk of candidemia in patients with necrotising pancreatitis infected with candida species. Pancreatology 2018; 18:630-634. [PMID: 30017450 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Candida infections are frequent in necrotising pancreatitis. Candidemia is associated with very high mortality and its risk due to infected pancreatic necrosis is unknown. So we aimed to assess potential risk factors and the risk of candidemia in necrotising pancreatitis. METHODS We retrospectively searched our clinical database for the diagnosis necrotising pancreatitis from 2007 till March 2017 and entered relevant information in a database for statistical analysis. RESULTS in total, 136 patients met the inclusion criteria. Candida infected pancreatic necrosis were found in 54 patients and 7 patients developed candidemia. Patients with Candida infected necrosis had a significantly higher in hospital mortality (35.2% versus 13.4%, p = 0.003). The highest mortality was observed in patients with candidemia (57.1% versus 20.2%, p = 0.042). Male gender (OR 0.32, CI 0.13-0.78, p = 0.013) and post-ERCP pancreatitis (OR 4.32, CI 1.01-18.36, p = 0.048) had a significant impact on the risk of Candida infections of pancreatic necrosis. Candidemia was significantly more frequent in patients with Candida infected necrosis (11.1% versus 1.2%, p = 0.016). Candida albicans was the most common species followed by Candida glabrata. CONCLUSION Candidemia is a relevant complication of necrotising pancreatitis and associated with high mortality. If patients do not respond to antibiotic therapy empiric antifungal therapy should be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rasch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Mayr
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Veit Phillip
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Tobias Lahmer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
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Abstract
Various fungi and bacteria can colonize in the brain and produce physical alterations seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Environmental and genetic factors affect the occurrence of fungal colonization, and how fungi can grow, enter the brain, and interact with the innate immune system. The essence of AD development is the defeat of the innate immune system, whether through vulnerable patient health status or treatment that suppresses inflammation by suppressing the innate immune system. External and mechanical factors that lead to inflammation are a door for pathogenic opportunity. Current research associates the presence of fungi in the etiology of AD and is shown in cerebral tissue at autopsy. From the time of the discovery of AD, much speculation exists for an infective cause. Identifying any AD disease organism is obscured by processes that can take place over years. Amyloid protein deposits are generally considered to be evidence of an intrinsic response to stress or imbalance, but instead amyloid may be evidence of the innate immune response which exists to destroy fungal colonization through structural interference and cytotoxicity. Fungi can remain ensconced for a long time in niches or inside cells, and it is the harboring of fungi that leads to repeated reinfection and slow wider colonization that eventually leads to a grave outcome. Although many fungi and bacteria are associated with AD affected tissues, discussion here focuses on Candida albicans as the archetype of human fungal pathology because of its wide proliferation as a commensal fungus, extensive published research, numerous fungal morphologies, and majority proliferation in AD tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Parady
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Visiting Scholar, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA, USA
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Byun SA, Won EJ, Kim MN, Lee WG, Lee K, Lee HS, Uh Y, Healey KR, Perlin DS, Choi MJ, Kim SH, Shin JH. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Genotypes of Candida glabrata Bloodstream Isolates in Korea: Association With Antifungal Resistance, Mutations in Mismatch Repair Gene (Msh2), and Clinical Outcomes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1523. [PMID: 30057573 PMCID: PMC6053515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates from a particular geographic area have been reported to comprise a relatively small number of the major sequence types (STs) by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. Yet little is known about the characteristics of major ST strains of C. glabrata. To address this question in Korea, we investigated antifungal resistance and non-synonymous mutations of the mismatch repair gene (msh2 mutations) in C. glabrata BSI isolates, as well as associated clinical characteristics, and compared the results according to MLST genotype. We assessed a total of 209 C. glabrata BSI isolates from seven hospitals in Korea for 2 years (2009 and 2014). Clinical features of candidemia and their outcomes were analyzed for 185 available cases. According to MLST, ST7 (47.8%) was the most common type, followed by ST3 (22.5%); the remainder represented 28 types of minor STs (29.7%). Fluconazole-resistance (FR) rates for ST7, ST3, and other strains were 9.0% (9/100), 8.5% (4/47), and 4.8% (3/62), respectively, and all were susceptible to amphotericin B and micafungin. All ST7 isolates harbored the V239L mutation in msh2, known to confer hypermutability, while 91.5% of ST3 isolates did not harbor the msh2 mutation. Overall, isolates of the same ST had identical msh2 mutations, with the exception of nine isolates. The msh2 mutations were identified in 68.8% (11/16) of the FR isolates and 67.4% (130/193) of the fluconazole susceptible-dose dependent isolates. There was no significant difference in all clinical characteristics between ST3 and ST7. However, the 30-day mortality of C. glabrata candidemia due to the two major ST (ST3 or ST7) strains was significantly higher than that of candidemia due to other minor ST strains (45.1 vs. 25.0%, p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis also showed that two major STs (ST3 and ST7) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. This study showed for the first time that two STs (ST7 and ST3) were predominant among BSI isolates in Korea, and that C. glabrata BSI isolates belonging to two major MLST genotypes are characterized by higher mortality. In addition, most msh2 mutations align with MLST genotype, irrespective of FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung A Byun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wee Gyo Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyungwon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Soo Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Young Uh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Kelley R Healey
