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Cai Z, Kalkeri R, Wang M, Haner B, Dent D, Osman B, Skonieczny P, Ross J, Feng SL, Cai R, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Plested JS. Validation of a Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A High-Throughput Method for the Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1201. [PMID: 38930583 PMCID: PMC11205394 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine immunogenicity remains essential as the severe acute respiratory syncytial virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues to evolve and as additional variants emerge. Neutralizing antibodies are a known correlate of protection for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. A pseudovirus neutralization (PNT) assay was developed and validated at Novavax Clinical Immunology Laboratories to allow for the detection of neutralizing antibodies in vaccine clinical trial sera. The PNT assay was precise, accurate, linear, and specific in measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers in human serum for ancestral strain and the Omicron subvariants BA.5 and XBB.1.5, with an overall geometric coefficient of variation of ≤43.4%, a percent relative bias within the expected range of -60% to 150%, and a linearity value of R2 > 0.98 for all three strains. This pseudovirus assay will be useful for the analysis of vaccine clinical trial samples to assess vaccine immunogenicity. Future work will focus on modifying the assay for emerging variants, including XBB.1.16, EG.5.1, BA.2.86, and any other variants that emerge in the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhu Zhu
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (Z.C.); (R.K.); (M.W.); (B.H.); (D.D.); (B.O.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.-L.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.-C.)
| | | | - Joyce S. Plested
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (Z.C.); (R.K.); (M.W.); (B.H.); (D.D.); (B.O.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.-L.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.-C.)
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LaCourse SM, Wetzler EA, Aurelio MC, Escudero JN, Selke SS, Greninger AL, Goecker EA, Barnes SR, Arnould IS, Pérez-Osorio AC, Richardson BA, Kachikis A, Englund JA, Drake AL. Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy Provides More Durable Infant Antibody Responses Compared to Natural Infection Alone. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1728-1739. [PMID: 38128542 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybrid immunity (infection plus vaccination) may increase maternally derived SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses and durability versus infection alone. METHODS Prospective cohort of pregnant participants with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (anti-nucleocapsid IgG, RT-PCR, or antigen positive) and their infants had blood collected in pregnancy, at delivery/birth, and postpartum tested for anti-spike (anti-S) IgG and neutralizing antibodies (neutAb). RESULTS Among 107 participants at enrollment, 40% were unvaccinated and 60% were vaccinated (received ≥1 dose); 102 had previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy (median, 19 weeks' gestation); 5 were diagnosed just prior to pregnancy (median, 8 weeks). At delivery, fewer unvaccinated participants (87% anti-S IgG+, 86% neutAb) and their infants (86% anti-S IgG+, 75% neutAb) had anti-S IgG+ or neutAb compared to vaccinated participants and their infants (100%, P ≤ .01 for all). By 3-6 months postpartum, 50% of infants of unvaccinated participants were anti-S IgG+ and 14% had neutAb, versus 100% among infants of vaccinated participants (all P < .01), with lower median antibody responses (anti-S IgG log10 1.95 vs 3.84 AU/mL, P < .01; neutAb log10 1:1.34 vs 1:3.20, P = .11). CONCLUSIONS In pregnant people with prior SARS-CoV-2, vaccination before delivery provided more durable maternally derived antibody responses than infection alone in infants through 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia M LaCourse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica A Wetzler
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Morgan C Aurelio
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jaclyn N Escudero
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacy S Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin A Goecker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarina R Barnes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isabel S Arnould
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ailyn C Pérez-Osorio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alisa Kachikis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alison L Drake
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Lobaina Y, Chen R, Suzarte E, Ai P, Huerta V, Musacchio A, Silva R, Tan C, Martín A, Lazo L, Guillén-Nieto G, Yang K, Perera Y, Hermida L. The Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS-CoV-2, Combined with ODN-39M, Is a Potential Component for an Intranasal Bivalent Vaccine with Broader Functionality. Viruses 2024; 16:418. [PMID: 38543783 PMCID: PMC10976088 DOI: 10.3390/v16030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of vaccines against COVID-19, they have important limitations, such as safety issues, the scope of their efficacy, and the induction of mucosal immunity. The present study proposes a potential component for a new generation of vaccines. The recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein from the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was combined with the ODN-39M, a synthetic 39 mer unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), used as an adjuvant. The evaluation of its immunogenicity in Balb/C mice revealed that only administration by intranasal route induced a systemic cross-reactive, cell-mediated immunity (CMI). In turn, this combination was able to induce anti-N IgA in the lungs, which, along with the specific IgG in sera and CMI in the spleen, was cross-reactive against the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-1. Furthermore, the nasal administration of the N + ODN-39M preparation, combined with RBD Delta protein, enhanced the local and systemic immune response against RBD, with a neutralizing capacity. Results make the N + ODN-39M preparation a suitable component for a future intranasal vaccine with broader functionality against Sarbecoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Lobaina
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- R&D Department, Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangjiaqiao Street, Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- Yongzhou Development and Construction Investment Co., Ltd. (YDCI), Changfeng Industry Park, Yongzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1 Liebao Road, Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China
| | - Edith Suzarte
- CIGB: Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (E.S.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - Panchao Ai
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- Yongzhou Development and Construction Investment Co., Ltd. (YDCI), Changfeng Industry Park, Yongzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1 Liebao Road, Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China
| | - Vivian Huerta
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- CIGB: Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (E.S.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - Alexis Musacchio
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- CIGB: Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (E.S.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - Ricardo Silva
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- BCF: R&D Section, Representative Office BCF in China, Jingtai Tower, No. 24 Jianguomen Wai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Changyuan Tan
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- Yongzhou Development and Construction Investment Co., Ltd. (YDCI), Changfeng Industry Park, Yongzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1 Liebao Road, Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China
| | - Alejandro Martín
- CIGB: Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (E.S.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - Laura Lazo
- CIGB: Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (E.S.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - Gerardo Guillén-Nieto
- CIGB: Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (E.S.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - Ke Yang
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- Yongzhou Development and Construction Investment Co., Ltd. (YDCI), Changfeng Industry Park, Yongzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1 Liebao Road, Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China
| | - Yasser Perera
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- R&D Department, Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangjiaqiao Street, Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China
- CIGB: Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (E.S.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - Lisset Hermida
- Research Department, China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China; (Y.L.); (R.C.); (P.A.); (V.H.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (C.T.)
- Yongzhou Development and Construction Investment Co., Ltd. (YDCI), Changfeng Industry Park, Yongzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 1 Liebao Road, Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China
- BCF: R&D Section, Representative Office BCF in China, Jingtai Tower, No. 24 Jianguomen Wai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China
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Verma A, Manojkumar A, Dhasmana A, Tripathi MK, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Chauhan DS, Yallapu MM. Recurring SARS-CoV-2 variants: an update on post-pandemic, co-infections and immune response. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8:247-269. [PMID: 38444741 PMCID: PMC10911975 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.91910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The post-pandemic era following the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has brought about persistent concerns regarding recurring coinfections. While significant strides in genome mapping, diagnostics, and vaccine development have controlled the pandemic and reduced fatalities, ongoing virus mutations necessitate a deeper exploration of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the host's immune response. Various vaccines, including RNA-based ones like Pfizer and Moderna, viral vector vaccines like Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca, and protein subunit vaccines like Novavax, have played critical roles in mitigating the impact of COVID-19. Understanding their strengths and limitations is crucial for tailoring future vaccines to specific variants and individual needs. The intricate relationship between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the immune response remains a focus of intense research, providing insights into personalized treatment strategies and long-term effects like long-COVID. This article offers an overview of the post-pandemic landscape, highlighting emerging variants, summarizing vaccine platforms, and delving into immunological responses and the phenomenon of long-COVID. By presenting clinical findings, it aims to contribute to the ongoing understanding of COVID-19's progression in the aftermath of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmit Verma
- Divyasampark iHub Roorkee for Devices Materials and Technology Foundation, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, 464001, India
| | - Anjali Manojkumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Manish K. Tripathi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Deepak S. Chauhan
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Research Center, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
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5
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Ismail S, Unger S, Budylowski P, Poutanen S, Yau Y, Jenkins C, Anwer S, Christie-Holmes N, Kiss A, Mazzulli T, Johnstone J, McGeer A, Whittle W, Parvez B, Gray-Owen SD, Stone D, O'Connor DL. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and their neutralizing capacity against live virus in human milk after COVID-19 infection and vaccination: prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:485-495. [PMID: 38309831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited understanding of the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and vaccination type and interval on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) human milk antibodies and their neutralizing capacity. OBJECTIVES These cohort studies aimed to determine the presence of antibodies and live virus neutralizing capacity in milk from females infected with COVID-19, unexposed milk bank donors, and vaccinated females and examine impacts of vaccine interval and type. METHODS Milk was collected from participants infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy or lactation (Cohort-1) and milk bank donors (Cohort-2) from March 2020-July 2021 at 3 sequential 4-wk intervals and COVID-19 vaccinated participants with varying dose intervals (Cohort-3) (January-October 2021). Cohort-1 and Cohort-3 were recruited from Sinai Health (patients) and through social media. Cohort-2 included Ontario Milk Bank donors. Milk was examined for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and live virus neutralization. RESULTS Of females with COVID-19, 53% (Cohort-1, n = 55) had anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies in ≥1 milk sample. IgA+ samples (40%) were more likely neutralizing than IgA- samples (odds ratio [OR]: 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 4.60; P = 0.04); however, 25% of IgA- samples were neutralizing. Both IgA positivity and neutralization decreased ∼6 mo after symptom onset (0-100 compared with 201+ d: IgA OR: 14.30; 95% CI: 1.08, 189.89; P = 0.04; neutralizing OR: 4.30; 95% CI: 1.55, 11.89; P = 0.005). Among milk bank donors (Cohort-2, n = 373), 4.3% had IgA antibodies; 23% of IgA+ samples were neutralizing. Vaccination (Cohort-3, n = 60) with mRNA-1273 and shorter vaccine intervals (3 to <6 wk) resulted in higher IgA and IgG than BNT162b2 (P < 0.04) and longer intervals (6 to <16 wk) (P≤0.02), respectively. Neutralizing capacity increased postvaccination (P = 0.04) but was not associated with antibody positivity. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination (type and interval) impacted milk antibodies; however, antibody presence did not consistently predict live virus neutralization. Although human milk is unequivocally the best way to nourish infants, guidance on protection to infants following maternal infection/vaccination may require more nuanced messaging. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04453969 and NCT04453982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ismail
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon Unger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada; Paediatrics, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Poutanen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health System/University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yvonne Yau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carleigh Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shaista Anwer
- Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health System/University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Alex Kiss
