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Cole M, Simon AK, Faulkner A, Skoff T, Tondella ML, Montero C, Nye MB, Williams M. Comparison of Bordetella species identification among differing rt-PCR assays in the United States. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0078324. [PMID: 38980022 PMCID: PMC11302660 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00783-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the general laboratory method for diagnosing pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is real-time PCR (rt-PCR) targeting insertion sequence 481 (IS481). Other Bordetella species (parapertussis, holmesii, and bronchiseptica) can also cause a pertussis-like syndrome, and some commercial laboratory assays include the insertion sequence 1001 (pIS1001) that can detect B. parapertussis/B. bronchiseptica (BppBb). Because IS481 exists in B. pertussis and B. holmesii, current commercial assays cannot differentiate these two species. We used a multiplex rt-PCR assay containing species-specific targets to Bordetella to evaluate clinical specimens detected as B. pertussis/B. holmesii (BpBh) or BppBb by commercial laboratories. A sample of 3,984 clinical specimens positive for IS481 or pIS1001 from two commercial laboratories during 2012-2019 were re-tested at CDC. Agreement of Bordetella species between the CDC and commercial laboratory assays, and the proportion of commercial laboratory specimens that were non-B. pertussis by CDC's assay was assessed. Overall agreement in Bordetella species detection and identification between the CDC and commercial lab assays was 85%. Agreement for identifying B. pertussis was 87% for 3,663 BpBh specimens and 98% for identifying B. parapertussis in 310 BppBb specimens. CDC's assay detected B. holmesii in 55/3,984 (1.4%) specimens. Most discrepant results (410/490, 82%) were BpBh specimens interpreted as indeterminate B. pertussis at CDC. We found a small portion of B. holmesii in a sample of IS481-positive clinical specimens originally identified by commercial laboratory rt-PCR assays, suggesting that commercial PCR assays are a reliable diagnostic tool for correctly identifying Bordetella species in most patients with suspected pertussis. IMPORTANCE When testing specimens collected from patients with suspected pertussis, large-scale commercial laboratories in the United States employ an IS481-based assay that cannot differentiate between Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella holmseii. The level of B. holmesii causing pertussis-like illness in the United States is not well-understood given that only B. pertussis is nationally notifiable. After re-testing with a multiplex, species-specific rt-PCR assay, our data show low levels of B. holmesii identified in a sample of IS481-positive clinical specimens originally identified by commercial laboratory rt-PCR assays. These results reinforce the validity of large-scale commercial rt-PCR testing as a reliable diagnostic tool for pertussis in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cole
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley K. Simon
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Tami Skoff
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria L. Tondella
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Margaret Williams
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Hu Y, Shi W, Meng Q, Yuan L, Gao W, Wang L, Yao K. Detection of Bordetella spp. in children with pertussis-like illness from 2018 to 2024 in China. J Infect 2024; 89:106222. [PMID: 39002934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis), B. parapertussis, B. holmesii, and B. bronchiseptica on pertussis resurgence in China, particularly the sharp rise since the latest winter. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from children with pertussis-like illness from January 2018 to March 2024 were cultured to detect B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. holmesii, and B. bronchiseptica, and tested for all of these except for B. bronchiseptica using a pooled real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit targeting insertion sequences ptxS1, IS481, IS1001, and hIS1001. RESULTS Out of the collected 7732 nasopharyngeal swabs, 1531 cases tested positive for B. pertussis (19.8%, 1531/7732), and 10 cases were positive for B. parapertussis (0.1%, 10/7732). B. holmesii and B.bronchiseptica were not detected. The number of specimens and the detection rate of B. pertussis were 1709 and 26.9% (459/1709) in 2018, 1936 and 20.7% (400/1936) in 2019, which sharply declined to 308 and 11.4% (35/308) in 2020, 306 and 4.2% (13/306) in 2021, and then notably increased to 754 and 17.6% (133/754) in 2022, 1842 and 16.0% (295/1842) in 2023, 877 and 22.3% (196/877) in the first quarter of 2024. The proportion of children aged 3 to less than 6 years (preschool age) and 6 to 16 years (school age) in pertussis cases increased significantly during the study period, especially the proportion of school-aged children increased from 2.0% (9/459) in 2018 to 40.8% (80/196) in 2024. CONCLUSIONS B. pertussis was the predominant pathogen among children with pertussis-like illness in China, with sporadic detection of B. parapertussis and no detection of B. holmesii or B.bronchiseptica. The preschool and school-age children are increasingly prevalent in B. pertussis infection cases, which may be associated with the latest rapid escalation of pertussis outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Qinghong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Applied Biological Technologies Co., LTD, China
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
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Domenech de Cellès M, Rohani P. Pertussis vaccines, epidemiology and evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01064-8. [PMID: 38907021 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Pertussis, which is caused by Bordetella pertussis, has plagued humans for at least 800 years, is highly infectious and can be fatal in the unvaccinated, especially very young infants. Although the rollout of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines in the 1940s and 1950s was associated with a drastic drop in incidence, concerns regarding the reactogenicity of wP vaccines led to the development of a new generation of safer, acellular (aP) vaccines that have been adopted mainly in high-income countries. Over the past 20 years, some countries that boast high aP coverage have experienced a resurgence in pertussis, which has led to substantial debate over the basic immunology, epidemiology and evolutionary biology of the bacterium. Controversy surrounds the duration of natural immunity and vaccine-derived immunity, the ability of vaccines to prevent transmission and severe disease, and the impact of evolution on evading vaccine immunity. Resolving these issues is made challenging by incomplete detection of pertussis cases, the absence of a serological marker of immunity, modest sequencing of the bacterial genome and heterogeneity in diagnostic methods of surveillance. In this Review, we lay out the complexities of contemporary pertussis and, where possible, propose a parsimonious explanation for apparently incongruous observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center of Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College for Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Elgarini M, Mennane Z, Sobh M, Hammoumi A. Bordetella holmesii: Causative agent of pertussis. Arch Pediatr 2024; 31:172-175. [PMID: 38490892 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii is a bacterium recently recognized in 1995. It is a gram-negative coccobacillus that can cause pertussis-like symptoms in humans as well as invasive infections. It is often confused with Bordetella pertussis because routine diagnostic tests for whooping cough are not species-specific. The prevalence of B. holmesii as a cause of pertussis has increased in several countries. Therefore, B. holmesii assays are important for determining the epidemiology of pertussis, for the choice of an effective treatment, and for detecting vaccination failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Elgarini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Zakaria Mennane
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdalmalek Saadi, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Sobh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdearrahmane Hammoumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
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5
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Missed pertussis diagnosis during co-infection with Bordetella holmesii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:1227-1235. [PMID: 36050561 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify predictive factors associated with missed diagnosis of B. pertussis-B. holmesii co-infection by assessing the analytical performance of a commercially available multiplexed PCR assay and by building a prediction model based on clinical signs and symptoms for detecting co-infections. This is a retrospective study on the electronic health records of all clinical samples that tested positive to either B. pertussis or B. holmesii from January 2015 to January 2018 at Geneva University Hospitals. Multivariate logistic regression was used to build a model for co-infection prediction based on the electronic health record chart review. Limit of detection was determined for all targets of the commercial multiplexed PCR assay used on respiratory samples. A regression model, developed from clinical symptoms and signs, predicted B. pertussis and B. holmesii co-infection with an accuracy of 82.9% (95% CI 67.9-92.8%, p value = .012), for respiratory samples positive with any of the two tested Bordetella species. We found that the LOD of the PCR reaction targeting ptxS1 is higher than that reported by the manufacturer by a factor 10. The current testing strategy misses B. pertussis and B. holmesii co-infections by reporting only B. holmesii infections. Thus, we advocate to perform serological testing for detecting a response against pertussis toxin whenever a sample is found positive for B. holmesii. These findings are important, both from a clinical and epidemiological point of view, as the former impacts the choice of antimicrobial drugs and the latter biases surveillance data, by underestimating B. pertussis infections during co-infections.
