1
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Gupta R, Gupta P, Wang S, Melnykov A, Jiang Q, Seth A, Wang Z, Morrissey JJ, George I, Gandra S, Sinha P, Storch GA, Parikh BA, Genin GM, Singamaneni S. Ultrasensitive lateral-flow assays via plasmonically active antibody-conjugated fluorescent nanoparticles. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1556-1570. [PMID: 36732621 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-01001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral-flow assays (LFAs) are rapid and inexpensive, yet they are nearly 1,000-fold less sensitive than laboratory-based tests. Here we show that plasmonically active antibody-conjugated fluorescent gold nanorods can make conventional LFAs ultrasensitive. With sample-to-answer times within 20 min, plasmonically enhanced LFAs read out via a standard benchtop fluorescence scanner attained about 30-fold improvements in dynamic range and in detection limits over 4-h-long gold-standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and achieved 95% clinical sensitivity and 100% specificity for antibodies in plasma and for antigens in nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Comparable improvements in the assay's performance can also be achieved via an inexpensive portable scanner, as we show for the detection of interleukin-6 in human serum samples and of the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal samples. Plasmonically enhanced LFAs outperform standard laboratory tests in sensitivity, speed, dynamic range, ease of use and cost, and may provide advantages in point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prashant Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean Wang
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Anushree Seth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zheyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Morrissey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ige George
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sumanth Gandra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratik Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory A Storch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guy M Genin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Zhang Q, Zhang M, Du Y, Xu B, Chen G, He S, Zhang D, Li Q, Wang HX. Trace detection of SARS-CoV-2 N-protein by diamond solution-gate field-effect transistor. DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS 2023; 134:109775. [PMID: 36819598 PMCID: PMC9918317 DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2023.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduced H-terminated diamond solution-gate field-effect transistor (H-diamond SGFET) to detect trace SARS-CoV-2 N-protein, which plays an important role in replication and transcription of viral RNA. 1-Pyrenebutyric acid-N-hydroxy succinimide ester (Pyr-NHS) was modified on H-diamond surface as linker, on which the specific antibody of SARS-CoV-2 N-protein was catenated. Fourier transform infrared spectrum, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrum were utilized to demonstrate the modification of H-diamond with Pyr-NHS and antibody. Shifts of IDS(max) at VGS = -500 mV in transfer characteristics of H-diamond SGFET was observed to determine N-protein concentration in phosphate buffer solution. Good linear relationship between IDS(max) and log10(N-protein) was observed from 10-14 to 10-5 g/mL with goodness of fit R2 = 0.90 and sensitivity of 1.98 μA/Log10 [concentration of N-protein] at VDS = -500 mV, VGS = -500 mV. Consequently, this prepared H-diamond SGFET biosensor may provide a new idea for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 due to a wide detection range from 10-14 to 10-5 g/mL and low limit of detection 10-14 g/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yuxiang Du
- The Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Bangqiang Xu
- Laboratory of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Genqiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Shi He
- The Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Qi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hong-Xing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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3
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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Coronavirus: a comparative analysis of detection technologies in the wake of emerging variants. Infection 2023; 51:1-19. [PMID: 35471631 PMCID: PMC9038995 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of the coronavirus disease caused by a novel pathogen created havoc and continues to affect the entire world. As the pandemic progressed, the scientific community was faced by the limitations of existing diagnostic methods. In this review, we have compared the existing diagnostic techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antigen and antibody detection, computed tomography scan, etc. and techniques in the research phase like microarray, artificial intelligence, and detection using novel materials; on the prospect of sample preparation, detection procedure (qualitative/quantitative), detection time, screening efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ability to detect different variants. A detailed comparison of different techniques showed that RT-PCR is still the most widely used and accepted coronavirus detection method despite certain limitations (single gene targeting- in context to mutations). New methods with similar efficiency that could overcome the limitations of RT-PCR may increase the speed, simplicity, and affordability of diagnosis. In addition to existing devices, we have also discussed diagnostic devices in the research phase showing high potential for clinical use. Our approach would be of enormous benefit in selecting a diagnostic device under a given scenario, which would ultimately help in controlling the current pandemic caused by the coronavirus, which is still far from over with new variants emerging.
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5
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Mathur S, Davidson MC, Anglin K, Lu S, Goldberg SA, Garcia-Knight M, Tassetto M, Zhang A, Romero M, Pineda-Ramirez J, Diaz-Sanchez R, Rugart P, Chen JY, Donohue K, Shak JR, Chenna A, Winslow JW, Petropoulos CJ, Yee BC, Lambert J, Glidden DV, Rutherford GW, Deeks SG, Peluso MJ, Andino R, Martin JN, Kelly JD. Evaluation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Nucleocapsid Antigen in the Blood as a Diagnostic Test for Infection and Infectious Viral Shedding. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac563. [PMID: 36381627 PMCID: PMC9620332 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen can be detected in plasma, but little is known about its performance as a diagnostic test for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or infectious viral shedding among nonhospitalized individuals. Methods We used data generated from anterior nasal and blood samples collected in a longitudinal household cohort of SARS-CoV-2 cases and contacts. Participants were classified as true positives if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for SARS-CoV-2 and as true negatives if PCR negative and seronegative. Infectious viral shedding was determined by the cytopathic effect from viral culture. Stratified by 7 days after symptom onset, we constructed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to describe optimized accuracy (Youden index), optimized sensitivity, and specificity. Results Of 80 participants, 58 (73%) were true positives while 22 (27%) were true negatives. Using the manufacturer's cutoff of 1.25 pg/mL for evaluating infection, sensitivity was higher from 0 to 7 days (77.6% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 64%-88.2%]) than from 8 to 14 days (43.2% [95% CI, 31.1%-54.5%]) after symptom onset; specificity was unchanged at 100% (95% CI, 88.1%-100%). This test had higher sensitivity (100% [95% CI, 88.4%-100%]) and lower specificity (65% [95% CI, 40.8%-84.6%]) for infectious viral shedding as compared with infection, particularly within the first week of symptom onset. Although the presence of N-antigen correlated with infectious viral shedding (r = 0.63; P < .01), sensitivity still declined over time. Additional cutoffs from ROC curves were identified to optimize sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions We found that this SARS-CoV-2 N-antigen test was highly sensitive for detecting early but not late infectious viral shedding, making it a viable screening test for community-dwelling individuals to inform isolation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mathur
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michelle C Davidson
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Khamal Anglin
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Scott Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah A Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miguel Garcia-Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michel Tassetto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amethyst Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mariela Romero
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jesus Pineda-Ramirez
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruth Diaz-Sanchez
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paulina Rugart
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica Y Chen
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Donohue
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua R Shak
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ahmed Chenna
- Labcorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John W Winslow
- Labcorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Brandon C Yee
- Labcorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - David V Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - George W Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Kabay G, DeCastro J, Altay A, Smith K, Lu HW, Capossela AM, Moarefian M, Aran K, Dincer C. Emerging Biosensing Technologies for the Diagnostics of Viral Infectious Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201085. [PMID: 35288985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several viral infectious diseases appear limitless since the beginning of the 21st century, expanding into pandemic lengths. Thus, there are extensive efforts to provide more efficient means of diagnosis, a better understanding of acquired immunity, and improved monitoring of inflammatory biomarkers, as these are all crucial for controlling the spread of infection while aiding in vaccine development and improving patient outcomes. In this regard, various biosensors have been developed recently to streamline pathogen and immune response detection by addressing the limitations of traditional methods, including isothermal amplification-based systems and lateral flow assays. This review explores state-of-the-art biosensors for detecting viral pathogens, serological assays, and inflammatory biomarkers from the material perspective, by discussing their advantages, limitations, and further potential regarding their analytical performance, clinical utility, and point-of-care adaptability. Additionally, next-generation biosensing technologies that offer better sensitivity and selectivity, and easy handling for end-users are highlighted. An emerging example of these next-generation biosensors are those powered by novel synthetic biology tools, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) with CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas), in combination with integrated point-of-care devices. Lastly, the current challenges are discussed and a roadmap for furthering these advanced biosensing technologies to manage future pandemics is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Kabay
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces - IFG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonalyn DeCastro
- The Claremont Colleges, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Alara Altay
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kasey Smith
- The Claremont Colleges, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Hsiang-Wei Lu
- The Claremont Colleges, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | | | - Maryam Moarefian
- The Claremont Colleges, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Kiana Aran
- The Claremont Colleges, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
- Cardea Bio Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Alhabbab RY, Alfaleh MA, Alsulaiman RM, Alamri SS, Eyouni MS, ElAssouli M, Abuzenadah AM, Hashem AM. Amplifying Lateral Flow Assay Signals for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Specific Antibodies. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200008. [PMID: 35860397 PMCID: PMC9284640 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapid lateral flow immune-assays are point-of-care diagnostic tools that are easy to use, cheap, and do not need centralized infrastructure. Therefore, these devices are appealing for rapid detection of the humoral immune responses to infections, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel technique introduced here uses a complex of anti-SARS-CoV-2 N-protein antibodies conjugated to gold nanoparticles that are bound to five SARS-CoV-2 N protein conjugated to gold nanoparticles to amplify the signals obtained from the conjugated SARS-CoV-2 N protein and to enhance the assay detection limit. To validate the performance of the adopted lateral flow, serum from SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals and prepandamic negative samples are tested and compared to a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 N protein specific IgG and IgM antibodies. The data shows that the designed lateral flow assay has an excellent sensitivity and specificity upon detecting IgM and IgG antibodies by applying only 2 µL from the serum sample to the adopted strips. Taken together, the developed lateral flow immunoassay assay provides a rapid, specific, and highly sensitive means to detect the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 with only 2 µL from the serum sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy UnitKing Fahd Medical Research Centerand Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy UnitKing Fahd Medical Research Centerand Department of PharmaceuticsFaculty of PharmacyKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Alsulaiman
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy UnitKing Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan S. Alamri
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy UnitKing Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Mais S. Eyouni
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy UnitKing Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - M‐Zaki ElAssouli
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy UnitKing Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy UnitKing Fahd Medical Research Centerand Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
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8
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Midorikawa R, Nakama M, Furukawa H, Oka S, Higuchi T, Nagai H, Nagai N, Tohma S. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid, Spike, and Neutralizing Antibodies in Vaccinated Japanese. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050965. [PMID: 35632710 PMCID: PMC9144302 DOI: 10.3390/v14050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), and neutralizing antibodies (Abs) is commonly undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination. However, the relative efficiency of different SARS-CoV-2 Ab detection systems has not been extensively investigated. Here, we evaluated serological test systems in vaccinated Japanese. SARS-CoV-2 N, S, and neutralizing Abs in sera of 375 healthy subjects a mean 253 days after vaccination were assessed. The sensitivity of Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (Roche S) and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG (Fujirebio S) was 100% and 98.9%, respectively, with a specificity of 100% for both. The sensitivity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing Ab (MBL Neu) was 2.7%, and the specificity was 100%. Fujirebio S correlated with Roche S (rho = 0.9182, p = 3.97 × 10−152). Fujirebio S (rho = 0.1295, p = 0.0121) and Roche S (rho = 0.1232, p = 0.0170) correlated weakly with MBL Neu. However, Roche S did correlate with MBL Neu in patients with COVID-19 (rho = 0.8299, p = 1.01 × 10−12) and in healthy subjects more recently after vaccination (mean of 90 days, rho = 0.5306, p = 0.0003). Thus, the Fujirebio S and Roche S results were very similar, but neither correlated with neutralizing antibody titers by MBL Neu at a later time after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Midorikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose 204-8585, Japan; (R.M.); (M.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Moriyuki Nakama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose 204-8585, Japan; (R.M.); (M.N.); (N.N.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, 578 Heta-cho, Midori-ku, Chiba 266-0007, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose 204-8585, Japan; (S.O.); (T.H.); (S.T.)
