1
|
Lansbury N, Memmott PC, Wyber R, Burgen C, Barnes SK, Daw J, Cannon J, Bowen AC, Burgess R, Frank PN, Redmond AM. Housing Initiatives to Address Strep A Infections and Reduce RHD Risks in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:1262. [PMID: 39338145 PMCID: PMC11431237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) skin infections (impetigo) can contribute to the development of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). This is of particular concern for Indigenous residents of remote communities, where rates of ARF and RHD are much higher than their urban and non-Indigenous counterparts. There are three main potential Strep A transmission pathways: skin to skin, surface to skin, and transmission through the air (via droplets or aerosols). Despite a lack of scientific certainty, the physical environment may be modified to prevent Strep A transmission through environmental health initiatives in the home, identifying a strong role for housing. This research sought to provide an outline of identified household-level environmental health initiatives to reduce or interrupt Strep A transmission along each of these pathways. The identified initiatives addressed the ability to wash bodies and clothes, to increase social distancing through improving the livability of yard spaces, and to increase ventilation in the home. To assist with future pilots and evaluation, an interactive costing tool was developed against each of these initiatives. If introduced and evaluated to be effective, the environmental health initiatives are likely to also interrupt other hygiene-related infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lansbury
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul C Memmott
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rosemary Wyber
- Yardhura Walani, National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- The Kids Research Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Samuel K Barnes
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jessica Daw
- The Kids Research Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Asha C Bowen
- The Kids Research Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | | | - Andrew M Redmond
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kavanagh NL, Kinnevey PM, Egan SA, McManus BA, O'Connell B, Brennan GI, Coleman DC. Protracted transmission and persistence of ST80 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clonal complex types CT2933, CT2932 and CT1916 in a large Irish hospital: a 39-month whole-genome sequencing study. J Hosp Infect 2024; 151:11-20. [PMID: 38944282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) are significant nosocomial pathogens. Sequence type (ST) 80 vanA-encoding VREfm predominate in Irish hospitals, but their transmission is poorly understood. AIMS To investigate transmission and persistence of predominant complex type (CT) VREfm in two wards of an Irish hospital (H1) using whole-genome sequencing, and their intra- and inter-hospital dissemination. METHODS Rectal screening (N = 330, September 2019 to December 2022) and environmental (N = 48, November 2022 to December 2022) E. faecium were investigated. Isolate relatedness was assessed by core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) and core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis. Likely transmission chains were identified using SeqTrack (https://graphsnp.fordelab.com/graphsnp) using cgSNP data and recovery location. Well-characterized E. faecium (N = 908) from seven Irish hospitals including H1 (June 2017 to July 2022) were also investigated. FINDINGS Conventional MLST assigned isolates to nine STs (ST80, 82%). cgMLST identified three predominant ST80 CTs (CT2933, CT2932 and CT1916) (55% of isolates) of related isolates (≤20 allelic differences). cgSNP analysis differentiated these CTs into multiple distinct closely related genomic clusters (≤10 cgSNPs). Parisimonious network construction identified 55 likely inter- and intra-ward transmissions with epidemiological support between patients ≤30 days involving 73 isolates (≤10 cgSNPs) from seven genomic clusters. Numerous other likely transmissions over longer time periods without evident epidemiological links were identified, suggesting persistence and unidentified reservoirs contribute to dissemination. The three CTs predominated among E. faecium (N = 1286) in seven hospitals, highlighting inter-hospital spread without known epidemiological links. CONCLUSION This study revealed the long-term intra- and inter-hospital dominance of three major CT ST80 VREfm lineages, widespread transmission and persistence, implicating unidentified reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N L Kavanagh
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P M Kinnevey
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S A Egan
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B A McManus
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B O'Connell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G I Brennan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D C Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kavanagh KT, Maiwald M, Cormier LE. Viewpoint: The impending pandemic of resistant organisms - a paradigm shift towards source control is needed. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39200. [PMID: 39093771 PMCID: PMC11296458 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The United States needs a paradigm shift in its approach to control infectious diseases. Current recommendations are often made in a siloed feedback loop. This may be the driver for such actions as the abandonment of contact precautions in some settings, the allowance of nursing home residents who are carriers of known pathogens to mingle with others in their facility, and the determination of an intervention's feasibility based upon budgetary rather than health considerations for patients and staff. Data from both the U.S. Veterans Health Administration and the U.K.'s National Health Service support the importance of carrier identification and source control. Both organizations observed marked decreases in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but not methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections with the implementation of MRSA admission screening measures. Facilities are becoming over-reliant on horizontal prevention strategies, such as hand hygiene and chlorhexidine bathing. Hand hygiene is an essential practice, but the goal should be to minimize the risk of workers' hands becoming contaminated with defined pathogens, and there are conflicting data on the efficacy of chlorhexidine bathing in non-ICU settings. Preemptive identification of dedicated pathogens and effective source control are needed. We propose that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should gather and publicly report the community incidence of dedicated pathogens. This will enable proactive rather than reactive strategies. In the future, determination of a patient's microbiome may become standard, but until then we propose that we should have knowledge of the main pathogens that they are carrying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Maiwald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore; and Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Lindsay E. Cormier
- Health Watch USA, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith JL, Tzouganakis I, Allen R, Adams VJ, Rhodes M. An assessment of bacterial contamination of indirect ophthalmoscopes and condensing lenses used in clinical practice: A multi-center study. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:347-356. [PMID: 37985395 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate bacterial contamination of indirect ophthalmoscopes and condensing lenses used in three UK veterinary referral centers, and the impact of an implemented cleaning protocol. METHODS Bacteriology samples from 10 indirect ophthalmoscopes and 10 condensing lenses were taken at each center (n = 30 T0), before initiating one of three cleaning frequencies (every 2 weeks/once weekly/daily) for 28 days. The most contaminated indirect ophthalmoscope and condensing lens from each center were re-sampled 30 min prior to (T1; n = 9) and 30 min after (T2; n = 9) the final clean. Sensitivity testing was completed using MIC. RESULTS Seventy-three isolates representing 15 different bacterial populations (genus/species) were cultured from 36 of 48 (75%) swabs tested. The most frequently cultured isolates were Staphylococcus spp. 30%, Micrococcus 22%, and Bacillus 14%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pantoea, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius demonstrated resistance to >50% of antibiotics against which they were tested. Eighty-three percent of T0 samples (54 isolates across 11 species, median 2 isolates/swab), all T1 samples (15 isolates across 8 species, median 2 isolates/swab), and 22% of T2 samples (4 isolates across 4 species, median 0 isolates/swab) were contaminated. Head contact points were most contaminated irrespective of time point. A T1 sample was 57 times more likely (95% CI: 2.4-1376) to have a positive culture than a T2 sample (p = .01). CONCLUSIONS Baseline contamination was high, representing a potential source of nosocomial infection in ophthalmic patients and handlers of diagnostic equipment. No center implemented a cleaning protocol prior to this study. Routine cleaning reduces bacterial contamination.