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Okada K, Horikoshi Y, Nishimura N, Ishii S, Nogami H, Motomura C, Miyairi I, Tsumura N, Mori T, Ito K, Honma S, Nagai K, Tanaka H, Hayakawa T, Abe C, Ouchi K. Clinical evaluation of a new rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of Bordetella pertussis antigen. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8069. [PMID: 35577904 PMCID: PMC9109659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A more rapid and less complicated test to diagnose pertussis is required in clinical settings. We need to detect Bordetella pertussis, which mainly causes pertussis, as early as possible, because pertussis is more likely to become severe in infants, and people around them can easily become a source of infection due to its strong infectivity. Nevertheless, methods that can detect B. pertussis rapidly and efficiently are lacking. Therefore, we developed a new immunochromatographic antigen kit (ICkit) for the early diagnosis of pertussis. The ICkit detects B. pertussis antigens in a nasopharyngeal swab without equipment and provides the result in about 15 min with a simple procedure. Additionally, a prospective study to evaluate the ICkit was conducted in 11 medical institutions, involving 195 cases with suspected pertussis. Compared with the real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR), the sensitivity and specificity of the ICkit were 86.4% (19/22) and 97.1% (168/173), respectively. The ICkit detected the antigen in both children and adults. Furthermore, the ICkit detected the antigen until the 25th day from the onset of cough, when rPCR detected the antigen. Thus, the ICkit demonstrated a high correlation with rPCR and would help diagnose pertussis more rapidly and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okada
- Division of Basic Nursing, Fukuoka Nursing College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuho Horikoshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Konan Kosei Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nogami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikako Motomura
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isao Miyairi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiko Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, NTT East Sapporo Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenta Ito
- Department of General Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Sapporo Cough Asthma and Allergy Center, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toru Hayakawa
- Diagnostics Department, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 1-1-2 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0006, Japan.
| | - Chiharu Abe
- Diagnostics Department, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 1-1-2 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0006, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Ouchi
- Department of Medical Welfare for Children, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
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Ghez N, Mazenq J, Bosdure E, Dubourg G, Morand A, Dubus JC. Real-life requests for Bordetella polymerase chain reaction testing in children presenting to hospital. Arch Pediatr 2021; 29:72-74. [PMID: 34848130 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
From 2015 to 2017, 3197 interpretable Bordetella polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed for 2760 children presenting to our tertiary university hospital. Requests mainly came from the emergency department (62%) and for children older than 1 year (68%). Only 32 PCR (1%) results were positive, mainly in children younger than 1 year (n = 29/32, 90.6%; p<0.001). When focusing on the PCR indications in 2017, we found the requests were mainly based on nonspecific respiratory symptoms and were clinically unjustified in 383 cases (39%). Pediatricians overused Bordetella PCR in clinical practice. They should reserve their requests for cases of young children with symptoms suggestive of respiratory illness and/or incomplete pertussis immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ghez
- Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Timone Hospital for Children, 264 rue Saint Pierre, Marseille 13385, France
| | - J Mazenq
- Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Timone Hospital for Children, 264 rue Saint Pierre, Marseille 13385, France
| | - E Bosdure
- Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Timone Hospital for Children, 264 rue Saint Pierre, Marseille 13385, France
| | - G Dubourg
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - A Morand
- Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Timone Hospital for Children, 264 rue Saint Pierre, Marseille 13385, France; Aix Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - J C Dubus
- Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Timone Hospital for Children, 264 rue Saint Pierre, Marseille 13385, France; Aix Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Noel G, Lotfi MN, Mirshahvalad S, Mahdi S, Tavel D, Zahraei SM, Ghanaie RM, Heidary T, Goudarzi A, Kazemi A, Karimi A, Nateghian A, Ait-Ahmed M, Guiso N, Shahcheraghi F, Taieb F. Hospital-based prospective study of pertussis in infants and close contacts in Tehran, Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:586. [PMID: 34144678 PMCID: PMC8212501 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pertussis remain a global health concern, especially in infants too young to initiate their vaccination. Effective vaccination and high coverage limit the circulation of the pathogen, yet duration of protection is limited and boosters are recommended during a lifetime. In Iran, boosters are given at 18 months and 6 years old using whole pertussis vaccines for which efficacy is not known, and pertussis surveillance is scant with only sporadic biological diagnosis. Burden of pertussis is not well understood and local data are needed. Methods Hospital-based prospective study implementing molecular laboratory testing in infants aged ≤6 months and presenting ≥5 days of cough associated to one pertussis-like symptom in Tehran. Household and non-household contact cases of positive infants were evaluated by comprehensive pertussis diagnosis (molecular testing and serology) regardless of clinical signs. Clinical evaluation and source of infection were described. Results A total of 247 infants and 130 contact cases were enrolled. Pertussis diagnosis result was obtained for 199 infants and 104 contact cases. Infant population was mostly < 3 months old (79.9%; 157/199) and unvaccinated (62.3%; 124/199), 20.1% (40/199) of them were confirmed having B. pertussis infection. Greater cough duration and lymphocyte counts were the only symptoms associated to positivity. Half of the contact cases (51.0%; 53/104) had a B. pertussis infection, median age was 31 years old. A proportion of 28.3% (15/53) positive contacts did not report any symptom. However, 67.9% (36/53) and 3.8% (2/53) of them reported cough at inclusion or during the study, including 20.8% (11/53) who started coughing ≥7 days before infant cough onset. Overall, only five samples were successfully cultured. Conclusion These data evidenced the significant prevalence of pertussis infection among paucy or poorly symptomatic contacts of infants with pertussis infection. Widespread usage of molecular testing should be implemented to identify B. pertussis infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06266-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Noel
- Center for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Masoumeh Nakhost Lotfi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sajedeh Mirshahvalad
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sedaghatpour Mahdi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - David Tavel
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Seyed M Zahraei
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Roxana Mansour Ghanaie
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Children's Health, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Tahereh Heidary
- Department of Pediatrics, Ali Asghar children hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Aliahmad Goudarzi
- Pediatric cardiology department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Azardokht Kazemi
- Emergency Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Abdollah Karimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Children's Health, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Nateghian
- Department of Pediatrics, Ali Asghar children hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohand Ait-Ahmed
- Centre for Translational Science, Clinical Coordination, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Center for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fereshteh Shahcheraghi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fabien Taieb
- Center for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Department of International Affairs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Pimenova AS, Borisova AB, Gadua NT, Borisova OY, Afanasiev SS, Petrova MS, Afanasiev MS, Mironov AY, Aleshkin VA. PCR-based diagnosis of whooping cough in the Russian Federation. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 66:52-58. [PMID: 33567174 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2021-66-1-52-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine how often the PCR method is used in different laboratories in Russia. In 2018, we conducted a questionnaire survey in diagnostic laboratories of medical organizations and the Centers of Hygiene and Epidemiology that performed PCR studies to identify microorganisms of the genus Bordetella in all 85 Russian regions. We found that in 2013 the PCR was used in 33 (38.8%) regions, but in 2017 the number of regions increased to 64 (75.3%). During 2013-2017 the study has not been applied in 21 regions. The number of PCR tests performed in the laboratories of medical organizations was significantly different. There has been an increase in the number of tests for the diagnosis of pertussis among people with clinical signs of infection and among contact persons in foci of infection. Compared to the Centers of Hygiene and Epidemiology, in medical organizations the rate of introduction of the PCR was higher. Between 2013 and 2017 the proportion of samples containing DNA B.pertussis decreased, but the proportion of samples containing DNA of other representatives of the genus Bordetella increased. Moreover, in the case of isolation DNA Bordetella spp. clinicians diagnose «Whooping cough, other unspecified organism», since there is no information on the species of the pathogen. Thus, in order to improve the diagnosis of pertussis, it is necessary to optimize PCR tests by including target genes that allow to identify of currently relevant DNAs of different representatives of the genus Bordetella.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pimenova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - A B Borisova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - N T Gadua
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - O Yu Borisova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - S S Afanasiev
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - M S Petrova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - M S Afanasiev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - A Yu Mironov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - V A Aleshkin
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
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Dominguez DC. A profile of the Simplexa™ Bordetella Direct assay for the detection and differentiation of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in nasopharyngeal swabs. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:889-894. [PMID: 32885709 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1819240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and to minor extent B. parapertussis. Despite high vaccination coverage, epidemics persist worldwide. Laboratory testing with the capacity to support increasing demand and generate fast and accurate results is needed to promptly provide treatment to mitigate symptoms, prevent transmission, and thus impact infection control and disease surveillance. AREAS COVERED This review will describe the features of the Simplexa™ Bordetella Direct Assay and compare this technology with other existing assays. Unmet needs and future directions will be discussed. EXPERT COMMENTARY Resurgence of pertussis highlights the importance of reliable and accurate diagnosis. The Simplexa™ Bordetella Direct Assay provides an easy workflow, reduced hand-on time, less risk of contamination, and rapid turnaround time. The use of efficient molecular assays in routine clinical laboratory is valuable for increasing demand, improvement of infection control, and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina C Dominguez
- Clinical Laboratory Science/Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, TX, USA
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Ucieklak K, Koj S, Niedziela T. Bordetella holmesii Lipopolysaccharide Hide and Seek Game with Pertussis: Structural Analysis of the O-Specific Polysaccharide and the Core Oligosaccharide of the Type Strain ATCC 51541. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6433. [PMID: 32899371 PMCID: PMC7504554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough is a highly contagious disease caused predominantly by Bordetella pertussis, but it also comprises of a pertussis-like illness caused by B. holmesii. The virulence factors of B. holmesii and their role in the pathogenesis remain unknown. Lipopolysaccharide is the main surface antigen of all Bordetellae. Data on the structural features of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of B. holmesii are scarce. The poly- and oligosaccharide components released by mild acidic hydrolysis of the LPS were separated and investigated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chemical methods. The structures of the O-specific polysaccharide and the core oligosaccharide of B. holmesii ATCC 51541 have been identified for the first time. The novel pentasaccharide repeating unit of the B. holmesii O-specific polysaccharide has the following structure: {→2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-[β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3]-α-d-Galp-(1→3)-α-d-GlcpNAc-(1→}n. The SDS-PAGE and serological cross-reactivities of the B. holmesii LPS suggested the similarity between the core oligosaccharides of B. holmesii ATCC 51541 and B. pertussis strain 606. The main oligosaccharide fraction contained a nonasaccharide. The comparative analysis of the NMR spectra of B. holmesii core oligosaccharide fraction with this of the B. pertussis strain 606 indicated that the investigated core oligosaccharides were identical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomasz Niedziela
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.U.); (S.K.)