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-491-2111; Fax: +81-42-494-2168
| | - Shomi Oka
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose 204-8585, Japan; (S.O.); (T.H.); (S.T.)
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose 204-8585, Japan; (S.O.); (T.H.); (S.T.)
- Department of Nephrology, Ushiku Aiwa General Hospital, 896 Shishiko-cho, Ushiku 300-1296, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose 204-8585, Japan;
| | - Nobuhiro Nagai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose 204-8585, Japan; (R.M.); (M.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Shigeto Tohma
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose 204-8585, Japan; (S.O.); (T.H.); (S.T.)
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan
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9
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Furukawa H, Oka S, Higuchi T, Yamaguchi M, Uchiyama S, Koiwa T, Nakama M, Minegishi M, Nagai H, Tohma S. Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike Antibodies in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Japan. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med 2022; 16:11795484221075492. [PMID: 35401020 PMCID: PMC8990541 DOI: 10.1177/11795484221075492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Serological testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2
nucleocapsid (N) antibodies (Abs) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) Abs is
performed to detect prior COVID-19 infection. It is still controversial
which antibodies are the most sensitive and specific, and which can be
detected earliest after infection. Here, we evaluated the results of
serological tests of anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs in Japan. METHODS Symptomatic COVID-19 patients (n = 84) and control patients with rheumatoid
arthritis (n = 93) were recruited at Tokyo National Hospital.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs were measured by commercial
electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. RESULTS The fraction of patients positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs was highest
>14 days after symptom onset. The frequency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S Ab
positivity at this time (80.4%) tended to be slightly but not significantly
lower than anti-SARS-CoV-2 N Ab positivity (84.8%). Optimized cut-off levels
for anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Ab positivity were lower than the manufacturer's
recommended cut-off levels. Using multiple linear regression analyzes with
anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs, we created an Ab-index with high
sensitivity. CONCLUSION To increase the sensitivity of serological diagnostic tests for COVID-19, it
is suggested that both anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs should be measured and
cut-off levels decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Furukawa
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Shomi Oka
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Ushiku Aiwa General Hospital, Ushiku, Japan
| | - Miho Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Shota Uchiyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Koiwa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Moriyuki Nakama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Masaaki Minegishi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Shigeto Tohma
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
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10
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Li Z, Xu H, Ma B, Luo L, Guo L, Zhang P, Zhao Y, Wang L, Xie J. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody, mAb 10D8, Is an Effective Detoxicant against Abrin-a Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030164. [PMID: 35324661 PMCID: PMC8955035 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abrin is a types II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from Abrus precatorious seeds, which comprises a catalytically active A chain and a lectin-like B chain linked by a disulfide bond. Four isotoxins of abrin have been reported with similar amino-acid composition but different cytotoxicity, of which abrin-a is the most potent toxin. High lethality and easy availability make abrin a potential bioterrorism agent. However, there are no antidotes available for managing abrin poisoning, and treatment is only symptomatic. Currently, neutralizing antibodies remain the most effective therapy against biotoxin poisoning. In this study, we prepared, identified, and acquired a high-affinity neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 10D8 with a potent pre- and post-exposure protective effect against cytotoxicity and animal toxicity induced by abrin-a or abrin crude extract. The mAb 10D8 could rescue the mouse injected intraperitoneally with a 25 × LD50 dose of abrin-a from lethality and prevent tissue damages. Results indicated that 10D8 does not prevent the binding and internalization of abrin-a to cells but inhibits the enzymatic activity of abrin-a and reduces protein synthesis inhibition of cells. The high affinity, good specificity, and potent antitoxic efficiency of 10D8 make it a promising candidate for therapeutic antibodies against abrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.L.); (B.M.); (L.L.); (L.G.); (L.W.)
| | - Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.L.); (B.M.); (L.L.); (L.G.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.X.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-10-66930621 (H.X.); +86-10-68225893 (J.X.)
| | - Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.L.); (B.M.); (L.L.); (L.G.); (L.W.)
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.L.); (B.M.); (L.L.); (L.G.); (L.W.)
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.L.); (B.M.); (L.L.); (L.G.); (L.W.)
| | - Pingping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.L.); (B.M.); (L.L.); (L.G.); (L.W.)
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.L.); (B.M.); (L.L.); (L.G.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.X.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-10-66930621 (H.X.); +86-10-68225893 (J.X.)
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11
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Gupta R, Gupta P, Wang Z, Seth A, Morrissey J, George I, Gandra S, Storch G, Parikh B, Genin G, Singamaneni S. Plasmon-enhanced Quantitative Lateral Flow Assay for Femtomolar Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Antigens. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1258688. [PMID: 35194598 PMCID: PMC8863156 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1258688/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the cornerstone of point-of-care diagnostics. Although rapid and inexpensive, they are 1000-fold less sensitive than laboratory-based tests and cannot be used for definitive negative diagnosis. Here, we overcome this fundamental limitation by employing plasmonically-enhanced nanoscale colorimetric and fluorescent labels. Plasmonic LFAs (p-LFAs) enabled ultrasensitive detection and quantification of low abundance analytes, without compromising the direct visual detection of conventional LFAs. Dynamic ranges and limits of detection were up to 100-fold superior to "gold standard" ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). p-LFAs had sample-to-answer time of 20 min, compared to 4 hours for ELISA, while achieving over 95% analytical sensitivity and 100% analytical specificity for antibodies and antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in human specimens. We also demonstrate that the p-LFAs enable quantitative detection of the target analytes in a standard-free manner. p-LFAs offer potential as a broadly adaptable point-of-care diagnostic platform that outperforms standard laboratory tests in sensitivity, speed, dynamic range, ease of use, and cost.
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12
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Assessment of Diagnostic Specificity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Tests and Their Application for Monitoring of Seroconversion and Stability of Antiviral Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers in Moscow. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020429. [PMID: 35208883 PMCID: PMC8874386 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing is an efficient tool to assess the proportion of seropositive population due to infection and/or vaccination. Numerous test systems utilizing various antigen composition(s) are routinely used for detection and quantitation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We determined their diagnostic specificity using archived true-negative samples collected before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using test systems demonstrating 98.5–100% specificity, we assessed the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and durability of anti-spike (S) antibodies in healthcare professionals (n = 100) working in Moscow during the first two cycles of the pandemic (May 2020 to June 2021) outside of the “red zone”. Analysis revealed a rapid increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity from 19 to 80% (19/100 and 80/100, respectively) due to virus exposition/infection; only 16.3% of seroconversion cases (13/80) were due to vaccination, but not the virus exposure, although massive COVID-19 vaccination of healthcare workers was performed beginning in December 2020. In total, 12.7% (8/63) remained positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM for >6 months, indicating unsuitability of IgM for identification of newly infected individuals. All except one remained seropositive for anti-S antibodies for >9 months on average. Significant (>15%) declines in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations were observed in only 18% of individuals (9/50). Our data on the high seropositivity rate and stability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in healthcare personnel working outside of the “red zone” indicate their regular exposition to SARS-CoV-2/an increased risk of infection, while a low frequency of vaccine-induced antibody response acquired after the start of vaccination points to vaccine hesitancy.