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NY, United States
| | - David S Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NY, United States
| | - Min Ji Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jong Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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31
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Bitew A, Abebaw Y. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: species distribution of Candida and their antifungal susceptibility pattern. BMC Womens Health 2018; 18:94. [PMID: 29902998 PMCID: PMC6003188 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a global issue of concern due to its association with economic costs, sexually transmitted infections, and ascending genital tract infection. The aim of this study was to determine species distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species causing vulvovaginal candidiasis. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to December 2016 at the Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia. Vaginal swabs collected from study subjects that were clinically diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis were cultured. Yeast identification and antifungal susceptibility testing were determined by the automated VITEK 2 compact system. The association of vulvovaginal candidiasis with possible risk factors was assessed and analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS The overall prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis was 41.4%. The association of vulvovaginal candidiasis was statistically significant with previous genital tract infection (p = 0.004), number of life-time male sex partners (p = .037), and number of male sex partners in 12 month (p = 0.001). Of 87 Candida isolates recovered, 58.6% were C. albicans while 41.4% were non-albicans Candida species. The highest overall drug resistance rate of Candida species was observed against fluconazole (17.2%), followed by flycytosine (5.7%). All Candida isolates were 100% susceptible to voriconazole, caspofungin, and micafungin. C. albicans, was 100% susceptible to all drugs tested except fluconazole and flycytosine with a resistance rate of 2% each drug. C. krusei, was 100 and 33.3% resistant to fluconazole and flycytosine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis and observation of high prevalence rate of non-albicans Candida species in the present study substantiate, the importance of conducting continuous epidemiological surveys to measure changes in species distribution from C. albicans to non-albicans Candida species in Ethiopia. Although, fluconazole still appeared to be active against all isolates of C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species high resistance rate of C. krusei against the drug may demonstrate a search for alternative antifungal drugs when treating vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. krusei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Bitew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshiwork Abebaw
- Department Clinical Laboratory, Fitche Hospital, P.O. Box 46, Oromia Administrative Region, Ethiopia
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Egue LAN, N'guessan FK, Aka-Gbezo S, Bouatenin JPKM, Koussemon-Camara M. Candida species in tchapalo and bangui, two traditional alcoholic beverages from Côte d'Ivoire. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:283-292. [PMID: 29665954 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The increase of infections due to non-Candida albicans species made it very necessary to conduct adequate characterization to be able to identify the species of Candida isolated from traditional fermented foods. In this study, based on their hue on Candida Chromogenic Agar medium, a total of 136 yeast strains were isolated from tchapalo and bangui. Molecular identification based on PCR-RFLP of internal transcribed spacers of rDNA (ITS) and sequencing of the ITS and the D1/D2 regions allowed us to assign these isolates to seven species: Candida tropicalis, Candida inconspicua, Candida rugosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Trichosporon asahii. With the respect to each beverage, six species were found among with four species are regarded as opportunistic pathogens. From these, C. tropicalis, C. inconspicua and K. marxianus were the most commonly encountered. The enzyme activities of the potential pathogens assessed using API ZYM system showed that almost strains had esterase, esterase lipase, valine and cystine arylamidase, alpha chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase and naphthol phosphohydrolase activities. The activity of α-glucosidase was found only in C. tropicalis and C. inconspicua strains isolated from tchapalo while β-glucosidase activity was found in all strains from tchapalo and only in C. inconspicua isolated from bangui.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A N Egue
- Nangui Abrogoua University, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology (UFR-STA), 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire.