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12
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Guillot S, Mizrahi A, Armatys N, Chat L, Le Monnier A, Brisse S, Toubiana J. Low Detection Rate of Bordetella pertussis Using the BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2 plus. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa267. [PMID: 32793765 PMCID: PMC7415305 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic respiratory panels are increasingly used worldwide. Their performance for detection of Bordetella pertussis needs to be evaluated. We found that the FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2plus (RP2+) assay, which uses the pertussis toxin promoter target for B. pertussis, can only detect highly charged samples. Negative RP2+ results should not be interpreted as an absence of B. pertussis in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Guillot
- Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Assaf Mizrahi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Saint Joseph Hospital, Paris, France.,Institut Micalis, UMR1319, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nathalie Armatys
- Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laureen Chat
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Saint Joseph Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alban Le Monnier
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Saint Joseph Hospital, Paris, France.,Institut Micalis, UMR1319, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julie Toubiana
- Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,General Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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13
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Genotypic and phenotypic adaptation of pathogens: lesson from the genus Bordetella. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:223-230. [PMID: 30921085 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To relate genomic changes to phenotypic adaptation and evolution from environmental bacteria to obligate human pathogens, focusing on the examples within Bordetella species. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies showed that animal-pathogenic and human-pathogenic Bordetella species evolved from environmental ancestors in soil. The animal-pathogenic Bordetella bronchiseptica can hijack the life cycle of the soil-living amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, surviving inside single-celled trophozoites, translocating to the fruiting bodies and disseminating along with amoeba spores. The association with amoeba may have been a 'training ground' for bacteria during the evolution to pathogens. Adaptation to an animal-associated life style was characterized by decreasing metabolic versatility and genome size and by acquisition of 'virulence factors' mediating the interaction with the new animal hosts. Subsequent emergence of human-specific pathogens, such as Bordetella pertussis from zoonoses of broader host range progenitors, was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size, marked by the loss of hundreds of genes. SUMMARY The evolution of Bordetella from environmental microbes to animal-adapted and obligate human pathogens was accompanied by significant genome reduction with large-scale gene loss during divergence.
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Katfy K, Diawara I, Maaloum F, Aziz S, Guiso N, Fellah H, Slaoui B, Zerouali K, Belabbes H, Elmdaghri N. Pertussis in infants, in their mothers and other contacts in Casablanca, Morocco. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:43. [PMID: 31937256 PMCID: PMC6961324 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been a marked increase in the number of reported cases of pertussis around the world, and pertussis continues to be a frequently occurring disease despite an effective childhood vaccination. This study aims to determine the role of household contacts of children diagnosed with pertussis in Casablanca Morocco. METHODS From November 2015 to October 2017, children suspected of whooping cough that consulted Ibn Rochd University hospital at Casablanca with their household contacts were enrolled in the study. Nasopharyngeal (NP) samples of the suspected children were analyzed by culture and RT-PCR. For the household contacts, NP and blood samples were collected and analyzed by RT-PCR and specific detection of pertussis toxin antibodies by ELISA, respectively. RESULTS During the study period, the survey was carried out on 128 infants hospitalized for pertussis suspicion and their families (N = 140). B. pertussis DNA was specifically detected in 73 (57%) samples, coexistence of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis DNA in 3 (2.3%) samples, coexistence of B. pertussis and B. holmesii DNA in 10 (7.81%) and only one (0.78%) sample was IS 481 RT-PCR positive without the possibility of determining the Bordetella species with the diagnostic tools used. Confirmations of Pertussis infection in household contacts by culture, RT- PCR and serology were 10, 46 and 39%, respectively. B. pertussis DNA was confirmed in the infants as well in their mothers in 38% of the cases. Co detection of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis DNA in 2% and co-detection of B. pertussis and B. holmesii DNA in 4%. B. holmesii DNA alone was detected in 5 NP samples of index cases and their mothers. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm that B. pertussis is still circulating in children and adults, and were likely a source of pertussis contamination in infants still not vaccinated. The use of RT-PCR specific for B. pertussis in the diagnosis of adults is less sensitive and should be associated with serologic tests to improve diagnosis of pertussis and contributes to preventing transmission of the disease in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Katfy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 rue Tarik Bnou Zyad, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
- Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, University Hospital Centre Ibn Rochd, 1, Rue des Hôpitaux, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Idrissa Diawara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 rue Tarik Bnou Zyad, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
- Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, University Hospital Centre Ibn Rochd, 1, Rue des Hôpitaux, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Santé, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fakhredine Maaloum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 rue Tarik Bnou Zyad, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
- Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, University Hospital Centre Ibn Rochd, 1, Rue des Hôpitaux, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Siham Aziz
- Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, University Hospital Centre Ibn Rochd, 1, Rue des Hôpitaux, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hassan Fellah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 rue Tarik Bnou Zyad, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Slaoui
- Abderrahim Harouchi Pediatric Hospital, rue Mohamed El Faidouzi, -ex Jenner Quartier: Hôpitaux -, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Khalid Zerouali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 rue Tarik Bnou Zyad, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
- Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, University Hospital Centre Ibn Rochd, 1, Rue des Hôpitaux, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Houria Belabbes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 rue Tarik Bnou Zyad, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
- Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, University Hospital Centre Ibn Rochd, 1, Rue des Hôpitaux, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Naima Elmdaghri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 rue Tarik Bnou Zyad, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
- Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, University Hospital Centre Ibn Rochd, 1, Rue des Hôpitaux, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
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Domenech de Cellès M, Magpantay FMG, King AA, Rohani P. The impact of past vaccination coverage and immunity on pertussis resurgence. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/434/eaaj1748. [PMID: 29593103 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaj1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The resurgence of pertussis over the past decades has resulted in incidence levels not witnessed in the United States since the 1950s. The underlying causes have been the subject of much speculation, with particular attention paid to the shortcomings of the latest generation of vaccines. We formulated transmission models comprising competing hypotheses regarding vaccine failure and challenged them to explain 16 years of highly resolved incidence data from Massachusetts, United States. Our results suggest that the resurgence of pertussis is a predictable consequence of incomplete historical coverage with an imperfect vaccine that confers slowly waning immunity. We found evidence that the vaccine itself is effective at reducing overall transmission, yet that routine vaccination alone would be insufficient for elimination of the disease. Our results indicated that the core transmission group is schoolchildren. Therefore, efforts aimed at curtailing transmission in the population at large, and especially in vulnerable infants, are more likely to succeed if targeted at schoolchildren, rather than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Domenech de Cellès
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. .,Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1181, University of Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Felicia M G Magpantay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Aaron A King
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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16
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Pertussis in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations: epidemiology and challenges. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 87:75-83. [PMID: 31369823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. Infants and young children are particularly at risk of severe and life-threatening disease. Infectious older individuals may transmit Bordetella pertussis to unprotected infants. Pertussis control measures have even failed in some countries with high pertussis vaccination coverage rates, leading to increased incidence rates. In 2014, this caused the World Health Organization to declare pertussis resurgent in some countries and led to recommendations regarding pertussis surveillance and national immunization programs. Despite the resurgence of pertussis, epidemiology of the disease in Southeast Asia has received little attention. In this narrative review, we describe pertussis surveillance systems, control measures, epidemiologic trends, and region-specific pertussis research in Southeast Asia. We also make recommendations for the intensification of pertussis surveillance and research in the region.
