1
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Zhang Z, Lei Z. The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023. Glob Med Genet 2024; 11:200-213. [PMID: 38947761 PMCID: PMC11213626 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause severe illness in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has presented significant challenges to global poultry industry and public health in recent years. This study aimed to elucidate the circulation of HPAIVs during 2019 to 2023. Specifically, we assess the alarming global spread and continuous evolution of HPAIVs. Moreover, we discuss their transmission and prevention strategies to provide valuable references for future prevention and control measures against AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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2
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Rowe T, Davis W, Wentworth DE, Ross T. Differential interferon responses to influenza A and B viruses in primary ferret respiratory epithelial cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0149423. [PMID: 38294251 PMCID: PMC10878268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) cocirculate with influenza A viruses (IAV) and cause periodic epidemics of disease, yet antibody and cellular responses following IBV infection are less well understood. Using the ferret model for antisera generation for influenza surveillance purposes, IAV resulted in robust antibody responses following infection, whereas IBV required an additional booster dose, over 85% of the time, to generate equivalent antibody titers. In this study, we utilized primary differentiated ferret nasal epithelial cells (FNECs) which were inoculated with IAV and IBV to study differences in innate immune responses which may result in differences in adaptive immune responses in the host. FNECs were inoculated with IAV (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 subtypes) or IBV (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages) and assessed for 72 h. Cells were analyzed for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR, and apical and basolateral supernatants were assessed for virus kinetics and interferon (IFN), respectively. Similar virus kinetics were observed with IAV and IBV in FNECs. A comparison of gene expression and protein secretion profiles demonstrated that IBV-inoculated FNEC expressed delayed type-I/II IFN responses and reduced type-III IFN secretion compared to IAV-inoculated cells. Concurrently, gene expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), a type-III IFN-induced gene that enhances adaptive immune responses, was significantly downregulated in IBV-inoculated FNECs. Significant differences in other proinflammatory and adaptive genes were suppressed and delayed following IBV inoculation. Following IBV infection, ex vivo cell cultures derived from the ferret upper respiratory tract exhibited reduced and delayed innate responses which may contribute to reduced antibody responses in vivo.IMPORTANCEInfluenza B viruses (IBV) represent nearly one-quarter of all human influenza cases and are responsible for significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts but do not pose the same pandemic risks as influenza A viruses (IAV) and have thus received much less attention. IBV accounts for greater severity and deaths in children, and vaccine efficacy remains low. The ferret can be readily infected with human clinical isolates and demonstrates a similar course of disease and immune responses. IBV, however, generates lower antibodies in ferrets than IAV following the challenge. To determine whether differences in initial innate responses following infection may affect the development of robust adaptive immune responses, ferret respiratory tract cells were isolated, infected with IAV/IBV, and compared. Understanding the differences in the initial innate immune responses to IAV and IBV may be important in the development of more effective vaccines and interventions to generate more robust protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - William Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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3
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Sun X, Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Brock N, Kieran TJ, Zeng H, Pappas C, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A naturally occurring HA-stabilizing amino acid (HA1-Y17) in an A(H9N2) low-pathogenic influenza virus contributes to airborne transmission. mBio 2024; 15:e0295723. [PMID: 38112470 PMCID: PMC10790695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02957-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite the accumulation of evidence showing that airborne transmissible influenza A virus (IAV) typically has a lower pH threshold for hemagglutinin (HA) fusion activation, the underlying mechanism for such a link remains unclear. In our study, by using a pair of isogenic recombinant A(H9N2) viruses with a phenotypical difference in virus airborne transmission in a ferret model due to an acid-destabilizing mutation (HA1-Y17H) in the HA, we demonstrate that an acid-stable A(H9N2) virus possesses a multitude of advantages over its less stable counterpart, including better fitness in the ferret respiratory tract, more effective aerosol emission from infected animals, and improved host susceptibility. Our study provides supporting evidence for the requirement of acid stability in efficient airborne transmission of IAV and sheds light on fundamental mechanisms for virus airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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4