| | - Florent K N'guessan
- Nangui Abrogoua University, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology (UFR-STA), 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Solange Aka-Gbezo
- Nangui Abrogoua University, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology (UFR-STA), 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Jean-Paul K M Bouatenin
- Nangui Abrogoua University, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology (UFR-STA), 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Marina Koussemon-Camara
- Nangui Abrogoua University, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology (UFR-STA), 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire
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De Zoysa GH, Glossop HD, Sarojini V. Unexplored antifungal activity of linear battacin lipopeptides against planktonic and mature biofilms of C. albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:344-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Clinically Relevant Candida Species Simultaneously from Blood Culture by Use of a Novel Signal Amplification Approach. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 56:JCM.00982-17. [PMID: 29046411 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00982-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal bloodstream infections are a significant problem in the United States, with an attributable mortality rate of up to 40%. An early diagnosis to direct appropriate therapy has been shown to be critical to reduce mortality rates. Conventional phenotypic methods for fungal detection take several days, which is often too late to impact outcomes. Herein, we describe a cost-effective multiplex assay platform for the rapid detection and differentiation of major clinically relevant Candida species directly from blood culture. This approach utilizes a novel biotin-labeled polymer-mediated signal amplification process combined with targeting rRNA to exploit phylogenetic differences for sensitive and unambiguous species identification; this assay detects seven pathogenic Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, and C. guilliermondii) simultaneously with very high specificity to the species level in less than 80 min with the limits of detection at 1 × 103 to 10 × 103 CFU/ml or as few as 50 CFU per assay. The performance of the described assay was verified with 67 clinical samples (including mixed multiple-species infections as well), with an overall 100% agreement with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry-based reference results. By providing a species identity rapidly, the clinician is aided with information that may direct appropriate therapy sooner and more accurately than current approaches, including PCR-based tests.
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Berrio I, Maldonado N, De Bedout C, Arango K, Cano LE, Valencia Y, Jiménez-Ortigosa C, Perlin DS, Gómez BL, Robledo C, Robledo J. Comparative study of Candida spp. isolates: Identification and echinocandin susceptibility in isolates obtained from blood cultures in 15 hospitals in Medellín, Colombia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 13:254-260. [PMID: 29183771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Invasive candidiasis has a high impact on morbidity and mortality in hospitalised patients. Accurate and timely methods for identification of Candida spp. and determination of echinocandin susceptibility have become a priority for clinical microbiology laboratories. METHODS This study was performed to compare matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) identification with sequencing of the D1/D2 region of the rRNA gene complex 28 subunit in 147 Candida spp. isolates obtained from patients with candidaemia. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution (BMD) and Etest. Sequencing of the FKS1 and FKS2 genes was performed. RESULTS The most common species isolated were Candida albicans (40.8%), followed by Candida parapsilosis (23.1%) and Candida tropicalis (17.0%). Overall agreement between the results of identification by MALDI-TOF/MS and molecular identification was 99.3%. Anidulafungin and caspofungin susceptibility by the BMD method was 98.0% and 88.4%, respectively. Susceptibility to anidulafungin and caspofungin by Etest was 93.9% and 98.6%, respectively. Categorical agreement between Etest and BMD was 91.8% for anidulafungin and 89.8% for caspofungin, with lower agreements in C. parapsilosis for anidulafungin (76.5%) and C. glabrata for caspofungin (40.0%). No mutations related to resistance were found in the FKS genes, although 54 isolates presented synonymous polymorphisms in the hotspots sequenced. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-TOF/MS is a good alternative for routine identification of Candida spp. isolates. DNA sequencing of the FKS genes suggested that the isolates analysed were susceptible to echinocandins; alternatively, unknown resistance mechanisms or limitations related to antifungal susceptibility tests may explain the resistance found in a few isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Berrio
