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Cargnin Faccin F, Perez DR. Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2347019. [PMID: 38807261 PMCID: PMC11141480 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2347019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses pose a significant threat to global health, impacting both humans and animals. Zoonotic transmission, particularly from swine and avian species, is the primary source of human influenza outbreaks. Notably, avian influenza viruses of the H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes are of pandemic concern through their global spread and sporadic human infections. Preventing and controlling these viruses is critical due to their high threat level. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for influenza prevention and control in humans, despite varying vaccine efficacy across strains. This review focuses specifically on pandemic preparedness for avian influenza viruses. We delve into vaccines tested in animal models and summarize clinical trials conducted on H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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2
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Balamayooran G, Tooze JA, Gardin JF, Long MC, Caudell DL, Cline JM, Kock ND, Paitsel M, Moore S, Jorgensen MJ. Age and sex associated organ weight differences in vervets/African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12721. [PMID: 39048121 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAfrican green monkeys (AGMs, also known as vervets, Cholorocebus aethiops sabaeus) have been used in a variety of biomedical research studies. The aim of this study was to generate a reference for normal organ weights and percentage organ weights in AGMs of different age categories and sex.MethodsThe organ weights were compiled from 479 AGMs (285 females and 194 males) from 2004 to 2021. Age and sex differences of absolute and relative organ weights were analyzed using analysis of variance.ResultsThe findings demonstrate that males had higher body and organ weights than age‐matched females, but relative organ weights did not differ between males and females. At maturity, adrenal gland, brain, kidney, liver, thymus, and thyroid gland weights as a percentage of body weight declined, but relative weights of prostate gland, testes, and uterus were higher.ConclusionThese data should be beneficial to biomedical researchers and pathologists working with AGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet A Tooze
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jean F Gardin
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret C Long
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy D Kock
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Monica Paitsel
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacy Moore
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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4
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Nakayama M, Itoh Y. Lectin Staining to Detect Human and Avian Influenza Virus Receptors in the Airway of Nonhuman Primates. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:37-43. [PMID: 36175625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) on the surface of influenza viruses binds to sialic acids, mainly N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Neu5Ac and N-glycolylneuraminic acid lie at the terminal end of sugar chains on the cell surface. Human influenza viruses preferentially bind to sialic acids bound to galactose by the alpha2-6 linkage (Neu5Acα2-6Gal), abundant in the human airway. In contrast, avian influenza viruses preferentially bind to Neu5Acα2-3Gal, abundant in the intestine of ducks. Sambucus nigra lectin (SNA) and Maackia amurensis lectin (MAA) bind to Neu5Acα2-6Gal and Neu5Acα2-3Gal, respectively. These two lectins have therefore been applied to detect sialic acids on the airway epithelium of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nakayama
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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5
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Abstract
Live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines exhibit several desirable characteristics, including the induction of systemic, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity resulting in breadth of protection, ease of administration, and yield. Seasonal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) were developed in the United States and Russia and have been used in several countries. In the last decade, following the incorporation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, the performance of both LAIVs has been variable and the U.S.-backbone LAIV was less effective than the corresponding inactivated influenza vaccines. The cause appears to be reduced replicative fitness of some H1N1pdm09 viruses, indicating a need for careful selection of strains included in multivalent LAIV formulations. Assays are now being implemented to select optimal strains. An improved understanding of the determinants of replicative fitness of vaccine strains and of vaccine effectiveness of LAIVs is needed for public health systems to take full advantage of these valuable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Clemens EA, Holbrook BC, Kanekiyo M, Yewdell JW, Graham BS, Alexander-Miller MA. An R848-Conjugated Influenza Virus Vaccine Elicits Robust Immunoglobulin G to Hemagglutinin Stem in a Newborn Nonhuman Primate Model. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:351-359. [PMID: 33245745 PMCID: PMC8280492 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting broadly protective antibodies is a critical goal for the development of more effective vaccines against influenza. Optimizing protection is of particular importance in newborns, who are highly vulnerable to severe disease following infection. An effective vaccination strategy for this population must surmount the challenges associated with the neonatal immune system as well as mitigate the inherent immune subdominance of conserved influenza virus epitopes, responses to which can provide broader protection. Here, we show that prime-boost vaccination with a TLR7/8 agonist (R848)-conjugated influenza A virus vaccine elicits antibody responses to the highly conserved hemagglutinin stem and promotes rapid induction of virus neutralizing stem-specific antibodies following viral challenge. These findings support the efficacy of R848 as an effective adjuvant for newborns and demonstrate its ability to enhance antibody responses to subdominant antigenic sites in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elene A Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Veldhuis Kroeze E, Bauer L, Caliendo V, van Riel D. In Vivo Models to Study the Pathogenesis of Extra-Respiratory Complications of Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050848. [PMID: 34066589 PMCID: PMC8148586 DOI: 10.3390/v13050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are an inimitable method to study the systemic pathogenesis of virus-induced disease. Extra-respiratory complications of influenza A virus infections are not extensively studied even though they are often associated with severe disease and mortality. Here we review and recommend mammalian animal models that can be used to study extra-respiratory complications of the central nervous system and cardiovascular system as well as involvement of the eye, placenta, fetus, lacteal gland, liver, pancreas, intestinal tract, and lymphoid tissues during influenza A virus infections.
