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Sallam M, Khalil R. Contemporary Insights into Hepatitis C Virus: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1035. [PMID: 38930417 PMCID: PMC11205832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a significant global health challenge. Approximately 50 million people were living with chronic hepatitis C based on the World Health Organization as of 2024, contributing extensively to global morbidity and mortality. The advent and approval of several direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens significantly improved HCV treatment, offering potentially high rates of cure for chronic hepatitis C. However, the promising aim of eventual HCV eradication remains challenging. Key challenges include the variability in DAA access across different regions, slightly variable response rates to DAAs across diverse patient populations and HCV genotypes/subtypes, and the emergence of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs), potentially conferring resistance to DAAs. Therefore, periodic reassessment of current HCV knowledge is needed. An up-to-date review on HCV is also necessitated based on the observed shifts in HCV epidemiological trends, continuous development and approval of therapeutic strategies, and changes in public health policies. Thus, the current comprehensive review aimed to integrate the latest knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, treatment options and preventive strategies for HCV, with a particular focus on the current challenges associated with RASs and ongoing efforts in vaccine development. This review sought to provide healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers with the necessary insights to address the HCV burden more effectively. We aimed to highlight the progress made in managing and preventing HCV infection and to highlight the persistent barriers challenging the prevention of HCV infection. The overarching goal was to align with global health objectives towards reducing the burden of chronic hepatitis, aiming for its eventual elimination as a public health threat by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Roaa Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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2
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Bel’skaya LV, Loginova AI, Sarf EA. Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Salivary Cytokines in Breast Cancer: Relationship with Clinicopathological Characteristics of the Tumor. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4676-4691. [PMID: 36286034 PMCID: PMC9600028 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work was to compare the salivary cytokine profile of breast cancer patients with the clinicopathological characteristics of the tumor. The study included 113 patients with breast cancer (main group, mean age 54.1 years) and 111 patients with breast fibroadenomas (control group, mean age 56.7 years). Before treatment, saliva samples were collected from all patients and the content of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, MCP-1, and TNF-α) was determined. The content of cytokines in saliva correlates well with the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer. The level of all salivary cytokines increases at advanced stages of breast cancer and at a low degree of tumor differentiation. The exception is MCP-1, for which there is an extremely high content for well-differentiated breast cancer. A statistically significant increase in the content of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 was found in triple-negative breast cancer. For the first time, the correlation of salivary levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 with HER2 status, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-4 with the hormonal status of the tumor was shown. The relationship between the level of IL-2, IL-10, and IL-18 in saliva with the level of Ki-67 expression has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V. Bel’skaya
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Omsk State Pedagogical University, 14, Tukhachevsky Str, Omsk 644099, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Elena A. Sarf
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Omsk State Pedagogical University, 14, Tukhachevsky Str, Omsk 644099, Russia
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3
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Makhmalbaf M, Hosseini SM, Aghdaei HA, Niasar MS, Shoraka S, Yadegar A, Baradaran Ghavami S, Shahrokh S, Moshari M, Malekpour H, Zali MR, Mohebbi SR. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Genome in Stool and Plasma Samples of Laboratory Confirmed Iranian COVID-19 Patients. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:865129. [PMID: 35836936 PMCID: PMC9274456 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.865129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2), was first discovered in China in late 2019 and quickly spread worldwide. Although nasopharyngeal swab sampling is still the most popular approach identify SARS-CoV-2 carriers, other body samples may reveal the virus genome, indicating the potential for virus transmission via non-respiratory samples. In this study, researchers looked at the presence and degree of SARS-CoV-2 genome in stool and plasma samples from 191 Iranian COVID-19 patients, and looked for a link between these results and the severity of their disease. SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in feces and plasma of COVID-19 patients was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Medical data were collected and evaluated, including Clinical features, demographics, radiological, and laboratory findings of the patients. Plasma samples from 117 confirmed laboratory patients were evaluated and 24 out of 117 patients (20.51%) tested positive for SARS-COV-2 RNA. Besides, 20 out of 74 patients (27.03%) tested positive for SARS-COV-2 RNA in stool samples. There seems to be no relationship between the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome in fecal and plasma samples of Covid-19 patients and the severity of illness. We provide evidence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome presence in stool and plasma samples of Iranian COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobin Makhmalbaf
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Saeedi Niasar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Shoraka
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Moshari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Malekpour