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health System/University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennie Johnstone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health System/University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health System/University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wendy Whittle
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Debbie Stone
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada; Paediatrics, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
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Thimmiraju SR, Kimata JT, Pollet J. Pseudoviruses, a safer toolbox for vaccine development against enveloped viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:174-185. [PMID: 38164690 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2299380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pseudoviruses are recombinant, replication-incompetent, viral particles designed to mimic the surface characteristics of native enveloped viruses. They are a safer, and cost-effective research alternative to live viruses. With the potential emergence of the next major infectious disease, more vaccine scientists must become familiar with the pseudovirus platform as a vaccine development tool to mitigate future outbreaks. AREAS COVERED This review aims at vaccine developers to provide a basic understanding of pseudoviruses, list their production methods, and discuss their utility to assess vaccine efficacy against enveloped viral pathogens. We further illustrate their usefulness as wet-lab simulators for emerging mutant variants, and new viruses to help prepare for current and future viral outbreaks, minimizing the need for gain-of-function experiments with highly infectious or lethal enveloped viruses. EXPERT OPINION With this platform, researchers can better understand the role of virus-receptor interactions and entry in infections, prepare for dangerous mutations, and develop effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamala R Thimmiraju
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Ford ES, Mayer-Blackwell K, Jing L, Laing KJ, Sholukh AM, St Germain R, Bossard EL, Xie H, Pulliam TH, Jani S, Selke S, Burrow CJ, McClurkan CL, Wald A, Greninger AL, Holbrook MR, Eaton B, Eudy E, Murphy M, Postnikova E, Robins HS, Elyanow R, Gittelman RM, Ecsedi M, Wilcox E, Chapuis AG, Fiore-Gartland A, Koelle DM. Repeated mRNA vaccination sequentially boosts SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cells in persons with previous COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:166-177. [PMID: 38057617 PMCID: PMC10981451 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hybrid immunity is more protective than vaccination or previous infection alone. To investigate the kinetics of spike-reactive T (TS) cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection through messenger RNA vaccination in persons with hybrid immunity, we identified the T cell receptor (TCR) sequences of thousands of index TS cells and tracked their frequency in bulk TCRβ repertoires sampled longitudinally from the peripheral blood of persons who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccinations led to large expansions in memory TS cell clonotypes, most of which were CD8+ T cells, while also eliciting diverse TS cell clonotypes not observed before vaccination. TCR sequence similarity clustering identified public CD8+ and CD4+ TCR motifs associated with spike (S) specificity. Synthesis of longitudinal bulk ex vivo single-chain TCRβ repertoires and paired-chain TCRɑβ sequences from droplet sequencing of TS cells provides a roadmap for the rapid assessment of T cell responses to vaccines and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anton M Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell St Germain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily L Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H Pulliam
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saumya Jani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Eudy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel M Gittelman
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA
- Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Takeda Oncology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elise Wilcox
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Santos da Silva E, Servais JY, Kohnen M, Arendt V, Staub T, Krüger R, Fagherazzi G, Wilmes P, Hübschen JM, Ollert M, Perez-Bercoff D, Seguin-Devaux C. Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Neutralization Test Detecting Neutralizing Antibodies against the Major Variants of Concern. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14965. [PMID: 37834413 PMCID: PMC10573711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination elicit a broad range of neutralizing antibody responses against the different variants of concern (VOC). We established a new variant-adapted surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and assessed the neutralization activity against the ancestral B.1 (WT) and VOC Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5. Analytical performances were compared against the respective VOC to the reference virus neutralization test (VNT) and two CE-IVD labeled kits using three different cohorts collected during the COVID-19 waves. Correlation analyses showed moderate to strong correlation for Omicron sub-variants (Spearman's r = 0.7081 for BA.1, r = 0.7205 for BA.2, and r = 0.6042 for BA.5), and for WT (r = 0.8458) and Delta-sVNT (r = 0.8158), respectively. Comparison of the WT-sVNT performance with two CE-IVD kits, the "Icosagen SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody ELISA kit" and the "Genscript cPass, kit" revealed an overall good correlation ranging from 0.8673 to -0.8773 and a midway profile between both commercial kits with 87.76% sensitivity and 90.48% clinical specificity. The BA.2-sVNT performance was similar to the BA.2 Genscript test. Finally, a correlation analysis revealed a strong association (r = 0.8583) between BA.5-sVNT and VNT sVNT using a double-vaccinated cohort (n = 100) and an Omicron-breakthrough infection cohort (n = 91). In conclusion, the sVNT allows for the efficient prediction of immune protection against the various VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Santos da Silva
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Jean-Yves Servais
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Michel Kohnen
- National Service of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 Rue Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (M.K.); (V.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Vic Arendt
- National Service of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 Rue Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (M.K.); (V.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Therese Staub
- National Service of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 Rue Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (M.K.); (V.A.); (T.S.)
| | | | | | - Rejko Krüger
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health; Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 rue Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1AB Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, 7 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M. Hübschen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Danielle Perez-Bercoff
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
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9
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Thimmiraju SR, Adhikari R, Villar MJ, Lee J, Liu Z, Kundu R, Chen YL, Sharma S, Ghei K, Keegan B, Versteeg L, Gillespie PM, Ciciriello A, Islam NY, Poveda C, Uzcategui N, Chen WH, Kimata JT, Zhan B, Strych U, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Pollet J. A Recombinant Protein XBB.1.5 RBD/Alum/CpG Vaccine Elicits High Neutralizing Antibody Titers against Omicron Subvariants of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1557. [PMID: 37896960 PMCID: PMC10610638 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We previously reported the development of a recombinant protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, consisting of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (alum) and CpG oligonucleotides. In mice and non-human primates, our wild-type (WT) RBD vaccine induced high neutralizing antibody titers against the WT isolate of the virus, and, with partners in India and Indonesia, it was later developed into two closely resembling human vaccines, Corbevax and Indovac. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a next-generation vaccine adapted to the recently emerging XBB variants of SARS-CoV-2. (2) Methods: We conducted preclinical studies in mice using a novel yeast-produced SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 RBD subunit vaccine candidate formulated with alum and CpG. We examined the neutralization profile of sera obtained from mice vaccinated twice intramuscularly at a 21-day interval with the XBB.1.5-based RBD vaccine, against WT, Beta, Delta, BA.4, BQ.1.1, BA.2.75.2, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.5, and EG.5.1 SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. (3) Results: The XBB.1.5 RBD/CpG/alum vaccine elicited a robust antibody response in mice. Furthermore, the serum from vaccinated mice demonstrated potent neutralization against the XBB.1.5 pseudovirus as well as several other Omicron pseudoviruses. However, regardless of the high antibody cross-reactivity with ELISA, the anti-XBB.1.5 RBD antigen serum showed low neutralizing titers against the WT and Delta virus variants. (4) Conclusions: Whereas we observed modest cross-neutralization against Omicron subvariants with the sera from mice vaccinated with the WT RBD/CpG/Alum vaccine or with the BA.4/5-based vaccine, the sera raised against the XBB.1.5 RBD showed robust cross-neutralization. These findings underscore the imminent opportunity for an updated vaccine formulation utilizing the XBB.1.5 RBD antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamala Rani Thimmiraju
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rakesh Adhikari
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Jose Villar
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jungsoon Lee
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhuyun Liu
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rakhi Kundu
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suman Sharma
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Karm Ghei
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Brian Keegan
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leroy Versteeg
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Portia M. Gillespie
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Allan Ciciriello
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nelufa Y. Islam
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nestor Uzcategui
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Hsiang Chen
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Bin Zhan
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Mühlemann B, Wilks SH, Baracco L, Bekliz M, Carreño JM, Corman VM, Davis-Gardner ME, Dejnirattisai W, Diamond MS, Douek DC, Drosten C, Eckerle I, Edara VV, Ellis M, Fouchier RAM, Frieman M, Godbole S, Haagmans B, Halfmann PJ, Henry AR, Jones TC, Katzelnick LC, Kawaoka Y, Kimpel J, Krammer F, Lai L, Liu C, Lusvarghi S, Meyer B, Mongkolsapaya J, Montefiori DC, Mykytyn A, Netzl A, Pollett S, Rössler A, Screaton GR, Shen X, Sigal A, Simon V, Subramanian R, Supasa P, Suthar M, Türeli S, Wang W, Weiss CD, Smith DJ. Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antigenicity across Assays and in Human and Animal Model Sera. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559689. [PMID: 37808679 PMCID: PMC10557678 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 requires ongoing monitoring to judge the immune escape of newly arising variants. A surveillance system necessitates an understanding of differences in neutralization titers measured in different assays and using human and animal sera. We compared 18 datasets generated using human, hamster, and mouse sera, and six different neutralization assays. Titer magnitude was lowest in human, intermediate in hamster, and highest in mouse sera. Fold change, immunodominance patterns and antigenic maps were similar among sera. Most assays yielded similar results, except for differences in fold change in cytopathic effect assays. Not enough data was available for conclusively judging mouse sera, but hamster sera were a consistent surrogate for human first-infection sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Meriem Bekliz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Venkata-Viswanadh Edara
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madison Ellis
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sucheta Godbole
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bart Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Viral Epidemiology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Centre of Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Mykytyn
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Simon Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahul Subramanian
- Office of Data Science and Emerging Technologies, Office of Science Management and Operations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mehul Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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11
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Zak AJ, Hoang T, Yee CM, Rizvi SM, Prabhu P, Wen F. Pseudotyping Improves the Yield of Functional SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles (VLPs) as Tools for Vaccine and Therapeutic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14622. [PMID: 37834067 PMCID: PMC10572262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been proposed as an attractive tool in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, both as (1) a vaccine candidate with high immunogenicity and low reactogenicity and (2) a substitute for live virus in functional and neutralization assays. Though multiple SARS-CoV-2 VLP designs have already been explored in Sf9 insect cells, a key parameter ensuring VLPs are a viable platform is the VLP spike yield (i.e., spike protein content in VLP), which has largely been unreported. In this study, we show that the common strategy of producing SARS-CoV-2 VLPs by expressing spike protein in combination with the native coronavirus membrane and/or envelope protein forms VLPs, but at a critically low spike yield (~0.04-0.08 mg/L). In contrast, fusing the spike ectodomain to the influenza HA transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail and co-expressing M1 increased VLP spike yield to ~0.4 mg/L. More importantly, this increased yield translated to a greater VLP spike antigen density (~96 spike monomers/VLP) that more closely resembles that of native SARS-CoV-2 virus (~72-144 Spike monomers/virion). Pseudotyping further allowed for production of functional alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), delta (B.1.617.2), and omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 VLPs that bound to the target ACE2 receptor. Finally, we demonstrated the utility of pseudotyped VLPs to test neutralizing antibody activity using a simple, acellular ELISA-based assay performed at biosafety level 1 (BSL-1). Taken together, this study highlights the advantage of pseudotyping over native SARS-CoV-2 VLP designs in achieving higher VLP spike yield and demonstrates the usefulness of pseudotyped VLPs as a surrogate for live virus in vaccine and therapeutic development against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (P.P.)