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13
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Shivalkar S, Pingali MS, Verma A, Singh A, Singh V, Paital B, Das D, Varadwaj PK, Samanta SK. Outbreak of COVID-19: A Detailed Overview and Its Consequences. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1353:23-45. [PMID: 35137366 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85113-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the outbreak from Wuhan City of China, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a pandemic worldwide in a very short span of time. The high transmission rate and pathogenicity of this virus have made COVID-19 a major public health concern globally. Basically, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 is the third introduction of a highly infectious human epidemic coronavirus in the twenty-first century. Various research groups have claimed bats to be the natural host of SARS-CoV-2. However, the intermediate host and mode of transmission from bat to humans are not revealed yet. The COVID-19 cost hundreds and thousands of lives and millions are facing the consequences. The objective of this chapter was to analyze the outbreak of COVID-19 and problems faced globally. METHODS All published relevant literature from scientific sources and reputed news channels are considered to write the current review. RESULTS Generally, elder persons and more particularly people with underlying medical conditions are found to be highly vulnerable to severe infection and prone to fatal outcomes. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment with clinically approved drugs or vaccines to treat this disease. Several research groups have been investigating the efficacies of several antiviral and repurposed drugs. Currently, most of the SARS-COV-2 vaccines are at the preclinical or clinical stage of development. The latest research progress on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current status of therapeutic intervention indicates that still a specific drug or vaccine needs to come up for the effective treatment of the pandemic COVID-19. It is observed that various aspects of social life, economic status, and healthcare systems are majorly affected by this pandemic. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the outbreak of COVID-19 has severely affected each and every field, such as social, scientific, industrial, transport, and medical sectors. Irrespective of tremendous efforts globally, few vaccines are now available for the prevention of the disease. Specific drug is not available publicly for the treatment of COVID-19. Prevention of air pollution that can aggravate COVID-19 has been suggested. Therefore, as of now, social distancing and sanitization practices are the only options available for the prevention of the disease for many.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shivalkar
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - M Shivapriya Pingali
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Arushi Verma
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Anirudh Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Reodx Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Debashis Das
- Department of Botany, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Varadwaj
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India.
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India.
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14
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Wei SC, Hsu WT, Chiu CH, Chang FY, Lo HR, Liao CY, Yang HI, Chou YC, Tsai CH, Chao YC. An Integrated Platform for Serological Detection and Vaccination of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 12:771011. [PMID: 35003088 PMCID: PMC8734241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic. Detection and vaccination are essential for disease control, but they are distinct and complex operations that require significant improvements. Here, we developed an integrated detection and vaccination system to greatly simplify these efforts. We constructed recombinant baculoviruses to separately display the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Insect cells infected by the recombinant baculoviruses were used to generate a cell-based system to accurately detect patient serum. Notably, although well-recognized by our newly developed detection system in which S-displaying insect cells acted as antigen, anti-S antibodies from many patients were barely detectable by Western blot, evidencing that COVID-19 patients primarily produce conformation-dependent anti-S antibodies. Furthermore, the same baculovirus constructs can display N (N-Bac) or S (S-Bac) on the baculovirus envelope and serve as vector vaccines. Animal experiments show that S-Bac or N-Bac immunization in mice elicited a strong and specific antibody response, and S-Bac in particular stimulated effective neutralizing antibodies without the need for adjuvant. Our integrated system maintains antigen conformation and membrane structure to facilitate serum detection and antibody stimulation. Thus, compared with currently available technologies, our system represents a simplified and efficient platform for better SARS-CoV-2 detection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Chiu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yee Chang
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ru Lo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yu Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chou
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Nature Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Sabalza M, Heckler I, Elhage A, Venkataraman I, Henry B. COVID-19: Testing Landscape Post-Infection, -Vaccination, and Future Perspectives. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:5-14. [PMID: 35020523 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Although molecular testing remains the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, serological testing enables the evaluation of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, and can be used to assess community viral spread. This review summarizes and analyzes the current landscape of SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States and includes guidance on both when and why it is important to use direct pathogen detection and/or serological testing. The usefulness of monitoring humoral and cellular immune responses in infected and vaccinated patients is also addressed. Finally, this review considers current challenges, future perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 testing, and how diagnostics are being adapted as the virus evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Elhage
- EUROIMMUN US, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Brandon Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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16
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Current Advances in Paper-Based Biosensor Technologies for Rapid COVID-19 Diagnosis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022; 16:376-396. [PMID: 35968255 PMCID: PMC9363872 DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had significant economic and social impacts on billions of people worldwide since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in November 2019. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technology serves as a robust test to detect SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19, there is a high demand for cost-effective, rapid, comfortable, and accurate point-of-care diagnostic tests in medical facilities. This review introduces the SARS-CoV-2 viral structure and diagnostic biomarkers derived from viral components. A comprehensive introduction of a paper-based diagnostic platform, including detection mechanisms for various target biomarkers and a COVID-19 commercial kit is presented. Intrinsic limitations related to the poor performance of currently developed paper-based devices and unresolved issues are discussed. Furthermore, we provide insight into novel paper-based diagnostic platforms integrated with advanced technologies such as nanotechnology, aptamers, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas. Finally, we discuss the prospects for the development of highly sensitive, accurate, cost-effective, and easy-to-use point-of-care COVID-19 diagnostic methods.
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17
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Svobodova M, Skouridou V, Jauset-Rubio M, Viéitez I, Fernández-Villar A, Cabrera Alvargonzalez JJ, Poveda E, Bofill CB, Sans T, Bashammakh A, Alyoubi AO, O’Sullivan CK. Aptamer Sandwich Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Antigen. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35657-35666. [PMID: 34957366 PMCID: PMC8691202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged at the end of 2019, resulting in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The high transmissibility of the virus and the substantial number of asymptomatic individuals have led to an exponential rise in infections worldwide, urgently requiring global containment strategies. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Antigen tests, targeting the spike (S) or nucleocapsid (N) viral proteins, are considered as complementary tools. Despite their shortcomings in terms of sensitivity and specificity, antigen tests could be deployed for the detection of potentially contagious individuals with high viral loads. In this work, we sought to develop a sandwich aptamer-based assay for the detection of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. A detailed study on the binding properties of aptamers to the receptor-binding domain of the S protein in search of aptamer pairs forming a sandwich is presented. Screening of aptamer pairs and optimization of assay conditions led to the development of a laboratory-based sandwich assay able to detect 21 ng/mL (270 pM) of the protein with negligible cross-reactivity with the other known human coronaviruses. The detection of 375 pg of the protein in viral transport medium demonstrates the compatibility of the assay with clinical specimens. Finally, successful detection of the S antigen in nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from suspected patients further establishes the suitability of the assay for screening purposes as a complementary tool to assist in the control of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Svobodova
- INTERFIBIO
Research Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans
26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Vasso Skouridou
- INTERFIBIO
Research Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans
26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Miriam Jauset-Rubio
- INTERFIBIO
Research Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans
26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Irene Viéitez
- Rare
Diseases & Pediatric Medicine Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-Uvigo, Vigo 36213, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Villar
- Pneumology
Service, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute
(IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-Uvigo, Vigo 36213, Spain
| | | | - Eva Poveda
- Group
of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur
Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario
Universitario de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, Vigo 36213, Spain
| | - Clara Benavent Bofill
- Laboratori
Clinic ICS Camp de Tarragona, Hospital Universitari
de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Avda. Dr. Mallafré Guasch, 4, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Teresa Sans
- Laboratori
Clinic ICS Camp de Tarragona, Hospital Universitari
de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Avda. Dr. Mallafré Guasch, 4, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Abdulaziz Bashammakh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 80215, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman O. Alyoubi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 80215, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ciara K. O’Sullivan
- INTERFIBIO
Research Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans
26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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18
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Tariq M, Hur J, Seo JW, Kim DY, Yun NR, Lee YM, Bang MS, Hwang SY, Kim CM, Lee JH, Song KH, Lee H, Jung J, Park JY, Kim HB, Kim ES, Lee S, Kim DM. Usefulness of ELISA Using Total Antibody against Plant-Expressed Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0067221. [PMID: 34817278 PMCID: PMC8612163 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00672-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of a serological assay using the nucleocapsid protein developed for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection and evaluated its performance using three commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), namely, Standard E 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) total antibody (Ab) ELISA (SD Biosensor), and EDI novel coronavirus COVID-19 IgG and IgM ELISA. A recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNP) was expressed from plants and Escherichia coli for the detection of serum total Ab. We prospectively collected 141 serum samples from 32 patients with reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 and determined the sensitivity and dynamics of their total Ab response. Specificity was evaluated using 158 prepandemic samples. To validate the assays, we evaluated the performance using two different cutoff values. The sensitivity and specificity for each assay were as follows: 92.91% and 94.30% (plant-rNP), 83.69% and 98.73% (SD Biosensor), 75.89% and 98.10% (E. coli-rNP), 76.47% and 100% (EDI-IgG), and 80.39% and 80% (EDI-IgM). The plant-based rNP showed the highest sensitivity and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (0.980) among all the assays (P < 0.05). The seroconversion rate for total Ab increased sequentially with disease progression, with a sensitivity of 100% after 10 to 12 days of post-symptom onset (PSO) for both rNP-plant-based and SD Biosensor ELISAs. After 2 weeks of PSO, the seroconversion rates were >80% and 100% for EDI-IgM and EDI-IgG ELISA, respectively. Seroconversion occurred earlier with rNP plant-based ELISA (5 days PSO) compared with E. coli-based (7 days PSO) and SD Biosensor (8 days PSO) ELISA. We determined that rNP produced in plants enables the robust detection of SARS-CoV-2 total Abs. The assay can be used for serosurvey and complementary diagnosis of COVID-19. IMPORTANCE At present, the principal diagnostic methods for COVID-19 comprise the identification of viral nucleic acid by genetic approaches, including PCR-based techniques or next-generation sequencing. However, there is an urgent need for validated serological assays which are crucial for the understanding of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, a highly sensitive and specific serological antibody assay was developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 with an overall accuracy of 93.56% using a recombinant nucleoprotein expressed from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Tariq
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Hur
- Department of Infectious Disease Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Ra Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - You Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seon Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Mee Kim
- Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtak Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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19
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Lam AHY, Cai JP, Leung KY, Zhang RR, Liu D, Fan Y, Tam AR, Cheng VCC, To KKW, Yuen KY, Hung IFN, Chan KH. In-House Immunofluorescence Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Cells from Nasopharyngeal Swabs as a Diagnostic Method for COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122346. [PMID: 34943583 PMCID: PMC8700487 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence is a traditional diagnostic method for respiratory viruses, allowing rapid, simple and accurate diagnosis, with specific benefits of direct visualization of antigens-of-interest and quality assessment. This study aims to evaluate the potential of indirect immunofluorescence as an in-house diagnostic method for SARS-CoV-2 antigens from nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS). Three primary antibodies raised from mice were used for immunofluorescence staining, including monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein, and polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Smears of cells from NPS of 29 COVID-19 patients and 20 non-infected individuals, and cells from viral culture were stained by the three antibodies. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to identify respiratory epithelial cells with positive signals. Polyclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 N protein had the highest sensitivity and specificity among the three antibodies tested, detecting 17 out of 29 RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases and demonstrating no cross-reactivity with other tested viruses except SARS-CoV. Detection of virus-infected cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 N protein allow identification of infected individuals, although accuracy is limited by sample quality and number of respiratory epithelial cells. The potential of immunofluorescence as a simple diagnostic method was demonstrated, which could be applied by incorporating antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 into multiplex immunofluorescence panels used clinically, such as for respiratory viruses, thus allowing additional routine testing for diagnosis and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 even after the epidemic has ended with low prevalence of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athene Hoi-Ying Lam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (A.H.-Y.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-P.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.K.-W.T.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ka-Yi Leung
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-P.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.K.-W.T.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ricky-Ruiqi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (A.H.-Y.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Danlei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (A.H.-Y.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yujing Fan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (A.H.-Y.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.F.)
| | | | | | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-P.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.K.-W.T.); (K.-Y.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-P.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.K.-W.T.); (K.-Y.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (A.H.-Y.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (I.F.-N.H.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-P.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.K.-W.T.); (K.-Y.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (I.F.-N.H.); (K.-H.C.)
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20
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Javadi Mamaghani A, Arab-Mazar Z, Heidarzadeh S, Ranjbar MM, Molazadeh S, Rashidi S, Niazpour F, Naghi Vishteh M, Bashiri H, Bozorgomid A, Behniafar H, Ashrafi M. In-silico design of a multi-epitope for developing sero-diagnosis detection of SARS-CoV-2 using spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid antigens. NETWORK MODELING AND ANALYSIS IN HEALTH INFORMATICS AND BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 10:61. [PMID: 34849326 PMCID: PMC8614630 DOI: 10.1007/s13721-021-00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by novel corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, initially originated from China. In response to this serious life-threatening disease, designing and developing more accurate and sensitive tests are crucial. The aim of this study is designing a multi-epitope of spike and nucleocapsid antigens of COVID-19 virus by bioinformatics methods. The sequences of nucleotides obtained from the NCBI Nucleotide Database. Transmembrane structures of proteins were predicted by TMHMM Server and the prediction of signal peptide of proteins was performed by Signal P Server. B-cell epitopes' prediction was performed by the online prediction server of IEDB server. Beta turn structure of linear epitopes was also performed using the IEDB server. Conformational epitope prediction was performed using the CBTOPE and eventually, eight antigenic epitopes with high physicochemical properties were selected, and then, all eight epitopes were blasted using the NCBI website. The analyses revealed that α-helices, extended strands, β-turns, and random coils were 28.59%, 23.25%, 3.38%, and 44.78% for S protein, 21.24%, 16.71%, 6.92%, and 55.13% for N Protein, respectively. The S and N protein three-dimensional structure was predicted using the prediction I-TASSER server. In the current study, bioinformatics tools were used to design a multi-epitope peptide based on the type of antigen and its physiochemical properties and SVM method (Machine Learning) to design multi-epitopes that have a high avidity against SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to detect infections by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Arab-Mazar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Heidarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Shima Molazadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Olom Tahghighat Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sama Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzad Niazpour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Naghi Vishteh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoon Bashiri
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamed Behniafar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, Iran
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21
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Emmerich P, von Possel R, Hemmer CJ, Fritzsche C, Geerdes‐Fenge H, Menge B, Messing C, Borchardt‐Lohölter V, Deschermeier C, Steinhagen K. Longitudinal detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses with different serological methods. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5816-5824. [PMID: 34061367 PMCID: PMC8242665 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Serological testing for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies is used to detect ongoing or past SARS-CoV-2 infections. To study the kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and to assess the diagnostic performances of eight serological assays, we used 129 serum samples collected on known days post symptom onset (dpso) from 42 patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 54 serum samples from healthy blood donors, and children infected with seasonal coronaviruses. The sera were analyzed for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence testing (IIFT) based on SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. They were further tested for antibodies against the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (IgG, IgA) and against the viral nucleocapsid protein (IgG, IgM) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The assay specificities were 94.4%-100%. The sensitivities varied largely between assays, reflecting their respective purposes. The sensitivities of IgA and IgM assays were the highest between 11 and 20 dpso, whereas the sensitivities of IgG assays peaked between 20 and 60 dpso. IIFT showed the highest sensitivities due to the use of the whole SARS-CoV-2 as substrate and provided information on whether or not the individual has been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays provided further information about both the prevalence and concentration of specific antibodies against selected antigens of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Emmerich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineWHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and ResearchHamburgGermany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center for Internal MedicineUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Ronald von Possel
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineWHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and ResearchHamburgGermany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center for Internal MedicineUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Christoph Josef Hemmer
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center for Internal MedicineUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Carlos Fritzsche
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center for Internal MedicineUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Hilte Geerdes‐Fenge
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center for Internal MedicineUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Babett Menge
- Institute for Experimental ImmunologyAffiliated with EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AGLuebeckGermany
| | - Claudia Messing
- Institute for Experimental ImmunologyAffiliated with EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AGLuebeckGermany
| | - Viola Borchardt‐Lohölter
- Institute for Experimental ImmunologyAffiliated with EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AGLuebeckGermany
| | - Christina Deschermeier
- Department for Infectious Disease DiagnosticsBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
| | - Katja Steinhagen
- Institute for Experimental ImmunologyAffiliated with EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AGLuebeckGermany
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22
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Thudium RF, Stoico MP, Høgdall E, Høgh J, Krarup HB, Larsen MAH, Madsen PH, Nielsen SD, Ostrowski SR, Palombini A, Rasmussen DB, Foged NT. Early Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19 by Antigen Detection in Blood Samples of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0100121. [PMID: 34260271 PMCID: PMC8451432 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01001-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the diagnostic performance of a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) in blood. Blood samples were collected during hospitalization of 165 inpatients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and from 505 outpatients predominantly with relevant symptoms of COVID-19 simultaneously with PCR testing. For the 143 inpatients who had their first blood sample collected within 2 weeks after PCR-confirmed infection, the diagnostic sensitivity of the ELISA was 91.6%. The mean NP concentration of the 131 ELISA-positive blood samples was 1,734 pg/ml (range, 10 to 3,840 pg/ml). An exponential decline in NP concentration was observed for 368 blood samples collected over the first 4 weeks after PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and all blood samples taken later had an NP concentration below the 10-pg/ml diagnostic cutoff. The diagnostic sensitivity of the ELISA was 81.4% for the 43 blood samples collected from outpatients with a simultaneous positive PCR test, and the mean NP concentration of the 35 ELISA-positive samples was 157 pg/ml (range, 10 to 1,377 pg/ml). For the 462 outpatients with a simultaneous negative PCR test, the diagnostic specificity of the ELISA was 99.8%. In conclusion, the SARS-CoV-2 NP ELISA is a suitable laboratory diagnostic test for COVID-19, particularly for hospitals, where blood samples are readily available and screening of serum or plasma by ELISA can facilitate prevention of nosocomial infections and reduce the requirement for laborious swab sampling and subsequent PCR analysis to confirmatory tests only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka F. Thudium
- University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene P. Stoico
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Bio- and Genome Bank Denmark, Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julie Høgh
- University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik B. Krarup
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg, Denmark
- Aalborg University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Margit A. H. Larsen
- University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul H. Madsen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Susanne D. Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse R. Ostrowski
- University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Daniel B. Rasmussen
- University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Liu B, Wu Z, Liang C, Lu J, Li J, Zhang L, Li T, Zhao W, Fu Y, Hou S, Tang X, Li C. Development of a Smartphone-Based Nanozyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantitative Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein in Blood. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692831. [PMID: 34497592 PMCID: PMC8420716 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Although viral nucleic acid test (NAT) has been applied predominantly to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA for confirmation diagnosis of COVID-19, an urgent need for alternative, rapid, and sensitive immunoassays is required for primary screening of virus. In this study, we developed a smartphone-based nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SP-NLISA) for detecting the specific nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (NP) of SARS-CoV-2 in 37 serum samples from 20 COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed by NAT previously. By using SP-NLISA, 28/37 (75.7%) serum samples were detected for NP antigens and no cross-reactivity with blood donors' control samples collected from different areas of China. In a control assay using the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), only 7/37 (18.91%) serum samples were detected for NP antigens and no cross-reactivity with control samples. SP-NLISA could be used for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 NP antigen in primary screening of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze Wu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaolan Liang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Lu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Laboratory of Biosafety, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Shuiping Hou
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Microbiological Laboratory, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Infection, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Sun Z, Zheng X, Ji F, Zhou M, Su X, Ren K, Li L. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Reveals Camouflaging Glycans and Unique Post-Translational Modifications. INFECTIOUS MICROBES & DISEASES 2021; 3:149-157. [PMID: 38630108 PMCID: PMC8454284 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The devastating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted worldwide efforts to study structural biological traits of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its viral components. Compared to the Spike protein, which is the primary target for currently available vaccines or antibodies, knowledge about other virion structural components is incomplete. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we report a comprehensive post-translational modification (PTM) analysis of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (NCP), the most abundant structural component of the SARS-CoV-2 virion. In addition to phosphoryl groups, we show that the SARS-CoV-2 NCP is decorated with a variety of PTMs, including N-glycans and ubiquitin. Based on newly identified PTMs, refined protein structural models of SARS-CoV-2 NCP were proposed and potential immune recognition epitopes of NCP were aligned with PTMs. These data can facilitate the design of novel vaccines or therapeutics targeting NCP, as valuable alternatives to the current vaccination and treatment paradigm that is under threat of the ever-mutating SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menghao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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25
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Biochemical composition, transmission and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229295. [PMID: 34291285 PMCID: PMC8350435 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2), a novel human coronavirus. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization in March 2020 for its continuous and rapid spread worldwide. Rapidly emerging COVID-19 epicenters and mutants of concerns have created mammoth chaos in healthcare sectors across the globe. With over 185 million infections and approximately 4 million deaths globally, COVID-19 continues its unchecked spread despite all mitigation measures. Until effective and affordable antiretroviral drugs are made available and the population at large is vaccinated, timely diagnosis of the infection and adoption of COVID-appropriate behavior remains major tool available to curtail the still escalating COVID-19 pandemic. This review provides an updated overview of various techniques of COVID-19 testing in human samples and also discusses, in brief, the biochemical composition and mode of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. Technological advancement in various molecular, serological and immunological techniques including mainly the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), CRISPR, lateral flow assays (LFAs), and immunosensors are reviewed.