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17
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Hoegh SV, Agergaard CN, Skov MN, Kemp M. False-Positive Diagnostics of Bordetella Pertussis using IS481 PCR is Limited in Danish Patients. Open Microbiol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Bordetella pertussisis routinely detected using real-time PCR based on the multicopy insertion sequence IS481, which is not specific forBordetella pertussis.Objective:The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the proportion of otherBordetellaspecies misidentified asBordetella pertussisusing IS481-targeted real-time PCR.Methods:Clinical specimens from 228 Danish patients (median age 15 years, 0 to 90 years old) formerly identified as positive forBordetella pertussis(IS481+) by routine PCR in 2011-2015, were subjected to real-time PCR targeting the insertion sequences IS1002and IS1001.Results:The results showed that 2.3% of the samples were false-positive forBordetella pertussis.Conclusion:In conclusion, we found that misidentification ofBordetella pertussisusing IS481PCR is limited in Danish patients.
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18
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Multicenter Clinical Evaluation of the Automated Aries Bordetella Assay. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01471-18. [PMID: 30518543 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01471-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods offer superior sensitivity and specificity and reduce testing turnaround time from days to hours for detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis In this study, we evaluated the performance of the automated PCR-based Aries Bordetella Assay, which detects both B. pertussis and B. parapertussis directly from nasopharyngeal swab specimens. The limits of detection (LoDs) were 1,800 CFU·ml-1 for B. pertussis and 213 CFU·ml-1 for B. parapertussis The assay detected 16/18 unique B. pertussis/B. parapertussis strains. Of 71 potentially cross-reacting organisms, 5 generated false positives in 1/6 replicates; none of 6 additional Bordetella spp. were erroneously detected. Specimens were stable at 20 to 25°C for at least 10 h, at 4 to 8°C for 10 days, and at temperatures not exceeding -70°C for 6 months. Of 1,052 nasopharyngeal specimens from patients with suspected pertussis, 3.0% (n = 32) were B. pertussis positive and 0.2% (n = 2) were B. parapertussis positive. Combining these data with Aries Bordetella Assay data from 57 nasopharyngeal samples with previously confirmed B. pertussis or B. parapertussis data and with data from 50 contrived B. parapertussis samples, the proportions of positive and negative agreement of the respective Aries assays with the reference assays were 97.1% and 99.0% for B. pertussis and 100% and 99.7% for B. parapertussis The Aries Bordetella Assay provides accurate detection and distinction of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis infections within 2 h. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02862262.).
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19
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Validation and Implementation of a Diagnostic Algorithm for DNA Detection of Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. holmesii in a Pediatric Referral Hospital in Barcelona, Spain. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01231-18. [PMID: 30404946 PMCID: PMC6322476 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01231-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate a comprehensive diagnostic protocol based on real-time PCR for the rapid detection and identification of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Bordetella holmesii, as well as its implementation in the diagnostic routine of a reference children's hospital. The new algorithm included a triplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting IS481 gene (in B. pertussis, B. holmesii, and some Bordetella bronchiseptica strains), pIS1001 (B. parapertussis-specific) and rnase P as the human internal control. Two confirmatory singleplex tests for B. pertussis (ptxA-Pr) and B. holmesii (hIS1001) were performed if IS481 was positive. Analytical validation included determination of linear range, linearity, efficiency, precision, sensitivity, and a reference panel with clinical samples. Once validated, the new algorithm was prospectively implemented in children with clinical suspicion of whooping cough presenting to Hospital Sant Joan de Deu (Barcelona, Spain) over 12 months. Lower limits of detection obtained were 4.4, 13.9, and 27.3 genomic equivalents/ml of sample for IS481 (on B. pertussis), pIS1001 and hIS1001, and 777.9 for ptxA-Pr. qPCR efficiencies ranged from 86.0% to 96.9%. Intra- and interassay variabilities were <3% and <5%, respectively. Among 566 samples analyzed, B. pertussis, B. holmesii, and B. parapertussis were detected in 11.1%, 0.9% (only in females >4 years old), and 0.2% of samples, respectively. The new algorithm proved to be a useful microbiological diagnostic tool for whooping cough, demonstrating a low rate of other non-pertussis Bordetella species in our surveilled area.
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Mir-Cros A, Codina G, Martín-Gómez MT, Fàbrega A, Martínez X, Jané M, Van Esso D, Cornejo T, Rodrigo C, Campins M, Pumarola T, González-López JJ. Emergence of Bordetella holmesii as a Causative Agent of Whooping Cough, Barcelona, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1856-1859. [PMID: 29052540 PMCID: PMC5652430 DOI: 10.3201/eid2311.170960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the detection of Bordetella holmesii as a cause of whooping cough in Spain. Prevalence was 3.9% in 2015, doubling to 8.8% in 2016. This emergence raises concern regarding the contribution of B. holmesii to the reemergence of whooping cough and the effectiveness of the pertussis vaccine.
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21
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Detection and incidence of Bordetella holmesii in respiratory specimens from patients with pertussis-like symptoms in New South Wales, Australia. Pathology 2018; 50:322-326. [PMID: 29455870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the aetiological agent of whooping cough is routinely diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) directed at IS481, an insertion sequence target also found in Bordetella holmesii. Recent reports have suggested that B. holmesii infections can be misdiagnosed as pertussis, which can have a significant impact on public health surveillance. This study investigated the presence of B. holmesii in B. pertussis positive clinical samples, in order to determine the incidence of B. holmesii. Clinical cases of pertussis diagnosed by IS481-specific PCR between October 2008 and March 2016 in New South Wales were included. Bordetella holmesii was detected through the simultaneous amplification of IS481 and B. holmesii specific insertions sequence, hIS1001. A total of 46 of 802 patients were identified to be positive for B. holmesii rather than B. pertussis, suggesting an incidence rate of 6.5% in 2009, 16.8% in 2010, 7.6% during 2013 and 8.1% during 2015. Bordetella holmesii infections were diagnosed during and between pertussis epidemics, however cases of B. holmesii and B. pertussis co-infections were not found. The predominant age group of B. holmesii infection was 11-18 years old, which was significantly different to the mean age of B. pertussis infections (0-6 years, p = 0.023). These findings revealed that B. holmesii was co-circulating alongside the B. pertussis epidemic for seven years, hidden from view, as B. holmesii infections have been diagnosed as B. pertussis. Confirmatory testing of B. pertussis positive samples for the presence of B. holmesii, especially during pertussis epidemics, should improve the quality of laboratory diagnosis and laboratory surveillance for pertussis. The presence of B. holmesii in Australia highlights the importance of testing for this pathogen and ongoing molecular surveillance that can guide the control of whooping cough.