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12
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Cantoni D, Wilkie C, Bentley EM, Mayora-Neto M, Wright E, Scott S, Ray S, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney JL, Mattiuzzo G, Temperton NJ. Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184362. [PMID: 37790941 PMCID: PMC10544934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Methods Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. Results The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Conclusion Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
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13
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St. Germain R, Bossard EL, Corey L, Sholukh AM. Serum concentration of antigen-specific IgG can substantially bias interpretation of antibody-dependent phagocytosis assay readout. iScience 2023; 26:107527. [PMID: 37664583 PMCID: PMC10469534 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because virus neutralization cannot solely explain vaccine-induced, antibody-mediated protection, antibody effector functions are being considered as a potential correlate of protection (CoP). However, measuring effector functions at a fixed serum dilution for high throughput purposes makes it difficult to distinguish between the effect of serum antibody concentration and antibody properties such as epitopes, subclass, and glycosylation. To address this issue, we evaluated antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assay against SARS-CoV-2 spike. Adjustment of serum samples to the same concentration of antigen-specific IgG prior to the ADCP assay revealed concentration-independent differences in ADCP after mRNA vaccination in subjects with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection not detectable in assay performed with fixed serum dilution. Phagocytosis measured at different concentrations of spike-specific IgG strongly correlated with the area under the curve (AUC) indicating that ADCP assay can be performed at a standardized antibody concentration for the high throughput necessary for vaccine trial analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell St. Germain
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily L. Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anton M. Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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14
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Roper KJ, Thomas J, Albalawi W, Maddocks E, Dobson S, Alshehri A, Barone FG, Baltazar M, Semple MG, Ho A, Turtle L, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Quantifying neutralising antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in dried blood spots (DBS) and paired sera. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15014. [PMID: 37697014 PMCID: PMC10495436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was initially managed by non-pharmaceutical interventions such as diagnostic testing, isolation of positive cases, physical distancing and lockdowns. The advent of vaccines has provided crucial protection against SARS-CoV-2. Neutralising antibody (nAb) responses are a key correlate of protection, and therefore measuring nAb responses is essential for monitoring vaccine efficacy. Fingerstick dried blood spots (DBS) are ideal for use in large-scale sero-surveillance because they are inexpensive, offer the option of self-collection and can be transported and stored at ambient temperatures. Such advantages also make DBS appealing to use in resource-limited settings and in potential future pandemics. In this study, nAb responses in sera, venous blood and fingerstick blood stored on filter paper were measured. Samples were collected from SARS-CoV-2 acutely infected individuals, SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals and SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals. Good agreement was observed between the nAb responses measured in eluted DBS and paired sera. Stability of nAb responses was also observed in sera stored on filter paper at room temperature for 28 days. Overall, this study provides support for the use of filter paper as a viable sample collection method to study nAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Roper
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wejdan Albalawi
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emily Maddocks
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan Dobson
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Abdullateef Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francesco G Barone
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Murielle Baltazar
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Institute in The Park, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Antonia Ho
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - William A Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK.
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15
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Hickerson BT, Khalenkov AM, Xie T, Frucht DM, Scott DE, Ilyushina NA. Interchangeability of the Assays Used to Assess the Activity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:1698. [PMID: 37632039 PMCID: PMC10459467 DOI: 10.3390/v15081698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 lasted for over three years. A key measure in combatting this pandemic involved the measurement of the monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated inhibition of binding between the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) and hACE2 receptor. Potency assessments of therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs typically include binding or cell-based neutralization assays. We assessed the inhibitory activity of five anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs using ELISA, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and four cell-based neutralization assays using different pseudovirus particles and 293T or A549 cells expressing hACE2 with or without TMPRSS2. We assessed the interchangeability between cell-based and binding assays by applying the Bland-Altman method under certain assumptions. Our data demonstrated that the IC50 [nM] values determined by eight neutralization assays are independent of the cell line, presence of TMPRSS2 enzyme on the cell surface, and pseudovirus backbone used. Moreover, the Bland-Altman analysis showed that the IC50 [nM] and KD [nM] values determined by neutralization/ELISA or by SPR are equivalent and that the anti-spike mAb activity can be attributed to one variable directly related to its tertiary conformational structure conformation, rate dissociation constant Koff. This parameter is independent from the concentrations of the components of the mAb:RBD:hACE2 complexes and can be used for a comparison between the activities of the different mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady T. Hickerson
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (B.T.H.); (T.X.); (D.M.F.)
| | - Alexey M. Khalenkov
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (A.M.K.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Tao Xie
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (B.T.H.); (T.X.); (D.M.F.)
| | - David M. Frucht
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (B.T.H.); (T.X.); (D.M.F.)
| | - Dorothy E. Scott
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (A.M.K.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Natalia A. Ilyushina
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (B.T.H.); (T.X.); (D.M.F.)
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16
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Zheng P, Zhou C, Ding Y, Liu B, Lu L, Zhu F, Duan S. Nanopore sequencing technology and its applications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e316. [PMID: 37441463 PMCID: PMC10333861 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of Sanger sequencing in 1977, sequencing technology has played a pivotal role in molecular biology research by enabling the interpretation of biological genetic codes. Today, nanopore sequencing is one of the leading third-generation sequencing technologies. With its long reads, portability, and low cost, nanopore sequencing is widely used in various scientific fields including epidemic prevention and control, disease diagnosis, and animal and plant breeding. Despite initial concerns about high error rates, continuous innovation in sequencing platforms and algorithm analysis technology has effectively addressed its accuracy. During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, nanopore sequencing played a critical role in detecting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 virus genome and containing the pandemic. However, a lack of understanding of this technology may limit its popularization and application. Nanopore sequencing is poised to become the mainstream choice for preventing and controlling COVID-19 and future epidemics while creating value in other fields such as oncology and botany. This work introduces the contributions of nanopore sequencing during the COVID-19 pandemic to promote public understanding and its use in emerging outbreaks worldwide. We discuss its application in microbial detection, cancer genomes, and plant genomes and summarize strategies to improve its accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zheng
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Chuntao Zhou
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Yuemin Ding
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Liuyi Lu
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
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17
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Rocha VPC, Quadros HC, Fernandes AMS, Gonçalves LP, Badaró RJDS, Soares MBP, Machado BAS. An Overview of the Conventional and Novel Methods Employed for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Measurement. Viruses 2023; 15:1504. [PMID: 37515190 PMCID: PMC10383723 DOI: 10.3390/v15071504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the pandemic that started in 2020. The virus enters the host cell through the interaction of its spike glycoprotein with the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) on the host cell's surface. Antibodies present an important role during the infection and pathogenesis due to many reasons, including the neutralization of viruses by binding to different spike epitopes. Therefore, measuring the neutralizing antibody titers in the whole population is important for COVID-19's epidemiology. Different methods are described in the literature, and some have been used to validate the main vaccines used worldwide. In this review, we discuss the main methods used to quantify neutralizing antibody titers, their advantages and limitations, as well as new approaches to determineACE2/spike blockage by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Pinto Costa Rocha
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Helenita Costa Quadros
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Antônio Márcio Santana Fernandes
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luana Pereira Gonçalves
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto José da Silva Badaró
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
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18
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Jacob RA, Zhang A, Ajoge HO, D'Agostino MR, Nirmalarajah K, Shigayeva A, Demian WL, Baker SJC, Derakhshani H, Rossi L, Nasir JA, Panousis EM, Draia AN, Vermeiren C, Gilchrist J, Smieja N, Bulir D, Smieja M, Surette MG, McArthur AG, McGeer AJ, Mubareka S, Banerjee A, Miller MS, Mossman K. Sensitivity to Neutralizing Antibodies and Resistance to Type I Interferons in SARS-CoV-2 R.1 Lineage Variants, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1386-1396. [PMID: 37308158 PMCID: PMC10310370 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.230198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolating and characterizing emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is key to understanding virus pathogenesis. In this study, we isolated samples of the SARS-CoV-2 R.1 lineage, categorized as a variant under monitoring by the World Health Organization, and evaluated their sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies and type I interferons. We used convalescent serum samples from persons in Canada infected either with ancestral virus (wave 1) or the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant of concern (wave 3) for testing neutralization sensitivity. The R.1 isolates were potently neutralized by both the wave 1 and wave 3 convalescent serum samples, unlike the B.1.351 (Beta) variant of concern. Of note, the R.1 variant was significantly more resistant to type I interferons (IFN-α/β) than was the ancestral isolate. Our study demonstrates that the R.1 variant retained sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies but evolved resistance to type I interferons. This critical driving force will influence the trajectory of the pandemic.