- Clínica El Rosario, Carrera 41 #62-5, Medellín, Colombia; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia; Hospital general de Medellín "Luz Castro de Gutierrez" ESE, Carrera 48 # 32-102, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Maldonado
- Laboratorio Médico de Referencia, Calle 63 No. 41-27, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Catalina De Bedout
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Karen Arango
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luz Elena Cano
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia; Microbiology School, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Cl. 67 #53-108, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yorlady Valencia
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cristina Jiménez-Ortigosa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David S Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Beatriz L Gómez
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Rosario, Calle 12C No. 6-25, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Robledo
- Laboratorio Médico de Referencia, Calle 63 No. 41-27, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaime Robledo
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia; Laboratorio Médico de Referencia, Calle 63 No. 41-27, Medellín, Colombia; School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), Calle 78b No. 72a-109, Medellín, Colombia
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Investigating Clinical Issues by Genotyping of Medically Important Fungi: Why and How? Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:671-707. [PMID: 28490578 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping studies of medically important fungi have addressed elucidation of outbreaks, nosocomial transmissions, infection routes, and genotype-phenotype correlations, of which secondary resistance has been most intensively investigated. Two methods have emerged because of their high discriminatory power and reproducibility: multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and microsatellite length polymorphism (MLP) using short tandem repeat (STR) markers. MLST relies on single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the coding regions of housekeeping genes. STR polymorphisms are based on the number of repeats of short DNA fragments, mostly outside coding regions, and thus are expected to be more polymorphic and more rapidly evolving than MLST markers. There is no consensus on a universal typing system. Either one or both of these approaches are now available for Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and endemic mycoses. The choice of the method and the number of loci to be tested depend on the clinical question being addressed. Next-generation sequencing is becoming the most appropriate method for fungi with no MLP or MLST typing available. Whatever the molecular tool used, collection of clinical data (e.g., time of hospitalization and sharing of similar rooms) is mandatory for investigating outbreaks and nosocomial transmission.
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Cryptococcus neoformans Epidemiological Cutoff Values. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-017-0295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of candidemia isolates of non-albicans Candida species from cancer patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e87. [PMID: 29018251 PMCID: PMC5658770 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Candidemia is a growing concern worldwide, and its species distribution has shifted toward non-albicans Candida in recent decades, especially in patients with malignancy. This study aimed to update the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of non-albicans candidemia isolates from the cancer patients. Adult cancer patients with non-albicans candidemia were recruited, and clinical data were retrospectively collected from five medical centers in Taiwan from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2014. In vitro susceptibility was determined by the broth dilution method using a Sensititre YeastOne system and interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. A total of 346 episodes of non-albicans candidemia were identified in cancer patients. Candida tropicalis was the most common species (n=145, 41.9%) and had the highest resistance rate to fluconazole (n=17, 13.9%) among all the preserved isolates, including C. tropicalis, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis. A higher Charlson comorbidity index, non-albicans candidemia due to C. tropicalis, neutropenia and septic shock were independent predictors of 28-day mortality. In conclusion, the species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of non-albicans candidemia isolates in our study differed from those in Western countries, providing useful information about local epidemiology for the selection of empirical antifungal agents for cancer patients.