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22
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Guiso N, Gallais JL, Gavazzi G, Pinquier D, Gaillat J. Incidence of pertussis in subjects aged 50years and older in France in 2013-2014. Med Mal Infect 2017; 48:30-36. [PMID: 29037454 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence of pertussis (whooping cough) in subjects aged 50years and older in France. METHODS Participating family physicians (FPs) using the patient record management software AxiSanté® included patients aged 50years and older, who had signed an informed consent form, presenting with persistent cough for 7 to 21days. Bordetella genetic material was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on nasopharyngeal samples collected at the FP's discretion. RESULTS A total of 42 FPs included 129 patients from June 2013 to August 2014 (large cities: 38; medium-sized cities: 57; rural areas: 34); 106 samples were analyzed. Overall, 30 pertussis cases were diagnosed: 10 cases confirmed by PCR, 18 purely clinical cases, and two direct epidemiological cases. The crude incidence rate per 100,000 patients aged≥50years was 103.6 (95% CI: 69.9-47.9): 77.1 in large cities, 103.1 in medium-sized cities, and 143.9 in rural areas. The extrapolated incidence rate per 100,000 persons aged≥50years was 187.1 (95% CI: 126.2-67.1): 131.1 in large cities, 256.1 in medium-sized cities, and 242.2 in rural areas. CONCLUSION The population aged 50years and older can serve as a reservoir. Its role in Bordetella pertussis circulation should be taken into account for pertussis booster vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, unité de prévention et thérapies moléculaires des maladies humaines, 25-28, rue du Docteur-Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - J-L Gallais
- Société française de médecine générale (SFMG), 141, avenue de Verdun, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - G Gavazzi
- Clinique universitaire de médecine gériatrique, université Grenoble-Alpes, GREPI AGIM, CHU de Grenoble, boulevard de La Chantourne, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - D Pinquier
- Service de pédiatrie néonatale et réanimation, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, pavillon Mère-et-Enfant, 1, rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen cedex, France
| | - J Gaillat
- Service des maladies infectieuses et médecine interne, centre hospitalier d'Annecy Genevois, 1, avenue de l'Hôpital, Metz-Tessy, BP 90074, 74374 Pringy cedex, France
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Guiso N, Levy C, Romain O, Guillot S, Werner A, Rondeau MC, Béchet S, Cohen R. Whooping cough surveillance in France in pediatric private practice in 2006-2015. Vaccine 2017; 35:6083-6088. [PMID: 28974408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing incidence of whooping cough (pertussis) has been reported in many countries, attributed to a switch from whole-cell pertussis-containing vaccine (wPV) to acellular PV (aPV) and circulation of the pertactin non-producing Bordetella pertussis. The present study aimed to estimate the duration of immunity conferred by PVs in children in France with data from an ongoing pediatric ambulatory surveillance of pertussis. METHODS A total of 64 pediatricians throughout France enrolled children with suspected pertussis. A standardized data form was used to collect data on age sex, vaccination status, brand of wPV or aPV and source of infection. Confirmed cases were positive on culture and/or real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (for B.-non-classified or B. pertussis or B. parapertussis) and/or pertussis serology. RESULTS Between October 2006 and December 2015, 149 cases of confirmed Bordetella infections were reported, 86 infected with B. pertussis and 55 B. non-classified. Fifteen children (10.1%) were not vaccinated, and 26 (17.4%) were partially vaccinated. The mean age was greater for children who received 4 doses of wPV (11.3±2.2, p<0.001) or a combination of wPV and aPV (10.5±3.3, p<0.001) than only aPV (7.2±2.4years). The mean duration of cough before a visit to a pediatrician was longer for children with wPV or a combination of wPV and aPV than only aPV (23.8±10.1 and 25.0±25.6vs 13.6±10.0days). CONCLUSION Despite the use of a more sensitive diagnostic method and emergence of pertactin non producing B. pertussis, in France context, aPV-induced immunity still protects against pertussis; however, the mean duration of immunity is about 6 to 7years, compared to 9years for wPV vaccine, after the primary vaccination and one booster (3+1 doses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Infections Unit, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Levy
- ACTIV, Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne, Saint Maur des Fossés, France; AFPA, Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire, Villeneuve les Avignons, France; Université Paris Est, IMRB-GRC GEMINI, Créteil, France; Clinical Research Center (CRC), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, France.
| | - Olivier Romain
- ACTIV, Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne, Saint Maur des Fossés, France; Service de pédiatrie et réanimation néonatales, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud (HUPS), Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Sophie Guillot
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Infections Unit, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Werner
- AFPA, Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire, Villeneuve les Avignons, France
| | - Marie Charlotte Rondeau
- ACTIV, Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne, Saint Maur des Fossés, France
| | - Stéphane Béchet
- ACTIV, Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne, Saint Maur des Fossés, France
| | - Robert Cohen
- ACTIV, Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne, Saint Maur des Fossés, France; AFPA, Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire, Villeneuve les Avignons, France; Université Paris Est, IMRB-GRC GEMINI, Créteil, France; Clinical Research Center (CRC), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, France; Unité Court Séjour, Petits nourrissons, Service de Néonatalogie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, France
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Lotfi MN, Nikbin VS, Nasiri O, Badmasti F, Shahcheraghi F. Molecular detection of Bordetella holmesii in two infants with pertussis-like syndrome: the first report from Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 9:219-223. [PMID: 29238457 PMCID: PMC5723974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bordetella holmesii is associated with a pertussis-like respiratory syndrome in healthy individuals and also a rare cause of septicaemia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and septic arthritis, mostly in immunocompromised patients. Culture technique and real-time PCR are 2 methods used to detect Bordetella spp. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 435 nasopharyngeal specimens of patients with suspected whooping cough were checked for the presence of B. holmesii using 2 methods of culture technique and real-time PCR. RESULTS In this study, we detected hIS1001 and IS481 of B. holmesii in 2 infants suspected of having pertussis-like syndrome. CONCLUSION Our observations demonstrate that accurate diagnosis is needed to discriminate between B. holmesii and B. pertussis infections among pertussis cases; otherwise, it could lead to misestimating pertussis rate and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fereshteh Shahcheraghi
- Corresponding author: Fereshteh Shahcheraghi, Ph.D, Department of Bacteriology, Microbiology Research Center, Pertussis Reference Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Tell/Fax: +982166405535,
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25
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Abstract
Since the first description of Bordetella holmesii in 1995, almost 100 publications have contributed to the increasing knowledge of this emerging bacterium. Although first reported to induce bacteremia mainly in immunocompromised patients, it has also been isolated in healthy persons and has shown the capacity to induce pertussis-like symptoms and other clinical entities, such as meningitis, arthritis, or endocarditis. Respiratory diseases are generally less severe than those induced by Bordetella pertussis. However, B. holmesii was found to have a higher capacity of invasiveness given the various infection sites in which it was isolated. The diagnosis is difficult, particularly as it is a slow-growing organism but also because respiratory infections are systematically misdiagnosed as B. pertussis. Treatment is delicate, as its susceptibility to macrolides (prescribed in respiratory infections) and ceftriaxone (used in invasive disease) is challenged. Regarding prevention, there is no consensus on prophylactic treatment following index cases and no vaccine is available. Epidemiological data are also sparse, with few prevalence studies available. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on B. holmesii.
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Abstract
Pertussis is a highly infectious vaccine-preventable cough illness that continues to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality around the world. The majority of human illness is caused by Bordetella pertussis, and some is caused by Bordetella parapertussis. Bordetella is a Gram-negative, pleomorphic, aerobic coccobacillus. In the past several years, even countries with high immunization rates in early childhood have experienced rises in pertussis cases. Reasons for the resurgence of reported pertussis may include molecular changes in the organism and increased awareness and diagnostic capabilities, as well as lessened vaccine efficacy and waning immunity. The most morbidity and mortality with pertussis infection is seen in infants too young to benefit from immunization. Severe infection requiring hospitalization, including in an intensive care setting, is mostly seen in those under 3 months of age. As a result, research and public health actions have been aimed at better understanding and reducing the spread of Bordetella pertussis. Studies comparing the cost benefit of cocooning strategies versus immunization of pregnant women have been favorable towards immunizing pregnant women. This strategy is expected to prevent a larger number of pertussis cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in infants <1 year old while also being cost-effective. Studies have demonstrated that the source of infection in infants usually is a family member. Efforts to immunize children and adults, in particular pregnant women, need to remain strong.
