1
|
Furusato IN, Figueiredo KB, de Carvalho ACSR, da Silva Ferreira CS, Takahashi JPF, Kimura LM, Aleixo CS, de Brito OP, Luchs A, Cunha MS, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, de Araújo LJT, Catão-Dias JL, Guerra JM. Detection of herpesviruses in neotropical primates from São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3201-3209. [PMID: 37688686 PMCID: PMC10689701 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of herpesvirus between humans and non-human primates represents a serious potential threat to human health and endangered species conservation. This study aimed to identify herpesvirus genomes in samples of neotropical primates (NTPs) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 242 NTPs, including Callithrix sp., Alouatta sp., Sapajus sp., and Callicebus sp., were evaluated by pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Sixty-two (25.6%) samples containing genome segments representative of members of the family Herpesviridae, including 16.1% for Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3, 6.1% for Human alphaherpesvirus 1, 2.1% for Alouatta macconnelli cytomegalovirus, and 0.83% for Cebus albifrons lymphocryptovirus 1. No co-infections were detected. The detection of herpesvirus genomes was significantly higher among adult animals (p = 0.033) and those kept under human care (p = 0.008671). These findings confirm the importance of monitoring the occurrence of herpesviruses in NTP populations in epizootic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Naomi Furusato
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juliana Possatto Fernandes Takahashi
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Doenças Infecciosas E Parasitárias - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Bairro Universitário, Av. Costa E Silva, S/nº, Campo Grande, MS, 79070900, Brazil
| | - Lidia Midori Kimura
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Camila Siqueira Aleixo
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Odília Pereira de Brito
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sequetin Cunha
- Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mariotti Guerra
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smiley Evans T, Lowenstine LJ, Ssebide B, Barry PA, Kinani JF, Nizeyimana F, Noheli JB, Okello R, Mudakikwa A, Cranfield MR, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK, Gilardi KV. Simian homologues of human herpesviruses and implications for novel viral introduction to free-living mountain gorillas. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23439. [PMID: 36263518 PMCID: PMC11017921 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo is frequently in contact with humans through tourism, research activities, and illegal entry of people into protected gorilla habitat. Herpesviruses, which are ubiquitous in primates, have the potential to be shared in any setting where humans and gorillas share habitat. Based on serological findings and clinical observations of orofacial ulcerated lesions resembling herpetic lesions, an alpha-herpesvirus resembling human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has long been suspected to be present in human-habituated mountain gorillas in the wild. While the etiology of orofacial lesions in the wild has not been confirmed, HSV-1 has been suspected in captively-housed mountain gorillas and confirmed in a co-housed confiscated Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri). To better characterize herpesviruses infecting mountain gorillas and to determine the presence/absence of HSV-1 in the free-living population, we conducted a population-wide survey to test for the presence of orally shed herpesviruses. DNA was extracted from discarded chewed plants collected from 294 individuals from 26 groups, and samples were screened by polymerase chain reaction using pan-herpesvirus and HSV-1-specific assays. We found no evidence that human herpesviruses had infected free-ranging mountain gorillas. However, we found gorilla-specific homologs to human herpesviruses, including cytomegaloviruses (GbbCMV-1 and 2), a lymphocryptovirus (GbbLCV-1), and a new rhadinovirus (GbbRHV-1) with similar characteristics (i.e., timing of primary infection, shedding in multiple age groups, and potential modes of transmission) to their human counterparts, human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Linda J Lowenstine
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Benard Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jean Felix Kinani
- One Health Approach for Conservation (OHAC), Gorilla Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Fred Nizeyimana
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jean Bosco Noheli
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ricky Okello
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Michael R Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine K Johnson
- Epicenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirsten V Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muhangi D, Gardiner CH, Ojok L, Cranfield MR, Gilardi KVK, Mudakikwa AB, Lowenstine LJ. Pathological lesions of the digestive tract in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23290. [PMID: 34096629 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The finding of parasites and bacterial pathogens in mountain gorilla feces and oral lesions in gorilla skeletal remains has not been linked to pathological evidence of morbidity or mortality. In the current study, we conducted a retrospective study of digestive tracts including oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines (gastrointestinal tract [GI]), liver, and pancreas of 60 free-ranging mountain gorillas from Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo that died between 1985 and 2007. We reviewed clinical histories and gross pathology reports and examined histological sections. On histology, enteritis (58.6%), gastritis (37.3%), and colitis (29.3%) were the commonest lesions in the tracts. Enteritis and colitis were generally mild, and judged likely to have been subclinical. Gastritis was often chronic and proliferative or ulcerative, and associated with nematodiasis. A gastro-duodenal malignancy (carcinoid) was present in one animal. A number of incidental lesions were identified throughout the tract and cestodes and nematodes were frequently observed grossly and/or histologically. Pigmentation of teeth and tongue were a common finding, but periodontitis and dental attrition were less common than reported from past studies of skeletal remains. Despite observing numerous GI lesions and parasites in this study of deceased free-living mountain gorillas, we confirmed mortality attributable to gastroenteritis in just 8% (5/60) cases, which is less than that described in captive gorillas. Other deaths attributed to digestive tract lesions included cleft palate in an infant, periodontal disease causing systemic infection in an older adult and gastric cancer. Of all the parasitic infections observed, only hepatic capillariasis and gastric nematodiasis were significantly associated with lesions (hepatitis and gastritis, respectively). Understanding GI lesions in this endangered species is key in the management of morbidity associated with GI ailments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Muhangi
- Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chris H Gardiner
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lonzy Ojok
- School of Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Michael R Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirsten V K Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Linda J Lowenstine
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wertheim JO, Hostager R, Ryu D, Merkel K, Angedakin S, Arandjelovic M, Ayimisin EA, Babweteera F, Bessone M, Brun-Jeffery KJ, Dieguez P, Eckardt W, Fruth B, Herbinger I, Jones S, Kuehl H, Langergraber KE, Lee K, Madinda NF, Metzger S, Ormsby LJ, Robbins MM, Sommer V, Stoinski T, Wessling EG, Wittig RM, Yuh YG, Leendertz FH, Calvignac-Spencer S. Discovery of Novel Herpes Simplexviruses in Wild Gorillas, Bonobos, and Chimpanzees Supports Zoonotic Origin of HSV-2. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2818-2830. [PMID: 33720357 PMCID: PMC8233514 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses closely related to human pathogens can reveal the origins of human infectious diseases. Human herpes simplexvirus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are hypothesized to have arisen via host-virus codivergence and cross-species transmission. We report the discovery of novel herpes simplexviruses during a large-scale screening of fecal samples from wild gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that, contrary to expectation, simplexviruses from these African apes are all more closely related to HSV-2 than to HSV-1. Molecular clock-based hypothesis testing suggests the divergence between HSV-1 and the African great ape simplexviruses likely represents a codivergence event between humans and gorillas. The simplexviruses infecting African great apes subsequently experienced multiple cross-species transmission events over the past 3 My, the most recent of which occurred between humans and bonobos around 1 Ma. These findings revise our understanding of the origins of human herpes simplexviruses and suggest that HSV-2 is one of the earliest zoonotic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel O Wertheim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Reilly Hostager
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Diane Ryu
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Merkel
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Mattia Bessone
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Eckardt
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Druid Hills, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Fruth
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Sorrel Jones
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Centre for Conservation Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hjalmar Kuehl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nadege F Madinda
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Metzger
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucy Jayne Ormsby
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Gashaka Primate Project, Serti/Taraba, Nigeria
| | - Tara Stoinski
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Druid Hills, GA, USA
| | - Erin G Wessling
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yisa Ginath Yuh
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
LONG-TERM SURVEILLANCE OF LANGUR ALPHAHERPESVIRUS IN A ZOO POPULATION OF SILVERED LANGURS ( TRACHYPITHECUS CRISTATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:345-354. [PMID: 29900798 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0241.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Langur alphaherpesvirus (HVL), a provisionally named alphaherpesvirus in the Simplexvirus genus, was first identified in 1991 at the Bronx Zoo in wild-origin silvered langurs ( Trachypithecus cristatus) and their descendants. HVL is closely related to B virus ( Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1) based on serologic and genetic data, but its natural history and zoonotic potential remain unknown. A cohort study was undertaken to describe the epidemiology, clinical impact, and potential management implications of this virus in a naturally infected, zoo-based population of silvered langurs. Opportunistic surveillance sampling from 1991 through 2015 resulted in 235 serum samples and 225 mucosal swabs from 75 individuals. A total of 43 individuals (57.3%) were seropositive for HVL within this period. Seroprevalence increased significantly with age, and indirect evidence suggested a peak in transmission at the onset of sexual maturity. These findings were similar to the behavior of other simplexviruses in their adapted hosts. Yearly cumulative incidence declined significantly through the study period, with zero or one new case detected each year from 2007 through 2015. The density of this population decreased within the study period for management reasons unrelated to HVL infection, and a change in age distribution or less-frequent contacts may have contributed to low transmission. In addition, clinical signs of simplexvirus infection were rare, and virus isolation was negative on all mucosal swabs, suggesting that viral shedding was infrequent. Yearly period seroprevalence remained relatively constant with a median of 45.8%, likely because of the extended survival of infected individuals within the population. Maintenance of a naturally occurring, novel virus with unknown zoonotic potential in a zoo population for over 25 yr highlights the importance of biosecurity and biosafety for management of silvered langurs and all primate species.