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Zhu Z, Zhou X, Li B, Wang S, Cheng F, Zhang J. Genomic Analysis and Resistance Mechanisms in Shigella flexneri 2a Strain 301. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:323-336. [PMID: 28853989 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is one of the most prominent pathogenic bacteria in developing countries. In the battle against shigellosis and other bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has become an increasing global public health threat. Although the serious phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) has been identified as one of the top three burdens on human health, resistance mechanisms are still poorly understood at the molecular level. In this study, we analyzed genomic data and the evolution of resistance in Shigella flexneri under sequential selection stress from three separate antibiotics: ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftriaxone (CRO), and tetracycline. Through whole-genome sequencing, 82 chromosomal antibiotic resistance genes were identified. Re-sequencing of the evolved populations identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that contributed to MDR and SNPs that were specific to a single drug. A total of 40 SNPs in 8 genes and 3 intergenic regions, including mutations in metG (L582R) and 1538924, 1538924, and 1538924, appeared under each antibiotic. Several nonsynonymous mutations in gyrB (S464Y), ydgA (E378A), rob (R156H), and narX (K75E) were observed under selective pressure from CIP or CRO. Based on a bioinformatic analysis and previous reports, we discuss the contribution of these mutated genes to resistance. Therefore, more circumspect selection and use of antimicrobial drugs for treating shigellosis is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , CAAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , CAAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , CAAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , CAAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , CAAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , CAAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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40
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Yeasts. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27726781 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.dmih2-0030-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are unicellular organisms that reproduce mostly by budding and less often by fission. Most medically important yeasts originate from Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Here, we review taxonomy, epidemiology, disease spectrum, antifungal drug susceptibility patterns of medically important yeast, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategies.
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Petrovan C, Bereczki-Temistocle DL, Man A. Original Research. Candida in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: Clinical Findings and Risk Factors. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/jim-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Candida, and especially Candida albicans, colonizes the oral mucosa and becomes invasive when the immune system weakens. Therefore, frequently, oral and maxillofacial pathology can be associated with Candida. Objective: The qualitative and quantitative assessment of Candida colonization of the oral cavity in patients with oro-maxillo-facial conditions; to establish an association between the different contributing factors and colonization. Material and methods: Samples were collected from 70 patients hospitalized in the Clinic of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, by rinsing the mouth with sterile saline; historical data were also collected. The samples were analyzed at the Microbiology Laboratory of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureș, using Sabouraud agar medium. For each isolate, the antifungigram for Fluconazole and Voriconazole was performed following the CLSI standards. Results: From the 70 samples 45.7% were positive for 11 different yeast species. Regarding predisposing factors, most importantly, smoking was significantly associated with Candida colonization (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.42-3.84; p <0.05). Other factors, such as radiotherapy, oral hygiene or antibiotics, are related, but not statistically significant in our study. Candida albicans was the predominant species (38.8%). The testing of Candida albicans and non-albicans to Fluconazole showed an increased resistance (52.4%) in both cases, while the resistance to Voriconazole was 50% and 12.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Colonization of the oral cavity with Candida is present in about half of the patients with OMF conditions, and this is probably not only due to classical predisposing factors, but also due to chronic oral pathology and to several risk factors like smoking or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Petrovan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania Romania
- Clinic of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Bd. 1 Decembrie 1918 nr. 26 540011, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | | | - Adrian Man
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Gheorghe Marinescu nr. 38, 540139, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