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26
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Cantera J, Cate DM, Golden A, Peck RB, Lillis LL, Domingo GJ, Murphy E, Barnhart BC, Anderson CA, Alonzo LF, Glukhova V, Hermansky G, Barrios-Lopez B, Spencer E, Kuhn S, Islam Z, Grant BD, Kraft L, Herve K, de Puyraimond V, Hwang Y, Dewan PK, Weigl BH, Nichols KP, Boyle DS. Screening Antibodies Raised against the Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to Support the Development of Rapid Antigen Assays. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20139-20148. [PMID: 34373846 PMCID: PMC8340086 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel viral pathogen and therefore a challenge to accurately diagnose infection. Asymptomatic cases are common and so it is difficult to accurately identify infected cases to support surveillance and case detection. Diagnostic test developers are working to meet the global demand for accurate and rapid diagnostic tests to support disease management. However, the focus of many of these has been on molecular diagnostic tests, and more recently serologic tests, for use in primarily high-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries typically have very limited access to molecular diagnostic testing due to fewer resources. Serologic testing is an inappropriate surrogate as the early stages of infection are not detected and misdiagnosis will promote continued transmission. Detection of infection via direct antigen testing may allow for earlier diagnosis provided such a method is sensitive. Leading SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers include spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, envelope protein, and membrane protein. This research focuses on antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein due to the number of monoclonal antibodies that have been developed for therapeutic research but also have potential diagnostic value. In this study, we assessed the performance of antibodies to the spike glycoprotein, acquired from both commercial and private groups in multiplexed liquid immunoassays, with concurrent testing via a half-strip lateral flow assays (LFA) to indicate antibodies with potential in LFA development. These processes allow for the selection of pairs of high-affinity antispike antibodies that are suitable for liquid immunoassays and LFA, some of which with sensitivity into the low picogram range with the liquid immunoassay formats with no cross-reactivity to other coronavirus S antigens. Discrepancies in optimal ranking were observed with the top pairs used in the liquid and LFA formats. These findings can support the development of SARS-CoV-2 LFAs and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason
L. Cantera
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - David M. Cate
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Allison Golden
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Roger B. Peck
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Lorraine L. Lillis
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Gonzalo J. Domingo
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Eileen Murphy
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Bryan C. Barnhart
- AbCellera
Biologics Inc., 2215
Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Caitlin A. Anderson
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Luis F. Alonzo
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Veronika Glukhova
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Gleda Hermansky
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Brianda Barrios-Lopez
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Ethan Spencer
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Samantha Kuhn
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Zeba Islam
- Intellectual
Ventures Lab, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Grant
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Lucas Kraft
- AbCellera
Biologics Inc., 2215
Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Karine Herve
- AbCellera
Biologics Inc., 2215
Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | - Yuri Hwang
- AbCellera
Biologics Inc., 2215
Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Puneet K. Dewan
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Bernhard H. Weigl
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Kevin P. Nichols
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - David S. Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
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27
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Cantera JL, Cate DM, Golden A, Peck RB, Lillis LL, Domingo GJ, Murphy E, Barnhart BC, Anderson CA, Alonzo LF, Glukhova V, Hermansky G, Barrios-Lopez B, Spencer E, Kuhn S, Islam Z, Grant BD, Kraft L, Herve K, de Puyraimond V, Hwang Y, Dewan PK, Weigl BH, Nichols KP, Boyle DS. Screening Antibodies Raised against the Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to Support the Development of Rapid Antigen Assays. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20139-20148. [PMID: 34373846 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.12899672.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel viral pathogen and therefore a challenge to accurately diagnose infection. Asymptomatic cases are common and so it is difficult to accurately identify infected cases to support surveillance and case detection. Diagnostic test developers are working to meet the global demand for accurate and rapid diagnostic tests to support disease management. However, the focus of many of these has been on molecular diagnostic tests, and more recently serologic tests, for use in primarily high-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries typically have very limited access to molecular diagnostic testing due to fewer resources. Serologic testing is an inappropriate surrogate as the early stages of infection are not detected and misdiagnosis will promote continued transmission. Detection of infection via direct antigen testing may allow for earlier diagnosis provided such a method is sensitive. Leading SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers include spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, envelope protein, and membrane protein. This research focuses on antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein due to the number of monoclonal antibodies that have been developed for therapeutic research but also have potential diagnostic value. In this study, we assessed the performance of antibodies to the spike glycoprotein, acquired from both commercial and private groups in multiplexed liquid immunoassays, with concurrent testing via a half-strip lateral flow assays (LFA) to indicate antibodies with potential in LFA development. These processes allow for the selection of pairs of high-affinity antispike antibodies that are suitable for liquid immunoassays and LFA, some of which with sensitivity into the low picogram range with the liquid immunoassay formats with no cross-reactivity to other coronavirus S antigens. Discrepancies in optimal ranking were observed with the top pairs used in the liquid and LFA formats. These findings can support the development of SARS-CoV-2 LFAs and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Cantera
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - David M Cate
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Allison Golden
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Roger B Peck
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Lorraine L Lillis
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Gonzalo J Domingo
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Eileen Murphy
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Bryan C Barnhart
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., 2215 Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Caitlin A Anderson
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Luis F Alonzo
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Veronika Glukhova
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Gleda Hermansky
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Brianda Barrios-Lopez
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Ethan Spencer
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Samantha Kuhn
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Zeba Islam
- Intellectual Ventures Lab, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Benjamin D Grant
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Lucas Kraft
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., 2215 Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Karine Herve
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., 2215 Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | - Yuri Hwang
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., 2215 Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Puneet K Dewan
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Bernhard H Weigl
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Kevin P Nichols
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
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Tian J, Liang Z, Hu O, He Q, Sun D, Chen Z. An electrochemical dual-aptamer biosensor based on metal-organic frameworks MIL-53 decorated with Au@Pt nanoparticles and enzymes for detection of COVID-19 nucleocapsid protein. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Keaney D, Whelan S, Finn K, Lucey B. Misdiagnosis of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review of the Influence of Sampling and Clinical Detection Methods. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:36. [PMID: 34070530 PMCID: PMC8162574 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection has generated the biggest pandemic since the influenza outbreak of 1918-1919. One clear difference between these pandemics has been the ability to test for the presence of the virus or for evidence of infection. This review examined the performance characteristics of sample types via PCR detection of the virus, of antibody testing, of rapid viral antigen detection kits and computerised tomography (CT) scanning. It was found that combined detection approaches, such as the incorporation of CT scans, may reduce the levels of false negatives obtained by PCR detection in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, while sputum and oral throat washing sample types should take precedence over swabbing when available. Rt-PCR assays for detection of the virus remain the gold-standard method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and can be used effectively on pooled samples for widespread screening. The novel Oxford antibody assay was found to have the highest sensitivity and specificity of four currently available commercial antibody kits but should only be used during a specific timeframe post-symptom onset. Further research into transmission modes between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients is needed. Analysis of the performance characteristics of different sampling and detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 showed that timing of sampling and testing methods used can greatly influence the rate of false-positive and false-negative test results, thereby influencing viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keaney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland; (D.K.); (S.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Shane Whelan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland; (D.K.); (S.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Karen Finn
- Department of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Science, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Old Dublin Road, H91 DCH9 Galway, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland; (D.K.); (S.W.); (B.L.)