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19
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Astakhova EA, Morozov AA, Byazrova MG, Sukhova MM, Mikhailov AA, Minnegalieva AR, Gorchakov AA, Filatov AV. Antigenic Cartography Indicates That the Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/BA.5 Variants Remain Antigenically Distant to Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 after Sputnik V Vaccination Followed by Homologous (Sputnik V) or Heterologous (Comirnaty) Revaccination. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10493. [PMID: 37445671 PMCID: PMC10341525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants is an ongoing challenge for COVID-19 vaccinology. Traditional virus neutralization tests provide detailed datasets of neutralization titers against the viral variants. Such datasets are difficult to interpret and do not immediately inform of the sufficiency of the breadth of the antibody response. Some of these issues could be tackled using the antigenic cartography approach. In this study, we created antigenic maps using neutralization titers of sera from donors who received the Sputnik V booster vaccine after primary Sputnik V vaccination and compared them with the antigenic maps based on serum neutralization titers of Comirnaty-boosted donors. A traditional analysis of neutralization titers against the WT (wild-type), Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, and BA.4/BA.5 variants showed a significant booster humoral response after both homologous (Sputnik V) and heterologous (Comirnaty) revaccinations against all of the studied viral variants. However, despite this, a more in-depth analysis using antigenic cartography revealed that Omicron variants remain antigenically distant from the WT, which is indicative of the formation of insufficient levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies. The implications of these findings may be significant when developing a new vaccine regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Astakhova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Morozov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G. Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria M. Sukhova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem A. Mikhailov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aygul R. Minnegalieva
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Evolutionary Biology, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Andrey A. Gorchakov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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20
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Alhamar G, Briganti S, Maggi D, Viola V, Faraj M, Zannella C, Galdiero M, Franci G, Fusco C, Isgrò C, Leanza G, Malandrucco I, Spinelli A, Tramontana F, Iaria D, Tortoriello R, Pieralice S, Rosati M, Matarese G, Pozzilli P, Galgani M, Strollo R. Prevaccination Glucose Time in Range Correlates With Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e474-e479. [PMID: 36611249 PMCID: PMC10807908 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Poor glucose control has been associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess the effect of prevaccination glucose control on antibody response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 in T1D. METHODS We studied 26 patients with T1D scheduled to receive 2 doses, 21 days apart, of BNT162b2, followed prospectively for 6 months with regular evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and glucose control. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) to spike glycoprotein were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and serum neutralization by a live SARS-CoV-2 assay (Vero E6 cells system). Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), including time in range (TIR) and above range (TAR), were collected. The primary exposure and outcome measures were prevaccination glucose control, and antibody response after vaccination, respectively. RESULTS Prevaccination HbA1c was unrelated to postvaccine spike IgG (r = -0.33; P = .14). Of note, the CGM profile collected during the 2 weeks preceding BNT162b2 administration correlated with postvaccine IgG response (TIR: r = 0.75; P = .02; TAR: r = -0.81; P = .008). Patients meeting the recommended prevaccination glucose targets of TIR (≥ 70%) and TAR (≤ 25%) developed stronger neutralizing antibody titers (P < .0001 and P = .008, respectively), regardless of HbA1c. Glucose control along the study time frame was also associated with IgG response during follow-up (TIR: r = 0.93; P < .0001; TAR: r = -0.84; P < .0001). CONCLUSION In T1D, glucose profile during the 2 weeks preceding vaccination is associated with stronger spike antibody binding and neutralization, highlighting a role for well-controlled blood glucose in vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer Alhamar
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Silvia Briganti
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Maggi
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Viola Viola
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Malak Faraj
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,”80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,”80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Isgrò
- Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,”70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Leanza
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Malandrucco
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Endocrinologia e Malattie Metaboliche, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL) Frosinone, 03100 Frosinone, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinelli
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Tramontana
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Iaria
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Tortoriello
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Pieralice
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Rosati
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II,”80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II,”80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rocky Strollo
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
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21
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Bogdanic M, Borko E, Hruskar Z, Zilic D, Ferenc T, Tabain I, Barbic L, Vujica Ferenc M, Ferencak I, Stevanovic V. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: Comparison of Enzyme Immunoassay, Surrogate Neutralization and Virus Neutralization Test. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12020035. [PMID: 37218901 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since sensitivity and specificity vary widely between tests, SARS-CoV-2 serology results should be interpreted with caution. METHODS The study included serum samples from patients who had recovered from COVID-19 (n = 71), individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (n = 84), and asymptomatic individuals (n = 33). All samples were tested for the presence of binding antibodies (enzyme immunoassay; EIA), neutralizing (NT) antibodies (virus neutralization test; VNT), and surrogate NT (sNT) antibodies (surrogate virus neutralization test; sVNT) of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-binding antibodies were detected in 71 (100%) COVID-19 patients, 77 (91.6%) vaccinated individuals, and 4 (12.1%) control subjects. Among EIA-positive samples, VNT was positive (titer ≥ 8) in 100% of COVID-19 patients and 63 (75.0%) of the vaccinated individuals, while sVNT was positive (>30% inhibition) in 62 (87.3%) patients and 59 (70.2%) vaccinated individuals. The analysis of antibody levels showed a significant moderate positive correlation between EIA and VNT, a moderate positive correlation between EIA and sVNT, and a strong positive correlation between VNT and sVNT. The proportion of positive sVNT detection rate was associated with VNT titer. The lowest positivity (72.4%/70.8%) was detected in samples with low NT titers (8/16) and increased progressively from 88.2% in samples with titer 32 to 100% in samples with titer 256. CONCLUSIONS sVNT appeared to be a reliable method for the assessment COVID-19 serology in patients with high antibody levels, while false-negative results were frequently observed in patients with low NT titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ema Borko
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Hruskar
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Thomas Ferenc
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mateja Vujica Ferenc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Ferencak
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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22
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Strobelt R, Broennimann K, Adler J, Shaul Y. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Specific Mutations Affecting Infectivity, Fusogenicity, and Partial TMPRSS2-Independency. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051129. [PMID: 37243215 DOI: 10.3390/v15051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted from the global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its first appearance in 2019, new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have emerged frequently, changing the infection's dynamic. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via two distinct entry routes; receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion, depending on the absence or presence of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), respectively. In laboratory conditions, the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 strain inefficiently infects cells predominantly via endocytosis and is phenotypically characterized by decreased syncytia formation compared to the earlier Delta variant. Thus, it is important to characterize Omicron's unique mutations and their phenotypic manifestations. Here, by utilizing SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirions, we report that the specific Omicron Spike F375 residue decreases infectivity, and its conversion to the Delta S375 sequence significantly increases Omicron infectivity. Further, we identified that residue Y655 decreases Omicron's TMPRSS2 dependency and entry via membrane fusion. The Y655H, K764N, K856N and K969N Omicron revertant mutations, bearing the Delta variant sequence, increased the cytopathic effect of cell-cell fusion, suggesting these Omicron-specific residues reduced the severity of SARS-CoV-2. This study of the correlation of the mutational profile with the phenotypic outcome should sensitize our alertness towards emerging VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Strobelt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Karin Broennimann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Julia Adler
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yosef Shaul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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23
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Validation and Establishment of the SARS-CoV-2 Lentivirus Surrogate Neutralization Assay as a Prescreening Tool for the Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0378922. [PMID: 36602312 PMCID: PMC9927366 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03789-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralization assays are important for understanding and quantifying neutralizing antibody responses toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 lentivirus surrogate neutralization assay (SCLSNA) can be used in biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) laboratories and has been shown to be a reliable alternative approach to the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). In this study, we optimized and validated the SCLSNA to assess its ability as a comparator and prescreening method to support the PRNT. Comparability between the PRNT and SCLSNA was determined through clinical sensitivity and specificity evaluations. Clinical sensitivity and specificity assays produced acceptable results, with 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94% to 100%) specificity and 100% (95% CI, 94% to 100%) sensitivity against ancestral Wuhan spike-pseudotyped lentivirus. The sensitivity and specificity against B.1.1.7 spike-pseudotyped lentivirus were 88.3% (95% CI, 77.8% to 94.2%) and 100% (95% CI, 94% to 100%), respectively. Assay precision measuring intra-assay variability produced acceptable results for high (50% PRNT [PRNT50], 1:≥640), mid (PRNT50, 1:160), and low (PRNT50, 1:40) antibody titer concentration ranges based on the PRNT50, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 14.21%, 12.47%, and 13.28%, respectively. Intermediate precision indicated acceptable ranges for the high and mid concentrations, with CVs of 15.52% and 16.09%, respectively. However, the low concentration did not meet the acceptance criteria, with a CV of 26.42%. Acceptable ranges were found in the robustness evaluation for both intra-assay and interassay variability. In summary, the validation parameters tested met the acceptance criteria, making the SCLSNA method fit for its intended purpose, which can be used to support the PRNT. IMPORTANCE Neutralization studies play an important role in providing guidance and justification for vaccine administration and helping prevent the spread of diseases. The neutralization data generated in our laboratory have been included in the decision-making process of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) in Canada. During the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) has been the gold standard for determining neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. We validated a SARS-CoV-2 lentivirus surrogate neutralization assay (SCLSNA) as an alternative method to help support the PRNT. The advantages of using the SCLSNA is that it can process more samples, is less tedious to perform, and can be used in laboratories with a lower biosafety level. The use of the SCLSNA can further expand our capabilities to help fulfill the requirements for NACI and other important collaborations.
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24
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Performance evaluation of the Ortho VITROS SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific Quantitative IgG test by comparison with the surrogate virus neutralizing antibody test and clinical assessment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279779. [PMID: 36693058 PMCID: PMC9873150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the worldwide campaigns of COVID-19 vaccinations, the pandemic is still a major medical and social problem. The Ortho VITROS SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific quantitative IgG (VITROS S-IgG) assay has been developed to assess neutralizing antibody (NT antibody) against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) antibodies. However, it has not been evaluated in Japan, where the total cases and death toll are lower than the rest of the world. METHODS The clinical performance of VITROS S-IgG was evaluated by comparing with the NT antibody levels measured by the surrogate virus neutralizing antibody test (sVNT). A total of 332 serum samples from 188 individuals were used. Of these, 219 samples were from 75 COVID-19 patients: 96 samples from 20 severe/critical cases (Group S), and 123 samples from 55 mild/moderate cases (Group M). The remaining 113 samples were from 113 healthcare workers who had received 2 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. RESULTS VITROS S-IgG showed good correlation with the cPass sVNT assay (Spearman rho = 0.91). Both VITROS S-IgG and cPass sVNT showed significantly higher plateau levels of antibodies in Group S compared to Group M. Regarding the humoral immune responses after BNT162b2 vaccination, individuals who were negative for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-specific antibodies had statistically lower titers of both S-IgG and sVNT compared to individuals with a history of COVID-19 and individuals who were positive for N-specific antibodies without history of COVID-19. In individuals who were positive for N-specific antibodies, S-IgG and sVNT titers were similar to individuals with a history of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Although the automated quantitative immunoassay VITROS S-IgG showed a reasonable correlation with sVNT antibodies, there is some discrepancy between Vitros S-IgG and cPass sVNT in milder cases. Thus, VITROS S-IgG can be a useful diagnostic tool in assessing the immune responses to vaccination and herd immunity. However, careful analysis is necessary to interpret the results.