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Marco L, Cambien G, Garcia M, Broutin L, Cateau E, Lariviere A, Castel O, Thevenot S, Bousseau A. [Respiratory infections: Additional transmission-based precautions in healthcare facilities]. Rev Mal Respir 2023; 40:572-603. [PMID: 37365075 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In health care, measures against cross-transmission of microorganisms are codified by standard precautions, and if necessary, they are supplemented by additional precautions. STATE OF THE ART Several factors impact transmission of microorganisms via the respiratory route: size and quantity of the emitted particles, environmental conditions, nature and pathogenicity of the microorganisms, and degree of host receptivity. While some microorganisms necessitate additional airborne or droplet precautions, others do not. PROSPECTS For most microorganisms, transmission patterns are well-understood and transmission-based precautions are well-established. For others, measures to prevent cross-transmission in healthcare facilities remain under discussion. CONCLUSIONS Standard precautions are essential to the prevention of microorganism transmission. Understanding of the modalities of microorganism transmission is essential to implementation of additional transmission-based precautions, particularly in view of opting for appropriate respiratory protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marco
- Unité d'hygiène hospitalière, département des agents infectieux, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - G Cambien
- Unité d'hygiène hospitalière, département des agents infectieux, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France; Inserm CIC 1402, université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - M Garcia
- Département des agents infectieux, laboratoire de virologie et mycobactériologie, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France; Laboratoire inflammation, tissus épithéliaux et cytokines, EA 4331, université de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - L Broutin
- Département des agents infectieux, laboratoire de bactériologie, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - E Cateau
- Laboratoire écologie et biologie des interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, université de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France; Département des agents infectieux, laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie médicale, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - A Lariviere
- Département des agents infectieux, laboratoire de virologie et mycobactériologie, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - O Castel
- Unité d'hygiène hospitalière, département des agents infectieux, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - S Thevenot
- Unité d'hygiène hospitalière, département des agents infectieux, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France; Inserm CIC 1402, université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - A Bousseau
- Unité d'hygiène hospitalière, département des agents infectieux, pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France.
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Meyerholz DK, Leidinger MR, Adam Goeken J, Businga TR, Vizuett S, Akers A, Evans I, Zhang Y, Engelhardt JF. Immunohistochemical detection of MUC5AC and MUC5B mucins in ferrets. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:111. [PMID: 37349833 PMCID: PMC10286488 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that causes abnormal mucus secretions in affected organs. MUC5AC and MUC5B are gel-forming mucins and frequent targets for investigations in CF tissues. Our objective was to qualify MUC5AC and MUC5B immunohistochemical techniques to provide a useful tool to identify, localize and interpret mucin expression in ferret tissues. RESULTS MUC5AC and MUC5B mucins were detected most commonly in large airways and least in small airways, consistent with reported goblet cell density in airway surface epithelia. We evaluated whether staining method affected the detection of goblet cell mucins in serial sections of bronchial surface epithelia. Significant differences between stains were not observed suggesting common co-expression MUC5AC and MUC5B proteins in goblet cells of airway surface epithelia. Gallbladder and stomach tissues are reported to have differential mucin enrichment, so we tested these tissues in wildtype ferrets. Stomach tissues were enriched in MUC5AC and gallbladder tissues enriched in MUC5B, mucin enrichment similar to human tissues. Mucin immunostaining techniques were further qualified for specificity using lung tissue from recently generated MUC5AC-/- and MUC5B-/- ferrets. Qualified techniques for MUC5AC and MUC5B immunohistochemistry will be useful tools for mucin tissue studies in CF and other ferret models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Mariah R. Leidinger
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - J. Adam Goeken
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Thomas R. Businga
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Sebastian Vizuett
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Allison Akers
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Idil Evans
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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6