- Research and Development Center, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Shekhtman L, Navasa M, Sansone N, Crespo G, Subramanya G, Chung TL, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Pérez-Del-Pulgar S, Perelson AS, Cotler SJ, Forns X, Uprichard SL, Dahari H. Modeling hepatitis C virus kinetics during liver transplantation reveals the role of the liver in virus clearance. eLife 2021; 10:65297. [PMID: 34730511 PMCID: PMC8608386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While the liver, specifically hepatocytes, are widely accepted as the main source of hepatitis C virus (HCV) production, the role of the liver/hepatocytes in clearance of circulating HCV remains unknown. Frequent HCV kinetic data were recorded and mathematically modeled from five liver transplant patients throughout the anhepatic (absence of liver) phase and for 4 hr post-reperfusion. During the anhepatic phase, HCV remained at pre-anhepatic levels (n = 3) or declined (n = 2) with t1/2~1 hr. Immediately post-reperfusion, virus declined in a biphasic manner in four patients consisting of a rapid decline (t1/2 = 5 min) followed by a slower decline (t1/2 = 67 min). Consistent with the majority of patients in the anhepatic phase, when we monitored HCV clearance at 37°C from culture medium in the absence/presence of chronically infected hepatoma cells that were inhibited from secreting HCV, the HCV t1/2 in cell culture was longer in the absence of chronically HCV-infected cells. The results suggest that the liver plays a major role in the clearance of circulating HCV and that hepatocytes may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Shekhtman
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States.,Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Miquel Navasa
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natasha Sansone
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gonzalo Crespo
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gitanjali Subramanya
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Tje Lin Chung
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States.,Institute for Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Department of Medicine, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - E Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sofía Pérez-Del-Pulgar
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Scott J Cotler
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Xavier Forns
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan L Uprichard
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States.,The Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Harel Dahari
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
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5
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Kumar A, Pandey R, Yadav IS, Bharadwaj M. Structural and Epitope Analysis (T- and B-Cell Epitopes) of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Glycoproteins: An in silico Approach. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:352-361. [PMID: 30568344 PMCID: PMC6286880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) poses a major risk for liver disease like cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. In terms of percentage, the prevalence of HCV in India was found to be low to moderate (1-1.5%), but in terms of sheer numbers, India has a significant number of global HCV patients. Presently, HCV can be treated with direct acting-antibody drugs but there is no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine available against it. In HCV infection, T- and B-cell immunity is important for clearing the virus. In the present study immunoinformatics was used to identify potent vaccine target for HCV vaccine development. METHODS Sequence of HCV was retrieved from NCBI and their structural analysis was done by using Protpram, PSIPRED, iTASSER and PDBsum servers. T-cell and B-cell epitopes were predicted by Immune Epitope Database and ACBPRED servers. RESULTS On epitope prediction, 25 and 55 potent MHC-I epitopes and 7 and 13 potent B-cell epitopes were predicted for E1 and E2 protein respectively. Their antigenicity score was also calculated. The most potent MHC-I epitopes were MMMNWSPAV and MAWDMMMNW for HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-B*53:01 and most potent B-cell epitope was TGHRMAWDMMMNWSPA for E1 protein. For E2, four MHC-I epitopes having the lowest binding energy and most potent B-cell epitope was DRPYCWHYAPRPCDTI. CONCLUSION In the present study, most potent epitopes for HCV was determined on the basis of their antigenicity along with 3D modeling and docking. Identified B- and T-cell epitopes can be used for the development of potent vaccine against most prevalent HCV type in India to limit its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer prevention and research (NICPR) formerly Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, India,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Roma Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Mangalmay Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida, India
| | - Inderjit S. Yadav
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer prevention and research (NICPR) formerly Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, India,Address for correspondence: Mausumi Bharadwaj, Scientist F, Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology (ICMR), Noida, India.
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6
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Lu T, Han Y, Zhang R, Zhang K, Lin G, Li J. Quantitative detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in urine of patients with chronic hepatitis C using a novel real-time PCR assay. J Med Virol 2018; 91:115-123. [PMID: 30091789 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA can be detected in body fluids such as urine. However, because of deficiencies in established isolation and detection methods, the actual prevalence and form of HCV RNA in the urine of patients with hepatitis C remain unclear. To more sensitively and accurately measure urine HCV RNA levels, a novel real-time PCR assay with a modified isolation method and short amplicon designed for short HCV RNA fragments was developed in this study. The limit of detection, precision, linearity, and specificity of the assay was evaluated and demonstrated high-quality performance. The prevalence of HCV RNA in the urine of viremic patients infected with HCV was 60% (36/60), as determined by a 62-bp assay. The HCV RNA detection rate and concentration were much lower with a 157-bp assay, and were undetectable with 222- and 304-bp assays. With the 62-bp assay, patients with detectable urine HCV RNA had significantly higher plasma HCV RNA levels ( P < 0.001), and plasma and urine concentrations were significantly positively correlated ( R 2 = 0.708, P < 0.001). The method not only increased the detection rate of urine HCV RNA but also revealed the presence of short HCV RNA fragments in urine, indicating that urine from CHC patients with normal kidney function should not be infectious. In addition, it raised the possibility of urinary HCV RNA as a potential noninvasive marker for therapeutic monitoring of patients with hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxi Han
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guigao Lin