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25
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Fleischmann CJ, Bulman CA, Yun C, Lynch KL, Wu AHB, Whitman JD. Detection of IgM, IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA vaccination. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36748419 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. One correlate of immunity for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the laboratory detection of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies. These tests are widely implemented for clinical, public health, or research uses.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Antibody responses by all classes of immunoglobulins may form from infection and vaccination, but few studies have performed direct head-to-head comparisons between these groups.Aim. The objective of this study was to evaluate the serological responses in natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA-based vaccination across multiple immunoglobulin classes and a surrogate neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay.Methodology. A suite of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) was used to qualitatively assess IgA, IgM and IgG positivity and neutralizing per cent signal inhibition of sera from RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, COVID-19-immunized individuals ≥2 weeks after a second dose of mRNA vaccine and a set of pre-pandemic negative samples.Results. For confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, seroconversion of IgA, IgM, IgG and NAb increased by week after symptom onset, with positivity reaching 100 % after the third week for every immunoglobulin class. Vaccinated individuals demonstrated 100 % IgG positivity and high per cent signal inhibition by NAb, comparable to natural infection. High specificity, ranging from 96.7-98.9 %, was observed for each assay from a set of pre-pandemic COVID-19-negative samples.Conclusion. We make use of a comprehensive and readily adoptable suite of serological assays to provide data on the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We found that infection and vaccination both elicit robust IgG, IgM, IgA and neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina A Bulman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan H B Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Whitman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Klüpfel J, Paßreiter S, Rumpf M, Christa C, Holthoff HP, Ungerer M, Lohse M, Knolle P, Protzer U, Elsner M, Seidel M. Automated detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in minutes using a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:391-404. [PMID: 36346456 PMCID: PMC9643999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown the importance of rapid and comprehensive diagnostic tools. While there are numerous rapid antigen tests available, rapid serological assays for the detection of neutralizing antibodies are and will be needed to determine not only the amount of antibodies formed after infection or vaccination but also their neutralizing potential, preventing the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Current active-virus neutralization assays require biosafety level 3 facilities, while virus-free surrogate assays are more versatile in applications, but still take typically several hours until results are available. To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay that enables the detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within 7 min. The neutralizing antibodies bind to the viral receptor binding domain (RBD) and inhibit the binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This competitive binding inhibition test was characterized with a set of 80 samples, which could all be classified correctly. The assay results favorably compare to those obtained with a more time-intensive ELISA-based neutralization test and a commercial surrogate neutralization assay. Our test could further be used to detect individuals with a high total IgG antibody titer, but only a low neutralizing titer, as well as for monitoring neutralizing antibodies after vaccinations. This effective performance in SARS-CoV-2 seromonitoring delineates the potential for the test to be adapted to other diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klüpfel
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Paßreiter
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Melina Rumpf
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ungerer
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Martin Lohse
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology/Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany ,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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27
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Wang Y, Zhou Z, Wu X, Li T, Wu J, Cai M, Nie J, Wang W, Cui Z. Pseudotyped Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:1-27. [PMID: 36920689 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Pseudotyped viruses have been constructed for many viruses. They can mimic the authentic virus and have many advantages compared to authentic viruses. Thus, they have been widely used as a surrogate of authentic virus for viral function analysis, detection of neutralizing antibodies, screening viral entry inhibitors, and others. This chapter reviewed the progress in the field of pseudotyped viruses in general, including the definition and the advantages of pseudotyped viruses, their potential usage, different strategies or vectors used for the construction of pseudotyped viruses, and factors that affect the construction of pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Wu
- Beijing Yunling Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Meina Cai
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Cui
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
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28
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Egger AE, Sahanic S, Gleiss A, Ratzinger F, Holzer B, Irsara C, Binder N, Winkler C, Binder CJ, Posch W, Loacker L, Hartmann B, Anliker M, Weiss G, Sonnweber T, Tancevski I, Griesmacher A, Löffler-Ragg J, Hoermann G. One-Year Follow-Up of COVID-19 Patients Indicates Substantial Assay-Dependent Differences in the Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0059722. [PMID: 36222681 PMCID: PMC9784763 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00597-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of antibody levels against the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are used to estimate the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Differences in the design and specification of antibody assays challenge the interpretation of test results, and comparative studies are often limited to single time points per patient. We determined the longitudinal kinetics of antibody levels of 145 unvaccinated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at four visits over 1 year upon convalescence using 8 commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays (from Abbott, DiaSorin, Roche, Siemens, and Technoclone), as well as a virus neutralization test (VNT). A linear regression model was used to investigate whether antibody results obtained in the first 6 months after disease onset could predict the VNT results at 12 months. Spike protein-specific antibody tests showed good correlation to the VNT at individual time points (rS, 0.74 to 0.92). While longitudinal assay comparison with the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S test showed almost constant antibody concentrations over 12 months, the VNT and all other tests indicated a decline in serum antibody levels (median decrease to 14% to 36% of baseline). The antibody level at 3 months was the best predictor of the VNT results at 12 months after disease onset. The current standardization to a WHO calibrator for normalization to binding antibody units (BAU) is not sufficient for the harmonization of SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests. Assay-specific differences in absolute values and trends over time need to be considered when interpreting the course of antibody levels in patients. IMPORTANCE Determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 will play an important role in detecting a sufficient immune response. Although all the manufacturers expressed antibody levels in binding antibody units per milliliter, thus suggesting comparable results, we found discrepant behavior between the eight investigated assays when we followed the antibody levels in a cohort of 145 convalescent patients over 1 year. While one assay yielded constant antibody levels, the others showed decreasing antibody levels to a varying extent. Therefore, the comparability of the assays must be improved regarding the long-term kinetics of antibody levels. This is a prerequisite for establishing reliable antibody level cutoffs for sufficient individual protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Egger
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabina Sahanic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Holzer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Animal Health, Moedling, Austria
| | - Christian Irsara
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Binder
- Technoclone Herstellung von Diagnostika und Arzneimitteln GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorin Loacker
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Boris Hartmann
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Animal Health, Moedling, Austria
| | - Markus Anliker
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- MLL (Munich Leukemia Laboratory), Munich, Germany
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El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Essink B, Montefiori D, McDermont A, Rupp R, Lewis M, Swaminathan S, Griffin C, Fragoso V, Miller VE, Girard B, Paila YD, Deng W, Tomassini JE, Paris R, Schödel F, Das R, August A, Leav B, Miller JM, Zhou H, Pajon R. Humoral Immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine in the Phase 3 Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) Trial. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1731-1742. [PMID: 35535503 PMCID: PMC9213865 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 vaccine demonstrated 93.2% efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial. The humoral immunogenicity results are now reported. METHODS Participants received 2 mRNA-1273 (100 µg) or placebo injections, 28 days apart. Immune responses were evaluated in a prespecified, randomly selected per-protocol immunogenicity population (n = 272 placebo; n = 1185 mRNA-1273). Serum binding antibodies (bAbs) and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-spike protein were assessed at days 1, 29, and 57 by baseline SARS-CoV-2-negative (n = 1197) and SARS-CoV-2-positive (n = 260) status, age, and sex. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-negative vaccinees had bAb geometric mean AU/mL levels of 35 753 at day 29 that increased to 316 448 at day 57 and nAb inhibitory dilution 50% titers of 55 at day 29 that rose to 1081 at day 57. In SARS-CoV-2-positive vacinees, the first mRNA-1273 injection elicited bAb and nAb levels that were 11-fold (410 049) and 27-fold (1479) higher than in SARS-CoV-2-negative vaccinees, respectively, and were comparable to levels after 2 injections in uninfected participants. Findings were generally consistent by age and sex. CONCLUSIONS mRNA-1273 elicited robust serologic immune responses across age, sex, and SARS-CoV-2 status, consistent with its high COVID-19 efficacy. Higher immune responses in those previously infected support a booster-type effect. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04470427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M El Sahly
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - David Montefiori
- Immune Assay Team, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrian McDermont
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shobha Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Carl Griffin
- Lynn Health Science Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Veronica Fragoso
- Texas Center for Drug Development, DM Clinical Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vicki E Miller
- Texas Center for Drug Development, DM Clinical Research, Tomball, Texas, USA
| | - Bethany Girard
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yamuna D Paila
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Weiping Deng
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joanne E Tomassini
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Paris
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian Schödel
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rituparna Das
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison August
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett Leav
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Miller
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rolando Pajon
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Validation of Viral Inactivation Protocols for Therapeutic Blood Products against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2). Viruses 2022; 14:v14112419. [PMID: 36366517 PMCID: PMC9698982 DOI: 10.3390/v14112419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic blood products including convalescent plasma/serum and immunoglobulins concentrated from convalescent plasma, such as intravenous immunoglobulins or hyperimmune globulins, and monoclonal antibodies are passive immunotherapy options for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). They have been shown to improve the clinical status and biological and radiological parameters in some groups of COVID-19 patients. However, blood products are still potential sources of virus transmission in recipients. The use of pathogen reduction technology (PRT) should increase the safety of the products. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of solvent/detergents (S/D) procedures on SARS-COV-2 infectivity elimination in the plasma of donors but also on COVID-19 convalescent serum (CCS) capacity to neutralize SARS-COV-2 infectivity. In this investigation, S/D treatment for all experiments was performed at a shortened process time (30 min). We first evaluated the impact of S/D treatments (1% TnBP/1% TritonX-45 and 1% TnBP/1% TritonX-100) on the inactivation of SARS-COV-2 pseudoparticles (SARS-COV-2pp)-spiked human plasma followed by S/D agent removal using a Sep-Pak Plus C18 cartridge. Both treatments were able to completely inactivate SARS-COV-2pp infectivity to an undetectable level. Moreover, the neutralizing activity of CCS against SARS-COV-2pp was preserved after S/D treatments. Our data suggested that viral inactivation methods using such S/D treatments could be useful in the implementation of viral inactivation/elimination processes of therapeutic blood products against SARS-COV-2.
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Babady NE, Burckhardt RM, Krammer F, Moore PL, Enquist LW. Building a Resilient Scientific Network for COVID-19 and Beyond. mBio 2022; 13:e0222322. [PMID: 36125317 PMCID: PMC9600431 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02223-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates that the global scientific community monitor, assess, and respond to the evolving coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. But the current reactive approach to emerging variants is ill-suited to address the quickly evolving and ever-changing pandemic. To tackle this challenge, investments in pathogen surveillance, systematic variant characterization, and data infrastructure and sharing across public and private sectors will be critical for planning proactive responses to emerging variants. Additionally, an emphasis on incorporating real-time variant identification in point-of-care diagnostics can help inform patient treatment. Active approaches to understand and identify "immunity gaps" can inform design of future vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics that will be more resistant to novel variants. Approaches where the scientific community actively plans for and anticipates changes to infectious diseases will result in a more resilient system, capable of adapting to evolving pathogens quickly and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Esther Babady
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Clinical Microbiology Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Ford ES, Mayer-Blackwell K, Jing L, Sholukh AM, St Germain R, Bossard EL, Xie H, Pulliam TH, Jani S, Selke S, Burrow CJ, McClurkan CL, Wald A, Holbrook MR, Eaton B, Eudy E, Murphy M, Postnikova E, Robins HS, Elyanow R, Gittelman RM, Ecsedi M, Wilcox E, Chapuis AG, Fiore-Gartland A, Koelle DM. CD8 + T cell clonotypes from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection predominate during the cellular immune response to mRNA vaccination. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2146712. [PMID: 36263073 PMCID: PMC9580387 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2146712/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Almost three years into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, hybrid immunity is highly prevalent worldwide and more protective than vaccination or prior infection alone. Given emerging resistance of variant strains to neutralizing antibodies (nAb), it is likely that T cells contribute to this protection. To understand how sequential SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA-vectored SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) vaccines affect T cell clonotype-level expansion kinetics, we identified and cross-referenced TCR sequences from thousands of S-reactive single cells against deeply sequenced peripheral blood TCR repertoires longitudinally collected from persons during COVID-19 convalescence through booster vaccination. Successive vaccinations recalled memory T cells and elicited antigen-specific T cell clonotypes not detected after infection. Vaccine-related recruitment of novel clonotypes and the expansion of S-specific clones were most strongly observed for CD8+ T cells. Severe COVID-19 illness was associated with a more diverse CD4+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 both prior to and after mRNA vaccination, suggesting imprinting of CD4+ T cells by severe infection. TCR sequence similarity search algorithms revealed myriad public TCR clusters correlating with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Selected TCRs from distinct clusters functionally recognized S in the predicted HLA context, with fine viral peptide requirements differing between TCRs. Most subjects tested had S-specific T cells in the nasal mucosa after a 3rd mRNA vaccine dose. The blood and nasal T cell responses to vaccination revealed by clonal tracking were more heterogeneous than nAb boosts. Analysis of bulk and single cell TCR sequences reveals T cell kinetics and diversity at the clonotype level, without requiring prior knowledge of T cell epitopes or HLA restriction, providing a roadmap for rapid assessment of T cell responses to emerging pathogens.