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Bouchez V, AlBitar-Nehmé S, Novikov A, Guiso N, Caroff M. Bordetella holmesii: Lipid A Structures and Corresponding Genomic Sequences Comparison in Three Clinical Isolates and the Reference Strain ATCC 51541. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051080. [PMID: 28524084 PMCID: PMC5454989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii can cause invasive infections but can also be isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with whooping-cough like symptoms. For the first time, we describe the lipid A structure of B. holmesii reference strain ATCC 51541 (alias NCTC12912 or CIP104394) and those of three French B. holmesii clinical isolates originating from blood (Bho1) or from respiratory samples (FR4020 and FR4101). They were investigated using chemical analyses, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry (MALDI–MS). The analyses revealed a common bisphosphorylated β-(1→6)-linked d-glucosamine disaccharide with hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkages. Similar to B. avium, B. hinzii and B. trematum lipids A, the hydroxytetradecanoic acid at the C-2′ position are carrying in secondary linkage a 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residue resulting of post-traductional biosynthesis modifications. The three clinical isolates displayed characteristic structural traits compared to the ATCC 51541 reference strain: the lipid A phosphate groups are more or less modified with glucosamine in the isolates and reference strain, but the presence of 10:0(3-OH) is only observed in the isolates. This trait was only described in B. pertussis and B. parapertussis strains, as well as in B. petrii isolates by the past. The genetic bases for most of the key structural elements of lipid A were analyzed and supported the structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bouchez
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Sami AlBitar-Nehmé
- Institute for integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Alexey Novikov
- LPS-BioSciences, I2BC, Bâtiment 409, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Martine Caroff
- Institute for integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
- LPS-BioSciences, I2BC, Bâtiment 409, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Katfy K, Guiso N, Diawara I, Zerouali K, Slaoui B, Jouhadi Z, Zineddine A, Belabbes H, Elmdaghri N. Epidemiology of pertussis in Casablanca (Morocco): contribution of conventional and molecular diagnosis tools. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:348. [PMID: 28511667 PMCID: PMC5434547 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pertussis, a vaccine preventable disease, is still responsible of significant morbidity and mortality around the world, mostly in newborns. The aim of the present study was (1) to introduce pertussis surveillance in the major pediatric hospital of Casablanca (2) to analyze the prevalence of pertussis among children under 14 years of age and their entourage in Casablanca, Morocco. Methods This is a prospective and non-case controlled study, including children suspected of Pertussis admitted at the Abderrahim Harouchi Pediatric Hospital in Casablanca, from January 2013 to June 2015. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained for Bordetella spp. culture and Real time PCR detection (RT-PCR) with specific primers of Bordetella spp., B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. holmesii. The detection of Bordetella spp. was also performed in some household contacts of the children suspected of pertussis. Results During the 2.5-years period, a total of 282 samples were collected from hospitalized children (156) and in some of their contacts (126). Among 156 samples from the children (from whom 57% were under 2 month of age), Bordetella DNA was detected in 61% (96/156) by RT-PCR. Among these positive samples, 91.7% (88/96) corresponded to B. pertussis DNA. Furthermore, in 39.5% (38/96) of the Bordetella positive samples, B. holmesii DNA was also detected. B. parapertussis DNA was detected in only one sample (1/156). Out of the 156 samples collected from the hospitalized children, only 48 were tested by culture, and 4 B. pertussis were isolated (8.3%). Among the 126 samples from the contacts of the children, mostly mothers (115 cases), Bordetella DNA was detected in 47% (59/126), 90% (53/59) being B. pertussis DNA. Moreover, B. holmesii DNA was also detected in 18.6% (11/59) of the Bordetella positive samples, and coexistence of B. pertussis and B. holmesii DNA in 36.5% (35/96). Two B. pertussis were isolated by culture performed on 43 samples of the contacts of the children (4.6%). Conclusions This study highlights the circulation of B. pertussis but also of B. holmesii in Casablanca-Morocco with a high proportion of co-infections B. holmesii/B. pertussis in infants and their mothers, indicate that infection of non-vaccinated infants could be more associated with young parents. Moreover, the RT- PCR provides a sensitive and specific diagnosis of B. pertussis infections and distinguishes it from other Bordetella species, and is therefore suitable for implementation in the diagnostic laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Katfy
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B, P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco. .,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B, P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco. .,Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, University Hospital Centre Ibn Rochd, 1, Rue des Hôpitaux, 20100, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Idrissa Diawara
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B, P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B, P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Khalid Zerouali
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B, P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B, P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Slaoui
- Service des Maladies Respiratoires Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'Enfants Abderrahim Harouchi, CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Zineb Jouhadi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'Enfants Abderrahim Harouchi, CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdelhadi Zineddine
- Service d'Accueil des Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'Enfants Abderrahim Harouchi, CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Houria Belabbes
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B, P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B, P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Naima Elmdaghri
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B, P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B, P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco
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Saito M, Odanaka K, Otsuka N, Kamachi K, Watanabe M. Development of vaccines against pertussis caused by Bordetella holmesii using a mouse intranasal challenge model. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:599-608. [PMID: 27515393 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii is recognized as the third causative agent of pertussis (whooping cough) in addition to Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Pertussis caused by B. holmesii is not rare around the world. However, to date, there is no effective vaccine against B. holmesii. We examined the protective potency of pertussis vaccines available in Japan and vaccines prepared from B. holmesii. A murine model of respiratory infection was exploited to evaluate protective potency. No Japanese commercial pertussis vaccines were effective against B. holmesii. In contrast, a wBH vaccine and an aBH vaccine prepared from B. holmesii were both protective. Passive immunization with sera from mice immunized with aBH vaccine established protection against B. holmesii, indicating that B. holmesii-specific serum antibodies might play an important role in protection. Immuno-proteomic analysis with sera from mice immunized with aBH vaccine revealed that the sera recognized a BipA-like protein of B. holmesii. An aBH vaccine prepared from a BipA-like protein-deficient mutant strain did not have a protective effect against B. holmesii. Taken together, our results suggest that the BipA-like protein plays an important role in the protective efficacy of aBH vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Saito
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Keita Odanaka
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nao Otsuka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kamachi
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Mineo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan. .,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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30
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Domenech de Cellès M, Magpantay FMG, King AA, Rohani P. The pertussis enigma: reconciling epidemiology, immunology and evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2309. [PMID: 26763701 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, a highly contagious respiratory infection, remains a public health priority despite the availability of vaccines for 70 years. Still a leading cause of mortality in developing countries, pertussis has re-emerged in several developed countries with high vaccination coverage. Resurgence of pertussis in these countries has routinely been attributed to increased awareness of the disease, imperfect vaccinal protection or high infection rates in adults. In this review, we first present 1980-2012 incidence data from 63 countries and show that pertussis resurgence is not universal. We further argue that the large geographical variation in trends probably precludes a simple explanation, such as the transition from whole-cell to acellular pertussis vaccines. Reviewing available evidence, we then propose that prevailing views on pertussis epidemiology are inconsistent with both historical and contemporary data. Indeed, we summarize epidemiological evidence showing that natural infection and vaccination both appear to provide long-term protection against transmission and disease, so that previously infected or vaccinated adults contribute little to overall transmission at a population level. Finally, we identify several promising avenues that may lead to a consistent explanation of global pertussis epidemiology and to more effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicia M G Magpantay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aaron A King
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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31
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Linz B, Ivanov YV, Preston A, Brinkac L, Parkhill J, Kim M, Harris SR, Goodfield LL, Fry NK, Gorringe AR, Nicholson TL, Register KB, Losada L, Harvill ET. Acquisition and loss of virulence-associated factors during genome evolution and speciation in three clades of Bordetella species. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:767. [PMID: 27716057 PMCID: PMC5045587 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Bordetella consists of nine species that include important respiratory pathogens such as the ‘classical’ species B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis and six more distantly related and less extensively studied species. Here we analyze sequence diversity and gene content of 128 genome sequences from all nine species with focus on the evolution of virulence-associated factors. Results Both genome-wide sequence-based and gene content-based phylogenetic trees divide the genus into three species clades. The phylogenies are congruent between species suggesting genus-wide co-evolution of sequence diversity and gene content, but less correlated within species, mainly because of strain-specific presence of many different prophages. We compared the genomes with focus on virulence-associated genes and identified multiple clade-specific, species-specific and strain-specific events of gene acquisition and gene loss, including genes encoding O-antigens, protein secretion systems and bacterial toxins. Gene loss was more frequent than gene gain throughout the evolution, and loss of hundreds of genes was associated with the origin of several species, including the recently evolved human-restricted B. pertussis and B. holmesii, B. parapertussis and the avian pathogen B. avium. Conclusions Acquisition and loss of multiple genes drive the evolution and speciation in the genus Bordetella, including large scale gene loss associated with the origin of several species. Recent loss and functional inactivation of genes, including those encoding pertussis vaccine components and bacterial toxins, in individual strains emphasize ongoing evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3112-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Linz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Yury V Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew Preston