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Hooshmand B, Alavian SM, Kouhestani F, Firouzmandi M, Motamedian SR. Detection of Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Blood and Saliva of Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Patients Diagnosed with Hepatitis C. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:5-9. [PMID: 29599575 PMCID: PMC5863410 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_297_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the current study was to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in blood and saliva of a population of patients with thalassemia who have HCV antibody in their serum. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, blood and saliva samples were collected and were analyzed with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of HCV RNA. In addition, liver-related blood tests were performed, and patients’ medical history was recorded. Data were analyzed by independent samples t-test and Chi-square with a significant level of 0.05. Results: Overall, 62 adult patients (29 males and 33 females) were included. Most (87%) of the patients had major thalassemia and genotype 1a was the most common (42%) type. HCV RNA was detected in 71 and 16% of blood and saliva samples, respectively. HCV RNA was detected more in female patients (31%) (P = 0.003) and in intermediate thalassemia (50%) (P < 0.005). The mean age of the patients with positive saliva was almost 10 years older (P < 0.001), and the mean number of blood transfusion was fewer in positive saliva group (P = 0.037). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of saliva PCR was calculated to be 18%, 88%, 80%, and 69%, respectively. Conclusion: Saliva contained HCV RNA in 16% of the assessed population. The probability of detection of HCV RNA in saliva increased in older patients, less number of blood transfusions, females and intermediate thalassemia. Saliva RT-PCR demonstrated low sensitivity and high specificity with high positive predictive value in the assessed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Hooshmand
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Kouhestani
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Firouzmandi
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Reza Motamedian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Pfaender S, Helfritz FA, Siddharta A, Todt D, Behrendt P, Heyden J, Riebesehl N, Willmann W, Steinmann J, Münch J, Ciesek S, Steinmann E. Environmental Stability and Infectivity of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Different Human Body Fluids. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:504. [PMID: 29636728 PMCID: PMC5881408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic, blood-borne virus, but in up to one-third of infections of the transmission route remained unidentified. Viral genome copies of HCV have been identified in several body fluids, however, non-parental transmission upon exposure to contaminated body fluids seems to be rare. Several body fluids, e.g., tears and saliva, are renowned for their antimicrobial and antiviral properties, nevertheless, HCV stability has never been systematically analyzed in those fluids. Methods: We used state of the art infectious HCV cell culture techniques to investigate the stability of HCV in different body fluids to estimate the potential risk of transmission via patient body fluid material. In addition, we mimicked a potential contamination of HCV in tear fluid and analyzed which impact commercially available contact lens solutions might have in such a scenario. Results: We could demonstrate that HCV remains infectious over several days in body fluids like tears, saliva, semen, and cerebrospinal fluid. Only hydrogen-peroxide contact lens solutions were able to efficiently inactivate HCV in a suspension test. Conclusion: These results indicate that HCV, once it is present in various body fluids of infected patients, remains infective and could potentially contribute to transmission upon direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pfaender
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian A Helfritz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anindya Siddharta
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Julia Heyden
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nina Riebesehl
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Willmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Clinical Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Nürnberg Hospital, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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9
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Hepatitis C Infection and Periodontal Disease: Is there a Common Immunological Link? J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8720101. [PMID: 29725605 PMCID: PMC5872607 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8720101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections could have an important impact on the oral health status of patients, favoring conditions such as periodontal disease and oral cancer. The review of the existing scientific literature written in English was performed, searching for oral and periodontal manifestations of HCV infection and its impact on the oral fluids. HCV infection can determine direct extrahepatic manifestations at the oral and periodontal level including oral lichen planus, Sjögren-like sialadenitis, and oral cancer. The changes caused by the infection in the subjects' immune system, diet, and lifestyle can facilitate the development of oral conditions such as periodontal disease. Important changes also occur in the composition of the infected patients' saliva and gingival fluid. HCV-infected patients need to be carefully monitored in terms of oral health since the infection with the virus can result in oral complications. The cellular and molecular particularities of the gingival fluid of HCV-infected patients can answer some questions regarding its impact upon periodontium impairment and whether this refers to a possible bidirectional relationship, with hepatic biomarker adjustments being induced by the periodontal patients' inflammatory status.
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10
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Genotype-related variations in proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels in treated and treatment-naive HCV-infected patients. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 207:65-74. [PMID: 29147974 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates immune-related inflammatory responses to induce milder reactions leading to virus persistence. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the link between the HCV genotypes and the proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels. Ninety patients with hepatitis C infection (68 treatment-naive and 22 treated patients) and 76 healthy blood donors were studied. The serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-21 were measured by ELISA in the patients and healthy controls. IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-21 levels were significantly higher in HCV patients than in the healthy controls. The same cytokines were also higher in genotype 3a-infected patients compared with genotype 1a-infected patients. Interestingly, in treated patients, lower serum levels of IL-17A and IL-21 were detected in G3a-infected individuals, but not in those infected with G1a. G3a viral load displayed a significant correlation with IL-21 and IL-17A levels. In addition, G1a viral load correlated with IL-10 levels. In G3a-infected patients, a significant association was found between IL-17A serum levels and ALT. We found differences in IL-21 and IL-17A serum levels among HCV-infected patients which were genotype dependent. Since Th17-associated cytokines are associated with the progression of liver disease in HCV patients, IL-17A and IL-21 can be used as important biological markers for evaluating the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis. Our results suggest that HCV G3a along with immune responses such as cytokines in HCV patients should be taken into account when interpreting clinical data and IFN-based therapeutic response.