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Khan S, Imran M, Imran M, Pindari N. Antimicrobial activity of various ethanolic plant extracts against pathogenic multi drug resistant Candida spp. Bioinformation 2017; 13:67-72. [PMID: 28584446 PMCID: PMC5450247 DOI: 10.6026/97320630013067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 50 Candida isolates were isolated and identified from clinical specimens and these were tested for resistance to various antifungal drugs. It was observed multi-drug resistance in all candida isolates by 84%, 62%, 60%, 76%, 46, 30%, and 22% against fluconazole, clotrimazole, Amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and nystatin tested respectively. The isolates, which were found to be resistant to antifungal drugs were selected and subjected to antifungal testing against six ethanolic plants, extract namely Azadiracta indica, Allium sativum, Cordia dichotoma Ocimum sanctum, Syzygium cumini and Trigonella foenum grecum. All the plant extracts tested were found to effective against all MDR Candida isolates with inhibition zone ranging from 10- 18mm in diameter. Ethanolic extract of Allium sativum was observed most effective against the isolates among all the plants extracts tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all ethanolic plant extract was recorded ranging from 1.56-25mg/ml against MDR candida isolates. Phytochemical analysis of the alcoholic plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavanoid, glycosoid, phenol; phenol, tannins, saponins in all the plants studied. The present study may be successful in identifying the plants with different antimicrobial activity. These plants containing various phytochemicals may be exploited in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by drug-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow U.P. India
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow U.P. India
| | - Mohammed Imran
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow U.P. India
| | - Nuzhat Pindari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow U.P. India
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43
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McMorris TE, Smith WJ, Kupiec K, Salvaggio M, Skrepnek GH, Abraham L, Resendez S. Micafungin Therapy for Symptomatic Candiduria in Hospitalized Patients. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Patel PN, Sah P, Chandrashekar C, Vidyasagar S, Venkata Rao J, Tiwari M, Radhakrishnan R. Oral candidal speciation, virulence and antifungal susceptibility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 125:10-19. [PMID: 28131069 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the oral candidal carriage (OCC), activity of virulent factors and fluconazole susceptibility in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and investigate their association with HbA1c measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted on 100 diabetics and 100 healthy volunteers. The virulence was assessed by measuring the phospholipase activity and proteolysis index. Fluconazole susceptibility was performed using the gradient diffusion method. The OCC, virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility were correlated with patients' HbA1c measurements. RESULTS The OCC and candidal density carriage was significantly higher in diabetics. Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most frequently isolated species followed by Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis). Relatively uncommon species, Candida lusitaniae (C. lusitaniae) and Candida lipolytica (C. lipolytica) were isolated from the diabetics. Prevalence of virulence factor, proteinase, was greater in diabetic group (p<0.05). Reduced fluconazole susceptibility was noted among the isolates from diabetics; however it was not statistically significant (p=0.593). Except one, all the susceptible-dose dependent and resistant isolates were Candida no-albicans (C. non-albicans). CONCLUSION C. albicans remains the predominant pathogen in diabetics, although other species are on the rise. Compared to control group, the isolated species from T2DM group had higher proteinase activity. Resistance to fluconazole was considerably greater among the C. non-albicans isolates from T2DM group. These findings warrant effective treatment modalities to reduce the occurrence of oropharyngeal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik N Patel
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, MCODS, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Parul Sah
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, MCODS, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Chetana Chandrashekar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, MCODS, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudha Vidyasagar
- Department of Medicine, KMC, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - J Venkata Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Microbiology, MCOPS, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Mradul Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Microbiology, MCOPS, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, MCODS, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
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45
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Magobo RE, Naicker SD, Wadula J, Nchabeleng M, Coovadia Y, Hoosen A, Lockhart SR, Govender NP. Detection of neonatal unit clusters of Candida parapsilosis fungaemia by microsatellite genotyping: Results from laboratory-based sentinel surveillance, South Africa, 2009-2010. Mycoses 2017; 60:320-327. [PMID: 28101934 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal candidaemia is a common, deadly and costly hospital-associated disease. To determine the genetic diversity of Candida parapsilosis causing fungaemia in South African neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). From February 2009 through to August 2010, cases of candidaemia were reported through laboratory-based surveillance. C. parapsilosis isolates from neonatal cases were submitted for identification by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing, antifungal susceptibility testing and microsatellite genotyping. Cluster analysis was performed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Of 