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Wang X, Li S, Qu H, Hao L, Shao T, Wang K, Xia Z, Li Z, Li Q. SERS-based immunomagnetic bead for rapid detection of H5N1 influenza virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13114. [PMID: 36909299 PMCID: PMC9996428 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has recently drawn attention in the detection of respiratory viruses, but there have been few reports of the direct detection of viruses. In this study, a sandwich immunomagnetic bead SERS was established for the rapid diagnosis of the H5N1 influenza virus. The detection limit was estimated to be 5.0 × 10-6 TCID50/ml. The method showed excellent specificity with no cross-reaction with H1N1, H5N6 or H9N2. The H5N1 influenza virus detection accuracy of the SERS method was 100% in chicken embryos. The results hold great promise for the utilization of SERS as an innovative approach in the diagnosis of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Administration for Drug and Instrument Supervision and Inspection of PLAJLSFBeijingChina
| | - Song Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Han Qu
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Liangyu Hao
- Jilin Province Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Academy of SciencesChangchunJilinChina
| | - Ting Shao
- The People's Hospital of ChangchunChangchunChina
| | - Kai Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Zhiping Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Zhiping Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Qianxue Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
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7
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Scheibner D, Salaheldin AH, Bagato O, Zaeck LM, Mostafa A, Blohm U, Müller C, Eweas AF, Franzke K, Karger A, Schäfer A, Gischke M, Hoffmann D, Lerolle S, Li X, Abd El-Hamid HS, Veits J, Breithaupt A, Boons GJ, Matrosovich M, Finke S, Pleschka S, Mettenleiter TC, de Vries RP, Abdelwhab EM. Phenotypic effects of mutations observed in the neuraminidase of human origin H5N1 influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011135. [PMID: 36745654 PMCID: PMC9934401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global spread and regional endemicity of H5Nx Goose/Guangdong avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a continuous threat for poultry production and zoonotic, potentially pre-pandemic, transmission to humans. Little is known about the role of mutations in the viral neuraminidase (NA) that accompanied bird-to-human transmission to support AIV infection of mammals. Here, after detailed analysis of the NA sequence of human H5N1 viruses, we studied the role of A46D, L204M, S319F and S430G mutations in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Although H5N1 AIV carrying avian- or human-like NAs had similar replication efficiency in avian cells, human-like NA enhanced virus replication in human airway epithelia. The L204M substitution consistently reduced NA activity of H5N1 and nine other influenza viruses carrying NA of groups 1 and 2, indicating a universal effect. Compared to the avian ancestor, human-like H5N1 virus has less NA incorporated in the virion, reduced levels of viral NA RNA replication and NA expression. We also demonstrate increased accumulation of NA at the plasma membrane, reduced virus release and enhanced cell-to-cell spread. Furthermore, NA mutations increased virus binding to human-type receptors. While not affecting high virulence of H5N1 in chickens, the studied NA mutations modulated virulence and replication of H5N1 AIV in mice and to a lesser extent in ferrets. Together, mutations in the NA of human H5N1 viruses play different roles in infection of mammals without affecting virulence or transmission in chickens. These results are important to understand the genetic determinants for replication of AIV in mammals and should assist in the prediction of AIV with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed H. Salaheldin
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed F. Eweas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Department of Science, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Rustaq, Rustaq, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Solène Lerolle
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hatem S. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Al-Buheira, Egypt
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Ding G, Shao Q, Yu H, Liu J, Li Y, Wang B, Sang H, Li D, Bing A, Hou Y, Xiao Y. Tight Junctions, the Key Factor in Virus-Related Disease. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101200. [PMID: 36297257 PMCID: PMC9611889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are highly specialized membrane structural domains that hold cells together and form a continuous intercellular barrier in epithelial cells. TJs regulate paracellular permeability and participate in various cellular signaling pathways. As physical barriers, TJs can block viral entry into host cells; however, viruses use a variety of strategies to circumvent this barrier to facilitate their infection. This paper summarizes how viruses evade various barriers during infection by regulating the expression of TJs to facilitate their own entry into the organism causing infection, which will help to develop drugs targeting TJs to contain virus-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Ding
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Qingyuan Shao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Reproductive Center, Taian Central Hospital, Tai’an 271000, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Haotian Sang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Dexin Li
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Aiying Bing
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an 271016, China
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yanmeng Hou
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.)