Collapse
|
5
|
Miller AC, Arakkal AT, Sewell DK, Segre AM, Adhikari B, Polgreen PM. Hospitalizations among family members increase the risk of MRSA infection in a household. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024; 45:826-832. [PMID: 39106984 PMCID: PMC11439592 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2024.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimate the risk for household transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) following exposure to infected family members or family members recently discharged from a hospital. DESIGN Analysis of monthly MRSA incidence from longitudinal insurance claims using the Merative MarketScan Commercial and Medicare (2001-2021) databases. SETTING Visits to inpatient, emergency department, and outpatient settings. PATIENTS Households with ≥2 family members enrolled in the same insurance plan for the entire month. METHODS We estimated a monthly incidence model, where enrollees were binned into monthly enrollment strata defined by demographic, patient, and exposure characteristics. Monthly incidence within each stratum was computed, and a regression analysis was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) associated with household exposures of interest while accounting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS A total of 157,944,708 enrollees were included and 424,512 cases of MRSA were identified. Across all included enrollees, exposure to a family member with MRSA in the prior 30 days was associated with significantly increased risk of infection (IRR: 71.03 [95% CI, 67.73-74.50]). After removing enrollees who were hospitalized or exposed to a family member with MRSA, exposure to a family member who was recently discharged from the hospital was associated with increased risk of infection (IRR: 1.44 [95% CI, 1.39-1.49]) and the risk of infection increased with the duration of the family member's hospital stay (P value < .001). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to a recently hospitalized and discharged family member increased the risk of MRSA infection in a household even when the hospitalized family member was not diagnosed with MRSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alan T Arakkal
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel K Sewell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alberto M Segre
- Department of Computer Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bijaya Adhikari
- Department of Computer Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Philip M Polgreen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pugazhendhi AS, Neal CJ, Ta KM, Molinari M, Kumar U, Wei F, Kolanthai E, Ady A, Drake C, Hughes M, Yooseph S, Seal S, Coathup MJ. A neoteric antibacterial ceria-silver nanozyme for abiotic surfaces. Biomaterials 2024; 307:122527. [PMID: 38518591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Community-associated and hospital-acquired infections caused by bacteria continue to yield major global challenges to human health. Bacterial contamination on abiotic surfaces is largely spread via high-touch surfaces and contemporary standard disinfection practices show limited efficacy, resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. New strategies that offer non-specific and broad protection are urgently needed. Herein, we report our novel ceria-silver nanozyme engineered at a molar ratio of 5:1 and with a higher trivalent (Ce3+) surface fraction. Our results reveal potent levels of surface catalytic activity on both wet and dry surfaces, with rapid, and complete eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin resistant S. aureus, in both planktonic and biofilm form. Preferential electrostatic adherence of anionic bacteria to the cationic nanozyme surface leads to a catastrophic loss in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, DNA damage, osmodysregulation, and finally, programmed bacterial lysis. Our data reveal several unique mechanistic avenues of synergistic ceria-Ag efficacy. Ag potentially increases the presence of Ce3+ sites at the ceria-Ag interface, thereby facilitating the formation of harmful H2O2, followed by likely permeation across the cell wall. Further, a weakened Ag-induced Ce-O bond may drive electron transfer from the Ec band to O2, thereby further facilitating the selective reduction of O2 toward H2O2 formation. Ag destabilizes the surface adsorption of molecular H2O2, potentially leading to higher concentrations of free H2O2 adjacent to bacteria. To this end, our results show that H2O2 and/or NO/NO2-/NO3- are the key liberators of antibacterial activity, with a limited immediate role being offered by nanozyme-induced ROS including O2•- and OH•, and likely other light-activated radicals. A mini-pilot proof-of-concept study performed in a pediatric dental clinic setting confirms residual, and continual nanozyme antibacterial efficacy over a 28-day period. These findings open a new approach to alleviate infections caused by bacteria for use on high-touch hard surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Sindu Pugazhendhi
- Biionix Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, United States
| | - Craig J Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, United States
| | - Khoa Minh Ta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Molinari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - Udit Kumar
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, United States
| | - Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, United States
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, United States
| | - Andrew Ady
- Biionix Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, United States
| | - Christina Drake
- Kismet Technologies, 7101 TPC Drive, Suite 130, Orlando, FL, 32822, United States
| | - Megan Hughes
- University of Cardiff, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Shibu Yooseph
- Kravis Department of Integrated Sciences, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Biionix Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, United States; Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, United States
| | - Melanie J Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kerro Dego O, Vidlund J. Staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356259. [PMID: 38863450 PMCID: PMC11165426 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. Even though different infectious microorganisms and mechanical injury can cause mastitis, bacteria are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci, streptococci, and coliforms are the most frequently diagnosed etiological agents of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci that cause mastitis are broadly divided into Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). NAS is mainly comprised of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) and some coagulase-positive and coagulase-variable staphylococci. Current staphylococcal mastitis control measures are ineffective, and dependence on antimicrobial drugs is not sustainable because of the low cure rate with antimicrobial treatment and the development of resistance. Non-antimicrobial effective and sustainable control tools are critically needed. This review describes the current status of S. aureus and NAS mastitis in dairy cows and flags areas of knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica Vidlund
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center-Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, University of Tennessee, Walland, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Campbell Z, Ghareeb CR, Baro S, Mauthe J, McColgan G, Amassian A, Scholle F, Ghiladi R, Abolhasani M, Dickey EC. Facile Synthesis of Cu-Doped TiO 2 Particles for Accelerated Visible Light-Driven Antiviral and Antibacterial Inactivation. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2024; 2:1411-1423. [PMID: 38808269 PMCID: PMC11129180 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.4c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present a facile and scalable hydrolysis-based route for the synthesis of copper-doped TiO2 particles for highly effective light-activated antiviral and antibacterial applications. The performance of the synthesized Cu-doped TiO2 particles is then evaluated using solution-phase antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation assays. We demonstrate that the Cu-doped TiO2 particles can successfully inactivate a wide range of pathogens with exposure to light for 90 min, including bacteria ranging from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (99.9999%, ∼6 log units) to Klebsiella pneumoniae (99.93%, ∼3.3 log units), and viruses including feline calicivirus (99.94%, ∼3.4 log units) and HCoV-229E (99.996%, ∼4.6 log units), with the particles demonstrating excellent robustness toward photobleaching. Furthermore, a spray-coated polymer film, loaded with the synthesized Cu-doped TiO2 particles achieves inactivation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus up to 99.998% (∼4.8 log units). The presented results provide a clear advance forward in the use of metal-doped TiO2 for aPDI applications, including the scalable synthesis (kg/day) of well-characterized and robust particles, their facile incorporation into a nontoxic, photostable coating that may be easily and cheaply applied to a multitude of surfaces, and a broad efficacy against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as against enveloped and nonenveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
S. Campbell
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - C. Roland Ghareeb
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Steven Baro
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Jacob Mauthe
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Gail McColgan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department
of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State
University, 3510 Thomas
Hall, Campus Box 7614, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Reza Ghiladi
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Dickey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee DU, Jeong SB, Lee BJ, Park SK, Kim HM, Shin JH, Lee SY, Kim G, Park J, Kim GM, Jung JH, Choi DY. Antimicrobial and Antifouling Effects of Petal-Like Nanostructure by Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly for Personal Protective Equipment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306324. [PMID: 37990401 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the personal protective equipment (PPE) used by healthcare workers (HCWs) effectively blocks hazardous substances and pathogens, it does not fully rule out the possibility of infection, as pathogens surviving on the fabric surface pose a substantial risk of cross-infection through unintended means. Therefore, PPE materials that exhibit effective biocidal activity while minimizing contamination by viscous body fluids (e.g., blood and saliva) and pathogen-laden droplets are highly sought. In this study, petal-like nanostructures (PNSs) are synthesized through the vertical rearrangement of colloidal lamellar bilayers via evaporation-induced self-assembly of octadecylamine, silica-alumina sol, and diverse photosensitizer. The developed method is compatible with various fabrics and imparts visible-light-activated antimicrobial and superhydrophobic-based antifouling activities. PNS-coated fabrics could provide a high level of protection and effectively block pathogen transmission as exemplified by their ability to roll off viscous body fluids reducing bacterial droplet adhesion and to inactivate various microorganisms. The combination of antifouling and photobiocidal activities results in the complete inactivation of sprayed pathogen-laden droplets within 30 min. Thus, this study paves the way for effective contagious disease management and the protection of HCWs in general medical environments, inspiring further research on the fabrication of materials that integrate multiple useful functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Uk Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Jeong
- Indoor Environment Center, Korea Testing Laboratory, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Jin Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Kye Park
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Mi Kim
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hak Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghun Park
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Man Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Choi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maisch T, Scholz KJ, Forster EM, Wenzl V, Auer DL, Cieplik F, Hiller KA. Optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) for binary application of membrane-targeting antiseptics and TMPyP-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:189-196. [PMID: 38113026 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of multi-resistant bacteria is a health problem of global dimension. Infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens are difficult to treat and often associated with high mortality. Therefore, new treatment strategies are of interest, such as the use of differently acting antibacterial concepts. One of these new concepts is the use of antiseptics in combination with the antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Currently, no method has yet been established as a standard procedure for investigating combined effects and evaluating them in a generally valid and unambiguous manner. The focus of this study was on how cationic antiseptics benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) behave in a combined application with aPDT using the photosensitizer TMPyP. For this purpose, BAC and CHX were applied in combination with the aPDT using TMPyP in non-lethal concentrations to the three bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The results of the combination experiments with sublethal concentrations of BAC or CHX with the aPDT showed that the binary application had a lethal effect. Irrespective of the bacteria, the reduction in concentrations in OPECC, compared to individual concentrations, was more than 50% for TMPyP, 23-40% for BAC, and 18-43% for CHX. Furthermore, the optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) could be determined. The latter showed that the combined application allowed the reduction of both concentrations compared to the single application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Forster