1671 cases with a viable Candida isolate, 393 (24%) occurred among neonates. Isolates from 143 neonatal cases were confirmed as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto. Many isolates were resistant to fluconazole (77/143; 54%) and voriconazole (20/143; 14%). Of 79 closely-related genotypes, 18 were represented by ≥2 isolates; 61 genotypes had a single isolate each. Seven clusters, comprised of 82 isolates, were identified at five hospitals in three provinces. Isolates belonging to certain clusters were significantly more likely to be fluconazole resistant: all cluster 7 isolates and the majority of cluster 4 (78%), 5 (89%) and 6 (67%) isolates (P<.001). Candida parapsilosis-associated candidaemia in public-sector NICUs was caused by closely related genotypes and there was molecular evidence of undetected outbreaks as well as intra-hospital transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rindidzani E Magobo
- Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases - Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Serisha D Naicker
- Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases - Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jeannette Wadula
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maphoshane Nchabeleng
- National Health Laboratory Service, Dr George Mukhari Hospital, Medical University of South Africa, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Yacoob Coovadia
- National Health Laboratory Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anwar Hoosen
- National Health Laboratory Service, Universitas Hospital, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Shawn R Lockhart
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nelesh P Govender
- Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases - Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Dellière S, Healey K, Gits-Muselli M, Carrara B, Barbaro A, Guigue N, Lecefel C, Touratier S, Desnos-Ollivier M, Perlin DS, Bretagne S, Alanio A. Fluconazole and Echinocandin Resistance of Candida glabrata Correlates Better with Antifungal Drug Exposure Rather than with MSH2 Mutator Genotype in a French Cohort of Patients Harboring Low Rates of Resistance. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2038. [PMID: 28066361 PMCID: PMC5179511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a major pathogenic yeast in humans that is known to rapidly acquire resistance to triazole and echinocandin antifungal drugs. A mutator genotype (MSH2 polymorphism) inducing a mismatch repair defect has been recently proposed to be responsible for resistance acquisition in C. glabrata clinical isolates. Our objectives were to evaluate the prevalence of antifungal resistance in a large cohort of patients in Saint-Louis hospital, Paris, France, some of whom were pre-exposed to antifungal drugs, as well as to determine whether MSH2 polymorphisms are associated with an increased rate of fluconazole or echinocandin resistance. We collected 268 isolates from 147 patients along with clinical data and previous antifungal exposure. Fluconazole and micafungin minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) were tested, short tandem repeat genotyping was performed, and the MSH2 gene was sequenced. According to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility breakpoints, 15.7% of isolates were resistant to fluconazole (MIC > 32 mg/L) and 0.7% were resistant to micafungin (MIC > 0.03 mg/L). A non-synonymous mutation within MSH2 occurred in 44% of the isolates, and 17% were fluconazole resistant. In comparison, fluconazole resistant isolates with no MSH2 mutation represented 15% (P = 0.65). MSH2 polymorphisms were associated with the short tandem repeat genotype. The rate of echinocandin resistance is low and correlates with prior exposure to echinocandin. The mutator genotype was not associated with enrichment in fluconazole resistance but instead corresponded to rare and specific genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dellière
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal Paris, France
| | - Kelley Healey
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Maud Gits-Muselli
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-WidalParis, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Bastien Carrara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Barbaro
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Guigue
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lecefel
- Service de Pharmacie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal Paris, France
| | - Sophie Touratier
- Service de Pharmacie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal Paris, France
| | - Marie Desnos-Ollivier
- Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, URA3012 Paris, France
| | - David S Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Stéphane Bretagne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-WidalParis, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France; Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, URA3012Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-WidalParis, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France; Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, URA3012Paris, France