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Kandala B, Plock N, Chawla A, Largajolli A, Robey S, Watson K, Thatavarti R, Dubey SA, Cheung SA, de Greef R, Stone J, Sachs JR. Accelerating model-informed decisions for COVID-19 vaccine candidates using a model-based meta-analysis approach. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104264. [PMID: 36182824 PMCID: PMC9514977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for innovative quantitative decision tools to support rapid development of safe and efficacious vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. To meet that need, we developed and applied a model-based meta-analysis (MBMA) approach integrating non-clinical and clinical immunogenicity and protection data. Methods A systematic literature review identified studies of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques (RM) and humans. Summary-level data of 13 RM and 8 clinical trials were used in the analysis. A RM MBMA model was developed to quantify the relationship between serum neutralizing (SN) titres after vaccination and peak viral load (VL) post-challenge in RM. The translation of the RM MBMA model to a clinical protection model was then carried out to predict clinical efficacies based on RM data alone. Subsequently, clinical SN and efficacy data were integrated to develop three predictive models of efficacy – a calibrated RM MBMA, a joint (RM-Clinical) MBMA, and the clinical MBMA model. The three models were leveraged to predict efficacies of vaccine candidates not included in the model and efficacies against newer strains of SARS-CoV-2. Findings Clinical efficacies predicted based on RM data alone were in reasonable agreement with the reported data. The SN titre predicted to provide 50% efficacy was estimated to be about 21% of the mean human convalescent titre level, and that value was consistent across the three models. Clinical efficacies predicted from the MBMA models agreed with reported efficacies for two vaccine candidates (BBV152 and CoronaVac) not included in the modelling and for efficacies against delta variant. Interpretation The three MBMA models are predictive of protection against SARS-CoV-2 and provide a translational framework to enable early Go/No-Go and study design decisions using non-clinical and/or limited clinical immunogenicity data in the development of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Funding This study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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D’Apice L, Trovato M, Gramigna G, Colavita F, Francalancia M, Matusali G, Meschi S, Lapa D, Bettini A, Mizzoni K, Aurisicchio L, Di Caro A, Castilletti C, De Berardinis P. Comparative analysis of the neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain and variants of concern: Performance evaluation of a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. Front Immunol 2022; 13:981693. [PMID: 36225911 PMCID: PMC9549111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesEmergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 might affect vaccine efficacy. Therefore, assessing the capacity of sera to neutralize variants of concern (VOCs) in BSL-2 conditions will help evaluating the immune status of population following vaccination or infection.MethodsPseudotyped viruses bearing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from Wuhan-Hu-1/D614G strains (wild type, WT), B.1.617.2 (Delta), or B.1.1.529 (Omicron) VOCs were generated to assess the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) activity by a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay (PVNA). PVNA performance was assessed in comparison to the micro-neutralization test (MNT) based on live viruses. Sera collected from COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinees receiving mRNA (BNT16b2 or mRNA-1273) or viral vector (AZD1222 or Ad26.COV2.S) vaccines were used to measure nAbs elicited by two-dose BNT16b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222 or one-dose Ad26.CO2.S, at different times from completed vaccination, ~ 1.5 month and ~ 4-6 months. Sera from pre-pandemic and unvaccinated individuals were analyzed as controls. Neutralizing activity following booster vaccinations against VOCs was also determined.ResultsPVNA titers correlated with the gold standard MNT assay, validating the reliability of PVNA. Sera analyzed late from the second dose showed a reduced neutralization activity compared to sera collected earlier. Ad26.CO2.S vaccination led to very low or absent nAbs. Neutralization of Delta and Omicron BA.1 VOCs showed significant reduction of nAbs respect to WT strain. Importantly, booster doses enhanced Omicron BA.1 nAbs, with persistent levels at 3 months from boosting.ConclusionsPVNA is a reliable tool for assessing anti-SARS-CoV-2 nAbs helping the establishment of a correlate of protection and the management of vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana D’Apice
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luciana D’Apice, ; Francesca Colavita,
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Gramigna
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luciana D’Apice, ; Francesca Colavita,
| | - Massimo Francalancia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Meschi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora Bettini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Klizia Mizzoni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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Duan LJ, Jiang WG, Wang ZY, Yao L, Zhu KL, Meng QC, Wang BS, Li LB, Wang GL, Ma MJ. Neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 by infection and vaccination. iScience 2022; 25:104886. [PMID: 35966041 PMCID: PMC9359924 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 (B.1.1.529) variant has raised questions regarding resistance to neutralizing antibodies elicited by natural infection or immunization. We examined the neutralization activity of sera collected from previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals who received BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac to BA.1 and the earlier variants Alpha, Beta, and Delta. Both sera from convalescent patients over three months after infection and two-dose BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac vaccine recipients barely inhibited BA.1, less effectively neutralized Beta and Delta, and moderately neutralized Alpha. However, administering a single dose of BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac in previously infected individuals or a third dose booster vaccination of BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac in previously vaccinated individuals enhances neutralizing activity against BA.1 and other variants, albeit with a lower antibody titer for BA.1. Our data suggest that a booster vaccination is important to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against the variants. Limited duration of antibody response against BA.1 in convalescent individuals Infection before BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac vaccination boosts neutralization Two doses of BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac elicit limited neutralizing activity against VOCs Neutralization breadth for BA.1 is boosted by a third dose of BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Guo Jiang
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Zhuang-Ye Wang
- Dezhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dezhou, China
| | - Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ka-Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Chuan Meng
- Ningjin County Community Health Service Center, Dezhou, China
| | - Bao-Shan Wang
- Decheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dezhou, China
| | - Li-Bo Li
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Guo-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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36
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Farrell AG, Dadonaite B, Greaney AJ, Eguia R, Loes AN, Franko NM, Logue J, Carreño JM, Abbad A, Chu HY, Matreyek KA, Bloom JD. Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) Antibodies Contribute More to SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization When Target Cells Express High Levels of ACE2. Viruses 2022; 14:2061. [PMID: 36146867 PMCID: PMC9504593 DOI: 10.3390/v14092061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralization assays are experimental surrogates for the effectiveness of infection- or vaccine-elicited polyclonal antibodies and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2. However, the measured neutralization can depend on the details of the experimental assay. Here, we systematically assess how ACE2 expression in target cells affects neutralization by antibodies to different spike epitopes in lentivirus pseudovirus neutralization assays. For high ACE2-expressing target cells, receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies account for nearly all neutralizing activity in polyclonal human sera. However, for lower ACE2-expressing target cells, antibodies targeting regions outside the RBD make a larger (although still modest) contribution to serum neutralization. These serum-level results are mirrored for monoclonal antibodies: N-terminal domain (NTD) antibodies and RBD antibodies that do not compete for ACE2 binding incompletely neutralize on high ACE2-expressing target cells, but completely neutralize on cells with lower ACE2 expression. Our results show that the ACE2 expression level in the target cells is an important experimental variable, and that high ACE2 expression emphasizes the role of a subset of RBD-directed antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Ghez Farrell
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allison J. Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Eguia
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrea N. Loes
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anass Abbad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Matreyek
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Manjappa S, Phi HQ, Lee LW, Onstad L, Gill DB, Connelly-Smith L, Krakow EF, Flowers ME, Carpenter PA, Hill JA, Lee SJ. Humoral and Cellular Immune Response to Covid-19 Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease on Immunosuppression. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:784.e1-784.e9. [PMID: 36058550 PMCID: PMC9436787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and its management with immunosuppressive therapies increase the susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, as well as progression to severe Coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19). Vaccination against COVID-19 is strongly recommended, but efficacy data are limited in this patient population. In this study, responses to COVID-19 vaccination were measured at 3 time points—after the initial vaccine series, before the third dose, and after the third dose—in adults with cGVHD receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Humoral response was measured by quantitative anti-spike antibody and neutralizing antibody levels. Anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels were measured to detect natural infection. T cell response was evaluated by a novel immunosequencing technique combined with immune repertoire profiling from cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. Present or absent T cell responses were determined by the relative proportion of unique SARS-CoV-2-associated T cell receptor sequences (“breadth”) plus clonal expansion of the response (“depth”) compared with those in a reference population. Based on both neutralizing antibody and T cell responses, patients were categorized as vaccine responders (both detected), nonresponders (neither detected), or mixed (one but not both detected). Thirty-two patients were enrolled for the initial series, including 17 (53%) positive responders, 7 (22%) mixed responders, and 8 (25%) nonresponders. All but one patient categorized as mixed responders had humoral responses while lacking T cell responses. No statistical differences were observed in patient characteristics among the 3 groups of patients categorized by immune response, although sample sizes were limited. Significant positive correlations were observed between the robustness of cellular and humoral responses after the initial series. Among the 20 patients with paired samples (pre- and post-third dose), a third vaccination resulted in increased neutralizing antibody titers. cGVHD worsened in 10 patients (26%; 6 after the initial series and 4 after the third dose), necessitating escalation of immunosuppressive doses in 5 patients, although 4 had been tapering immunosuppression and 5 had already worsening cGVHD at the time of vaccination, and a clear association between COVID-19 vaccination and cGVHD could not be drawn. Among the patients with cGVHD on immunosuppressive therapy, 72% demonstrated a neutralizing antibody response after a 2-dose primary COVID-19 vaccination, two-thirds of whom also developed a T cell response; 25% had neither a humoral nor a T cell response. A third dose further amplified the antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad Manjappa
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Huy Q Phi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lik Wee Lee
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lynn Onstad
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Laura Connelly-Smith
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elizabeth F Krakow
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E Flowers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul A Carpenter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie J Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Farrell AG, Dadonaite B, Greaney AJ, Eguia R, Loes AN, Franko NM, Logue J, Carreño JM, Abbad A, Chu HY, Matreyek KA, Bloom JD. Receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies contribute more to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization when target cells express high levels of ACE2.. [PMID: 36093349 PMCID: PMC9460967 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.29.505713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutralization assays are experimental surrogates for the effectiveness of infection- or vaccine-elicited polyclonal antibodies and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2. However, the measured neutralization can depend on details of the experimental assay. Here we systematically assess how ACE2 expression in target cells affects neutralization by antibodies to different spike epitopes in lentivirus pseudovirus neutralization assays. For high ACE2-expressing target cells, receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies account for nearly all neutralizing activity in polyclonal human sera. But for lower ACE2-expressing target cells, antibodies targeting regions outside the RBD make a larger (although still modest) contribution to serum neutralization. These serum-level results are mirrored for monoclonal antibodies: N-terminal domain (NTD) antibodies and RBD antibodies that do not compete for ACE2 binding incompletely neutralize on high ACE2-expressing target cells, but completely neutralize on cells with lower ACE2 expression. Our results show that ACE2 expression level in the target cells is an important experimental variable, and that high ACE2 expression emphasizes the role of a subset of RBD-directed antibodies.