Collapse
|
6
|
Eberle R, Jones-Engel L. Questioning the Extreme Neurovirulence of Monkey B Virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1). Adv Virol 2018; 2018:5248420. [PMID: 29666644 PMCID: PMC5831965 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5248420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; BV) occurs naturally in macaques of the genus Macaca, which includes rhesus and long-tailed (cynomolgus) monkeys that are widely used in biomedical research. BV is closely related to the human herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and BV infections in its natural macaque host are quite similar to HSV infections in humans. Zoonotic BV is extremely rare, having been diagnosed in only a handful of North American facilities with the last documented case occurring in 1998. However, BV is notorious for its neurovirulence since zoonotic infections are serious, usually involving the central nervous system, and are frequently fatal. Little is known about factors underlying the extreme neurovirulence of BV in humans. Here we review what is actually known about the molecular biology of BV and viral factors affecting its neurovirulence. Based on what is known about related herpesviruses, areas for future research that may elucidate mechanisms underlying the neurovirulence of this intriguing virus are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - L. Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Ecology and Demography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lowenstine LJ, McManamon R, Terio KA. Apes. PATHOLOGY OF WILDLIFE AND ZOO ANIMALS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7173580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
8
|
Pöhlmann S, Krüger A, Hafezi W, Schneider S, Gruber J, Winkler M, Kaul A. Detection systems for antibody responses against herpes B virus. Primate Biol 2017; 4:9-16. [PMID: 32110687 PMCID: PMC7041526 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-9-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus (BV) infection is highly prevalent among adult Asian macaques
and rarely causes severe disease in infected animals. In contrast, BV
infection of humans can induce fatal encephalitis in the absence of
treatment. Therefore, the development of diagnostic tests for specific and
sensitive detection of antibodies against BV is an important task. The
cross-reactivity of antibodies against BV with related simplex viruses of
other primates may afford an opportunity to obtain sensitive detection
systems without the need to work with the highly pathogenic BV. Moreover, it
has been proposed that use of recombinant viral glycoproteins may allow for a
detection of antibody responses against BV with high specificity. However,
limited data are available for both approaches to BV diagnostic. Here, we
report that simian agent 8 (SA8; infects African green monkeys)- and
herpesvirus papio 2 (HVP-2; infects baboons)-infected cells allow for a more
sensitive detection of antibody responses against BV in macaques than lysates
of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1/2;
infect humans)-infected cells and a
commercial HSV ELISA (Enzygnost®
Anti-HSV/IgG). In addition, we show that sera from BV-infected macaques
frequently contain antibodies against the recombinant BV glycoprotein gD (BV
gD) that has been previously proposed as a diagnostic target for
discriminating BV- and HSV-induced antibodies. However, we found that
antibodies of some HSV-infected human patients also reacted with BV gD. In
contrast, only sera of HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected humans, but not sera from
BV-infected macaques, reacted with HSV-1/2 gG. Collectively, these results
suggest that both SA8 and HVP-2 allow for sensitive and comparable detection
of BV-directed antibody responses in macaques and that the combination of BV
gD and HSV-1/2 gG needs to be complemented by a least one additional viral
glycoprotein for reliable discrimination between antibody responses against
BV and HSV-1/2 in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Krüger
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wali Hafezi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Gruber
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kaul
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Viruses related to the herpes simplex viruses of humans are present in all nonhuman primate (NHP) species tested and cross species transmission has been documented. The herpesvirus present in macaques, Herpes B virus (BV) rarely causes disease in its natural macaque host. However, when transmitted to a nonnative host, BV has occasionally caused severe and even fatal disease if not treated immediately. Here we present a comprehensive review of the taxonomy, molecular biology, physiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of BV. We also summarizes what is known about related herpesviruses of other NHP species and the zoonotic potential of these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