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11
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Heidrich B, Steinmann E, Plumeier I, Kirschner J, Sollik L, Ziegert S, Engelmann M, Lehmann P, Manns MP, Pieper DH, Wedemeyer H. Frequent detection of HCV RNA and HCVcoreAg in stool of patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Virol 2016; 80:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Lankarani KB, Ardebili M, Sepehrimanesh M, Nejabat M, Hemmati Rad MA, Hosseini SY. Evaluation of hepatitis C virus intrafamilial transmission among families with one index case, a pilot study from Fars province, Iran. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2016; 9:250-258. [PMID: 27895850 PMCID: PMC5118849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our aim was to survey the rate and risk factors for Hepatitis C virus interfamilial transmission among families with one index case. BACKGROUND The role of intrafamilial transmission in Hepatitis C virus epidemiology is still debated. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 34 families (236 members) of HCV infected patients from Fars province, spring to summer 2013. All subjects were first evaluated for the risk factors of exposure and then their serum was checked for the presence of HCV antibody and the genome, using ELISA and PCR. The genotype of all PCR positive cases was also determined by a commercial assay. Two independent sample t test and Chi-Square test were used to compare groups together. RESULTS In 18 out of 34 families, HCV antibody was detected (52.9%) in new members. Among them, HCV transmission in 11 families (32%) was also confirmed by PCR. Having a history of intravenous drug abuse (P=0.006) and incarceration (P=0.01) showed to be important risk factors for interfamilial transmission. Hence, blade/needle sharing (P=0.016) just following molecular assay and sex (P=036) only in the serologic analysis were also determined as significant risk factors. Furthermore, based on serologic results, medium socioeconomic state was further associated with this manner of transmission (P=0.019 and P=0.328). Interestingly, among relatives, 13 cases were brothers while just 5 cases were couples. The genotypes 3a and 1a were more prevalent among the population. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our finding highlighted a noticeable role of interfamilial transmission for HCV spread and supports the significant role of close relatives, especially brother relationship in this spread. Hence, the socioeconomic state was associated with the transmission rate of virus in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran B. Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ardebili
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,National Research Institute for Science Policy, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Sepehrimanesh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Nejabat
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Bacteriology and Viorology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Filardo S, Di Pietro M, Schiavoni G, Minniti G, Ortolani E, Romano S, Sessa R. Chlamydia pneumoniae Clinical Isolate from Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Potential Atherogenic Strain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:86. [PMID: 26636048 PMCID: PMC4659442 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The aim of our study was to characterize, for the first time, a C. pneumoniae strain isolated from the gingival crevicular fluid of a patient with chronic periodontitis, described as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. C. pneumoniae isolate was characterized and compared to the respiratory AR-39 strain by VD4-ompA genotyping and by investigating the intracellular growth in epithelial and macrophage cell lines and its ability to induce macrophage-derived foam cells. Inflammatory cytokine levels were determined in the gingival crevicular fluid sample. C. pneumoniae isolate showed a 99% similarity with the AR-39 strain in the VD4-ompA gene sequence and shared a comparable growth kinetic in epithelial cells and macrophages, as evidenced by the infectious progeny and by the number of chlamydial genomic copies. C. pneumoniae isolate significantly increased the number of foam cells as compared to uninfected and LDL-treated macrophages (45 vs. 6%, P = 0.0065) and to the AR-39 strain (45 vs. 30%, P = 0.0065). Significantly increased levels of interleukin 1-β (2.1 ± 0.3 pg/μL) and interleukin 6 (0.6 ± 0.08 pg/μL) were found. Our results suggest that C. pneumoniae may harbor inside oral cavity and potentially be atherogenic, even though further studies will be needed to clarify the involvement of C. pneumoniae in chronic periodontitis as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Minniti
- General Dentistry and Emergency Care Unit, George Eastman Dental Hospital Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ortolani
- General Dentistry and Emergency Care Unit, George Eastman Dental Hospital Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Romano
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University Rome, Italy
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Evaluation of viral load in saliva from patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Infect Public Health 2015; 8:474-80. [PMID: 26044945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus can be detected in blood and other bodily fluids, such as saliva. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify the HCV-RNA in saliva and plasma from patients with chronic hepatitis C infections, as well as check the level of viral load in sex groups (age, ethnicity and virus subtypes). Whole saliva and blood from 70 patients with chronic hepatitis C infections attended at the department of gastroenterology from University Hospital. The HCV-RNA load was performed by qRT-PCR using Sybr Green I master mix. HCV-RNA was detected in 80% (56/70) of patients in saliva and 92.85% (65/70) in plasma. The median of the viral load in the plasma was of 4.87 log10, and in saliva, it was 3.32log10, (p = 0.0005). Female patients and black patients exhibited a negative correlation between the HCV-RNA load in saliva vs. the HCV-RNA load in plasma (r = -0.3172, CI95% -0.6240 to -0.03736, p = 0.0491) and (r = -0.3141; IC95% -0.6069 to -0.05926; p = 0.0209), respectively. HCV-RNA was detected and quantified in saliva samples, and according to the quantification levels, saliva may be a possible transmission source of HCV, particularly in women and people of black ethnicity who develop chronic HCV infections.
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15
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Sá LCD, Araújo TMED, Griep RH, Campelo V, Monteiro CFDS. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C and factors associated with this in crack users. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2015; 21:1195-202. [PMID: 24402335 DOI: 10.1590/0104-1169.3126.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to investigate the seroprevalence of hepatitis C in crack users in Piauí. METHOD seroepidemiological survey, undertaken in the Psycho-Social Care Centers for Drugs and Alcohol (CAPS AD) in Piauí in the period December 2011 to May 2012. A questionnaire was administered and blood samples were collected for serological research. Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test were used, with a level of significance of (p<0.05). RESULTS the prevalence of Anti-HCV was 05 (1.4%) and 04 (1.1%) for the RNA-HCV. There was a statistically significant association between hepatitis C (serological marker RNA-HCV) and age, being resident at home, length of use of crack, interruption of the use of crack, and the habit of sharing the crack pipes. CONCLUSION the findings support the need to implement health policies aimed at crack users, due to the accelerated process of physical and psychological deterioration to which these are subject.