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30
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Ghodake GS, Shinde SK, Kadam AA, Saratale RG, Saratale GD, Syed A, Elgorban AM, Marraiki N, Kim DY. Biological characteristics and biomarkers of novel SARS-CoV-2 facilitated rapid development and implementation of diagnostic tools and surveillance measures. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 177:112969. [PMID: 33434780 PMCID: PMC7836906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Existing coronavirus named as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has speeded its spread across the globe immediately after emergence in China, Wuhan region, at the end of the year 2019. Different techniques, including genome sequencing, structural feature classification by electron microscopy, and chest imaging using computed tomography, are primarily used to diagnose and screen SARS-CoV-2 suspected individuals. Determination of the viral structure, surface proteins, and genome sequence has provided a design blueprint for the diagnostic investigations of novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and rapidly emerging diagnostic technologies, vaccine trials, and cell-entry-inhibiting drugs. Here, we describe recent understandings on the spike glycoprotein (S protein), receptor-binding domain (RBD), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and their receptor complex. This report also aims to review recently established diagnostic technologies and developments in surveillance measures for SARS-CoV-2 as well as the characteristics and performance of emerging techniques. Smartphone apps for contact tracing can help nations to conduct surveillance measures before a vaccine and effective medicines become available. We also describe promising point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technologies that are under consideration by researchers for advancement beyond the proof-of-concept stage. Developing novel diagnostic techniques needs to be facilitated to establish automatic systems, without any personal involvement or arrangement to curb an existing SARS-CoV-2 epidemic crisis, and could also be appropriate for avoiding the emergence of a future epidemic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Sampatrao Ghodake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Medical Center Ilsan, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Surendra Krushna Shinde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Medical Center Ilsan, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Avinash Ashok Kadam
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Medical Center Ilsan, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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31
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Lebedin Y, Lyang OV, Galstyan AG, Panteleeva AV, Belousov VV, Rebrikov DV. The importance of determining SARS-CoV-2 N-Ag serodiagnostics for the management of COVID-19 pneumonia in hospital settings. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2021.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which appeared in December 2019, has claimed the lives of 2.5 million people in almost a year. The high contagiousness of this virus has led to its wide and rapid spread around the world. As of February 2021, the total number of cases is 111 million people; more than 4 million cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been registered in the Russian Federation. To successfully combat the emerging pandemic, it is necessary to quickly diagnose the disease at an early stage, which will prevent the further spread of this virus and prescribe the necessary treatment on time. The aim of the work was to evaluate the use of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen (N-Ag) and respective antibodies as diagnostic markers in pneumonia patients. The study was conducted at the height of COVID-19 pandemic in Moscow, Russia. It included 425 emergency patients with clinical signs of COVID-19 pneumonia, of which 280 (66%) were positive for either serum N-Ag and/or its respective antibodies. We demonstrate the total prevalence of N-Ag seroconversion in SARS-CoV-2associated pneumonia patients within 3–5 days after hospital admission. The results indicate high feasibility of SARS-CoV-2 serodiagnostics in emergency patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - OV Lyang
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - AG Galstyan
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - VV Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - DV Rebrikov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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32
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Oyewole AO, Barrass L, Robertson EG, Woltmann J, O’Keefe H, Sarpal H, Dangova K, Richmond C, Craig D. COVID-19 Impact on Diagnostic Innovations: Emerging Trends and Implications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:182. [PMID: 33513988 PMCID: PMC7912626 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic testing remains the backbone of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response, supporting containment efforts to mitigate the outbreak. The severity of this crisis and increasing capacity issues associated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing, accelerated the development of diagnostic solutions to meet demands for mass testing. The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory is the national horizon scanning organization in England. Since March, the Innovation Observatory has applied advanced horizon scanning methodologies and tools to compile a diagnostic landscape, based upon data captured for molecular (MDx) and immunological (IDx) based diagnostics (commercialized/in development), for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. In total we identified and tracked 1608 diagnostics, produced by 1045 developers across 54 countries. Our dataset shows the speed and scale in which diagnostics were produced and provides insights into key periods of development and shifts in trends between MDx and IDx solutions as the pandemic progressed. Stakeholders worldwide required timely and detailed intelligence to respond to major challenges, including testing capacity and regulatory issues. Our intelligence assisted UK stakeholders with assessing priorities and mitigation options throughout the pandemic. Here we present the global evolution of diagnostic innovations devised to meet changing needs, their regulation and trends across geographical regions, providing invaluable insights into the complexity of the COVID-19 phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O. Oyewole
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Lucy Barrass
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Emily G. Robertson
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - James Woltmann
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Hannah O’Keefe
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
- Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Harsimran Sarpal
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Kim Dangova
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Catherine Richmond
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
- Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Dawn Craig
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK; (L.B.); (E.G.R.); (J.W.); (H.O.); (H.S.); (K.D.); (C.R.); (D.C.)
- Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK
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33
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AL-Ibraheemi JSS, AL-Saeedi AS. The relationship between IgG and IgM levels and severity of symptoms in COVID-19 patients confirmed by rapid antigen test. J Med Life 2021; 14:790-796. [PMID: 35126749 PMCID: PMC8811674 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) response after detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) antigens in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients concerning the severity of symptoms. SARS CoV-2 antigen was confirmed by rapid antigen test, and IgG and IgM were confirmed by VIDAS® SARS-COV-2 IgM and VIDAS® SARS-CoV-2 IgG automated qualitative assays used to rapidly detect antibodies 20–30 days after detection. The serological assay for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies shows a positive correlation for all patients detected with SARS-CoV-2 antigen with sensitivity 100% with differences in antibodies levels between patients regarding age and significantly related clinical symptoms with p-value 0.013 <0.05. The appearance of clinical symptoms was not significantly related to IgG levels at a p-value of 0.4 >0.05. However, the appearance of clinical symptoms was significantly related to IgM levels at a p-value of 0.002 <0.05. Antigen-dependent rapid tests can be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in an early stage of infection with high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, this study shows the age groups 21–30 and 31–40 have a better response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasim Saeed Salman AL-Ibraheemi
- College of Medicine, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq,Corresponding Author: Jasim Saeed Salman AL-Ibraheemi, College of Medicine, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq. Phone: 009647801010887; E-mail: ;
| | - Abdul-Sattar AL-Saeedi
- Basic and Medical Sciences Branch, College of Nursing, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
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34
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Current Challenges for the Effective Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1353:131-149. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85113-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Machado BAS, Hodel KVS, Barbosa-Júnior VG, Soares MBP, Badaró R. The Main Molecular and Serological Methods for Diagnosing COVID-19: An Overview Based on the Literature. Viruses 2020; 13:E40. [PMID: 33383888 PMCID: PMC7823618 DOI: 10.3390/v13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic tests have been considered as the main alternative for the control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a correct diagnosis allows for decision making when facing the disease, particularly as there is a lack of effective therapeutic protocols and vaccines. Thus, in this review, we summarized the main diagnostic approaches currently available for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans based on studies available in article databases. The tests can be organized into two main categories: nucleic acid-based tests, recommended for the initial detection of the virus, and serological tests, recommended for assessing the disease progression. The studies have shown that the performance of diagnostic methods depends on different factors, such as the type of samples and the characteristics of each assay. It was identified that the positivity of the tests is mainly related to the onset of symptoms. We also observed that point-of-care diagnoses are considered as one of the main trends in this area, due to the low-cost and simplicity of the assay; however, the analytical performance must be critically analyzed. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of diagnostic technologies in the control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Valdir Gomes Barbosa-Júnior
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Badaró
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
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36
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Richard SA, Kampo S, Esquijarosa Hechavarria M. Elucidating the pivotal role of convalescent plasma therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review. Hematol Rep 2020; 12:8630. [PMID: 33324480 PMCID: PMC7731664 DOI: 10.4081/hr.2020.8630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a pandemic in March 2020. Currently almost every country in the world has reported cases with moderate to high mortality rates. The European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) are the severely affected countries. Nevertheless, the WHO is very much concern about countries with weak health systems. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 varies extensively, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe as well as critical pneumonia with high mortality rates in the elderly and patients with co-morbid medical illness. Convalescent Plasma Therapy (CPT) has been successfully used in treating various viral disease outbreaks such as 1918 influenza pneumonia pandemic, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, Machupo virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Ebola etc. High-titer specific antibodies maybe capable of binding to Coronavirus- 19 (CoV-19) and neutralize the viral particles, inhibit entry to uninfected cells, and trigger potent effector mechanisms such as complement activation as well as phagocytosis. Therefore, in most countries with very weak health systems with no Intensive Care Units (ICUs) or trained ICU physicians, early initiation of CPT for severely COVID- 19 patients may be rewarding. Therefore, solidarity control trials on CPT for COVID- 19 patients involving large number of patients are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvanus Kampo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical care, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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37
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Conway EM, Pryzdial ELG. Is the COVID-19 thrombotic catastrophe complement-connected? J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2812-2822. [PMID: 32762081 PMCID: PMC7436532 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the world was introduced to a new betacoronavirus, referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for its propensity to cause rapidly progressive lung damage, resulting in high death rates. As fast as the virus spread, it became evident that the novel coronavirus causes a multisystem disease (COVID-19) that may involve multiple organs and has a high risk of thrombosis associated with striking elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines, D-dimer, and fibrinogen, but without disseminated intravascular coagulation. Postmortem studies have confirmed the high incidence of venous thromboembolism, but also notably revealed diffuse microvascular thrombi with endothelial swelling, consistent with a thrombotic microangiopathy, and inter-alveolar endothelial deposits of complement activation fragments. The clinicopathologic presentation of COVID-19 thus parallels that of other thrombotic diseases, such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), that are caused by dysregulation of the complement system. This raises the specter that many of the thrombotic complications arising from SARS-CoV-2 infections may be triggered and/or exacerbated by excess complement activation. This is of major potential clinical relevance, as currently available anti-complement therapies that are highly effective in protecting against thrombosis in aHUS, could be efficacious in COVID-19. In this review, we provide mounting evidence for complement participating in the pathophysiology underlying the thrombotic diathesis associated with pathogenic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Based on current knowledge of complement, coagulation and the virus, we suggest lines of study to identify novel therapeutic targets and the rationale for clinical trials with currently available anti-complement agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Conway
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edward L G Pryzdial
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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38