| | - L Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aliesky H, Courtney CL, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Thyroid autoantibodies are rare in nonhuman great apes and hypothyroidism cannot be attributed to thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4896-907. [PMID: 24092641 PMCID: PMC3836060 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The great apes include, in addition to Homo, the genera Pongo (orangutans), Gorilla (gorillas), and Pan, the latter comprising two species, P. troglodytes (chimpanzees) and P. paniscus (bonobos). Adult-onset hypothyroidism was previously reported in 4 individual nonhuman great apes. However, there is scarce information on normal serum thyroid hormone levels and virtually no data for thyroid autoantibodies in these animals. Therefore, we examined thyroid hormone levels and TSH in all nonhuman great ape genera including adults, adolescents, and infants. Because hypothyroidism in humans is commonly the end result of thyroid autoimmunity, we also tested healthy and hypothyroid nonhuman great apes for antibodies to thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and the TSH receptor (TSHR). We established a thyroid hormone and TSH database in orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos (447 individuals). The most striking differences are the greatly reduced free-T4 and free-T3 levels in orangutans and gorillas vs chimpanzees and bonobos, and conversely, elevated TSH levels in gorillas vs Pan species. Antibodies to Tg and TPO were detected in only 2.6% of adult animals vs approximately 10% in humans. No animals with Tg, TPO, or TSHR antibodies exhibited thyroid dysfunction. Conversely, hypothyroid nonhuman great apes lacked thyroid autoantibodies. Moreover, thyroid histology in necropsy tissues was similar in euthyroid and hypothyroid individuals, and lymphocytic infiltration was absent in 2 hypothyroid animals. In conclusion, free T4 and free T3 are lower in orangutans and gorillas vs chimpanzees and bonobos, the closest living human relatives. Moreover, thyroid autoantibodies are rare and hypothyroidism is unrelated to thyroid autoimmunity in nonhuman great apes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Aliesky
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite B-131, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Severini A, Tyler SD, Peters GA, Black D, Eberle R. Genome sequence of a chimpanzee herpesvirus and its relation to other primate alphaherpesviruses. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1825-8. [PMID: 23508549 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the complete genome sequence of chimpanzee herpesvirus (ChHV), an alphaherpesvirus isolated from a chimpanzee. Although closely related to human herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), the level of sequence diversity confirms that ChHV is sufficiently distinct to be considered a member of a different virus species rather than a variant strain of HSV2. Phylogenetic comparison with other simplexviruses at several levels supports the hypothesis that HSV2 and ChHV co-evolved with their respective human and chimpanzee hosts and raises questions regarding the evolutionary origins of HSV1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Severini
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Leendertz FH, Deckers M, Schempp W, Lankester F, Boesch C, Mugisha L, Dolan A, Gatherer D, McGeoch DJ, Ehlers B. Novel cytomegaloviruses in free-ranging and captive great apes: phylogenetic evidence for bidirectional horizontal transmission. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2386-2394. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild great apes often suffer from diseases of unknown aetiology. This is among the causes of population declines. Because human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen, especially in immunocompromised individuals, a search for cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) in deceased wild and captive chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans was performed. By using a degenerate PCR targeting four conserved genes (UL54–UL57), several distinct, previously unrecognized CMVs were found for each species. Sequences of up to 9 kb were determined for ten novel CMVs, located in the UL54–UL57 block. A phylogenetic tree was inferred for the ten novel CMVs, the previously characterized chimpanzee CMV, HCMV strains and Old World and New World monkey CMVs. The primate CMVs fell into four clades, containing New World monkey, Old World monkey, orang-utan and human