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9
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Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Disrupts the Nasal Endothelial Barrier To Favor Viral Dissemination. J Virol 2022; 96:e0038022. [PMID: 35435723 PMCID: PMC9093128 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00380-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crossing the endothelium from the entry site and spreading in the bloodstream are crucial but obscure steps in the pathogenesis of many emerging viruses. Previous studies confirmed that porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) caused intestinal infection by intranasal inoculation. However, the role of the nasal endothelial barrier in PEDV translocation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that PEDV infection causes nasal endothelial dysfunction to favor viral dissemination. Intranasal inoculation with PEDV compromised the integrity of endothelial cells (ECs) in nasal microvessels. The matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) released from the PEDV-infected nasal epithelial cells (NECs) contributed to the destruction of endothelial integrity by degrading the tight junctions, rather than direct PEDV infection. Moreover, the proinflammatory cytokines released from PEDV-infected NECs activated ECs to upregulate ICAM-1 expression, which favored peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) migration. PEDV could further exploit migrated cells to favor viral dissemination. Together, our results reveal the mechanism by which PEDV manipulates the endothelial dysfunction to favor viral dissemination and provide novel insights into how coronavirus interacts with the endothelium. IMPORTANCE The endothelial barrier is the last but vital defense against systemic viral transmission. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause severe atrophic enteritis and acute viremia. However, the mechanisms by which the virus crosses the endothelial barrier and causes viremia are poorly understood. In this study, we revealed the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in PEDV infection. The viral infection activates NECs and causes the upregulation of MMP-7 and proinflammatory cytokines. Using NECs, ECs, and PBMCs as in vitro models, we determined that the released MMP-7 contributed to the destruction of endothelial barrier, and the released proinflammatory cytokines activated ECs to facilitate PBMCs migration. Moreover, the virus further exploited the migrated cells to promote viral dissemination. Thus, our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction induced by coronavirus infection.
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The Competitive Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) Regulation in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages (3D4/21) Infected by Swine Influenza Virus (H1N1 and H3N2). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031875. [PMID: 35163797 PMCID: PMC8836399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
H1N1 and H3N2 are the two most common subtypes of swine influenza virus (SIV). They not only endanger the pig industry, but are also a huge risk of zoonotic diseases. However, the molecular mechanism and regulatory network of pigs (hosts) against influenza virus infection are still unclear. In this study, porcine alveolar macrophage cell (3D4/21) models infected by swine influenza virus (H1N1 and H3N2) were constructed. The expression profiles of miRNAs, mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs after H1N1 and H3N2 infected 3D4/21 cells were revealed in this study. Then, two ceRNAs (TCONS_00166432-miR10391-MAN2A1 and novel_circ_0004733-miR10391-MAN2A1) that regulated H1N1 and H3N2 infection in 3D4/21 cells were verified by the methods of bioinformatics analysis, gene overexpression, gene interference, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), dual luciferase activity assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). In addition, the important candidate molecules (miR-10391, TCONS_00166432, and novel_circ_0004733) were identified by qPCR and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the regulatory effect and possible molecular mechanism of the target gene MAN2A1 were identified by the methods of gene interference, qPCR, Western blot and ELISA. The results of this study suggested that TCONS_00166432 and novel_circ_0004733 could competitively bind miR-10391 to target the MAN2A1 gene to regulate swine influenza virus infecting 3D4/21 cells. This study reported for the first time the ceRNA networks involved in the regulation of the swine influenza virus infecting 3D4/21 cells, which provided a new insight into the molecular mechanism of 3D4/21 cells against swine influenza virus infection.
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Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a virus with a pathogenicity closer to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and a transmissibility similar to common cold coronaviruses (CoVs). In this review, we briefly discuss the features of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and protease cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that enable SARS-CoV-2 to be a pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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From Submerged Cultures to 3D Cell Culture Models: Evolution of Nasal Epithelial Cells in Asthma Research and Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030387. [PMID: 33670992 PMCID: PMC7997270 DOI: 10.3390/v13030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response to viral infection in the context of respiratory diseases is of significant importance. Recently, there has been more focus on the role of the nasal epithelium in disease modeling. Here, we provide an overview of different submerged, organotypic 3D and spheroid cell culture models of nasal epithelial cells, which were used to study asthma and allergy with a special focus on virus infection. In detail, this review summarizes the importance, benefits, and disadvantages of patient-derived cell culture models of nasal- and bronchial epithelial cells, including a comparison of these cell culture models and a discussion on why investigators should consider using nasal epithelial cells in their research. Exposure experiments, simple virus transduction analyses as well as genetic studies can be performed in these models, which may provide first insights into the complexity of molecular signatures and may open new doors for drug discovery and biomarker research.