- The Millner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Julian Parkhill
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Kim
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Simon R Harris
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura L Goodfield
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Norman K Fry
- Public Health England, Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, London, UK
| | | | - Tracy L Nicholson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karen B Register
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. .,Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Hiramatsu Y, Saito M, Otsuka N, Suzuki E, Watanabe M, Shibayama K, Kamachi K. BipA Is Associated with Preventing Autoagglutination and Promoting Biofilm Formation in Bordetella holmesii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159999. [PMID: 27448237 PMCID: PMC4957798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii causes both invasive and respiratory diseases in humans. Although the number of cases of pertussis-like respiratory illnesses due to B. holmesii infection has increased in the last decade worldwide, little is known about the virulence factors of the organism. Here, we analyzed a B. holmesii isolate that forms large aggregates and precipitates in suspension, and subsequently demonstrated that the autoagglutinating isolate is deficient in Bordetella intermediate protein A (BipA) and that this deletion is caused by a frame-shift mutation in the bipA gene. A BipA-deficient mutant generated by homologous recombination also exhibited the autoagglutination phenotype. Moreover, the BipA mutant adhered poorly to an abiotic surface and failed to form biofilms, as did two other B. holmesii autoagglutinating strains, ATCC 51541 and ATCC 700053, which exhibit transcriptional down-regulation of bipA gene expression, indicating that autoagglutination indirectly inhibits biofilm formation. In a mouse intranasal infection model, the BipA mutant showed significantly lower levels of initial lung colonization than did the parental strain (P < 0.01), suggesting that BipA might be a critical virulence factor in B. holmesii respiratory infection. Together, our findings suggest that BipA production plays an essential role in preventing autoagglutination and indirectly promoting biofilm formation by B. holmesii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (KK)
| | - Momoko Saito
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Otsuka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Suzuki
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kamachi
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (KK)
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33
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Kilgore PE, Salim AM, Zervos MJ, Schmitt HJ. Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:449-86. [PMID: 27029594 PMCID: PMC4861987 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00083-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution of B. pertussis strains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmit B. pertussis to younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding of B. pertussis pathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kilgore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Abdulbaset M Salim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus J Zervos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Paris, France Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Guiso N, Wirsing von König CH. Surveillance of pertussis: methods and implementation. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:657-67. [PMID: 27224518 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2016.1190272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pertussis or whooping cough is a respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis or, to a lesser extent, by B. parapertussis. Vaccines against pertussis have been widely used for more than 50 years and have led to a significant reduction of morbidity and mortality. However, even in countries with a high vaccine coverage, the disease is still not well controlled. Surveillance is urgently needed. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes surveillance methods and gives examples that may be used when setting up a surveillance program or analyzing an outbreak. Expert commentary: Pertussis surveillance is urgently required in order to define the burden of disease, to adapt vaccine strategies according to the type of pertussis vaccine used and to follow the evolution of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guiso
- a Institut Pasteur, Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Infectious Diseases Unit , Paris , France
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Follow-Up of External Quality Controls for PCR-Based Diagnosis of Whooping Cough in a Hospital Laboratory Network (Renacoq) and in Other Hospital and Private Laboratories in France. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2169-71. [PMID: 27194689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00882-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The French National Reference Centre (NRC) for Whooping Cough carried out an external quality control (QC) analysis in 2010 for the PCR diagnosis of whooping cough. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of this QC in the participating laboratories through a repeat analysis in 2012.
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Bouchez V, Guiso N. Bordetella pertussis,B. parapertussis, vaccines and cycles of whooping cough. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv055. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Pittet LF, Posfay-Barbe KM. Bordetella holmesiiinfection: current knowledge and a vision for future research. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:965-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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[Haut Conseil de la santé publique (HCSP). Management of single or multiple pertussis cases]. Rev Mal Respir 2015; 32:639-56. [PMID: 26054984 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
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- 14, avenue Duquesne, 75350 Paris 07 SP, France. http://www.hcsp.fr
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Evaluation of Level of Agreement in Bordetella Species Identification in Three U.S. Laboratories during a Period of Increased Pertussis. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1842-7. [PMID: 25809969 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03567-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While PCR is the most common method used for detecting Bordetella pertussis in the United States, most laboratories use insertion sequence 481 (IS481), which is not specific for B. pertussis; therefore, the relative contribution of other Bordetella species is not understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the proportion of other Bordetella species misidentified as B. pertussis during a period of increased pertussis incidence, determine the level of agreement in Bordetella species detection between U.S. commercial laboratories and the CDC, and assess the relative diagnostic sensitivity of CDC's PCR assay when using a different PCR master mix. Specimens collected between May 2012 and May 2013 were tested at two U.S. commercial laboratories for B. pertussis and B. parapertussis detection. Every fifth specimen positive for IS481 and/or IS1001 with cycle threshold (CT) values of ≤35 was sent to CDC for PCR testing that identifies Bordetella species. Specimens with indeterminate or negative results in the CDC PCR were tested using an alternate PCR master mix. Of 755 specimens, there was agreement in species identification for 83.4% (n = 630). Of the specimens with different identifications (n = 125), 79.2% (n = 99) were identified as indeterminate B. pertussis at CDC. Overall, 0.66% (n = 5) of the specimens were identified as B. holmesii or B. bronchiseptica at CDC. Of 115 specimens with indeterminate or negative results, 46.1% (n = 53) were B. pertussis positive when tested by an alternate master mix, suggesting a possible increase in assay sensitivity. This study demonstrates good agreement between the two U.S. commercial laboratories and CDC and little misidentification of Bordetella species during the 2012 U.S. epidemic.
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Theofiles AG, Cunningham SA, Chia N, Jeraldo PR, Quest DJ, Mandrekar JN, Patel R. Pertussis outbreak, southeastern Minnesota, 2012. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:1378-88. [PMID: 25282430 PMCID: PMC4400804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical and laboratory findings from the 2012 southeastern Minnesota pertussis outbreak. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were selected for 2 parts of the study. In the first part, nasopharyngeal swabs from a convenience sample of 265 unique patients were used for both the clinician-requested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and culture. B pertussis isolates were tested for macrolide susceptibility and typed using whole genome sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Pertactin gene sequences were analyzed to identify pertactin-deficient B pertussis. In the second part, all patients seen at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, who had PCR results positive for Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2012, were analyzed for patient demographic features and vaccination records. RESULTS One hundred sixty patients had results positive for B pertussis, and 21 patients had results positive for B parapertussis. Among the 265 swabs cultured, B pertussis was detected by both culture and PCR in 11. One swab was positive for B pertussis by culture alone, and 13 were positive by PCR alone. Polymerase chain reaction detected B pertussis more frequently than did culture (P=.001). No macrolide resistance was detected. All 12 isolates tested had an altered pertactin gene, including 9 with a signal sequence deletion, 2 with insertion sequence disruptions, and 1 with a premature stop codon. Nine and 3 isolates were pertactin types prn1 and prn2, respectively. Whole genome sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis detected the presence of multiple B pertussis strains. The mean age of patients with pertussis was younger than that of those without pertussis (15.6 and 25.5 years, respectively; P=.002). Compared with those whose test results were negative for B pertussis, fewer patients with positive results had received whole-cell pertussis vaccine (P=.02). In the subgroup who had received acellular vaccine exclusively, the time since the most recent pertussis vaccination in those with results positive for B pertussis was longer than that in those with negative results (1363 vs 1010 days; P=.004). CONCLUSION The 2012 pertussis outbreak in southeastern Minnesota included multiple strains of B pertussis, all putatively lacking pertactin. Our findings may indicate decreased efficacy of (and waning immunity from) acellular vaccines as contributors to the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott A Cunningham
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Patricio R Jeraldo
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute for Genome Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Daniel J Quest