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wenzl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David L Auer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lena P, Karageorgos S, Liatsou M, Agouridis AP, Spernovasilis N, Lamnisos D, Papageorgis P, Tsioutis C. In vitro study on the transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria from textiles to pig skin. World J Exp Med 2023; 13:134-141. [PMID: 38173547 PMCID: PMC10758659 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v13.i5.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The survival of microorganisms on textiles and specifically on healthcare professionals' (HCP) attire has been demonstrated in several studies. The ability of microorganisms to adhere and remain on textiles for up to hours or days raises questions as to their possible role in transmission from textile to skin via HCP to patients. AIM To evaluate the presence, survival and transmission of different multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) from HCP attire onto skin. METHODS Three MDRB [methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE); carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, CRKP)] were inoculated on textiles from scrubs (60% cotton-40% polyester) and white coat (100% cotton) at concentrations of 108 colony-forming units (CFU), 105 CFU, and 103 CFU per mL. The inoculation of swatches was divided in time intervals of 1 min, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, and 6 h. At the end of each period, textiles were imprinted onto pig skins and each skin square was inverted onto three different selective chromogenic media. Growth from the pig skin squares was recorded for the 3 MDRB at the three above concentrations, for the whole length of the 6-h experiment. RESULTS MRSA was recovered from pig skins at all concentrations for the whole duration of the 6-h study. VRE was recovered from the concentration of 108 CFU/mL for 6 h and from 105 CFU/mL for up to 3 h, while showing no growth at 103 CFU/mL. CRKP was recovered from 108 CFU/mL for 6 h, up to 30 min from 105 CFU/mL and for 1 min from the concentration of 103 CFU/mL. CONCLUSION Evidence from the current study shows that MRSA can persist on textiles and transmit to skin for 6 h even at low concentrations. The fact that all MDRB can be sustained and transferred to skin even at lower concentrations, supports that textiles are implicated as vectors of bacterial spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Lena
- Mpn Unilab Clinical Laboratory, Nicosia 1066, Cyprus
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Spyridon Karageorgos
- First Department of Pediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Liatsou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Aris P Agouridis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
- Infectious Diseases, German Oncology Center, Limassol 4108, Cyprus
| | | | - Demetris Lamnisos
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Papageorgis
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Taha AE, Alduraywish AS, Alanazi AA, Alruwaili AH, Alruwaili AL, Alrais MM, Alyousef AA, Alrais AA, Alanazi MA, Alhudaib SN, Alazmi BM. High Bacterial Contamination Load of Self-Service Facilities in Sakaka City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia, with Reduced Sensitivity to Some Antimicrobials. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2937. [PMID: 38138082 PMCID: PMC10745763 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although self-service facilities (SSFs) have been used on a large scale worldwide, they can be easily contaminated by microorganisms from the hands of their sequential users. This research aimed to study the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance of bacteria contaminating SSFs in Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. We randomly swabbed the surfaces of 200 SSFs, then used the suitable culture media, standard microbiological methods, and the MicroScan WalkAway Microbiology System, including the identification/antimicrobial susceptibility testing-combo panels. A high SSFs' bacterial contamination load was detected (78.00%). Ninety percent of the samples collected in the afternoon, during the maximum workload of the SSFs, yielded bacterial growth (p < 0.001 *). Most of the contaminated SSFs were supermarket payment machines, self-pumping equipment at gas stations (p = 0.004 *), online banking service machines (p = 0.026 *), and barcode scanners in supermarkets. In the antiseptic-deficient areas, 55.1% of the contaminated SSFs were detected (p = 0.008 *). Fifty percent of the contaminated SSFs were not decontaminated. The most common bacterial contaminants were Escherichia coli (70 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (66 isolates), Staphylococcus epidermidis (34 isolates), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (18 isolates), and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (14 isolates), representing 31.53%, 29.73%, 15.32%, 8.11%, and 6.31% of the isolates, respectively. Variable degrees of reduced sensitivity to some antimicrobials were detected among the bacterial isolates. The SSFs represent potential risks for the exchange of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria between the out-hospital environment and the hospitals through the hands of the public. As technology and science advance, there is an urgent need to deploy creative and automated techniques for decontaminating SSFs and make use of recent advancements in materials science for producing antibacterial surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Taha
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali A. Alanazi
- College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mmdoh M. Alrais
- College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | - Bandar M. Alazmi
- College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang G, Li Y, Ke Q, Bai J, Luo F, Zhang J, Ding Y, Chen J, Liu P, Wang S, Gao C, Yang M. Preparation of Rechargeable Antibacterial Polypropylene/N-Halamine Materials Based on Melt Blending and Surface Segregation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47531-47540. [PMID: 37787377 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) has been widely used in health care and food packaging fields, however, it lacks antibacterial properties. Herein, we prepared the polymeric antibacterial agents (MPP-NDAM) by an in situ amidation reaction between 2,4-diamino-6-dialkylamino-1,3,5-triazine (NDAM) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MPP) using the melt grafting method. The effects of reaction time and monomer content on the grafting degree of N-halamine were investigated, and a grafting degree of 4.86 wt % was achieved under the optimal reaction conditions. PP/MPP-NDAM composites were further obtained by a melt blending process between PP and MPP-NDAM. With the adoption of surface segregation technology, the content of N-halamine structure on the surface of PP/MPP-NDAM composites was significantly increased. The antibacterial tests showed that the PP/MPP-NDAM composite could achieve 99.9% bactericidal activity against 1.0 × 107 CFU/mL of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) within 10 and 5 min of contact, respectively. The antibacterial effect became more pronounced with the prolongation of chlorinated time, and it could achieve 99.9% bactericidal activity against E. coli within merely 1 min of contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qining Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junchen Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fushuai Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Call E, Call KJ, Oberg C, Capunay C, Clark DN. Healthcare-Associated Infections and the Hospital Bed. Adv Skin Wound Care 2023; 36:1-7. [PMID: 37729168 DOI: 10.1097/asw.0000000000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bedframes are a potential source of bacterial contamination, fomites, and healthcare-associated infections for patients with active skin wounds and other underlying conditions. Bedframes also differ in their design, materials, texture, and ease of disassembly for cleaning. In this study, the authors evaluated five hospital bedframes in terms of retained soil and ease of cleaning as rated by volunteers. METHODS Hospital mattresses were placed on five different bedframes and soiled with mock bodily fluids containing Geobacillus stearothermophilus endospores as an indicator organism for contamination. In a second set of experiments, volunteers evaluated the bedframes for ease of cleaning; fewer than 30% of the volunteers had experience cleaning in hospitals or had previously received infection-control training. Questionnaires evaluated subjective measures such as ease of cleaning and texture. RESULTS Researchers observed a strong correlation between the initial amount of soil retained, the most probable number calculations of endospore counts, and the number of washes to reach extinction (no detectable endospores). Although volunteers' rankings for ease of cleaning were independent of the amount of soil retained, their rankings correlated with the actual washes to reach undetectable limits and bedframe materials that were perceived as harder to clean. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of both bedframe design and user cleaning experience in reducing bedframes as a source of healthcare-associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Call
- Evan Call, MS, CSM (NRM), is Adjunct Faculty, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, USA. Kasey J. Call, BS, is Study Director, EC-Service Inc, Centerville, Utah. Craig Oberg, PhD, is Distinguished Professor, Weber State University. Cassidee Capunay, BA, is Technical Writer II, MasterControl, Cottonwood Heights, Utah. Also at Weber State University, Daniel N. Clark, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Microbiology
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
O'Sullivan KJ, Dunne CP, Linnane B, McGrath D, O'Sullivan L. Design and initial testing of a novel disposable oscillating positive expiratory pressure device. Ir J Med Sci 2023; 192:2291-2299. [PMID: 36417107 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-03225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oscillating positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) devices play a key role in airway clearance, particularly in patients with cystic fibrosis. These devices, however, have the potential to become reservoirs for pathogenic organisms and require daily, or even more frequent, cleaning. This places a large burden on patients and their carers. AIMS The objective of this work was to develop a disposable OPEP device, with comparable mechanical performance to commercial devices, that negates the need for cleaning after use thus reducing microbiological risks. METHODS 3D printing was used to iterate and develop a prototype disposable device (The University of Limerick OPEP, abbreviated to the UL-OPEP) that was compared with a selection of commercially available devices for mean pressure and oscillation amplitude (cmH2O), as well as oscillation frequency (Hz). All devices were tested using a healthy volunteer at a target expiratory flow of ~ 20 L/min. The target therapeutic range was 10-20 cmH2O at a flow rate of 10-20 L/min as is reported widely in the literature. RESULTS The prototype disposable device achieved a mean pressure of 14.82 cmH2O at a mean flow rate of 18.82 L/min, and generated an oscillation frequency of 26 Hz with an amplitude of 1.28 cmH2O. These characteristics compare favourably with existing, more complex, reusable OPEP devices. CONCLUSIONS The UL-OPEP device is a small, disposable OPEP device, that generates pressure and oscillation amplitudes for clinically effective airway clearance. The device negates the need for cleaning and disinfecting, removing the risk of devices acting as a potential reservoir for pathogenic organisms while maintaining mucus-clearing benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J O'Sullivan
- School of Design, Health Research Institute, and Confirm Centre for Smart Manufacturing, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Centre for Interventions in Infection, University of Limerick, Inflammation & Immunity (4I), Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum P Dunne
- School of Medicine and Centre for Interventions in Infection, University of Limerick, Inflammation & Immunity (4I), Limerick, Ireland
| | - Barry Linnane
- School of Medicine and Centre for Interventions in Infection, University of Limerick, Inflammation & Immunity (4I), Limerick, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
- Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Department, University Hospital Limerick (UHL), Limerick, Ireland
| | - Deirdre McGrath
- School of Medicine and Centre for Interventions in Infection, University of Limerick, Inflammation & Immunity (4I), Limerick, Ireland
| | - Leonard O'Sullivan