CMVs, respectively, plus two clades that each contained both chimpanzee and gorilla isolates (termed CG1 and CG2). The tree loci of the first four clades mirrored those for their respective hosts in the primate tree, suggesting that these CMV lineages arose through cospeciation with host lineages. The CG1 and CG2 loci corresponded to those of the gorilla and chimpanzee hosts, respectively. This was interpreted as indicating that CG1 and CG2 represented CMV lineages that had arisen cospeciationally with the gorilla and chimpanzee lineages, respectively, with subsequent transfer within each clade between the host genera. Divergence dates were estimated and found to be consistent with overall cospeciational development of major primate CMV lineages. However, CMV transmission between chimpanzees and gorillas in both directions has also occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian H. Leendertz
- Research Group Emerging Zoonoses, Robert Koch-Institut, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Merlin Deckers
- Research Group Molecular Genetics and Epidemiology of Herpesviruses, Robert Koch-Institut, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Schempp
- Institute for Human Genetics and Anthropology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT), PO Box 884, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Aidan Dolan
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Derek Gatherer
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Duncan J. McGeoch
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Research Group Molecular Genetics and Epidemiology of Herpesviruses, Robert Koch-Institut, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Intestinal parasites of endangered orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Central and East Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. Parasitology 2009; 137:123-35. [PMID: 19765342 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples from 163 captive and semi-captive individuals, 61 samples from wild individuals and 38 samples from captive groups of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia, were collected during one rainy season (November 2005-May 2006) and screened for intestinal parasites using sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin-concentration (SAFC), sedimentation, flotation, McMaster- and Baermann techniques. We aimed to identify factors influencing infection risk for specific intestinal parasites in wild orangutans and individuals living in captivity. Various genera of Protozoa (including Entamoeba, Endolimax, Iodamoeba, Balantidium, Giardia and Blastocystis), nematodes (such as Strongyloides, Trichuris, Ascaris, Enterobius, Trichostrongylus and hookworms) and one trematode (a dicrocoeliid) were identified. For the first time, the cestode Hymenolepis was detected in orangutans. Highest prevalences were found for Strongyloides (individuals 37%; groups 58%), hookworms (41%; 58%), Balantidium (40%; 61%), Entamoeba coli (29%; 53%) and a trichostrongylid (13%; 32%). In re-introduction centres, infants were at higher risk of infection with Strongyloides than adults. Infection risk for hookworms was significantly higher in wild males compared with females. In groups, the centres themselves had a significant influence on the infection risk for Balantidium. Ranging patterns of wild orangutans, overcrowding in captivity and a shift of age composition in favour of immatures seemed to be the most likely factors leading to these results.
Collapse
|
15
|
Elmore D, Eberle R. Monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). Comp Med 2008; 58:11-21. [PMID: 19793452 PMCID: PMC2703160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Macaques are a particularly valuable nonhuman primate model for a wide variety of biomedical research endeavors. B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1; BV) is an alpha-herpesvirus that naturally infects conventional populations of macaques. Serious disease due to BV is rare in macaques, but when transmitted to humans, BV has a propensity to invade the central nervous system and has a fatality rate greater than 70% if not treated promptly. The severe consequences of human BV infections led to the inclusion of BV in the original NIH list of target viruses for elimination by development of specific pathogen-free rhesus colonies. In macaques and especially in humans, diagnosis of BV infection is not straightforward. Furthermore, development and maintenance of true BV specific pathogen-free macaque colonies has proven dif cult. In this overview we review the natural history of BV in macaques, summarize what is known about the virus at the molecular level, and relate this information to problems associated with diagnosis of BV infections and development of BV-free macaque colonies.