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Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Andreas M, Böhm L, Bröckelmann PJ, Di Cristanziano V, Golinski M, Hausinger RI, Mellinghoff S, Lange B, Lischetzki T, Kappler V, Mikolajewska A, Monsef I, Park YS, Piechotta V, Schmaderer C, Stegemann M, Vanshylla K, Weber F, Weibel S, Stephani C, Skoetz N. Immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in people with higher risk of compromised immune status: a scoping review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 8:CD015021. [PMID: 35943061 PMCID: PMC9361430 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High efficacy in terms of protection from severe COVID-19 has been demonstrated for several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, patients with compromised immune status develop a weaker and less stable immune response to vaccination. Strong immune response may not always translate into clinical benefit, therefore it is important to synthesise evidence on modified schemes and types of vaccination in these population subgroups for guiding health decisions. As the literature on COVID-19 vaccines continues to expand, we aimed to scope the literature on multiple subgroups to subsequently decide on the most relevant research questions to be answered by systematic reviews. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the availability of existing literature on immune response and long-term clinical outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination, and to map this evidence according to the examined populations, specific vaccines, immunity parameters, and their way of determining relevant long-term outcomes and the availability of mapping between immune reactivity and relevant outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, the Web of Science Core Collection, and the World Health Organization COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease on 6 December 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included studies that published results on immunity outcomes after vaccination with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222, Ad26.COV2.S, Sputnik V or Sputnik Light, BBIBP-CorV, or CoronaVac on predefined vulnerable subgroups such as people with malignancies, transplant recipients, people undergoing renal replacement therapy, and people with immune disorders, as well as pregnant and breastfeeding women, and children. We included studies if they had at least 100 participants (not considering healthy control groups); we excluded case studies and case series. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data independently and in duplicate onto an online data extraction form. Data were represented as tables and as online maps to show the frequency of studies for each item. We mapped the data according to study design, country of participant origin, patient comorbidity subgroup, intervention, outcome domains (clinical, safety, immunogenicity), and outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: Out of 25,452 identified records, 318 studies with a total of more than 5 million participants met our eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Participants were recruited mainly from high-income countries between January 2020 and 31 October 2021 (282/318); the majority of studies included adult participants (297/318). Haematological malignancies were the most commonly examined comorbidity group (N = 54), followed by solid tumours (N = 47), dialysis (N = 48), kidney transplant (N = 43), and rheumatic diseases (N = 28, 17, and 15 for mixed diseases, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, respectively). Thirty-one studies included pregnant or breastfeeding women. The most commonly administered vaccine was BNT162b2 (N = 283), followed by mRNA-1273 (N = 153), AZD1222 (N = 66), Ad26.COV2.S (N = 42), BBIBP-CorV (N = 15), CoronaVac (N = 14), and Sputnik V (N = 5; no studies were identified for Sputnik Light). Most studies reported outcomes after regular vaccination scheme. The majority of studies focused on immunogenicity outcomes, especially seroconversion based on binding antibody measurements and immunoglobulin G (IgG) titres (N = 179 and 175, respectively). Adverse events and serious adverse events were reported in 126 and 54 studies, whilst SARS-CoV-2 infection irrespective of severity was reported in 80 studies. Mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in 36 studies. Please refer to our evidence gap maps for more detailed information. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Up to 6 December 2021, the majority of studies examined data on mRNA vaccines administered as standard vaccination schemes (two doses approximately four to eight weeks apart) that report on immunogenicity parameters or adverse events. Clinical outcomes were less commonly reported, and if so, were often reported as a secondary outcome observed in seroconversion or immunoglobulin titre studies. As informed by this scoping review, two effectiveness reviews (on haematological malignancies and kidney transplant recipients) are currently being conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Caroline Hirsch
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marike Andreas
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena Böhm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Paul J Bröckelmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Golinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Goettingen Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Renate Ilona Hausinger
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle Mellinghoff
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Berit Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- Translational Unit BBD, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Brunswick, Germany
| | - Tina Lischetzki
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Kappler
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agata Mikolajewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS), Strategy and Incident Response (ZBS7), Clinical Management and Infection Control (ZBS7.1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yun Soo Park
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florencia Weber
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Caspar Stephani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Goettingen Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Zhao Y, Dong J. Effect of inactivating RNA viruses by coupled UVC and UVA LEDs evaluated by a viral surrogate commonly used as a genetic vector. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4429-4444. [PMID: 36032577 PMCID: PMC9408255 DOI: 10.1364/boe.468445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses are ubiquitous in nature, many of which can cause severe infectious syndromes to humanity, e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been widely studied for inactivating various species of microorganisms, including viruses. The most applicable UV light for viruses ranges from 200nm to 280nm in wavelength, i.e., UVC. More recently, the synergy of UVA light with UVC has been studied in disinfecting bacteria in polluted water. However, little attention has been paid to studying viral inactivation by coupled UVC and UVA LEDs. The necessity of such research is to find an effective and economical solution for the LEDs of these two bands. Along this track, we attempt to tackle two major challenges. The first is to find a suitable viral surrogate that can safely be used in ordinary labs. In this aspect, lentivirus is commonly used as a genetic vector and has been selected to surrogate RNA viruses. Another is to determine the effective dosage of the coupled UVC and UVA light. To this end, the surrogate lentivirus was irradiated by 280nm (UVC) LEDs, 365nm (UVA) LEDs, and their combination at various doses. Survival rates were detected to compare the efficacy of various options. Moreover, the viral RNA damage was detected by RT-qPCR to disclose the mechanism of viral death. The results have shown that for the same duration of irradiation, the effect of the full-power 280nm LEDs is equivalent to that of the half-power 280nm LEDs combined with a suitable radiant power of the 365nm LEDs. The observations have been further confirmed by the effect of damaging the viral RNA by either the 280nm or 365nm light. In conclusion, the experimental results provide clear evidence of alleviating the requirement of UVC LEDs in viral inactivation by substituting them partially with UVA LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jianfei Dong
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
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Priddy FH, Williams M, Carson S, Lavender B, Mathieson J, Frampton C, Moreland NJ, McGregor R, Williams G, Brewerton M, Gell K, Ussher J, Le Gros G. Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in New Zealand adults. Vaccine 2022; 40:5050-5059. [PMID: 35868948 PMCID: PMC9273612 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background There is very little known about SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immune responses in New Zealand populations at greatest risk for serious COVID-19 disease. Methods This prospective cohort study assessed immunogenicity in BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine recipients in New Zealand without previous COVID-19, with enrichment for Māori, Pacific peoples, older adults ≥ 65 years of age, and those with co-morbidities. Serum samples were analysed at baseline and 28 days after second dose for presence of quantitative anti-S IgG by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay and for neutralizing capacity against Wuhan, Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 strains using a surrogate viral neutralisation assay. Results 285 adults with median age of 52 years were included. 55% were female, 30% were Māori, 28% were Pacific peoples, and 26% were ≥ 65 years of age. Obesity, cardiac and pulmonary disease and diabetes were more common than in the general population. All participants received 2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. At 28 days after second vaccination, 99.6% seroconverted to the vaccine, and anti-S IgG and neutralising antibody levels were high across gender and ethnic groups. IgG and neutralising responses declined with age. Lower responses were associated with age ≥ 75 and diabetes, but not BMI. The ability to neutralise the Omicron BA.1 variant in vitro was severely diminished but maintained against other variants of concern. Conclusions Vaccine antibody responses to BNT162b2 were generally robust and consistent with international data in this COVID-19 naïve cohort with representation of key populations at risk for COVID-19 morbidity. Subsequent data on response to boosters, durability of responses and cellular immune responses should be assessed with attention to elderly adults and diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances H Priddy
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.
| | - Michael Williams
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Simon Carson
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Brittany Lavender
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Julia Mathieson
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Reuben McGregor
- University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Georgia Williams
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Maia Brewerton
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand; Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Rd, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Katie Gell
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - James Ussher
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and University of Otago, 362 Leith St, Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
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Cheng H, Peng Z, Si S, Alifu X, Zhou H, Chi P, Zhuang Y, Mo M, Yu Y. Neutralization Activity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants after Booster Vaccination in Populations without COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071101. [PMID: 35891263 PMCID: PMC9322873 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of SARS-CoV-2 variants that have evolved to have significant immune escape have emerged worldwide since the COVID-19 outbreak. The efficacy of prime vaccination is waning with the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, and the necessity of booster doses is more and more prominent. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the neutralization activity against the wild type and variants (Beta, Delta, and Omicron) in different prime–boost vaccination regimens. Electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, medRxiv, Wanfang and CNKI were used to retrieve original studies. A total of 16 studies, 9 prime–boost vaccination regimes, and 3134 subjects were included in the meta-analysis and random effect models were used to estimate pooled neutralization titers. The neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 showed a significant decline with the evolution of the virus, especially in the populations primed with inactivated vaccines. For homologous immunization, only the populations boosted with mRNA vaccines consistently had a significant rise in neutralization titers (Beta: MD = 0.97; Delta: MD = 1.33; Omicron: MD = 0.74). While the heterologous immunization was more effective, the increment of neutralization titers against wild type, Beta, Delta and Omicron was 1.65 (95% CI: 1.32–1.96), 1.03 (95% CI: 0.53–1.54), 1.46 (95% CI: 1.07–1.85) and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.68–1.61), respectively. With the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, the effectiveness of prime immunization is waning. Although the administration of the booster dose could ameliorate the neutralization titers, homologous immunization regimens were gradually losing their effectiveness. Therefore, a heterologous booster dose is required, especially in populations primed with inactivated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhicheng Peng
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuting Si
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xialidan Alifu
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peihan Chi
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Minjia Mo
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunxian Yu
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (H.C.); (Z.P.); (S.S.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence:
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The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. mSphere 2022; 7:e0019322. [PMID: 35703544 PMCID: PMC9429934 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00193-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and “to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies” (https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/covid-19/coronavirus-research-initiatives/serological-sciences-network). SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology standard reference material and first WHO international standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, 13 multiplex assays, and 9 neutralization assays and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. In conclusion, SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons. IMPORTANCE SeroNet institutions have developed or implemented 61 diverse COVID-19 serological assays and are collaboratively working to harmonize these assays using reference materials to establish standardized reporting units. This will facilitate clinical interpretation of serology results and cross-comparison of research data.