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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van den Brink G, Wishaupt JO, Douma JC, Hartwig NG, Versteegh FGA. Bordetella pertussis: an underreported pathogen in pediatric respiratory infections, a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:526. [PMID: 25267437 PMCID: PMC4261543 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of pertussis has been increasing worldwide. In the Netherlands, the seroprevalence has risen higher than the reported cases, suggesting that laboratory tests for pertussis are considered infrequently and that even more pertussis cases are missed. The objective of our study was to determine the frequency of pertussis in clinically unsuspect cases compared to suspect cases with the intention of finding clinical predictors. Methods The present prospective cohort study was part of a controlled clinical trial evaluating the impact of molecular diagnostics on clinical decision making in pediatric respiratory infections, performed during 2 winter seasons. For this study, in the first season pertussis was only tested in case of clinical suspicion, in the second season, pertussis was also tested without clinical suspicion. Multivariate and univariate analysis were performed using SPSS 18 and Statistical software ‘R’. Results In the two seasons respectively 22/209 (10,5%) and 49/373 (13,1%) cases were clinically suspected of pertussis. Bordetella pertussis was detected by real time RT-PCR in respectively 2/22 (9,1%) and 7/49 (14,3%) cases. In the second season an additional 7 cases of pertussis were found in clinically unsuspected cases (7/257 = 2,7%). These additional cases didn’t differ in clinical presentation from children without a positive test for pertussis with respect to respiratory symptoms. Conclusions Pertussis in children sometimes mimics viral respiratory tract infections. If pertussis diagnostics are based on clinical suspicion alone, about 1 in 5 cases (19%) is missed. Despite widely accepted clinical criteria, paroxysmal cough is not a good predictor of pertussis. To prevent spreading, physicians should include B. pertussis in routine diagnostics in respiratory tract infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-526) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude van den Brink
- Department of Pediatrics, ErasmusMC-Sophia, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The Bordetella genus comprises nine species of which Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis are isolated from humans and are the most studied Bordetella species since they cause whooping cough. They both originate from B. bronchiseptica, which infects several mammals and immune compromised humans, but the intensive use of pertussis vaccines induced changes in B. pertussis and B. parapertussis populations. B. petrii and B. holmesii are other species of unknown reservoir and transmission pattern that have been described in humans. It is still unknown whether these species are pathogens for humans or only opportunistic bacteria but biological diagnosis has confirmed the presence of B. holmesii in human respiratory samples while B. petrii and the four other species have little implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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Occurrence of 3 Bordetella species during an outbreak of cough illness in Ohio: epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory findings and antimicrobial susceptibility. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:e162-7. [PMID: 24445823 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in laboratory diagnosis of pertussis was noted in central Ohio during 2010. Diagnosis was made using a polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the multicopy insertion sequence IS481, which is found in both Bordetella pertussis (Bp) and Bordetella holmesii (Bh). An increase in specimens testing positive for Bordetella parapertussis (Bpp) using insertion sequence IS1001 was also noted. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swab specimens submitted April 1, 2010, to March 31, 2011, were tested using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for Bp/Bh (IS481) and Bpp followed by singleplex assays for Bp and Bh. A subgroup of specimens was also cultured for Bordetella species, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on recovered organisms. Demographic and clinical features were compared for patients with Bp, Bh and Bpp. RESULTS Of 520 IS481-positive specimens, 214 (41.1%) were positive for Bp, 79 (15.2%) were positive for Bh and 5 (1.0%) were positive for both Bp and Bh; 222 (42.7%) were negative for both targets. An additional 220 specimens were positive for Bpp. Among a sample of 155 IS481-positive specimens, 40, 15 and 0 were culture positive for Bp, Bh and Bpp, respectively. Among a sample of 55 BparaIS1001-positive (Bpp) specimens, 22, 0 and 0 were culture positive for Bpp, Bp and Bh, respectively. All Bordetella species were susceptible to macrolide antibiotics. Patients with Bh were older than patients with Bp, who were older than those positive for Bpp (mean ages: 12.0, 8.0 and 4.2 years, respectively; P < 0.001). One or more classic signs of pertussis (ie, paroxysmal cough, whoop, post-tussive emesis) were seen in 55.9% of 263 patients (59 Bp, 24 Bh, 80 Bpp and 100 negative for Bordetella species), but did not differ statistically among the groups (χ = 5.1, P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS All 3 Bordetella species, Bp, Bh and Bpp, were detected during on outbreak of pertussis-like cough illness. There were noted differences in age and seasonality, but clinical features at the time of presentation did not allow clear differentiation of these infections. All Bordetella species recovered from culture and tested were susceptible in vitro to macrolide antibiotics. Additional study is necessary to further characterize epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of Bh-associated cough illness and to determine potential co-occurrence of Bordetella species with other bacterial and viral respiratory tract pathogens.
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Genome Sequences of Nine Bordetella holmesii Strains Isolated in the United States. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/3/e00438-14. [PMID: 24948754 PMCID: PMC4064020 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00438-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of pertussis-like cases are attributed to the emergent pathogen Bordetella holmesii. The genomes of 9 clinical isolates show that they are clonal, lack the virulence factors encoded by B. pertussis, and are more similar to nonpertussis bordetellae. New markers for B. holmesii can be developed using these sequences.
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Guiso N. Facteurs de virulence de Bordetella pertussis et Bordetella parapertussis et diagnostics biologiques de la coqueluche. Arch Pediatr 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(14)71522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Comparison of rates of positivity for Bordetella pertussis by real-time PCR between specimens collected with rayon swabs on aluminum wire shaft in Amies gel with charcoal and specimens collected with flocked swabs in universal viral transport medium during an epidemic. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2656-8. [PMID: 24789194 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01070-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison of real-time PCR positivity rates for Bordetella pertussis between specimens collected with rayon swabs on an aluminum wire shaft in Amies gel with charcoal and those collected with flocked swabs in universal viral transport medium during an epidemic revealed that their performances were comparable.
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Abstract
Universal pertussis vaccination has successfully decreased pertussis mortality and morbidity in childhood. However, despite intensive vaccination of young children, pertussis remains a major public health problem in both developing and industrialized regions. Recent epidemics in California and Australia demonstrated that the agent of the disease is still circulating. They also revealed several aspects that must not be neglected concerning vaccine-preventable diseases. Indeed, pertussis is one of the oldest vaccine-preventable bacterial diseases, so can provide a good illustration of all of the aspects associated with the need for surveillance after the introduction of vaccination. (i) The type of vaccine: two types of pertussis vaccine, whole cell and acellular, inducing different types of immunity are now used around the world. (ii) The vaccine strategy, the vaccine coverage and the duration of vaccine immunity: pertussis epidemics provide evidence that 90% of the infants must be vaccinated, vaccination must be sufficiently early and both vaccine-induced immunity and natural infection-induced immunity to pertussis wane with time indicating that pertussis is not only a pediatric disease. (iii) The agents of the disease, Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis: the intensive vaccination of young infants modified the herd immunity, controlled bacteria similar to the vaccine strains but not all, revealing polymorphism of the agents of the disease evidencing the importance of continuing their isolation and their surveillance as well as monitoring their antibiotic resistance. (iv) The diagnosis of the disease: the epidemics showed the importance of specific diagnostic techniques that are easy to use by medical laboratories and the availability of the reagents required. (v) Communication with the public, the health authorities and the health providers: any changes of vaccine type, vaccine strategy, characteristics of the disease, and biological diagnosis must be associated with appropriate communication with the public and training of healthcare workers. Currently, herd immunity needs to be increased by introducing vaccine boosters for adolescents and adults to protect the most vulnerable group: unvaccinated newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Nguyen LBL, Epelboin L, Gabarre J, Lecso M, Guillot S, Bricaire F, Caumes E, Guiso N. Recurrent Bordetella holmesii bacteremia and nasal carriage in a patient receiving rituximab. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1703-5. [PMID: 24050722 PMCID: PMC3810743 DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.130345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Pittet LF, Emonet S, Schrenzel J, Siegrist CA, Posfay-Barbe KM. Bordetella holmesii: an under-recognised Bordetella species. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:510-9. [PMID: 24721229 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii, first described in 1995, is believed to cause both invasive infections (bacteraemia, meningitis, endocarditis, pericarditis, pneumonia, and arthritis) and pertussis-like symptoms. Infection with B holmesii is frequently misidentified as being with B pertussis, the cause of whooping cough, because routine diagnostic tests for pertussis are not species-specific. In this Review, we summarise knowledge about B holmesii diagnosis and treatment, and assess research needs. Although no fatal cases of B holmesii have been reported, associated invasive infections can cause substantial morbidities, even in previously healthy individuals. Antimicrobial treatment can be problematic because B holmesii's susceptibility to macrolides (used empirically to treat B pertussis) and third-generation cephalosporins (often used to treat invasive infections) is lower than would be expected. B holmesii's adaptation to human beings is continuing, and virulence might increase, causing the need for better diagnostic assays and epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure F Pittet
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of General Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Emonet
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of General Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Neonatal Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Paediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klara M Posfay-Barbe
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of General Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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