Collapse
Key Words
- bsl, biosafety level
- bv, b virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1)
- chhv, chimpanzee herpesvirus
- hsv, herpes simplex virus
- hvp2, herpesvirus papio 2 (cercopithecine herpesvirus 16)
- hvs1, herpesvirus saimiri 1
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- orf, open reading frame
- rl, long repeat region
- rs, short repeat region
- sa8, simian agent 8 (cercopithecine herpesvirus 2)
- spf, specific pathogen free
- cns, central nervous system
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Morton WR, Agy MB, Capuano SV, Grant RF. Specific Pathogen-Free Macaques: Definition, History, and Current Production. ILAR J 2008; 49:137-44. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar.49.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
17
|
McManamon R. Diagnostic Testing in Nonhuman Primates. J Exot Pet Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Phakdeewirot P, Payungporn S, Chutinimitkul S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Prevalence and molecular characterization of the polymerase gene of gibbon lymphocryptovirus. J Med Primatol 2006; 35:136-43. [PMID: 16764671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocryptovirus (LCV) is found in various non-human primates. As a herpesvirus naturally infecting gibbons it is closely related to human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with which it shares considerable genetic, biological and epidemiologic features. METHODS We collected blood samples from 70 gibbons (51 Hylobates lar, 18 Hylobates pileatus and 1 Hylobates agilis) for further separation into serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RESULTS Only 13 of 70 (18.6%) sera were serologically positive for human EBV IgG but 64 of 70 (91.4%) PBMCs yielded the partial LCV DNA polymerase gene by semi-nested PCR, which we subjected to direct sequencing. All sequences showed 84% nucleic acid and 91% amino acid identity to human EBV. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated gibbon LCVs clustered separately from other gammaherpesvirinae but closely related to LCV of other species. CONCLUSIONS Based on LCV DNA detection, we discovered a high prevalence of LCV infection among gibbons. Further characterization of non-human primate LCV might thus provide new insight into both evolution and pathogenicity of gammaherpesvirinae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piraya Phakdeewirot
- Center of Excellence in Viral Hepatitis Research, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Landolfi JA, Wellehan JFX, Johnson AJ, Kinsel MJ. Fatal human herpesvirus type 1 infection in a white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:369-71. [PMID: 16130997 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report documents a case of spontaneous, fatal, and likely recrudescent human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1) infection in a captive white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An approximately 44-year-old, captive, female, white-handed gibbon with a history of recurrent conjunctivitis and occasional seizures became acutely weak, disoriented, and ataxic. A postictal state was suspected by caretakers and veterinary staff, and euthanasia was ultimately elected because of lack of clinical improvement with supportive care. No significant abnormalities were detected at necropsy. Histologically, sections of cerebrum and midbrain contained minimal to mild, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with numerous intranuclear viral inclusions within astrocytes and some neurons. The presumptive diagnosis of HHV-1-induced encephalitis was strengthened by nested PCR amplification of a segment of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene. Sequences from this region have been found to be unique to each herpesvirus species, thus identifying HHV-1 as the likely etiologic agent in this case. Positive HHV-1 serology from several years before the terminal episode suggested that the disease was most likely due to recrudescence of latent HHV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Landolfi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Luebcke E, Dubovi E, Black D, Ohsawa K, Eberle R. Isolation and characterization of a chimpanzee alphaherpesvirus. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:11-19. [PMID: 16361413 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although both beta- and gammaherpesviruses indigenous to great-ape species have been isolated, to date all alphaherpesviruses isolated from apes have proven to be human viruses [herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV1) and 2 (HSV2) or varicella-zoster virus]. If the alphaherpesviruses have co-evolved with their host species, some if not all ape species should harbour their own alphaherpesviruses. Here, the isolation and characterization of an alphaherpesvirus from a chimpanzee (ChHV) are described. Sequencing of a number of genes throughout the ChHV genome indicates that it is collinear with that of HSV. Phylogenetic analyses place ChHV in a clade with HSV1 and HSV2, the alphaherpesviruses of Old World monkeys comprising a separate clade. Analysis of reactivity patterns of HSV2-immune human sera and ChHV-immune chimpanzee sera by competition ELISA support this relationship. Phylogenetic analyses also place ChHV rather than HSV1 as the closest relative of HSV2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Luebcke
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Darla Black
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kazutaka Ohsawa