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Jacobs J, Kühne V, Lunguya O, Affolabi D, Hardy L, Vandenberg O. Implementing COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:557797. [PMID: 33195307 PMCID: PMC7662157 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.557797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: For the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) response, COVID-19 antigen (Ag), and antibody (Ab) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are expected to complement central molecular testing particularly in low-resource settings. The present review assesses requirements for implementation of COVID-19 RDTs in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Review of PubMed-published articles assessing COVID-19 RDTs complemented with Instructions for Use (IFU) of products. Results: In total 47 articles on two COVID-19 Ag RDTs and 54 COVID-19 Ab RDTs and IFUs of 20 COVID-19 Ab RDTs were retrieved. Only five COVID-19 Ab RDTs (9.3%) were assessed with capillary blood sampling at the point-of-care; none of the studies were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Sampling: Challenges for COVID-19 Ag RDTs include nasopharyngeal sampling (technique, biosafety) and sample stability; for COVID-19 Ab RDTs equivalence of whole blood vs. plasma/serum needs further validation (assessed for only eight (14.8%) products). Sensitivity-Specificity: sensitivity of COVID-19 Ag and Ab RDTs depend on viral load (antigen) and timeframe (antibody), respectively; COVID-19 Ab tests have lower sensitivity compared to laboratory test platforms and the kinetics of IgM and IgG are very similar. Reported specificity was high but has not yet been assessed against tropical pathogens. Kit configuration: For COVID-19 Ag RDTs, flocked swabs should be added to the kit; for COVID-19 Ab RDTs, finger prick sampling materials, transfer devices, and controls should be added (currently only supplied in 15, 5, and 1/20 products). Usability and Robustness: some COVID-19 Ab RDTs showed high proportions of faint lines (>40%) or invalid results (>20%). Shortcomings were reported for buffer vials (spills, air bubbles) and their instructions for use. Stability: storage temperature was ≤ 30°C for all but one RDT, in-use and result stability were maximal at 1 h and 30 min, respectively. Integration in the healthcare setting requires a target product profile, landscape overview of technologies, certified manufacturing capacity, a sustainable market, and a stringent but timely regulation. In-country deployment depends on integration in the national laboratory network. Discussion/Conclusion: Despite these limitations, successful implementation models in triage, contact tracing, and surveillance have been proposed, in particular for COVID-19 Ab RDTs. Valuable experience is available from implementation of other disease-specific RDTs in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vera Kühne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Clinical Biology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Dissou Affolabi
- Clinical Microbiology, Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou MAGA, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Innovation and Business Development Unit, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Peng Y, Du N, Lei Y, Dorje S, Qi J, Luo T, Gao GF, Song H. Structures of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and their perspectives for drug design. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105938. [PMID: 32914439 PMCID: PMC7560215 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in severe and unprecedented economic and social disruptions in the world. Nucleocapsid (N) protein, which is the major structural component of the virion and is involved in viral replication, assembly and immune regulation, plays key roles in the viral life cycle. Here, we solved the crystal structures of the N- and C-terminal domains (N-NTD and N-CTD) of SARS-CoV-2 N protein, at 1.8 and 1.5 Å resolution, respectively. Both structures show conserved features from other CoV N proteins. The binding sites targeted by small molecules against HCoV-OC43 and MERS-CoV, which inhibit viral infection by blocking the RNA-binding activity or normal oligomerization of N protein, are relatively conserved in our structure, indicating N protein is a promising drug target. In addition, certain areas of N-NTD and N-CTD display distinct charge distribution patterns in SARS-CoV-2, which may alter the RNA-binding modes. The specific antigenic characteristics are critical for developing specific immune-based rapid diagnostic tests. Our structural information can aid in the discovery and development of antiviral inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Peng
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious DiseasesCollege of Animal Sciences and Veterinary MedicineGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ning Du
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH)Beijing Institutes of Life ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuqing Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sonam Dorje
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tingrong Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious DiseasesCollege of Animal Sciences and Veterinary MedicineGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH)Beijing Institutes of Life ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH)Beijing Institutes of Life ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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40
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Cui F, Zhou HS. Diagnostic methods and potential portable biosensors for coronavirus disease 2019. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112349. [PMID: 32510340 PMCID: PMC7266610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Timely detection and diagnosis are urgently needed to guide epidemiological measures, infection control, antiviral treatment, and vaccine research. In this review, biomarkers/indicators for diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the environment are summarized and discussed. It is concluded that the detection methods targeting antibodies are not suitable for screening of early and asymptomatic cases since most patients had an antibody response at about 10 days after onset of symptoms. However, antibody detection methods can be combined with quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to significantly improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis, and boost vaccine research. Fast, sensitive and accurate detection methods targeting antigens need to be developed urgently. Various specimens for diagnosis or detection are compared and analyzed. Among them, deep throat saliva and induced sputum are desired for RT-qPCR test or other early detection technologies. Chest computerized tomography (CT) scan, RT-qPCR, lateral flow immunochromatographic strip (LFICS) for diagnosis of COVID-19 are summarized and compared. Specially, potential electrochemical (EC) biosensor, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensor, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor and artificial intelligence (AI) assisted diagnosis of COVID-19 are emphasized. Finally, some commercialized portable detection device, current challenges and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyun Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, United States
| | - H Susan Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, United States.
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41
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La Marca A, Capuzzo M, Paglia T, Roli L, Trenti T, Nelson SM. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): a systematic review and clinical guide to molecular and serological in-vitro diagnostic assays. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:483-499. [PMID: 32651106 PMCID: PMC7293848 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has demanded rapid upscaling of in-vitro diagnostic assays to enable mass screening and testing of high-risk groups, and simultaneous ascertainment of robust data on past SARS-CoV-2 exposure at an individual and a population level. To meet the exponential demand in testing, there has been an accelerated development of both molecular and serological assays across a plethora of platforms. The present review discusses the current literature on these modalities, including nucleic acid amplification tests, direct viral antigen tests and the rapidly expanding laboratory-based and point of care serological tests. This suite of complementary tests will inform crucial decisions by healthcare providers and policy makers, and understanding their strengths and limitations will be critical to their judicious application for the development of algorithmic approaches to treatment and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Marca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Martina Capuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Paglia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hesperia Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azieda USL, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azieda USL, Modena, Italy
| | - Scott M Nelson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre Bristol, UK; The Fertility Partnership, Oxford, UK
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42
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Azer S. COVID-19: pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications and investigational therapeutics. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 37:100738. [PMID: 32834902 PMCID: PMC7403867 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak started in early December 2019 in the capital city of Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and caused a global pandemic. The number of patients confirmed to have this disease has exceeded 9 million in more than 215 countries, and more than 480 600 have died as of 25 June 2020. Coronaviruses were identified in the 1960s and have recently been identified as the cause of a Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012 and a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003. The current SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most recently identified. Patients with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic. Typical symptoms include fever, dry cough and shortness of breath. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea have been reported; neurologically related symptoms, particularly anosmia, hyposmia and dysgeusia, have also been reported. Physical examination may find fever in over 44% of patients (and could be documented in over 88% of patients after admission), increased respiratory rate, acute respiratory disease and maybe decreased consciousness, agitation and confusion. This article aims at presenting an up-to-date review on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and complications of COVID-19 infection. Currently no therapeutics have been found to be effective. Investigational therapeutics are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Azer
- Department of Medical Education, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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43
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Grant BD, Anderson CE, Williford JR, Alonzo LF, Glukhova VA, Boyle DS, Weigl BH, Nichols KP. SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Antigen-Detecting Half-Strip Lateral Flow Assay Toward the Development of Point of Care Tests Using Commercially Available Reagents. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11305-11309. [PMID: 32605363 PMCID: PMC7409939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created an unprecedented need for rapid diagnostic testing to enable the efficient treatment and mitigation of COVID-19. The primary diagnostic tool currently employed is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which can have good sensitivity and excellent specificity. Unfortunately, implementation costs and logistical problems with reagents during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have hindered its universal on demand adoption. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) represent a class of diagnostic that, if sufficiently clinically sensitive, may fill many of the gaps in the current RT-PCR testing regime, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, many serology LFAs have been developed, though none meet the performance requirements necessary for diagnostic use cases, primarily due to the relatively long delay between infection and seroconversion. However, on the basis of previously reported results from SARS-CoV-1, antigen-based SARS-CoV-2 assays may have significantly better clinical sensitivity than serology assays. To date, only a very small number of antigen-detecting LFAs have been developed. Development of a half-strip LFA is a useful first step in the development of any LFA format. In this work, we present a half-strip LFA using commercially available antibodies for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. We have tested this LFA in buffer and measured an LOD of 0.65 ng/mL (95% CI of 0.53 to 0.77 ng/mL) ng/mL with recombinant antigen using an optical reader with sensitivity equivalent to a visual read. Further development, including evaluating the appropriate sample matrix, will be required for this assay approach to be made useful in a point of care setting, though this half-strip LFA may serve as a useful starting point for others developing similar tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Grant
- Intellectual Ventures
Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007,
United States
| | - Caitlin E. Anderson
- Intellectual Ventures
Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007,
United States
| | - John R. Williford
- Intellectual Ventures
Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007,
United States
| | - Luis F. Alonzo
- Intellectual Ventures
Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007,
United States
| | - Veronika A. Glukhova
- Intellectual Ventures
Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007,
United States
| | - David S. Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake,
Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Bernhard H. Weigl
- Intellectual Ventures
Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007,
United States
| | - Kevin P. Nichols
- Intellectual Ventures
Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007,
United States
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Hoste ACR, Venteo A, Fresco-Taboada A, Tapia I, Monedero A, López L, Jebbink MF, Pérez-Ramírez E, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Almonacid M, Muñoz P, Guinea J, Vela C, van der Hoek L, Rueda P, Sastre P. Two serological approaches for detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in different scenarios: a screening tool and a point-of-care test. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115167. [PMID: 32890908 PMCID: PMC7417941 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 8 million people worldwide, becoming a pandemic. Detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is of utmost importance and a good indicator of exposure and circulation of the virus within the general population. Two serological tools based on a double recognition assay [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DR-ELISA) and lateral flow assay (DR-LFA)] to detect total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 have been developed based on the recombinant nucleocapsid protein. A total of 1065 serum samples, including positive for COVID-19 and negative samples from healthy donors or infected with other respiratory pathogens, were analyzed. The results showed values of sensitivity between 91.2% and 100%, and specificity of 100% and 98.2% for DR-LFA and DR-ELISA, respectively. No cross-reactivity against seasonal coronavirus (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43) was found. These results demonstrate the importance of serology as a complementary tool to polymerase chain reaction for follow-up of recovered patients and identification of asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C R Hoste
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Venteo
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Istar Tapia
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Monedero
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lissette López
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maarten F Jebbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa Pérez-Ramírez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Jimenez-Clavero
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Muñoz
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (Microbiology Department), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Guinea
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (Microbiology Department), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Vela
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sastre
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain.