- School of Design, Health Research Institute, and Confirm Centre for Smart Manufacturing, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oh E, Choi SJ, Han S, Lee KH, Choi HJ. Highly Effective Salt-Activated Alcohol-Based Disinfectants with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17811-17825. [PMID: 37639494 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces contaminated with pathogens raise concerns about the increased risk of disease transmission and infection. To clean biocontaminated surfaces, alcohol-based disinfectants have been predominantly used for disinfecting high-touch areas in diverse settings. However, due to its limited antimicrobial activities and concern over the emergence of alcohol-tolerant strains, much effort has been made to develop highly efficient disinfectant formulations. In this study, we hypothesize that the addition of a physical pathogen inactivation mechanism by salt recrystallization (besides the existing chemical inactivation mechanism by alcohol in such formulations) can improve inactivation efficiency by preventing the emergence of alcohol tolerance. To this end, we employed the drying-induced salt recrystallization process to implement the concept of highly efficient alcohol-based disinfectant formulations. To identify the individual and combined effects of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and NaCl, time-dependent morphological/structural changes of various IPA solutions containing NaCl have been characterized by optical microscopy/X-ray diffraction analysis. Their antimicrobial activities have been tested on surfaces (glass slide, polystyrene Petri dish, and stainless steel) contaminated with Gram-positive/negative bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Typhimurium) and viruses (A/PR8/34 H1N1 influenza virus and HCoV-OC43 human coronavirus). We found that additional salt crystallization during the drying of the alcohol solution facilitated stronger biocidal effects than IPA-only formulations, regardless of the types of solid surfaces and pathogens, including alcohol-tolerant strains adapted from wild-type Escherichia coli MG1655. Our findings can be useful in developing highly effective disinfectant formulations by minimizing the use of toxic antimicrobial substances to improve public health and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euna Oh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Seung Joon Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Han
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kyu Hyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jick Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Blane B, Coll F, Raven K, Allen O, Kappeler ARM, Pai S, Floto RA, Peacock SJ, Gouliouris T. Impact of a new hospital with close to 100% single-occupancy rooms on environmental contamination and incidence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization or infection: a genomic surveillance study. J Hosp Infect 2023; 139:192-200. [PMID: 37451408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) is a leading cause of nosocomial infection, driven by its ability to spread between patients and persist in the hospital environment. AIM To investigate the impact of a long-established cardiothoracic hospital moving to new premises with close to 100% single-occupancy rooms on the rates of environmental contamination and infection or colonization by VRE. METHODS Prospective environmental surveillance for VRE was conducted at five time-points between April and November 2019, once in the original building, and four times in the new building. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of VRE infection/colonization were determined for the one-year period before and after the hospital move, and compared to a nearby hospital. FINDINGS In the original location, the first environmental screen found 29% VRE positivity. The following four screens in the new location showed a significant reduction in positivity (1-6%; P<0.0001). The VRE infection/colonization rates were halved in the new location (IRR: 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.38-0.84), compared to the original location, contrasting with an increase in a nearby hospital (1.62; 1.17-2.27) over the same time-period. Genomic analysis of the environmental isolates was consistent with reduced transmission in the new hospital. CONCLUSION The use of single-occupancy rooms was associated with reduced environmental contamination with VRE, and lower transmission and isolation of VRE from clinical samples. The cost-effectiveness of single-occupancy room hospitals in reducing healthcare-associated infections should be reassessed in the context of operational costs of emerging pandemic and increasing antimicrobial resistance threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Blane
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - F Coll
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - K Raven
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - O Allen
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - A R M Kappeler
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Pai
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R A Floto
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - T Gouliouris
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Haghpanah F, Lin G, Klein E. Deconstructing the effects of stochasticity on transmission of hospital-acquired infections in ICUs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230277. [PMID: 37711144 PMCID: PMC10498044 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The inherent stochasticity in transmission of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) has complicated our understanding of transmission pathways. It is particularly difficult to detect the impact of changes in the environment on acquisition rate due to stochasticity. In this study, we investigated the impact of uncertainty (epistemic and aleatory) on nosocomial transmission of HAIs by evaluating the effects of stochasticity on the detectability of seasonality of admission prevalence. For doing so, we developed an agent-based model of an ICU and simulated the acquisition of HAIs considering the uncertainties in the behaviour of the healthcare workers (HCWs) and transmission of pathogens between patients, HCWs, and the environment. Our results show that stochasticity in HAI transmission weakens our ability to detect the effects of a change, such as seasonality patterns, on acquisition rate, particularly when transmission is a low-probability event. In addition, our findings demonstrate that data compilation can address this issue, while the amount of required data depends on the size of the said change and the degree of uncertainty. Our methodology can be used as a framework to assess the impact of interventions and provide decision-makers with insight about the minimum required size and target of interventions in a healthcare facility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Lin
- One Health Trust, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eili Klein
- One Health Trust, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pei H, Zhu C, Shu F, Lu Z, Wang H, Ma K, Wang J, Lan R, Shang F, Xue T. CodY: An Essential Transcriptional Regulator Involved in Environmental Stress Tolerance in Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus RMSA24. Foods 2023; 12:3166. [PMID: 37685098 PMCID: PMC10486358 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), as the main pathogen in milk and dairy products, usually causes intoxication with vomiting and various kinds of inflammation after entering the human body. CodY, an important transcriptional regulator in S. aureus, plays an important role in regulating metabolism, growth, and virulence. However, little is known about the role of CodY on environmental stress tolerance. In this research, we revealed the role of CodY in environmental stress tolerance in foodborne S. aureus RMSA24. codY mutation significantly reduced the tolerance of S. aureus to desiccation and oxidative, salt, and high-temperature stresses. However, S. aureus was more tolerant to low temperature stress due to mutation of codY. We found that the expressions of two important heat shock proteins-GroEL and DanJ-were significantly down-regulated in the mutant codY. This suggests that CodY may indirectly regulate the high- and low-temperature tolerance of S. aureus by regulating the expressions of groEL and danJ. This study reveals a new mechanism of environmental stress tolerance in S. aureus and provides new insights into controlling the contamination and harm caused by S. aureus in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pei
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Chengfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Fang Shu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Zhengfei Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Kai Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ranxiang Lan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
- Food Procession Research Institute, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
- Food Procession Research Institute, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kobayashi S, Tamamura-Andoh Y, Yamane I, Kusumoto M, Katsuda K. The association between farm-level antimicrobial usage and resistance of Staphylococcus spp., as the major genus isolated from aerosol samples, in Japanese piggeries. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1127819. [PMID: 37565078 PMCID: PMC10411535 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1127819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are the dominant particulate matter in livestock houses and can threaten animal and public health. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a crucial concern worldwide, and nationwide measures established based on the One Health approach are being implemented in many countries. This requires multidisciplinary perspectives and collaboration among the human, animal, and environmental sectors. However, information on the AMR risk in livestock house aerosol is limited, especially its association with antimicrobial usage (AMU). Therefore, this study was conducted to reveal the AMR profile of Staphylococcus, the major bacterial genus in the aerosol of the piggeries of Japanese farms, and the association between farm-level AMU and AMR. The investigation at 10 farrow-to-finish pig farms revealed that regardless of the sampling season and the piggery group, the resistance rate of isolated staphylococci for oxacillin, erythromycin, and lincomycin was more than 40% of the median and tended to be higher than that for other antimicrobials. The AMU adjusted by the defined daily dose (DDD-adjusted AMU) in the fattening piggery group was significantly higher than that in the sow piggery group (p < 0.05). Finally, for the fattening piggery group, the generalized linear mixed model revealed that the AMR rate for oxacillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was positively associated with the corresponding class-based DDD-adjusted AMU of penicillins (odds ratio (OR) = 2.63, p = 0.03), macrolides (OR = 6.89, p = 0.0001), tetracyclines (OR = 2.48, p = 0.04), and amphenicols (OR = 3.22, p = 0.03), respectively. These significant positive associations observed in this study imply that the resistance rate for these antimicrobials may decrease by reducing the corresponding antimicrobials' use. In addition, the resistance rates for erythromycin and chloramphenicol also displayed a positive association with the AMU of antimicrobial classes other than macrolides and amphenicols, respectively. The mechanism underlying these phenomena is unclear; therefore, further evaluation will be needed. As limited studies have reported staphylococci in piggery aerosol and its AMR with quantitative AMU, these results based on on-farm investigations are expected to aid in establishing countermeasures for AMR of aerosol bacteria in pig farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sota Kobayashi
- Enteric Pathogen Group, Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukino Tamamura-Andoh
- Enteric Pathogen Group, Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Itsuro Yamane
- Enteric Pathogen Group, Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- Enteric Pathogen Group, Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken Katsuda
- Division of Hygiene Management Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sinclair LG, Dougall LR, Ilieva Z, McKenzie K, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Laboratory evaluation of the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy of a low-irradiance visible 405-nm light system for surface-simulated decontamination. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 13:1-15. [PMID: 37363345 PMCID: PMC10264887 DOI: 10.1007/s12553-023-00761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Lighting systems which use visible light blended with antimicrobial 405-nm violet-blue light have recently been developed for safe continuous decontamination of occupied healthcare environments. This paper characterises the optical output and antibacterial efficacy of a low irradiance 405-nm light system designed for environmental decontamination applications, under controlled laboratory conditions. Methods In the current study, the irradiance output of a ceiling-mounted 405-nm light source was profiled within a 3×3×2 m (18 m3) test area; with values ranging from 0.001-2.016 mWcm-2. To evaluate antibacterial efficacy of the light source for environmental surface decontamination, irradiance levels within this range (0.021-1 mWcm-2) at various angular (Δ ϴ=0-51.3) and linear (∆s=1.6-2.56 m) displacements from the source were used to generate inactivation kinetics, using the model organism, Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, twelve bacterial species were surface-seeded and light-exposed at a fixed displacement below the source (1.5 m; 0.5 mWcm-2) to demonstrate broad-spectrum efficacy at heights typical of high touch surfaces within occupied settings. Results Results demonstrate that significant (P≤0.05) inactivation was successfully achieved at all irradiance values investigated, with spatial positioning from the source affecting inactivation, with greater times required for inactivation as irradiance decreased. Complete/near-complete (≥93.28%) inactivation of all bacteria was achieved following exposure to 0.5 mWcm-2 within exposure times realistic of those utilised practically for whole-room decontamination (2-16 h). Conclusion This study provides fundamental evidence of the efficacy, and energy efficiency, of low irradiance 405-nm light for bacterial inactivation within a controlled laboratory setting, further justifying its benefits for practical infection control applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G Sinclair