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Center for Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Richard Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Herpesviruses are found throughout the animal kingdom. Members of this family share properties including a highly orchestrated system of transcription, destruction of the host cell by active viral replication and an ability to persist in the host in a latent form. Human herpesviruses have all been implicated in causing substantial disease after allotransplantation. Often transmission of these viruses has been through the donor organ or blood products. Analogous species of herpesviruses exist in nonhuman primates. Accordingly, concern regarding the risk of their transmission and disease exists with xenotransplant procedures. This chapter reviews herpesviruses of nonhuman primates and their potential implication for causing disease after xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Michaels
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schrenzel MD, Osborn KG, Shima A, Klieforth RB, Maalouf GA. Naturally occurring fatal herpes simplex virus 1 infection in a family of white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia pithecia). J Med Primatol 2003; 32:7-14. [PMID: 12733597 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A family of three white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia pithecia) died 48-96 hours after the onset of anorexia, nasal discharge, pyrexia and oral ulceration. One animal also had clonic seizures. Lesions found post-mortem consisted of oral and esophageal ulcers, hepatic and intestinal necrosis, meningoencephalitis and sporadic neuronal necrosis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies and syncytial cells were present in oral lesions and affected areas of liver. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) was identified as the etiology of disease by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, or in situ hybridization in all three animals. Immunohistochemistry for detection of apoptotic DNA and activated caspase-3 showed significant levels of apoptosis in oral and liver lesions and occasional apoptotic neurons in the brain. These findings demonstrate the vulnerability of white-faced saki monkeys to HSV-1 and provide initial insight into the pathogenesis of fatal HSV-1-induced disease, indicating that apoptosis plays a significant role in cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Schrenzel
- Department of Pathology, Zoological Society of San Diego, Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San Diego, CA 92112, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Henkel RD, McClure HM, Krug P, Katz D, Hilliard JK. Serological evidence of alpha herpesvirus infection in sooty mangabeys. J Med Primatol 2002; 31:120-8. [PMID: 12190852 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2002.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Contact between sooty mangabeys (SMs) and a pigtailed macaque prompted the serological screening of SMs for evidence of infection with B virus. Serological tests detected SM antibodies that reacted with B virus polypeptides. Additional testing was performed with sera from SMs with no previous contact with macaques. Results from these tests indicated that 56% (33/59) of the SMs had antibodies that reacted with B virus and SA8. SM antibodies also reacted with herpesvirus papio 2 and to a lesser extent with human alpha herpesviruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2). There was an age-related increase in the presence of these antibodies in SMs that was consistent with the serological pattern of reactivity observed in other nonhuman primate species infected with alpha herpesviruses. These data suggest that SMs may be a host for a herpesvirus that is antigenically similar to those viruses present in other Old World nonhuman primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Henkel
- Viral Immunology Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huemer HP, Larcher C, Czedik-Eysenberg T, Nowotny N, Reifinger M. Fatal infection of a pet monkey with Human herpesvirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:639-42. [PMID: 12023925 PMCID: PMC2738492 DOI: 10.3201/eid0806.010341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about pet monkeys as a potential threat to humans. We report the opposite situation, a danger to pets that arises from humans. Similar to herpesvirus B (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1), which endangers humans but not its host species, Human herpesvirus 1 can act as a "killer virus" when crossing the species barrier to New World monkeys.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sakulwira K, Theamboonlers A, Charoonrut P, Ratanakorn P, Poovorawan Y. Serological evidence of herpesvirus infection in gibbons. BMC Microbiol 2002; 2:11. [PMID: 12038968 PMCID: PMC115846 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2002] [Accepted: 05/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesviruses are not only infectious agents of worldwide distribution in humans, but have also been demonstrated in various non-human primates as well. Seventy-eight gibbons were subjected to serological tests by ELISA for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). RESULTS The prevalence of IgG antibodies against HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV and CMV was 28.2%, 28.2%, 14.1% and 17.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Antigenic cross-reactivity is expected to exist between the human herpesviruses and gibbon herpesviruses. Gibbons have antibodies to human herpesviruses that may reflect zoonotic infection with human herpesviruses or infection with indigenous gibbon herpesviruses. Therefore, it is difficult to draw concrete conclusions from serological studies alone. Identification should be based on further isolation and molecular characterization of viruses from seropositive animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamol Sakulwira
- PhD Candidate, Interdepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Viral Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phingphol Charoonrut
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakornphathom province 73170, Thailand