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45
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Feng W, Newbigging AM, Le C, Pang B, Peng H, Cao Y, Wu J, Abbas G, Song J, Wang DB, Cui M, Tao J, Tyrrell DL, Zhang XE, Zhang H, Le XC. Molecular Diagnosis of COVID-19: Challenges and Research Needs. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10196-10209. [PMID: 32573207 PMCID: PMC7346719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 primarily relies on the detection of RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative infectious agent of the pandemic. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) enables sensitive detection of specific sequences of genes that encode the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins of the virus. Although RT-PCR tests have been widely used and many alternative assays have been developed, the current testing capacity and availability cannot meet the unprecedented global demands for rapid, reliable, and widely accessible molecular diagnosis. Challenges remain throughout the entire analytical process, from the collection and treatment of specimens to the amplification and detection of viral RNA and the validation of clinical sensitivity and specificity. We highlight the main issues surrounding molecular diagnosis of COVID-19, including false negatives from the detection of viral RNA, temporal variations of viral loads, selection and treatment of specimens, and limiting factors in detecting viral proteins. We discuss critical research needs, such as improvements in RT-PCR, development of alternative nucleic acid amplification techniques, incorporating CRISPR technology for point-of-care (POC) applications, validation of POC tests, and sequencing of viral RNA and its mutations. Improved assays are also needed for environmental surveillance or wastewater-based epidemiology, which gauges infection on the community level through analyses of viral components in the community's wastewater. Public health surveillance benefits from large-scale analyses of antibodies in serum, although the current serological tests do not quantify neutralizing antibodies. Further advances in analytical technology and research through multidisciplinary collaboration will contribute to the development of mitigation strategies, therapeutics, and vaccines. Lessons learned from molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 are valuable for better preparedness in response to other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Ashley M. Newbigging
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Connie Le
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of
Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Bo Pang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Hanyong Peng
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Yiren Cao
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of
Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 15 Datun Road,
Beijing, China 100101
| | - Jin Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of
Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 15 Datun Road,
Beijing, China 100101
| | - Dian-Bing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of
Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 15 Datun Road,
Beijing, China 100101
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of
Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 15 Datun Road,
Beijing, China 100101
| | - Jeffrey Tao
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of
Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of
Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 15 Datun Road,
Beijing, China 100101
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
| | - X. Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2G3
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Jodele S, Köhl J. Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2832-2848. [PMID: 32643798 PMCID: PMC7361469 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient part of innate immunity sensing highly pathogenic coronaviruses by mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) resulting in lectin pathway activation and subsequent generation of the anaphylatoxins (ATs) C3a and C5a as important effector molecules. Complement deposition on endothelial cells and high blood C5a serum levels have been reported in COVID‐19 patients with severe illness, suggesting vigorous complement activation leading to systemic thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Complement regulator gene variants prevalent in African‐Americans have been associated with a higher risk for severe TMA and multi‐organ injury. Strikingly, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐infected African‐Americans suffer from high mortality. These findings allow us to apply our knowledge from other complement‐mediated diseases to COVID‐19 infection to better understand severe disease pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the multiple aspects of complement activation, regulation, crosstalk with other parts of the immune system, and the options to target complement in COVID‐19 patients to halt disease progression and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonata Jodele
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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47
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Srivastava S, Jain V, Nag VL, Misra S, Singh K. Current Avenues for COVID-19 Serology. ANNALS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (INDIA) 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDevelopment of rapid, reliable, and easy diagnostic tests with high-throughput is the need of the hour for laboratories combating the COVID-19 pandemic. While real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard for diagnosing active infections, it is expensive and time-consuming. Serological diagnostic assays with a premise to aid rapid contact tracing, immune status determination, and identification of potential convalescent plasma donors hold great promise. Timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and future prevention are key to management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vidhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Nag
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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48
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Carter LJ, Garner LV, Smoot JW, Li Y, Zhou Q, Saveson CJ, Sasso JM, Gregg AC, Soares DJ, Beskid TR, Jervey SR, Liu C. Assay Techniques and Test Development for COVID-19 Diagnosis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:591-605. [PMID: 32382657 PMCID: PMC7197457 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey W. Smoot
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yingzhu Li
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Catherine J. Saveson
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Janet M. Sasso
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anne C. Gregg
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Divya J. Soares
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tiffany R. Beskid
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Susan R. Jervey
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Cynthia Liu
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical
Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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49
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Evaluation of Nucleocapsid and Spike Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detecting Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00461-20. [PMID: 32229605 PMCID: PMC7269413 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00461-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, PCR-based nucleic acid detection cannot meet the demands for coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) diagnosis. Two hundred fourteen confirmed COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in the General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army between 18 January and 26 February 2020 were recruited. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits based on recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (rN) and spike protein (rS) were used for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies, and their diagnostic feasibility was evaluated. At present, PCR-based nucleic acid detection cannot meet the demands for coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) diagnosis. Two hundred fourteen confirmed COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in the General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army between 18 January and 26 February 2020 were recruited. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits based on recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (rN) and spike protein (rS) were used for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies, and their diagnostic feasibility was evaluated. Among the 214 patients, 146 (68.2%) and 150 (70.1%) were successfully diagnosed with the rN-based IgM and IgG ELISAs, respectively; 165 (77.1%) and 159 (74.3%) were successfully diagnosed with the rS-based IgM and IgG ELISAs, respectively. The positive rates of the rN-based and rS-based ELISAs for antibody (IgM and/or IgG) detection were 80.4% and 82.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of the rS-based ELISA for IgM detection was significantly higher than that of the rN-based ELISA. We observed an increase in the positive rate for IgM and IgG with an increasing number of days post-disease onset (d.p.o.), but the positive rate of IgM dropped after 35 d.p.o. The positive rate of rN-based and rS-based IgM and IgG ELISAs was less than 60% during the early stage of the illness, 0 to 10 d.p.o., and that of IgM and IgG was obviously increased after 10 d.p.o. ELISA has a high sensitivity, especially for the detection of serum samples from patients after 10 d.p.o., so it could be an important supplementary method for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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50
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Liu L, Liu W, Zheng Y, Jiang X, Kou G, Ding J, Wang Q, Huang Q, Ding Y, Ni W, Wu W, Tang S, Tan L, Hu Z, Xu W, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Tang Z, Zhang X, Li H, Rao Z, Jiang H, Ren X, Wang S, Zheng S. A preliminary study on serological assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 238 admitted hospital patients. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:206-211. [PMID: 32425648 PMCID: PMC7233230 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of serological assay for SARS-CoV-2. A newly-developed ELISA assay for IgM and IgG antibodies against N protein of SARS-CoV-2 was used to screen the serums of 238 admitted hospital patients between February 6 and February 14, 2020 with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected on pharyngeal swab specimens using real time RT-PCR. 194 (81.5%) of the serums were detected to be antibody (IgM and/or IgG) positive, significantly higher than the positive rate of viral RNA (64.3%). There was no difference in the positive rate of antibodies between the confirmed patients (83.0%, 127/153) and the suspected patients (78.8%, 67/85), whose nucleic acid tests were negative. The antibody positive rates were very low in the first five days after initial onset of symptoms, and then rapidly increased as the disease progressed. After 10 days, the antibody positive rates jumped from below 50% to over 80%. However, the positive rates of viral RNA maintained above 60% in the first 11 days after initial onset of symptoms, and then rapidly decreased. Overall, the suspected patients were most likely infected by SARS-CoV-2. Before the 11th day after initial onset of symptoms, nucleic acid test is key for confirmation of viral infection. The combination of serological assay can greatly improve the diagnostic efficacy. After the 11th day post-disease onset, the diagnosis for viral infection should be majorly dependent on serological assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wanbing Liu
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqiong Zheng
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Guomei Kou
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jinya Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiongshu Wang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qianchuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yinjuan Ding
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wenxu Ni
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wanlei Wu
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Weitian Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongzhi Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Honghua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiguo Rao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xingfeng Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shengdian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shangen Zheng
- Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
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