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Cortez V, Schultz-Cherry S. The role of goblet cells in viral pathogenesis. FEBS J 2021; 288:7060-7072. [PMID: 33507606 PMCID: PMC8013445 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that are essential to the formation of the mucus barriers in the airways and intestines. Armed with an arsenal of defenses, goblet cells can rapidly respond to infection but must balance this response with maintaining homeostasis. Whereas goblet cell defenses against bacterial and parasitic infections have been characterized, we are just beginning to understand their responses to viral infections. Here, we outline what is known about the enteric and respiratory viruses that target goblet cells, the direct and bystander effects caused by viral infection and how viral interactions with the mucus barrier can alter the course of infection. Together, these factors can play a significant role in driving viral pathogenesis and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Fusi
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Romano
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, University of Florence, Italy.
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Genetically and Antigenically Divergent Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses Exhibit Differential Replication and Transmission Phenotypes in Mammalian Models. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00451-20. [PMID: 32611751 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00451-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses, enzootic in poultry populations in Asia, are associated with fewer confirmed human infections but higher rates of seropositivity compared to A(H5) or A(H7) subtype viruses. Cocirculation of A(H5) and A(H7) viruses leads to the generation of reassortant viruses bearing A(H9N2) internal genes with markers of mammalian adaptation, warranting continued surveillance in both avian and human populations. Here, we describe active surveillance efforts in live poultry markets in Vietnam in 2018 and compare representative viruses to G1 and Y280 lineage viruses that have infected humans. Receptor binding properties, pH thresholds for HA activation, in vitro replication in human respiratory tract cells, and in vivo mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility were investigated. While A(H9N2) viruses from both poultry and humans exhibited features associated with mammalian adaptation, one human isolate from 2018, A/Anhui-Lujiang/39/2018, exhibited increased capacity for replication and transmission, demonstrating the pandemic potential of A(H9N2) viruses.IMPORTANCE A(H9N2) influenza viruses are widespread in poultry in many parts of the world and for over 20 years have sporadically jumped species barriers to cause human infection. As these viruses continue to diversify genetically and antigenically, it is critical to closely monitor viruses responsible for human infections, to ascertain if A(H9N2) viruses are acquiring properties that make them better suited to infect and spread among humans. In this study, we describe an active poultry surveillance system established in Vietnam to identify the scope of influenza viruses present in live bird markets and the threat they pose to human health. Assessment of a recent A(H9N2) virus isolated from an individual in China in 2018 is also reported, and it was found to exhibit properties of adaptation to humans and, importantly, it shows similarities to strains isolated from the live bird markets of Vietnam.
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Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Maines TR. Ferreting Out Influenza Virus Pathogenicity and Transmissibility: Past and Future Risk Assessments in the Ferret Model. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038323. [PMID: 31871233 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As influenza A viruses continue to jump species barriers, data generated in the ferret model to assess influenza virus pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism of these novel strains continues to inform an increasing scope of public health-based applications. This review presents the suitability of ferrets as a small mammalian model for influenza viruses and describes the breadth of pathogenicity and transmissibility profiles possible in this species following inoculation with a diverse range of viruses. Adaptation of aerobiology-based techniques and analyses have furthered our understanding of data obtained from this model and provide insight into the capacity of novel and emerging influenza viruses to cause human infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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Shirvani E, Paldurai A, Varghese BP, Samal SK. Contributions of HA1 and HA2 Subunits of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies and Protection in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1085. [PMID: 32582071 PMCID: PMC7291869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 causes a devastating disease in poultry. Vaccination is an effective method of controlling avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in poultry. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is the major determinant recognized by the immune system of the host. Cleavage of the HA precursor HA0 into HA1 and HA2 subunits is required for infectivity of the AIV. We evaluated the individual contributions of HA1 and HA2 subunits to the induction of HPAIV serum neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in chickens. Using reverse genetics, recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (rNDVs) were generated, each expressing HA1, HA2, or HA protein of H5N1 HPAIV. Chickens were immunized with rNDVs expressing HA1, HA2, or HA. Immunization with HA induced high titers of serum neutralizing antibodies and prevented death following challenge. Immunization with HA1 or HA2 alone neither induced serum neutralizing antibodies nor prevented death following challenge. Our results suggest that interaction of HA1 and HA2 subunits is necessary for the display of epitopes on HA protein involved in the induction of neutralizing antibodies and protection. These epitopes are lost when the two subunits are separated. Therefore, vaccination with either a HA1 or HA2 subunit may not provide protection against HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Shirvani