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura R Dougall
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zornitsa Ilieva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen McKenzie
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Suellen Ferro de Oliveira C, Kekhasharú Tavaria F. The impact of bioactive textiles on human skin microbiota. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00118-2. [PMID: 37182552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to support the elevated market demand for the development of textiles with specific benefits for a healthy and safe lifestyle, several bioactive textiles with defined properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-odor, and anti-repellent, anti-ultraviolet (UV) radiation, have been proposed. Antimicrobial textiles, particularly, have received special interest considering the search for smart, protective textiles that also impact health and well-being. Although the incorporation of antimicrobials into textile material has been well succeeded, the addition of such components in textile clothing can influence the balance of the skin microbiota of the wearer. While most antimicrobial textiles have demonstrated good biocompatibility and antimicrobial performance against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, some problems such as textile biodegradation, odor, and dissemination of unwanted microorganisms might arise. However, little is known about the impact of such antimicrobial textile-products on human skin microbiota. To address this issue, the present review, for the first time, gives an overview about the main effects of antimicrobial textiles, i.e., antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral, on skin microbiota while driving future investigation to elucidate their putative clinical relevance and possible applications according to their impact on skin microbiota. This knowledge may open doors for the development of more microbiota friendly textiles or antimicrobial textile-products able to target specific populations of the skin microbiota aiming to alleviate skin disorders, malodor, and allergies by avoiding the growth and spread of pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Suellen Ferro de Oliveira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Freni Kekhasharú Tavaria
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Codelia-Anjum A, Lerner LB, Elterman D, Zorn KC, Bhojani N, Chughtai B. Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections: A Review of the Pathogenicity, Epidemiology, and Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040778. [PMID: 37107140 PMCID: PMC10135011 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common causes of infections worldwide and can be caused by numerous uropathogens. Enterococci are Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal tract that are known uropathogens. Enterococcus spp. has become a leading cause of healthcare associated infections, ranging from endocarditis to UTIs. In recent years, there has been an increase in multidrug resistance due to antibiotic misuse, especially in enterococci. Additionally, infections due to enterococci pose a unique challenge due to their ability to survive in extreme environments, intrinsic antimicrobial resistance, and genomic malleability. Overall, this review aims to highlight the pathogenicity, epidemiology, and treatment recommendations (according to the most recent guidelines) of enterococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alia Codelia-Anjum
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lori B Lerner
- Department of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA
| | - Dean Elterman
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2SB, Canada
| | - Kevin C Zorn
- Division of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Monstréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Naeem Bhojani
- Division of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Monstréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Bilal Chughtai
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Iskandar K, Pecastaings S, LeGac C, Salvatico S, Feuillolay C, Guittard M, Marchin L, Verelst M, Roques C. Demonstrating the In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial Activity of Oxide Mineral Microspheres: An Innovative Technology to Be Incorporated into Porous and Nonporous Materials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041261. [PMID: 37111747 PMCID: PMC10144421 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of surfaces treated with zinc and/or magnesium mineral oxide microspheres is a patented technology that has been demonstrated in vitro against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency and sustainability of the technology in vitro, under simulation-of-use conditions, and in situ. The tests were undertaken in vitro according to the ISO 22196:2011, ISO 20473:2013, and NF S90-700:2019 standards with adapted parameters. Simulation-of-use tests evaluated the robustness of the activity under worst-case scenarios. The in situ tests were conducted on high-touch surfaces. The in vitro results show efficient antimicrobial activity against referenced strains with a log reduction of >2. The sustainability of this effect was time-dependent and detected at lower temperatures (20 ± 2.5 °C) and humidity (46%) conditions for variable inoculum concentrations and contact times. The simulation of use proved the microsphere's efficiency under harsh mechanical and chemical tests. The in situ studies showed a higher than 90% reduction in CFU/25 cm2 per treated surface versus the untreated surfaces, reaching a targeted value of <50 CFU/cm2. Mineral oxide microspheres can be incorporated into unlimited surface types, including medical devices, to efficiently and sustainably prevent microbial contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Iskandar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology-Lebanon (INSPECT-LB), Beirut 6573, Lebanon
| | - Sophie Pecastaings
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline LeGac
- FONDEREPHAR, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Mylène Guittard
- Pylote SAS, 22 Avenue de la Mouyssaguèse, 31280 Drémil-Lafage, France
| | - Loïc Marchin
- Pylote SAS, 22 Avenue de la Mouyssaguèse, 31280 Drémil-Lafage, France
| | - Marc Verelst
- CEMES, UPR CNRS 8011, 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, CEDEX, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Roques
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- FONDEREPHAR, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31062 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mulec J, Skok S, Tomazin R, Letić J, Pliberšek T, Stopinšek S, Simčič S. Long-Term Monitoring of Bioaerosols in an Environment without UV and Desiccation Stress, an Example from the Cave Postojnska Jama, Slovenia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:809. [PMID: 36985383 PMCID: PMC10053050 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A natural cave environment subject to regular human visitation was selected for aerobiological study to minimize the effects of severe temperature fluctuations, UV radiation, and desiccation stress on the aerobiome. The longer sampling period of bioaerosols, up to 22 months, was generally not associated with a proportionally incremental and cumulative increase of microbial biomass. The culture-independent biomass indicator ATP enabled quick and reliable determination of the total microbial biomass. Total airborne microbial biomass was influenced by human visitation to the cave, as confirmed by significantly higher concentrations being observed along tourist footpaths (p < 0.05). Airborne beta-glucans (BG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are present in cave air, but their impact on the cave remains to be evaluated. Staphylococcus spp., as an indicator of human presence, was detected at all sites studied. Their long-term survival decrease is likely due to high relative humidity, low temperature, the material to which they adhere, and potentially natural elevated radon concentration. The most commonly recorded species were: S. saprophyticus, which was identified in 52% of the studied sites, S. equorum in 29%, and S. warneri in 24% of the studied sites. Only a few isolates were assigned to Risk group 2: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. pasteuri, and S. saprophyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janez Mulec
- Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Titov Trg 2, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia
- UNESCO Chair on Karst Education, University of Nova Gorica, Glavni Trg 8, SI-5271 Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Sara Skok
- Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Titov Trg 2, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia
| | - Rok Tomazin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasmina Letić
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Pliberšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sanja Stopinšek
- Health Center Hrastnik, Novi Dom 11, SI-1430 Hrastnik, Slovenia
| | - Saša Simčič
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Horn-Lodewyk J, Wainwright T, Lessing KC, Otto D, Fourie JH. Optimal home and hospital laundering of reusable surgical scrubs: Systematic literature review. Health SA 2023. [DOI: 10.4102/hsag.v28i0.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
27
|
Advancement and future perspectives on ampicillin-loaded antimicrobial polymers- A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
28
|
Kennedy KM, de Goffau MC, Perez-Muñoz ME, Arrieta MC, Bäckhed F, Bork P, Braun T, Bushman FD, Dore J, de Vos WM, Earl AM, Eisen JA, Elovitz MA, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Gänzle MG, Garrett WS, Hall LJ, Hornef MW, Huttenhower C, Konnikova L, Lebeer S, Macpherson AJ, Massey RC, McHardy AC, Koren O, Lawley TD, Ley RE, O'Mahony L, O'Toole PW, Pamer EG, Parkhill J, Raes J, Rattei T, Salonen A, Segal E, Segata N, Shanahan F, Sloboda DM, Smith GCS, Sokol H, Spector TD, Surette MG, Tannock GW, Walker AW, Yassour M, Walter J. Questioning the fetal microbiome illustrates pitfalls of low-biomass microbial studies. Nature 2023; 613:639-649. [PMID: 36697862 PMCID: PMC11333990 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Whether the human fetus and the prenatal intrauterine environment (amniotic fluid and placenta) are stably colonized by microbial communities in a healthy pregnancy remains a subject of debate. Here we evaluate recent studies that characterized microbial populations in human fetuses from the perspectives of reproductive biology, microbial ecology, bioinformatics, immunology, clinical microbiology and gnotobiology, and assess possible mechanisms by which the fetus might interact with microorganisms. Our analysis indicates that the detected microbial signals are likely the result of contamination during the clinical procedures to obtain fetal samples or during DNA extraction and DNA sequencing. Furthermore, the existence of live and replicating microbial populations in healthy fetal tissues is not compatible with fundamental concepts of immunology, clinical microbiology and the derivation of germ-free mammals. These conclusions are important to our understanding of human immune development and illustrate common pitfalls in the microbial analyses of many other low-biomass environments. The pursuit of a fetal microbiome serves as a cautionary example of the challenges of sequence-based microbiome studies when biomass is low or absent, and emphasizes the need for a trans-disciplinary approach that goes beyond contamination controls by also incorporating biological, ecological and mechanistic concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus C de Goffau
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- International Microbiome Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Yonsei Frontier Lab (YFL), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Braun
- Department of Obstetrics and Experimental Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Dore
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, AgroParisTech, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ashlee M Earl
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Eisen
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine and Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay J Hall
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Chair of Intestinal Microbiome, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth C Massey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alice Carolyn McHardy
- Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover Braunschweig site, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth E Ley
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeroen Raes
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eran Segal