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16
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Greenman J, Roberts T, Cohn J, Messac L. Dried blood spot in the genotyping, quantification and storage of HCV RNA: a systematic literature review. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:353-61. [PMID: 25367722 PMCID: PMC4409077 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The entry of new all-oral direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C provides an opportunity to scale up HCV care in low- and middle-income countries. In HIV, use of dried blood spots (DBS) has facilitated the diagnosis and management of HIV in resource-poor settings. DBS may be used in a similar way to facilitate diagnosis and management of HCV. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature of DBS for HCV RNA detection and genotyping. Using an a priori review protocol, three databases were searched for studies published up to August 2013 that reported the use of dried blood and serum spots in genotyping, detection and measurement of HCV RNA, as well as the rate of degradation of HCV RNA when stored in DBS at room temperature. Nine papers were eligible for inclusion; eight studied DBS and one dried serum. Two studies measured concordance between genotype and subtype determined by DBS and whole plasma and both found 100% concordance. Four studies measured endpoint detection limits of HCV RNA-positive samples by DBS and found positive predictive values of 100% down to 250, 334, 2500 and 24160 IU/mL. Two studies found deterioration of HCV RNA in DBS samples stored at room temperature, while two others failed to detect such deterioration. These results support the potential use of DBS for genotyping and HCV RNA detection. Studies of the use of DBS for HCV RNA viral load measurement and of the rate of degradation of HCV RNA when stored in DBS at ambient temperatures remain inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Greenman
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Teri Roberts
- Access Campaign, Médecins Sans FrontièresGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Cohn
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
- Access Campaign, Médecins Sans FrontièresGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Luke Messac
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Sosa-Jurado F, Hernández-Galindo VL, Meléndez-Mena D, Mendoza-Torres MA, Martínez-Arroniz FJ, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Reyes-Leyva J, Santos-López G. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva of patients with active infection not associated with periodontal or liver disease severity. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:72. [PMID: 24512371 PMCID: PMC3925132 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mainly transmitted by parenteral route, being blood transfusion and intravenous drug use the most frequent risk factors. However, it has been suggested that there are other routes of transmission. There are several studies where HCV RNA has been detected in saliva of patients infected with HCV, and epidemiological studies have proposed the dental treatments as possible risk factors for HCV transmission. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of HCV RNA in saliva of patients with active infection and associating with periodontal or liver disease. METHODS Patients with quantifiable HCV-RNA in serum were enrolled in the study. Periodontal disease was assessed using the modified gingival index (MGI). Presence of dental plaque was assessed with the use of disclosing tablets. Patients were clinically and laboratory evaluated to identify the stage of liver disease, the HCV RNA was determinate in saliva by nested RT-PCR. To determine associations between different parameters univariate and multivariate analysis were used. RESULTS A total of 45 patients were included. Of these patients, 21 (46.6%) had hepatitis, 23 (51.1%) had cirrhosis and one patient (2.4%) presented hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral loads in serum ranged from 2.31-6.68 log IU/ml with a mean of 5.46 log IU/ml (95% CI 5.23-5.70). HCV RNA was positive in saliva of 29 patients (64.4%) and was not detected in 16 (35.6%). For univariate analysis three independent variables were associated with the detection of HCV-RNA in saliva: gender, viral load and dental plaque and multivariate analysis only one independent variable viral load >5.17 log IU/mL remained significantly associated with the detection of HCV in saliva (p = 0.0002). A statistical difference was observed when viral load was analyzed, log 5.85 IU/mL (95% CI 5.67-6.02) for patients with HCV in saliva vs. log 4.77 IU/mL (95% CI 4.35-5.19) for patients without HCV in saliva (p = 0.0001). The detection of HCV-RNA in saliva was more frequent in patients with relatively high serum viral loads. CONCLUSION HCV-RNA in saliva was associated with the level of serum viral load but not with periodontal or liver disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Sosa-Jurado
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Metepec, Puebla CP 74360, México
| | - Verónica L Hernández-Galindo
- Maestría en Ciencias en Investigación Clínica, Escuela Superior de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Daniel Meléndez-Mena
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional General de División Manuel Ávila Camacho, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Miguel A Mendoza-Torres
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional General de División Manuel Ávila Camacho, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | | | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Metepec, Puebla CP 74360, México
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Metepec, Puebla CP 74360, México
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Metepec, Puebla CP 74360, México
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18