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Igawa G, Ai T, Yamamoto T, Ito K, Nojiri S, Saito K, Wakita M, Fukuda H, Hori S, Misawa S, Miida T, Seyama K, Takahashi K, Tabe Y, Naito T. Antibody response and seroprevalence in healthcare workers after the BNT162b2 vaccination in a University Hospital at Tokyo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8707. [PMID: 35610464 PMCID: PMC9127282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2020, we reported a low seroprevalence of N-specific antibodies in 4147 health care workers (HCWs) at a frontline hospital in Tokyo, Japan. In Japan, a vaccine campaign was launched in early 2021. We re-evaluated seroprevalences of N- and S-specific antibodies in 2202 HCWs who took two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. In 2021, N-specific seroprevalence remains as low as 1.59%. The seroprevalences were comparable among all HCWs regardless of exposure levels. Almost all of the HCWs elicited S-specific antibodies after vaccination. However, the HCWs who had COVID-19 elicited higher S-specific antibody titers than those who did not have COVID-19. In the HCWs without a history of COVID-19, 1.1% (23 out of 2185) were seropositive with N-specific antibodies, indicating the existence of asymptomatic infections. Also, S-specific antibody titers were higher in females and younger HCWs, and in those who had severe side effects. However, S-specific antibody titers were lower depending on the number of days after the second dose of vaccination specifically in elderly individuals. In conclusion, this study indicates N-specific seroprevalence remains low in HCWs at a frontline hospital in Tokyo. The mRNA vaccine elicited S-specific antibody in HCWs, however, the titers decreased as the days proceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Igawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takamasa Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanami Ito
- Department of Safety and Health Promotion, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuko Nojiri
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Saito
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Wakita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuda
- Department of Safety and Health Promotion, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Infection Control Unit, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Misawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Seyama
- Department of Safety and Health Promotion, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshio Naito
- Department of Safety and Health Promotion, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Bhiman JN, Moore PL. Leveraging South African
HIV
research to define
SARS‐CoV
‐2 immunity triggered by sequential variants of concern. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:61-75. [PMID: 35599324 PMCID: PMC9349367 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), has shifted our paradigms about B cell immunity and the goals of vaccination for respiratory viruses. The development of population immunity, through responses directed to highly immunogenic regions of this virus, has been a strong driving force in the emergence of progressively mutated variants. This review highlights how the strength of the existing global virology and immunology networks built for HIV vaccine research enabled rapid adaptation of techniques, assays, and skill sets, to expeditiously respond to the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. Allying real‐time genomic surveillance to immunological platforms enabled the characterization of immune responses elicited by infection with distinct variants, in sequential epidemic waves, as well as studies of vaccination and hybrid immunity (combination of infection‐ and vaccination‐induced immunity). These studies have shown that consecutive variants of concern have steadily diminished the ability of vaccines to prevent infection, but that increasing levels of hybrid immunity result in higher frequencies of cross‐reactive responses. Ultimately, this rapid pivot from HIV to SARS‐CoV‐2 enabled a depth of understanding of the SARS‐CoV‐2 antigenic vulnerabilities as population immunity expanded and diversified, providing key insights for future responses to the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinal N. Bhiman
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services Johannesburg South Africa
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services Johannesburg South Africa
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa Durban South Africa
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Gruell H, Vanshylla K, Weber T, Barnes CO, Kreer C, Klein F. Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. Immunity 2022; 55:925-944. [PMID: 35623355 PMCID: PMC9118976 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies can block infection, clear pathogens, and are essential to provide long-term immunity. Since the onset of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies have been comprehensively investigated and critical information on their development, function, and potential use to prevent and treat COVID-19 have been revealed. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 immune escape variants, humoral immunity is being challenged, and a detailed understanding of neutralizing antibodies is essential to guide vaccine design strategies as well as antibody-mediated therapies. In this review, we summarize some of the key findings on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, with a focus on their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Timm Weber
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Lee HJ, Jung J, Lee JH, Lee DG, Kim YB, Oh EJ. Comparison of Six Serological Immunoassays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Levels in the Vaccinated Population. Viruses 2022; 14:946. [PMID: 35632688 PMCID: PMC9147836 DOI: 10.3390/v14050946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody (NAb) detection is critical for evaluating herd immunity and monitoring the efficacy of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, quantitative SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after vaccination were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassays, enzyme immunoassays, and surrogate virus neutralization tests (sVNTs), as well as plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT). Sequential blood samples were collected before and 1 and 3 months after vaccination in 30 healthy participants (two doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca [AZ] or Pfizer-BioNTech [BNT]). After vaccination, all sera tested positive for PRNT, with NAb titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:723. Median NAb titers were higher in the BNT vaccine group than in the AZ vaccine group at both one and three months post-vaccination. Excellent overall concordance rates were observed between serological assays and PRNT. In a quantitative correlation analysis, the results of sVNTs showed a strong correlation with those of PRNT. Results of the four binding antibody assays showed a significant correlation with those of PRNT. The serologic assays evaluated in this study could be used as sVNTs to evaluate the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jin Jung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Research and Development Institute for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices of Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Research and Development Institute for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices of Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Jeremiah SS, Miyakawa K, Ryo A. Detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing immunity: highlighting the potential of split nanoluciferase technology. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6567849. [PMID: 35416249 PMCID: PMC9387144 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has progressed over 2 years since its onset causing significant health concerns all over the world and is currently curtailed by mass vaccination. Immunity acquired against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be following either infection or vaccination. However, one can never be sure whether the acquired immunity is adequate to protect the individual from subsequent infection because of three important factors: individual variations in humoral response dynamics, waning of protective antibodies over time, and the emergence of immune escape mutants. Therefore, a test that can accurately differentiate the protected from the vulnerable is the need of the hour. The plaque reduction neutralization assay is the conventional gold standard test for estimating the titers of neutralizing antibodies that confer protection. However, it has got several drawbacks, which hinder the practical application of this test for wide-scale usage. Hence, various tests have been developed to detect protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 that directly or indirectly assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a lower biosafety setting. In this review, the pros and cons of the currently available assays are elaborated in detail and special focus is put on the scope of the novel split nanoluciferase technology for detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Yan LN, Liu PP, Li XG, Zhou SJ, Li H, Wang ZY, Shen F, Lu BC, Long Y, Xiao X, Wang ZD, Li D, Han HJ, Yu H, Zhou SH, Lv WL, Yu XJ. Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:803031. [PMID: 35310397 PMCID: PMC8928406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.803031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has caused more than 2.6 billion infections and several million deaths since its outbreak 2 years ago. We know very little about the long-term cellular immune responses and the kinetics of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to SARS-CoV-2 because it has emerged only recently in the human population. Methods We collected blood samples from individuals who were from the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan between December 30, 2019, and February 24, 2020. We analyzed NAbs to SARS-CoV-2 using pseudoviruses and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) protein using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients’ sera and determined SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses of patients with ELISpot assays. Results We found that 91.9% (57/62) and 88.9% (40/45) of COVID-19 patients had NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 in a year (10–11 months) and one and a half years (17–18 months), respectively, after the onset of illness, indicating that NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 waned slowly and possibly persisted over a long period time. Over 80% of patients had IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 S and N protein one and a half years after illness onset. Most patients also had robust memory T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 one and a half years after the illness. Among the patients, 95.6% (43/45) had an IFN-γ-secreting T-cell response and 93.8% (15/16) had an IL-2-secreting T-cell response. The T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were positively correlated with antibodies (including neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies to S and N protein) in COVID-19 patients. Eighty percent (4/5) of neutralizing antibody-negative patients also had SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response. After long-term infection, protective immunity was independent of disease severity, sex, and age. Conclusions We concluded that SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited a robust and persistent neutralizing antibody and memory T-cell response in COVID-19 patients, indicating that these sustained immune responses, among most SARS-CoV-2-infected people, may play a crucial role in protection against reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Gui Li
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei 672 Orthopaedics Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Jing Zhou
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei 672 Orthopaedics Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Yin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Huangjiahu Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Shen
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Chao Lu
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Long
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Ju Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shu-Han Zhou
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Liang Lv
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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50
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Pi-Estopiñan F, Pérez MT, Fraga A, Bergado G, Díaz GD, Orosa I, Díaz M, Solozábal JA, Rodríguez LM, Garcia-Rivera D, Macías C, Jerez Y, Casadesús AV, Fernández-Marrero B, Bermúdez E, Plasencia CA, Sánchez B, Hernández T. A cell-based ELISA as surrogate of virus neutralization assay for RBD SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Vaccine 2022; 40:1958-1967. [PMID: 35193792 PMCID: PMC8856731 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, has provoked a global crisis and death of millions of people. Several serological assays to determine the quality of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and the efficacy of vaccines have been developed, among them the gold standard conventional virus neutralization assays. However, these tests are time consuming, require biosafety level 3 (BSL3), and are low throughput and expensive. This has motivated the development of alternative methods, including molecular inhibition assays. Herein, we present a safe cell-based ELISA-virus neutralization test (cbE-VNT) as a surrogate for the conventional viral neutralization assays that detects the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RBD binding to ACE2-bearing cells independently of species. Our test shows a very good correlation with the conventional and molecular neutralization assays and achieves 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity. cbE-VNT is cost-effective, fast and enables a large-scale serological evaluation that can be performed in a BSL2 laboratory, allowing its use in pre-clinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciscary Pi-Estopiñan
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - María Teresa Pérez
- National Laboratory of Civil Defense (NLCD), Jamaica Highway and National Highway, San José of Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Anitza Fraga
- National Laboratory of Civil Defense (NLCD), Jamaica Highway and National Highway, San José of Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Gretchen Bergado
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Geidy D Díaz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivette Orosa
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Marianniz Díaz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Joaquín Antonio Solozábal
- Quality Control Department, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Yanet Jerez
- Institute of Hematology and Immunology (IHI), Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana V Casadesús
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Briandy Fernández-Marrero
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Ernesto Bermúdez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Claudia A Plasencia
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Belinda Sánchez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Tays Hernández
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba.
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