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon C S Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Sokol
- Gastroenterology Department, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, INSERM and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald W Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alan W Walker
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Moran Yassour
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chavignon M, Coignet L, Bonhomme M, Bergot M, Tristan A, Verhoeven P, Josse J, Laurent F, Butin M. Environmental Persistence of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: Role of Biofilm Formation, Desiccation, and Disinfectant Tolerance. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0421522. [PMID: 36409142 PMCID: PMC9769769 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04215-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clone Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A is responsible for late-onset sepsis in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) worldwide. Over time, this clone has evolved into three subgroups that are increasingly adapted to the NICU environment. This study aimed to decipher the mechanisms involved in NRCS-A persistence in NICUs. Twenty-six S. capitis strains belonging to each of the three NRCS-A clone subgroups and two other non-NRCS-A groups from neonates (alpha clone) or from adult patients ("other strains") were compared based on growth kinetics and ability to form biofilm as well as tolerance to desiccation and to different disinfectants. S. capitis biofilm formation was enhanced in rich medium and decreased under conditions of nutrient stress for all strains. However, under conditions of nutrient stress, NRCS-A strains presented an enhanced ability to adhere and form a thin biofilm containing more viable and culturable bacteria (mean 5.7 log10 CFU) than the strains from alpha clone (mean, 1.1 log10 CFU) and the "other strains" (mean, 4.2 log10 CFU) (P < 0.0001). The biofilm is composed of bacterial aggregates with a matrix mainly composed of polysaccharides. The NRCS-A clone also showed better persistence after a 48-h desiccation. However, disinfectant tolerance was not enhanced in the NRCS-A clone in comparison with that of strains from adult patients. In conclusion, the ability to form biofilm under nutrient stress and to survive desiccation are two major advantages for clone NRCS-A that could explain its ability to persist and settle in the specific environment of NICU settings. IMPORTANCE Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) host extremely fragile newborns, including preterm neonates. These patients are very susceptible to nosocomial infections, with coagulase-negative staphylococci being the species most frequently involved. In particular, a Staphylococcus capitis clone named NRCS-A has emerged worldwide specifically in NICUs and is responsible for severe nosocomial sepsis in preterm neonates. This clone is specifically adapted to the NICU environment and is able to colonize and maintain on NICU surfaces. The present work explored the mechanisms involved in the persistence of the NRCS-A clone in the NICU environment despite strict hygiene measures. The ability to produce biofilm under nutritional stress and to resist desiccation appear to be the two main advantages of NRCS-A in comparison with other strains. These findings are pivotal to provide clues for subsequent development of targeted methods to combat NRCS-A and to stop its dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chavignon
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ludivine Coignet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Bonhomme
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Bergot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Tristan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Verhoeven
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP (Groupe sur l’Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jérôme Josse
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Butin
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Service de Néonatologie et Réanimation Néonatale, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yan H, Ren Y, Zhou B, Ye F, Wu Z. Microbial profile of T-shirts after a fitness session of Chinese students. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12379. [PMID: 36582726 PMCID: PMC9793269 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clothing textiles could protect our human skin against external factors, but the microbial population, including conditional pathogens, in clothing, would cause unpleasant odor, Skin inflammation, and textile deterioration. Several studies have reported that microbiomes on clothes are affected by skin microorganisms of individuals, the local environment and the types of textile fabrics, but little is known about how the textile microbial community is shaped in the Chinese population. In this study, 10 healthy young students were recruited to successfully wear the T-shirts made with 3 different fabrics (polyester, cotton, and blending fabrics of polyester and cotton) during physical exercise. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 30 T-shirts and 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was applied to estimate the absolute abundances of bacteria in the samples. The main bacteria on wore T-shirts were Staphylococcus (21.66%) Enhydrobacter (13.81%), Pantoea (8.14%), Acinetobacter (7.81%), Pseudomonas (6.18%), Cutibacterium (4.99%). However, no difference of α and β diversity was observed among the three textile fabrics. Further analysis found that Pantoea and Pseudomonas, mainly from the environment, enriched on the polyester, but not on cotton, while Enhydrobacter, from human skin, has the growth advantage on cotton, and the blending fabric in between. Collectively, our study preliminary explored the clothes microbiome in Chinese young students, contributing to helping understand the role of clothing microorganisms on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Yan
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuxing Ren
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bihong Zhou
- Guangzhou Blue Moon Industrial Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Ye
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yıldız Varan N, Çaydamlı Y, Altay P. Effect of hydrophilic procedures on carboxyl content and antimicrobial activity of silver-treated nylon 6,6 fabrics. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/tsd-2022-2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper presents the improvement of the hydrophilicity of nylon knitted and warp knitted fabrics using the Hydrowick NA process with a combination of antimicrobial silver application and characterization of the treated knitted and warp knitted fabrics by FTIR, SEM, XPS and antimicrobial activity tests using the AATCC 100 test method and moisture regain test. Antibacterial nylon knitted and woven fabrics have been developed by incorporating antibacterial agents into the structure of the fibres, for longer durability and effect, rather than just depositing them on the surface. Hydrophilic processes have an impact on the antimicrobial activity, resistance to repeated washing and moisture regain of the nylon knitted and warp knitted fabrics. The nylon knitted and warp knitted fabrics showed higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after the hydrophilic finishing process. It can be seen that there is a correlation between a decrease in bacterial growth and an increase in the concentration of the hydrophilic agent. The results showed that the knitted nylon fabrics using the Hydrowick NA process had higher moisture regain at the same surface weight per unit of textile. Analysis of variance with p < 0.05 showed that the results were statistically significant. The 1 × 1 rib double jersey nylon knits showed the highest antimicrobial performance. It was also observed that the surface area of the knitted fabric was also decisive for the antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yavuz Çaydamlı
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research (DITF) , Denkendorf , Germany
| | - Pelin Altay
- Department of Textile Engineering , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Field DT, Green JL, Bennett R, Jenner LC, Sadofsky LR, Chapman E, Loubani M, Rotchell JM. Microplastics in the surgical environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107630. [PMID: 36403328 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric microplastics (MPs) have been consistently detected within indoor and outdoor air samples. Locations with high human activity are reported to have high MP levels. The aim was to quantify and characterise the MPs present within the surgical environment over a one-week sampling period. MPs were collected in samplers placed around an operating theatre and adjoining anaesthetic room at 12 h intervals. Particles were filtered onto 0.02 µm membranes and analysed using micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The number of MPs identified during the working day sampling period varied, with a mean of 1,924 ± 3,105 MP m-2 day-1 and a range of 0 - 9,258 MP m-2 day-1 observed in the theatre, compared with a mean of 541 ± 969 MP m-2 day-1 and a range of 0 - 3,368 MP m-2 day-1 for the anaesthetic room. Across both rooms and at all sampling points, an increase in levels with a decrease in MP size was observed. Identified particles consisted of mainly fragment shaped MPs (78 %) with polyethylene terephthalate (37 %), polypropylene (25 %), polyethylene (7 %) and nylon (13 %) representing the most abundant polymer types. MPs were not detected in the theatre during non-working hours. The results provide novel information on defining polymer levels and types, in a room environment where the use of single plastics has been regarded as beneficial to practice. These results can inform cellular toxicity studies, investigating the consequences of human MP exposure as well as represent a potentially novel route of exposure for humans for this emerging contaminant of concern, via surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Field
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, United Kingdom; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan L Green
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, United Kingdom; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Bennett
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren C Jenner
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Laura R Sadofsky
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Chapman
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud Loubani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette M Rotchell
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Changes in interstitial fluid flow, mass transport and the bone cell response in microgravity and normogravity. Bone Res 2022; 10:65. [PMID: 36411278 PMCID: PMC9678891 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our scientific interest in spaceflight has grown exponentially and resulted in a thriving area of research, with hundreds of astronauts spending months of their time in space. A recent shift toward pursuing territories farther afield, aiming at near-Earth asteroids, the Moon, and Mars combined with the anticipated availability of commercial flights to space in the near future, warrants continued understanding of the human physiological processes and response mechanisms when in this extreme environment. Acute skeletal loss, more severe than any bone loss seen on Earth, has significant implications for deep space exploration, and it remains elusive as to why there is such a magnitude of difference between bone loss on Earth and loss in microgravity. The removal of gravity eliminates a critical primary mechano-stimulus, and when combined with exposure to both galactic and solar cosmic radiation, healthy human tissue function can be negatively affected. An additional effect found in microgravity, and one with limited insight, involves changes in dynamic fluid flow. Fluids provide the most fundamental way to transport chemical and biochemical elements within our bodies and apply an essential mechano-stimulus to cells. Furthermore, the cell cytoplasm is not a simple liquid, and fluid transport phenomena together with viscoelastic deformation of the cytoskeleton play key roles in cell function. In microgravity, flow behavior changes drastically, and the impact on cells within the porous system of bone and the influence of an expanding level of adiposity are not well understood. This review explores the role of interstitial fluid motion and solute transport in porous bone under two different conditions: normogravity and microgravity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Baede VO, Tavakol M, Vos MC, Knight GM, van Wamel WJB. Dehydration Tolerance in Epidemic versus Nonepidemic MRSA Demonstrated by Isothermal Microcalorimetry. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0061522. [PMID: 35972129 PMCID: PMC9602581 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00615-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clusters are considered epidemic or nonepidemic based on their ability to spread effectively. Successful transmission could be influenced by dehydration tolerance. Current methods for determination of dehydration tolerance lack accuracy. Here, a climate-controlled in vitro dehydration assay using isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) was developed and linked with mathematical modeling to determine survival of 44 epidemic versus 54 nonepidemic MRSA strains from France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands after 1 week of dehydration. For each MRSA strain, the growth parameters time to end of first growth phase (tmax [h]) and maximal exponential growth rate (μm) were deduced from IMC data for 3 experimental replicates, 3 different starting inocula, and before and after dehydration. If the maximal exponential growth rate was within predefined margins (±36% of the mean), a linear relationship between tmax and starting inoculum could be utilized to predict log reduction after dehydration for individual strains. With these criteria, 1,330 of 1,764 heat flow curves (data sets) (75%) could be analyzed to calculate the post-dehydration inoculum size, and thus the log reduction due to dehydration, for 90 of 98 strains (92%). Overall reduction was ~1 log after 1 week. No difference in dehydration tolerance was found between the epidemic and nonepidemic strains. Log reduction was negatively correlated with starting inoculum, indicating better survival of higher inocula. This study presents a framework to quantify bacterial survival. MRSA strains showed great capacity to persist in the environment, irrespective of epidemiological success. This finding strengthens the need for effective surface cleaning to contain MRSA transmission. IMPORTANCE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of infections globally. While some MRSA clusters have spread worldwide, others are not able to disseminate successfully beyond certain regions despite frequent introduction. Dehydration tolerance facilitates transmission in hospital environments through enhanced survival on surfaces and fomites, potentially explaining differences in transmission success between MRSA clusters. Unfortunately, the currently available techniques to determine dehydration tolerance of cluster-forming bacteria like S. aureus are labor-intensive and unreliable due to their dependence on quantitative culturing. In this study, bacterial survival was assessed in a newly developed assay using isothermal microcalorimetry. With this technique, the effect of drying can be determined without the disadvantages of quantitative culturing. In combination with a newly developed mathematical algorithm, we determined dehydration tolerance of a large number of MRSA strains in a systematic, unbiased, and robust manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie O. Baede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mehri Tavakol
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margreet C. Vos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gwenan M. Knight
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hubbart JA, Kellner E, Petersen F. A 22-Site Comparison of Land-Use Practices, E-coli and Enterococci Concentrations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13907. [PMID: 36360790 PMCID: PMC9658064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Land-use practices can greatly impact water quality. Escherichia (E.) coli and Enterococcus are accepted water quality indicators. However, surprisingly little research has been conducted comparing both organisms' population density relationships to land use practices and water quality. Stream water grab samples were collected monthly (n = 9 months) from 22 stream monitoring sites draining varying land use practice types in a representative mixed-land-use watershed of the northeastern United States. E. coli and enterococci colony forming units (CFU per 100 mL) were estimated (n = 396) and statistically analyzed relative to land use practices, hydroclimate, and pH, using a suite of methods, including correlation analysis, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Correlation analyses indicated significant (p < 0.05) relationships between fecal indicator bacteria concentrations, water quality metrics and land use practices but emphasized significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations between pH and instream enterococci concentrations. PCA and CCA results indicated consistent spatial differences between fecal indicator bacteria concentrations, pH, and land use/land cover characteristics. The study showed that pH could be considered an integrated proxy variable for past (legacy) and present land use practice influences. Results also bring to question the comparability of E-coli and enterococci relative to dominant land use practices and variations in pH and provide useful information that will help guide land use practice and water pollutant mitigation decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Hubbart
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Percival Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Elliott Kellner
- The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Fritz Petersen
- Department of Biology, Biology Life Sciences Building, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Saseendran Nair S, Anand V, De Silva K, Wiles S, Swift S. The antibacterial potency and antibacterial mechanism of a commercially available surface-anchoring quaternary ammonium salt (SAQAS)-based biocide in vitro. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2583-2598. [PMID: 35870145 PMCID: PMC9796750 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the antimicrobial potency of a surface-anchored quaternary ammonium salt (SAQAS)-based biocide during in vitro wet and dry fomite assays and to determine the mechanism of killing bacteria on the surface. METHODS AND RESULTS Wet and dry fomite assays were established in vitro for a commercially available biocide (SAQAS-A) applied to glass and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) surfaces. Both wet and dry fomite tests showed the active killing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but not endospores. Assays measuring membrane permeability (ATP and DNA release), bacterial membrane potential and bacterial ROS production were correlated with the time-to-kill profiles to show SAQAS-A activity in suspension and applied to a surface. CONCLUSIONS SAQAS-A is an effective biocide against model strains of vegetative bacteria. The killing mechanism for SAQAS-A observed minimal membrane depolarization, a surge in ROS production and assessment of membrane permeability supported the puncture of cells in both suspension and surface attachment, leading to cell death. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY SAQAS represents effective surface biocides against single challenges with bacteria through a mechanical killing ability that supports real-world application if their durability can be demonstrated to maintain residual activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Saseendran Nair
- Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyWaipapa Taumata Rau University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Vikash Anand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyWaipapa Taumata Rau University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Karnika De Silva
- NZ Product Accelerator, Faculty of EngineeringWaipapa Taumata Rau University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyWaipapa Taumata Rau University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyWaipapa Taumata Rau University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee J, Bae J, Youn DY, Ahn J, Hwang WT, Bae H, Bae PK, Kim ID. Violacein-embedded nanofiber filters with antiviral and antibacterial activities. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 444:136460. [PMID: 35463870 PMCID: PMC9017092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.136460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most respiratory masks are made of fabrics, which only capture the infectious virus carriers into the matrix. However, these contagious viruses stay active for a long duration (∼7 days) within the fabric matrix possibly inducing post-contact transmissions. Moreover, conventional masks are vulnerable to bacterial growth with prolonged exposure to exhaled breaths. Herein, we combined violacein, a naturally-occurring antimicrobial agent, with porous nanofiber membranes to develop a series of functional filters that autonomously sterilizes viruses and bacteria. The violacein-embedded membrane inactivates viruses within 4 h (99.532 % reduction for influenza and 99.999 % for human coronavirus) and bacteria within 2 h (75.5 % reduction). Besides, its nanofiber structure physically filters out the nanoscale (<0.8 μm) and micron-scale (0.8 μm - 3 μm) particulates, providing high filtration efficiencies (99.7 % and 100 % for PM 1.0 and PM 10, respectively) with long-term stability (for 25 days). In addition, violacein provides additional UV-resistant property, which protects the skin from sunlight. The violacein-embedded membrane not only proved the sterile efficacy of microbe extracted pigments for biomedical products but also provided insights to advance the personal protective equipment (PPE) to fight against contagious pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeong Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Doo-Young Youn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Tae Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunae Bae
- White BIO Technology, CJ CheilJedang Corporation, 55 Gwanggyo-ro, Suwon-si 16495, Gyeongggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Pan Kee Bae
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jega BG, Maishanu IM, Aliyu B, Kasim MN. Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Gram-Positive Bacteria from Primary Health Centers in Jega, Kebbi State. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2022. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i3.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial or healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) is an infection acquired during receiving health care that was not present during admission. The research aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of gram-positive bacteria isolated from Primary Health Centers in Jega Town. A total of fifty (50) swab samples were collected from 10 different health centers and analyzed using the streak plate technique. Pure bacterial isolates were maintained and characterized using biochemical tests; their percentage of occurrence show; Staphylococcus aureus 18 (43.9%), Enterococcus feacalis 8 (19.5%), Streptococcus spp 8 (19.5%), Bacillus cereus 4 (9.8%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis 3 (7.3%). McFarland standard solution was prepared and used to control inoculants, after which the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus epidermidis was resistant to Gentamycin, and other isolates were multi-drug resistant. In light of this research, there is a need for thorough disinfection and conscientious contact control procedures to minimize the spread of these pathogens in health centers where interaction between patients, HCWs, and caregivers is widespread and frequent.
Collapse
|
39
|
Extraction Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants for Antimicrobial Textiles: A Review. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152011. [PMID: 35956489 PMCID: PMC9370299 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are the product of natural drug discoveries and have gained traction due to their pharmacological activities. Pathogens are everywhere, and they thrive in ideal conditions depending on the nutrients, moisture, temperature, and pH that increase the growth of harmful pathogens on surfaces and textiles. Thus, antimicrobial agents and finishes may be the solution to the destruction of pathogens. This review article presents an analysis of various aspects of producing antimicrobial finishings, the microorganisms, their mechanism of attachment to natural and synthetic fibre, the effect of microbial growth, and the principle and mechanism of the microbial activity of the medicinal plants. Furthermore, the extraction methods, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluations of antimicrobial efficacy, and developments of antimicrobial treated textiles using various agents are covered in this review.
Collapse
|
40
|
Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Makuła M, Włodarczyk-Makuła M, Wołejko E, Wydro U, Serra-Majem L, Wiater J. Inanimate Surfaces as a Source of Hospital Infections Caused by Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses with Particular Emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8121. [PMID: 35805776 PMCID: PMC9265696 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The carriers of nosocomial infections are the hands of medical personnel and inanimate surfaces. Both hands and surfaces may be contaminated as a result of contact with the patient, their body fluids, and touching contaminated surfaces in the patient's surroundings. Visually clean inanimate surfaces are an important source of pathogens. Microorganisms have properties thanks to which they can survive in unfavorable conditions, from a few days to several months. Bacteria, viruses and fungi are able to transmit from inanimate surfaces to the skin of the patient and the medical staff. These pathogens include SARS-CoV-2, which can survive on various types of inanimate surfaces, being a potential source of infection. By following the recommendations related to washing and disinfecting hands and surfaces, and using appropriate washing and disinfecting agents with a broad biocidal spectrum, high material compatibility and the shortest duration of action, we contribute to breaking the chain of nosocomial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (E.W.); (U.W.)
| | - Marcin Makuła
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Traugutta sq.2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła
- Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Częstochowa University of Technology, 69 Dabrowskiego Str., 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (E.W.); (U.W.)
| | - Urszula Wydro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (E.W.); (U.W.)