| | - Parntep Ratanakorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakornphathom province 73170, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Viral Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Skinner GR, Ahmad A, Davies JA. The infrequency of transmission of herpesviruses between humans and animals; postulation of an unrecognised protective host mechanism. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 24:255-69. [PMID: 11561960 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(01)00014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The infrequency of natural transmission of herpesviruses between humans and animals is surprising as there is extensive contact between humans and non-human species with unequivocal evidence that host cells from non-susceptible species will support replication of herpesviruses which do not seem to naturally infect that species. This review examines natural cross-infections between human and other species and suggests that, firstly, it is possible that humans and animals do become asymptomatically or symptomatically cross-infected from other species, but the infection is not diagnosed or not diagnosable by conventional methods; secondly, an as yet unidentified novel mechanism(s) may operate to prevent infection using chemical, electrical or as yet unidentified pathways and may even be 'switched on' by exposure to the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Skinner
- Vaccine Research Trust, Vaccine Research Institute, Moseley, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blewett EL, Saliki JT, Eberle R. Development of a competitive ELISA for detection of primates infected with monkey B virus (Herpesvirus simiae). J Virol Methods 1999; 77:59-67. [PMID: 10029325 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two competitive ELISAs (C-ELISAs) are described that allow detection of antibodies against monkey B virus (BV, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). The assays utilize monoclonal antibodies (MABs) directed against the BV glycoprotein B (gB). Two of these MABs specifically recognize BV gB while a third MAB also reacts with the gB homologues of other primate alpha-herpesviruses (herpes simplexvirus-1, HSV-1: HSV-2; simian agent-8, SA8; and Herpesvirus papio-2, HVP2). A C-ELISA using the single cross-reactive MAB 3E8 allowed detection of host antibodies against HSV-1, HSV-2, SA8, HVP2 or BV, thus proving to be a sensitive assay for the detection of infection by any of these primate alpha-herpesviruses. The C-ELISA using BV-specific MABs was less sensitive but did allow some discrimination between infection by BV versus other alpha-herpesviruses. It was also shown that a C-ELISA using HVP2 as antigen and the cross-reactive MAB 3E8 was as sensitive for detection of BV antibody in macaque sera as an assay employing BV antigen. This test format allows detection of BV-infected primates without the biohazards associated with preparation and use of BV antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Blewett
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa 74107-1898, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Warren KS, Niphuis H, Verschoor EJ, Swan RA, Heeney JL. Seroprevalence of specific viral infections in confiscated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). J Med Primatol 1998; 27:33-7. [PMID: 9606041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1998.tb00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A serological survey of confiscated orangutans was conducted to determine the prevalence of specific viral infections cross reacting with human viruses. Antibodies specific for human hepatitis A (HAV) and B (HBV) viruses, herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV types I and II), as well as for the simian type D retroviruses (SRV types 1 to 3) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were tested in samples from 143 orangutans. Results revealed a high prevalence of potential pathogens. The most prevalent viral infection found was HBV (59.4% prevalence) of which 89.4% of infected individuals seroconverted to the non-infectious state and 10.6% remained as chronic carriers. Antibodies to HAV, HSV, HTLV-1, and SRV were also detected but at a lower prevalence. There was no evidence of lentiviral infections in this group of animals. The results confirm the importance of quarantine and the need for diagnostic differentiation of virus infections to determine if they are of human origin or unique orangutan viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Warren
- Wanariset Orangutan Reintroduction Centre, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
A rapid method for detection and differentiation of 5 primate alpha-herpesviruses (human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 [HSV1, HSV2], green monkey simian agent 8, baboon herpesvirus 2 [HVP2], and macaque B virus [BV]) was developed utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR primers were located in conserved regions of the gene encoding the glycoprotein B, which flanks an intervening region that is highly divergent among the 5 viruses. Amplified PCR products from the 5 viruses were readily differentiated by their unique restriction enzyme digestion patterns. No variation in digestion patterns was noted among strains of HSV1, HSV2, or HVP2. One clinical isolate of BV exhibited variation in a single restriction site, but its overall restriction pattern remained typical of BV. This method (PCR/RFLP) allowed the presence of herpesvirus DNA in clinical swabs from primates to be readily detected and the virus unambiguously identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Black
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-2006, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Juan-Sallés C, Ramos-Vara JA, Prats N, Solé-Nicolás J, Segalés J, Marco AJ. Spontaneous herpes simplex virus infection in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9:341-5. [PMID: 9249183 DOI: 10.1177/104063879700900325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Juan-Sallés
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary School, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- R. Eberle
- Department of Veterinary ParasitologyMicrobiology and Public HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKU.S.A
| |
Collapse
|