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anandan Paldurai
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Berin P Varghese
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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18
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Chang JC. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as an Organ Phenotype of Vascular Microthrombotic Disease: Based on Hemostatic Theory and Endothelial Molecular Pathogenesis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 25:1076029619887437. [PMID: 31775524 PMCID: PMC7019416 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619887437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening noncardiogenic circulatory disorder of the lungs associated with critical illnesses such as sepsis, trauma, and immune and collagen vascular disease. Its mortality rate is marginally improved with the best supportive care. The demise occurs due to progressive pulmonary hypoxia and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with severe inflammation. Complement activation is a part of immune response against pathogen or insult in which membrane attack complex (MAC) is formed and eliminates microbes. If complement regulatory protein such as endothelial CD59 is underexpressed, MAC may also cause pulmonary vascular injury to the innocent bystander endothelial cell of host and provokes endotheliopathy that causes inflammation and pulmonary vascular microthrombosis, leading to ARDS. Its pathogenesis is based on a novel "two-path unifying theory" of hemostasis and "two-activation theory of the endothelium" promoting molecular pathogenesis. Endotheliopathy activates two independent molecular pathways: inflammatory and microthrombotic. The former triggers the release inflammatory cytokines and the latter promotes exocytosis of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (ULVWF) and platelet activation. Inflammatory pathway initiates inflammation, but microthrombotic pathway more seriously produces "microthrombi strings" composed of platelet-ULVWF complexes, which become anchored on the injured endothelial cells, and causes disseminated intravascular microthrombosis (DIT). DIT is a hemostatic disease due to lone activation of ULVWF path without activated tissue factor path. It leads to endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease (EA-VMTD), which orchestrates consumptive thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and MODS. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome is the hematologic phenotype of EA-VMTD. ARDS is one of organ phenotypes among MODS associated with TTP-like syndrome. The most effective treatment of ARDS can be achieved by counteracting the activated microthrombotic pathway based on two novel hemostatic theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae C Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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19
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Richard M, van den Brand JMA, Bestebroer TM, Lexmond P, de Meulder D, Fouchier RAM, Lowen AC, Herfst S. Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:766. [PMID: 32034144 PMCID: PMC7005743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses are known to be transmitted via the air from person to person. It is unknown from which anatomical site of the respiratory tract influenza A virus transmission occurs. Here, pairs of genetically tagged and untagged influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and A/H5N1 viruses that are transmissible via the air are used to co-infect donor ferrets via the intranasal and intratracheal routes to cause an upper and lower respiratory tract infection, respectively. In all transmission cases, we observe that the viruses in the recipient ferrets are of the same genotype as the viruses inoculated intranasally, demonstrating that they are expelled from the upper respiratory tract of ferrets rather than from trachea or the lower airways. Moreover, influenza A viruses that are transmissible via the air preferentially infect ferret and human nasal respiratory epithelium. These results indicate that virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, the nasal respiratory epithelium in particular, of donors is a driver for transmission of influenza A viruses via the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Belser JA, Eckert AM, Huynh T, Gary JM, Ritter JM, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A Guide for the Use of the Ferret Model for Influenza Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:11-24. [PMID: 31654637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
As influenza viruses continue to jump species barriers to cause human infection, assessments of disease severity and viral replication kinetics in vivo provide crucial information for public health professionals. The ferret model is a valuable resource for evaluating influenza virus pathogenicity; thus, understanding the most effective techniques for sample collection and usage, as well as the full spectrum of attainable data after experimental inoculation in this species, is paramount. This is especially true for scheduled necropsy of virus-infected ferrets, a standard component in evaluation of influenza virus pathogenicity, as necropsy findings can provide important information regarding disease severity and pathogenicity that is not otherwise available from the live animal. In this review, we describe the range of influenza viruses assessed in ferrets, the measures of experimental disease severity in this model, and optimal sample collection during necropsy of virus-infected ferrets. Collectively, this information is critical for assessing systemic involvement after influenza virus infection in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Alissa M Eckert
- Division of Communication Services, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thanhthao Huynh
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joy M Gary
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
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