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Józefa Wiater
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Environmental Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bhattacharjee S, Bahl P, Chughtai AA, Heslop D, MacIntyre CR. Face masks and respirators: Towards sustainable materials and technologies to overcome the shortcomings and challenges. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shovon Bhattacharjee
- Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Kensington Sydney Australia
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh
| | - Prateek Bahl
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | - Abrar Ahmad Chughtai
- School of Population Health Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Kensington Sydney Australia
| | - David Heslop
- School of Population Health Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Kensington Sydney Australia
| | - C. Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Kensington Sydney Australia
- College of Public Service and Community Solutions and College of Health Solutions Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sun J, Prabhu A, Aroney STN, Rinke C. Insights into plastic biodegradation: community composition and functional capabilities of the superworm ( Zophobas morio) microbiome in styrofoam feeding trials. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35678705 PMCID: PMC9455710 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics are inexpensive and widely used organic polymers, but their high durability hinders biodegradation. Polystyrene, including extruded polystyrene (also known as styrofoam), is among the most commonly produced plastics worldwide and is recalcitrant to microbial degradation. In this study, we assessed changes in the gut microbiome of superworms (Zophobas morio) reared on bran, polystyrene or under starvation conditions over a 3 weeks period. Superworms on all diets were able to complete their life cycle to pupae and imago, although superworms reared on polystyrene had minimal weight gains, resulting in lower pupation rates compared to bran reared worms. The change in microbial gut communities from baseline differed considerably between diet groups, with polystyrene and starvation groups characterized by a loss of microbial diversity and the presence of opportunistic pathogens. Inferred microbial functions enriched in the polystyrene group included transposon movements, membrane restructuring and adaptations to oxidative stress. We detected several encoded enzymes with reported polystyrene and styrene degradation abilities, supporting previous reports of polystyrene-degrading bacteria in the superworm gut. By recovering metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) we linked phylogeny and functions and identified genera including Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium that possess genes associated with polystyrene degradation. In conclusion, our results provide the first metagenomic insights into the metabolic pathways used by the gut microbiome of superworms to degrade polystyrene. Our results also confirm that superworms can survive on polystyrene feed, but this diet has considerable negative impacts on host gut microbiome diversity and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Sun
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Apoorva Prabhu
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Samuel T N Aroney
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christian Rinke
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Røken M, Iakhno S, Haaland AH, Wasteson Y, Bjelland AM. Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. from Infected Dogs to the Home Environment and Owners. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050637. [PMID: 35625281 PMCID: PMC9137922 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) infections often undergo treatment in their homes, interacting with their owners and surroundings. This close contact between dogs and owners may facilitate the interspecies transmission of MRS. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the transmission of MRS from infected dogs to their owners and home environments. Seven households with dogs that had been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and one household with a dog with methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) participated in the study. Dogs, owners, and the home environments were screened for the presence of clinical MRS. A selection of 36 staphylococcal isolates were whole-genome sequenced and screened for resistance genes and virulence genes. Clinical MRS were primarily identified from the dogs and their immediate surroundings, but these were also detected in locations that were out of reach for the dogs, indicating indirect transmission. Two of eight owners carried clinical MRS in their nostrils, while one owner carried methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP). All clinical MRS were multi-resistant, and several possessed resistance genes that were not expressed phenotypically. Clinical MRSP persisted in the home environment for a prolonged period, despite infection recovery and one dog being euthanized. Regardless of the stable presence of MRSP in the surroundings, the owners in these homes remained negative, but tested positive for MSSP on three occasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Røken
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (Y.W.); (A.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-97-066-921
| | | | - Anita Haug Haaland
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (Y.W.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Ane Mohn Bjelland
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (Y.W.); (A.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Beukes LS, Schmidt S. Manual emptying of ventilated improved pit latrines and hygiene challenges - a baseline survey in a peri-urban community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1043-1054. [PMID: 32962416 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1823334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. was determined on the skin, personal protective equipment, the municipal vehicle, and various surfaces at ten households in a peri-urban community (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) before and after manual emptying of ventilated improved pit latrines. Surface samples (n = 14) were collected using sterile wet wipes, and target bacteria were detected using standard procedures. Additionally, E. coli was enumerated in soil samples from an area of open defecation (log10 3.7 MPN/g) and areas where geophagia occurred (log10 2.7 - log10 3.3 MPN/g), using a most probable number (MPN) method. The detection frequency for the target bacteria on household surfaces (e.g., the walkway between the pit latrine and the municipal vehicle) and on municipal workers' hands (which were frequently contaminated before pit emptying), occasionally increased after the pits were emptied, indicating that manual pit emptying might pose a potential health risk to workers and community members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorika S Beukes
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Antimicrobial Biocides Susceptibility and Tolerance-Associated Genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates Collected from Human and Environmental Sources. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:170. [PMID: 35476302 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are among the most common causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. Antimicrobial biocides are extensively used to control the growth of microorganisms on different surfaces. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates collected in Iran to biocide agents, formaldehyde (FOR), benzalkonium chloride (BZC), triclosan (TRE), and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG). Additionally, the frequency of biocide tolerance-associated (BTA) genes, qacA/B, qacED1, emeA, sigV and gasp65 were investigated. In this study, 222 isolates of E. faecalis and 425 isolates of E. faecium from clinical and non-clinical sources were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of biocide agents was determined using agar dilution method. Biocides epidemiological cutoff values (ECOFFs) were determined using 95% rule. BTA genes were identified using PCR testing. ECOFFs for CHDG, BZC, TRE and FOR were 8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, 32 µg/mL and 512 µg/mL for both species, respectively. MIC values showed that the distribution of isolates with high level of tolerance to antimicrobial biocides was clearly different, depending on ecological niches. The BTA genes, qacA/B, qacED1, emeA, sigV and gasp65 were detected in 19.4% (43), 19.8% (44), 42.8% (95), 89.6% (199) and 70.2% (156) of E. faecalis and 10.3% (44), 17.2% (73), 27.8% (118), 42.2% (188) and 82.8% (352) of E. faecium isolates, respectively. Based on the distribution pattern of BTA genes 14 and 18 different profiles were identified for E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates respectively. Generally, the isolates carrying at least a single BTA gene showed higher MIC90 against all biocides compared to isolates with no BTA genes. However, there were no clear association between MIC90 values and carrying particular BTA genes profile. The results of this study showed that CHDG was the most effective biocide against E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates. The data presented in current study can be used to define the biocides resistance breakpoints.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Personnel follow hospital policies and regulatory guidelines to prevent surgical site infections. However, a potentially contaminated item may be overlooked-the linen. When perioperative team members transport patients to the OR, the linen on the beds and transport carts can contain a variety of microorganisms. Textile surfaces can serve as reservoirs for microorganisms that can be transferred to health care providers, patients, and the environment. These pathogens may then infect patients, particularly those who are immunocompromised or have direct portals of entry (eg, catheters, incision sites). This article provides an overview of how microorganisms that cause health care-associated infections can survive and thrive on hospital linen and related equipment; discusses the linen laundering, transport, and storage processes and best practices; and discusses antimicrobial interventions-including a silver-ion laundering additive that was added as an infection prevention measure to the laundry production cycle at a medical center's contracted laundry facility.
Collapse
|
47
|
Outbreak of MRSA in a Gynecology/Obstetrics Department during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cautionary Tale. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040689. [PMID: 35456740 PMCID: PMC9024722 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced hospitals worldwide to intensify their infection control measures to prevent health care-associated transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The correct use of personal protective equipment, especially the application of masks, was quickly identified as priority to reduce transmission with this pathogen. Here, we report a nosocomial cluster of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in a gynecology/obstetrics department, despite these intensified contact precautions. Five MRSA originating from clinical samples after surgical intervention led to an outbreak investigation. Firstly, this included environmental sampling of the operation theatre (OT) and, secondly, a point prevalence screening of patients and health care workers (HCW). All detected MRSA were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) and isolate relatedness was determined using core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). WGS revealed one MRSA cluster with genetically closely related five patient and two HCW isolates differing in a single cgMLST allele at maximum. The outbreak was terminated after implementation of infection control bundle strategies. Although contact precaution measures, which are also part of MRSA prevention bundle strategies, were intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, this MRSA outbreak could take place. This illustrates the importance of adherence to classical infection prevention strategies.
Collapse
|
48
|
Wen J, Khan AD, Sartorelli JB, Goodyear N, Sun Y. Aqueous-based continuous antimicrobial finishing of polyester fabrics to achieve durable and rechargeable antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral functions. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
49
|
Comparison of Survival of Healthcare Associated Bacteria on Materials used for Making White Coat. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) are of global concern in this present era and white coats play an important role in the transmission of HAIs. The most common healthcare-associated bacteria are Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species (ESKAPE bugs). These healthcare-associated bacteria are capable of surviving on white coats which could act as fomites in the transmission of HAIs. The purpose of this study was to compare the duration of survival of healthcare-associated bacteria on different materials used for making white coats. Materials like pure cotton, artificial cotton, cotton silk, spun and crepe were cut into swatches of 1cm2 size and sterilized by autoclaving. Five different bacteria isolated from clinical specimens were grown on 5 % sheep blood agar and bacterial suspensions were made in sterile physiological saline. The swatches were immersed in bacterial suspension and kept in petri plates at 25°C. The viable counts of bacteria were determined at definite time intervals by surface plate method. The present study shows that among the healthcare-associated bacteria, S.aureus survived the maximum up to 52 days. The duration of survival of S.aureus was significantly longer than P.aeruginosa and A.baumannii (p <0.05). A.baumannii survived only up to 20 days maximum. All the healthcare-associated bacteria significantly survived for the shortest duration of time on crepe. Therefore, crepe could be a better material used for making white coats.
Collapse
|
50
|
Lin YT, Hung WC, Wan TW, Li H, Lee TF, Hsueh PR, Teng LJ. Staphylococcus taiwanensis sp. nov., isolated from human blood. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus
strain (NTUH-S172T) was isolated from human blood culture in Taiwan with preliminary identification of
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
. 16S rRNA gene analysis and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) showed that NTUH-S172T was most closely related to
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values with the whole genome sequence were <95 % and<70 % when compared to the related species. Strain NTUH-S172T could be distinguished from
S. haemolyticus
by urease production and from
Staphylococcus borealis
by nitrate reduction. In addition, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) spectrum of NTHU-S172T was significantly different from that of
S. haemolyticus
, which could be used in clinical identification. In conclusion, it is proposed that this isolate represents a novel species, named Staphylococcus taiwanensis sp. nov., with type strain NTUH-S172T (=BCRC 81315T=JCM 34726T).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Chun Hung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsai-Wen Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tai-Fen Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lee-Jene Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|