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Byrne ML, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC, Walsh KA, Laughton K, Waloszek JM, Woods MJ, Trinder J, Allen NB. Acute phase protein and cytokine levels in serum and saliva: a comparison of detectable levels and correlations in a depressed and healthy adolescent sample. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:164-75. [PMID: 23999491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has examined associations between inflammation and mental health, and has increasingly focused on utilising younger samples to characterise the temporal relationship between inflammatory responses and the emergence of other symptoms. These studies have typically used blood to measure inflammation, although rates of detection for many inflammatory markers appear to be low. Saliva is a safe and low-cost alternative, and adult research has shown that levels of some salivary markers correlate well with those in serum. However, no research has examined this association in young people. This study examined 16 inflammatory markers in serum and saliva in 17 depressed adolescents and 18 healthy controls, aged 13-18 years. In general, detection rates were higher in saliva compared to in serum. When non-detectable levels were excluded, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) correlated with salivary CRP (r=0.424, p=0.015), and this correlation appeared to only exist for those individuals with high levels of serum CRP (r=0.599, p=0.014). However, when non-detectable levels were included as zero, salivary levels of CRP, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12p70, and interferon (IFN)-γ correlated with their serum counterparts. No significant clinical group differences in any acute phase proteins or cytokines were present. This study suggests that saliva can be used to measure inflammation in studies with adolescent participants, especially CRP, as it appears to correlate with systemic inflammation for those individuals who are expected to have high levels of inflammation. Implications for future directions in research on salivary inflammatory markers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Byrne
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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19
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Amado Leon LA. Saliva specimen sampling: a noninvasive method for diagnosis and basic investigation of viral hepatitis A, B and C. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a biological fluid that is easy to collect and manipulate. Collection of saliva samples is less expensive, noninvasive and painless compared with blood collection. Due to these advantages, saliva has been investigated as an alternative fluid to serum for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. The aim of this article was to the review research on salivary biomarkers of viral hepatitis A, B and C, highlighting their current use, collection devices, and potential applications for diagnosis and epidemiological studies. This paper also explores recent findings of saliva as a possible source of viral hepatitis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Almeida Amado Leon
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz – Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
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Menezes GBL, Pereira FA, Duarte CAB, Carmo TMA, Silva Filho HPD, Zarife MA, Krieger MA, Reis EAG, Reis MG. Hepatitis C virus quantification in serum and saliva of HCV-infected patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:680-3. [PMID: 22850960 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be detected in blood and other bodily fluids, such as saliva, semen and gastric juices. The aim of this study was to compare the HCV viral loads in the serum and saliva of infected patients. Twenty-nine patients with detectable HCV RNA in their serum and saliva were included in this study. The HCV viral loads were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. The median viral RNA levels were 5.78 log10 copies in the serum and 3.32 log10 copies in the saliva. We observed that the salivary HCV viral load was significantly lower than the viral load in the serum. Further studies are required to understand the role of saliva in the diagnosis, management and potential transmission of HCV.
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Bennett S, Gunson RN, McAllister GE, Hutchinson SJ, Goldberg DJ, Cameron SO, Carman WF. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in dried blood spots. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:106-9. [PMID: 22418454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 130-170 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HCV.(1) In Europe the highest prevalence of HCV infections is in the IDU population.(2) As traditional HCV screening relies on the detection of HCV antibody or HCV RNA in blood, screening in high-risk groups such as IDU is difficult due to poor venous access caused by damaged veins. OBJECTIVES In this study DBS was evaluated as an alternative sample type to blood for the detection of HCV RNA. STUDY DESIGN The endpoint detection limit, inter-assay and intra-assay variability of the method were determined. The DBS method was compared to our routine frontline assay using a panel of paired DBS and blood samples. The effect of different storage temperatures and length of storage time on the stability of HCV RNA in DBS was also assessed. RESULTS The endpoint detection limit of the method based on results from mock DBS was 250 IU/ml. The method was shown to be precise and robust. The sensitivity and specificity of the method was found to be 100% and 95.8%, respectively. No significant variation in the stability of HCV RNA in DBS over a 1 year period at a range of different temperatures was observed. CONCLUSIONS A sensitive and stable method was developed for the detection of HCV RNA in DBS. Screening high-risk populations using DBS as a sample type may improve uptake of HCV testing by increasing opportunity for patients to be tested and consequently increasing access to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bennett
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK.
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El Tayeb H, El Nakeeb NA, Sayed MM, Yousry WA, Agwa SH. Pilot study for assessment of prevalence of intrafamilial hepatitis C transmission in relation to salivary viral load among infected patients with and without chronic renal failure. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Mahboobi N, Porter SR, Karayiannis P, Alavian SM. Oral fluid and hepatitis A, B and C: a literature review. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:505-16. [PMID: 22188507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Viral hepatitis is a significant global health problem that, depending upon the virus, affects individuals of the developing and/or developed world. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in whether oral fluids can be considered as a source of viral hepatitis transmission and whether oral fluid, in particular, whole saliva, may be a useful source for viral detection as part of the diagnosis and monitoring of viral hepatitis. The aim of this article was to review current data concerning the possible carriage of the hepatitis A, B and C viruses within saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. Such knowledge will indicate if (i) oral fluid is a possible source of infection and (ii) whether oral fluid can be used for diagnosis and monitoring of viral hepatitis. DATA AND SOURCES A literature search was conducted using PubMed (Medline), EMBASE/Excerpta medica, the Cochrane database and Scopus. The results were limited to published material after 2000. Relevant material was evaluated and reviewed. CONCLUSION There is some evidence that hepatitis viruses A, B and C are present in oral fluids, particularly whole saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and may thus be possible sources of viral detection in clinical diagnosis and monitoring. However, the data are inconsistent and warrant the need for well-planned longitudinal studies to explore the precise frequency of oral carriage of such viruses and to determine the virological and host factors that may influence the oral presence of hepatitis A, B and C viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mahboobi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bilder L, Machtei E, Shenhar Y, Kra-Oz Z, Basis F. Salivary Detection of H1N1 Virus: A Clinical Feasibility Investigation. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1136-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034511413283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast and efficient transportation among continents will continue to play a role in the spread of airborne pandemics. The objective of this study was to detect H1N1 virus in the saliva of individuals who visited the emergency department and were diagnosed as having H1N1 influenza. Nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva samples from those who presented to the emergency department with flu-like symptoms were sent to the laboratory. RNA was extracted from both samples. Real-time RT-PCR tests were performed, and the saliva and nasopharyngeal swab tests were compared. Samples were drawn from 26 individuals. A positive nasopharyngeal swab test and salivary test was found in 14 persons, and negative tests were found in 12 persons. Saliva sampling for H1N1 has excellent predictive value, is highly accurate and reliable, and is more convenient than the nasopharyngeal swab. Clinical trial with the Helsinki Committee at Rambam Health Care Campus, registration number 036309-RMB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F. Basis
- Emergency Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel
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Correlation of hepatitis C antibody levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of hepatitis C seropositive hemodialysis patients. Int J Dent 2009; 2009:247121. [PMID: 20309410 PMCID: PMC2837414 DOI: 10.1155/2009/247121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Search for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in body fluids other than blood is important when assessing possible nonparenteral routes of viral transmission. However, the role of oral fluids in HCV transmission remains controversial. Our aim was to compare the prevalence of HCV antibody (HCV Ab) levels in saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of HCV seropositive hemodialysis patients. Serum, saliva and GCF samples were collected from thirty-nine patients. Samples were analyzed for HCV Ab using the Ortho HCV 3.0 SAVe enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HCH Ab levels in saliva and GCF of all HCV-seropositive patients were statistically compared. Reported here are the results of the study designed to determine the correlation between HCV-RNA positivity in serum and the detection of antibodies in GCF and saliva. One hundred percent (100%) of the 39 patients have antibodies to HCV in their serum, 15.4% have antibodies to HCV in GCF, and saliva found out. HCV Ab seropositivity in GCF and saliva was significantly correlated (kappa = 0.462; P < .001). This study supports the concept that GCF may be a significant source of HCV in saliva.
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Investigating the concurrent presence of HCV in serum, oral fluid and urine samples from chronic HCV patients in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1523-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Murakami Y, Noguchi K, Yamagoe S, Suzuki T, Wakita T, Fukazawa H. Identification of bisindolylmaleimides and indolocarbazoles as inhibitors of HCV replication by tube-capture-RT-PCR. Antiviral Res 2009; 83:112-7. [PMID: 19549584 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We devised a screening method for hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibitors by exploiting the JFH1 viral culture system. The viral RNA released in the medium was adsorbed onto PCR plates, and real-time RT-PCR was performed by directly adding the one-step RT-PCR reaction mixture to the wells. The "tube-capture-RT-PCR" method obviates the need for labor-intensive RNA isolation and should allow high-throughput screening of HCV inhibitors. To substantiate the validity of the assay for drug screening, a pilot screen of an inhibitor library composed of 95 compounds was performed. In addition to the known inhibitors of HCV replication included in the library, the assay identified the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM I) as an HCV replication inhibitor. BIM I was also effective in reducing the viral protein level in genotype 1b and 2a subgenomic replicon cells, indicating inhibition of HCV replication. Further assays revealed that a broad range of bisindolylmaleimides and indolocarbazoles inhibit HCV, but no correlation was found between the PKC inhibition pattern and anti-HCV activity. These series of compounds represent new classes of inhibitors that may warrant further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Murakami
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gingival crevicular fluid in the diagnosis of periodontal and systemic diseases. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2009; 137:298-303. [DOI: 10.2298/sarh0906298c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can be found in the physiologic space (gingival sulcus), as well as in the pathological space (gingival pocket or periodontal pocket) between the gums and teeth. In the first case it is a transudate, in the second an exudate. The constituents of GCF originate from serum, gingival tissues, and from both bacterial and host response cells present in the aforementioned spaces and the surrounding tissues. The collection and analysis of GCF are the noninvasive methods for the evaluation of host response in periodontal disease. These analyses mainly focus on inflammatory markers, such as prostaglandin E2, neutrophil elastase and ?-glucuronidase, and on the marker of cellular necrosis - aspartat aminotransferase. Further, the analysis of inflammatory markers in the GCF may assist in defining how certain systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus) can modify periodontal disease, and how peridontal disease can influence certain systemic disorders (atherosclerosis, preterm delivery, diabetes mellitus and some chronic respiratory diseases). Major factors which influence the results obtained from the analyses of GCF are not only the methods of these analyses, but the method of GCF collection as well. As saliva collection is less technique-sensitive than GCF collection, some constituents of saliva which originate from the GCF can be analyzed as more amenable to chairside utilization.