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Fathi N, Mohammadi R, Tabatabaiefar MA, Ghahri M, Sadrossadati SZ. Sequence-identification of Candida species isolated from candidemia. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:150. [PMID: 27713871 PMCID: PMC5046752 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.188485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Candida species are the most prevalent cause of invasive fungal infections such as candidemia. Candidemia is a lethal fungal infection among immunocompromised patients worldwide. Main pathogen is Candida albicans but a global shift in epidemiology toward non-albicans species have reported. Species identification is imperative for good management of candidemia as a fatal infection. The aim of the study is to identify Candida spp. obtained from candidemia and determination of mortality rate among this population. Materials and Methods: The study was performed during February 2014 to March 2015 in Tehran, Iran. Two-hundred and four blood cultures were evaluated for fungal bloodstream infection. Identification of isolates was carried out using phenotypic tests and polymerase chain reaction sequencing technique. Results: Twenty-two out of 204 patients (10.8%) had candidemia. Candida parapsilosis was the most prevalent species (45.4%), followed by C. albicans (31.8%) and Candida glabrata (22.7%). Male to female sex ratio was 8/14. Conclusions: The emergence of resistant strains of Candida species should be considered by physicians to decrease the mortality of this fatal fungal infection by appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeimeh Fathi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghahri
- Department of Biology, School of Applied Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
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Zaragoza R, Ramírez P, Borges M, Pemán J. [Update on invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill adult patients]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2016; 33:145-51. [PMID: 27395022 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients remains a challenge for clinicians due to its association with high morbidity and mortality rates, increased incidence, and health-care costs. It is well known that early diagnosis and treatment are associated with a better prognosis. For these reasons a thorough update has been performed in this setting focused on recent Spanish epidemiology, new predictive scores and microbiological tests such as mannan antigen, mannan antibodies, Candida albicans germ-tube antibodies or (1→3)-β-D-glucan detection, molecular techniques for the detection of fungal-specific DNA, advances in antifungal treatment and educational programs in Spain. An early diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm is proposed based on the combination of scores and microbiological test. The aim of this review is to provide physicians with the best information available in order to improve the prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zaragoza
- Unidad de Sepsis, Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, España.
| | - Paula Ramírez
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Marcio Borges
- Unidad de Sepsis, Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Sont Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, España
| | - Javier Pemán
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, España
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Ota A, Višnjevec AM, Vidrih R, Prgomet Ž, Nečemer M, Hribar J, Cimerman NG, Možina SS, Bučar-Miklavčič M, Ulrih NP. Nutritional, antioxidative, and antimicrobial analysis of the Mediterranean hackberry ( Celtis australis L.). Food Sci Nutr 2016; 5:160-170. [PMID: 28070327 PMCID: PMC5217915 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Celtis australis is a deciduous tree commonly known as Mediterranean hackberry or the European nettle tree. The fruit of hackberry are seldom used for nutritional purposes. The nutritional and physicochemical properties of ripe hackberry fruit from Istria (Marasi village near Vrsar, Croatia) were determined, including water, total fiber, protein, vitamin, mineral, and phenolic contents. This analysis demonstrates that the hackberry fruit is a valuable source of dietary fiber, protein, and vitamins, and of pigments such as lutein, β‐carotene, zeaxanthin, and tocopherols. The seasonal differences associated with the different growth stages for the element composition, total phenolic content, and phenolic profile were also determined for hackberry mesocarp and leaves. Water and ethanol extracts were prepared from mesocarp and leaves harvested at different growth stages and their phenolic profiles and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. This study demonstrates that water and ethanol extracts of hackberry fruit and leaves collected at different growth stages contain epicatechin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, delphinidin‐3,5‐di‐O‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3,5‐di‐O‐glucoside, and pelargonidin‐3,5‐di‐O‐glucoside. They also show some antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Further studies are needed to identify and define the active ingredients of these hackberry leaf ethanol extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Ota
- Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Ana Miklavčič Višnjevec
- Science and Research Centre of Koper University of Primorska Zelena ulica 8 Izola SI-6310 Slovenia
| | - Rajko Vidrih
- Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Željko Prgomet
- Agricultural Department in Poreč University of Rijeka Carla Huguesa 6 Poreč Croatia
| | - Marijan Nečemer
- Institute Jožef Stefan Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Janez Hribar
- Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Nina Gunde Cimerman
- Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP) Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Milena Bučar-Miklavčič
- Science and Research Centre of Koper University of Primorska Zelena ulica 8 Izola SI-6310 Slovenia
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP) Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
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Yeasts and yeast-like fungi in tap water and groundwater, and their transmission to household appliances. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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