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Ishii K, Murakami K, Hmwe SS, Zhang B, Li J, Shirakura M, Morikawa K, Suzuki R, Miyamura T, Wakita T, Suzuki T. Trans-encapsidation of hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon RNA with viral structure proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:446-50. [PMID: 18445476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A trans-packaging system for hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicon RNAs was developed. HCV subgenomic replicon was efficiently encapsidated by the HCV structural proteins that were stably expressed in trans under the control of a mammalian promoter. Infectious HCV-like particles (HCV-LPs), established a single-round infection, were produced and released into culture medium in titers of up to 10(3) focus forming units/ml. Expression of NS2 protein with structural proteins (core, E1, E2, and p7) was shown to be critical for the infectivity of HCV-LPs. Anti-CD81 treatment decreased the number of infected cells, suggesting that HCV-LPs infected cells in a CD81-dependent manner. The packaging cell line should be useful both for the production of single-round infectious HCV-LPs to elucidate the mechanisms of HCV assembly, particle formation and infection to host cells, and for the development of HCV replicon-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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30
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Murakami K, Inoue Y, Hmwe SS, Omata K, Hongo T, Ishii K, Yoshizaki S, Aizaki H, Matsuura T, Shoji I, Miyamura T, Suzuki T. Dynamic behavior of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in a long-term culture of the three-dimensional radial-flow bioreactor system. J Virol Methods 2008; 148:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Dastagir T, Forzani ES, Zhang R, Amlani I, Nagahara LA, Tsui R, Tao N. Electrical detection of hepatitis C virus RNA on single wall carbon nanotube-field effect transistors. Analyst 2007; 132:738-40. [PMID: 17646871 DOI: 10.1039/b707025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the unambiguous detection of a sequence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) at concentrations down to the fractional pM range using Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) Field Effect Transistor (FET) devices functionalized with Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawab Dastagir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona Institute for Nano-electronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5706, USA
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32
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Lamster IB, Ahlo JK. Analysis of gingival crevicular fluid as applied to the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1098:216-29. [PMID: 17435131 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1384.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), a serum transudate or inflammatory exudate, can be collected from the gingival crevice surrounding the teeth. As such, the fluid reflects the constituents of serum, the cellular response in the periodontium, and contributions from the gingival crevice. The study of GCF has focused on defining the pathophysiology of periodontal disease, and identification of a potential diagnostic test for active periodontitis. The majority of markers that have been identified as potential candidates for such a test are measures of inflammation (i.e., prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), neutrophil elastase, and the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase). Further, analysis of inflammatory markers in GCF may assist in defining how certain systemic disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus) can modify periodontal disease, and how periodontal disease/periodontal inflammation can influence certain systemic disorders (i.e., cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases). Methodological concerns related to the collection and analysis of GCF are important factors that need to be considered when studying GCF. Practical concerns argue against the widespread clinical application of GCF as an adjunct to periodontal diagnosis. Rather, analysis of GCF-derived mediators in saliva may serve as a means of rapid screening for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira B Lamster
- Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Shirakura M, Murakami K, Ichimura T, Suzuki R, Shimoji T, Fukuda K, Abe K, Sato S, Fukasawa M, Yamakawa Y, Nishijima M, Moriishi K, Matsuura Y, Wakita T, Suzuki T, Howley PM, Miyamura T, Shoji I. E6AP ubiquitin ligase mediates ubiquitylation and degradation of hepatitis C virus core protein. J Virol 2006; 81:1174-85. [PMID: 17108031 PMCID: PMC1797542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01684-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is a major component of viral nucleocapsid and a multifunctional protein involved in viral pathogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. We previously showed that the HCV core protein is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, the molecular machinery for core ubiquitylation is unknown. Using tandem affinity purification, we identified the ubiquitin ligase E6AP as an HCV core-binding protein. E6AP was found to bind to the core protein in vitro and in vivo and promote its degradation in hepatic and nonhepatic cells. Knockdown of endogenous E6AP by RNA interference increased the HCV core protein level. In vitro and in vivo ubiquitylation assays showed that E6AP promotes ubiquitylation of the core protein. Exogenous expression of E6AP decreased intracellular core protein levels and supernatant HCV infectivity titers in the HCV JFH1-infected Huh-7 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous E6AP by RNA interference increased intracellular core protein levels and supernatant HCV infectivity titers in the HCV JFH1-infected cells. Taken together, our results provide evidence that E6AP mediates ubiquitylation and degradation of HCV core protein. We propose that the E6AP-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway may affect the production of HCV particles through controlling the amounts of viral nucleocapsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shirakura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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34
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Murakami K, Ishii K, Ishihara Y, Yoshizaki S, Tanaka K, Gotoh Y, Aizaki H, Kohara M, Yoshioka H, Mori Y, Manabe N, Shoji I, Sata T, Bartenschlager R, Matsuura Y, Miyamura T, Suzuki T. Production of infectious hepatitis C virus particles in three-dimensional cultures of the cell line carrying the genome-length dicistronic viral RNA of genotype 1b. Virology 2006; 351:381-92. [PMID: 16678876 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We show that a dicistronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome of genotype 1b supports the production and secretion of infectious HCV particles in two independent three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, the radial-flow bioreactor and the thermoreversible gelation polymer (TGP), but not in monolayer cultures. Immunoreactive enveloped particles, which are 50-60 nm in diameter and are surrounded by membrane-like structures, are observed in the culture medium as well as at the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and in dilated cytoplasmic cisternae in spheroids of Huh-7 cells. Infection of HCV particles is neutralized by anti-E2 antibody or patient sera that interfere with E2 binding to human cells. Finally, the utility of the 3D-TGP culture system for the evaluation of antiviral drugs is shown. We conclude that the replicon-based 3D culture system allows the production of infectious HCV particles. This system is a valuable tool in studies of HCV morphogenesis in a natural host cell environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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