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Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020262. [PMID: 33567791 PMCID: PMC7915228 DOI: 10.3390/v13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases are a major threat to global health, and nearly two-thirds of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic. Most of the human epidemics and pandemics were caused by the spillover of viruses from wild mammals. Viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animals have historically caused devastating epidemics and pandemics. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of viral emergence and zoonotic spillover is still lacking. Receptors are major determinants of host susceptibility to viruses. Animal species sharing host cell receptors that support the binding of multiple viruses can play a key role in virus spillover and the emergence of novel viruses and their variants. Sialic acids (SAs), which are linked to glycoproteins and ganglioside serve as receptors for several human and animal viruses. In particular, influenza and coronaviruses, which represent two of the most important zoonotic threats, use SAs as cellular entry receptors. This is a comprehensive review of our current knowledge of SA receptor distribution among animal species and the range of viruses that use SAs as receptors. SA receptor tropism and the predicted natural susceptibility to viruses can inform targeted surveillance of domestic and wild animals to prevent the future emergence of zoonotic viruses.
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9
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Rudraraju R, Mordant F, Subbarao K. How Live Attenuated Vaccines Can Inform the Development of Broadly Cross-Protective Influenza Vaccines. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:S81-S87. [PMID: 30715386 PMCID: PMC7313962 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne
| | | | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Park MS, Kim JI, Bae JY, Park MS. Animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:11. [PMID: 32337177 PMCID: PMC7175453 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. Experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. When a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. In this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. We discuss interpretations of the experimental evidences resulted from animal model studies and extend implications of viral pandemic potentials and ingredients to emerging viral epidemics. Focusing on the pandemic potential of viral infectious diseases, we suggest what should be assessed to prevent global catastrophes from influenza virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue and Zika viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Clemens E, Angeletti D, Holbrook BC, Kanekiyo M, Jorgensen MJ, Graham BS, Yewdell J, Alexander-Miller MA. Influenza-infected newborn and adult monkeys exhibit a strong primary antibody response to hemagglutinin stem. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135449. [PMID: 32078584 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity of antibodies (Abs) generated against influenza A virus (IAV) infection can significantly alter protection and viral clearance. At present, the impact of age upon this process is relatively unexplored. Here, we evaluated the Ab response in newborn and adult African green monkeys following infection with IAV using a strain that enables us to determine the immunodominance (ID) hierarchy of the Ab response to hemagglutinin (HA), the principal target of protective Abs. This revealed altered ID patterns in the early IgM anti-HA response in newborns versus adults that converged over time. While the IgG ID profiles for HA in newborn and adult monkeys were similar, this was not the case for IgA. Importantly, HA stem-specific Abs were generated robustly and similarly in newborns and adults in terms of quality and quantity. Together, these results demonstrate that newborns and adults can differ in the Ab ID pattern established following infection and that the ID pattern can vary across isotypes. In addition, newborns have the ability to generate potent HA stem-specific Ab responses. Our findings further the understanding of the newborn response to IAV antigens and inform the development of improved vaccines for this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elene Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Jegaskanda S, Andrews SF, Wheatley AK, Yewdell JW, McDermott AB, Subbarao K. Hemagglutinin head-specific responses dominate over stem-specific responses following prime boost with mismatched vaccines. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129035. [PMID: 31723058 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing Abs targeting the HA stem can provide broad protection against different influenza subtypes, raising the question of how best to elicit such Abs. We have previously demonstrated that vaccination with pandemic live-attenuated influenza vaccine (pLAIV) establishes immune memory for HA head-specific Abs. Here, we determine the extent to which matched versus mismatched LAIV-inactivated subunit vaccine (IIV) prime-boost vaccination elicits stem-specific memory B cells and Abs. We vaccinated African green monkeys with H5N1 pLAIV-pIIV or H5N1 pLAIV followed by seasonal IIV (sIIV) or with H5N1 pLAIV alone and measured Abs and HA-specific B cell responses. While we observed an increase in stem-specific memory B cells, head-specific memory B cell responses were substantially higher than stem-specific responses and were dominant even following boost with mismatched IIV. Neutralizing Abs against heterologous influenza viruses were undetectable. Head-specific B cells from draining lymph nodes exhibited germinal center markers, while stem-specific B cells found in the spleen and peripheral blood did not. Thus, although mismatched prime-boost generated a pool of stem-specific memory B cells, head-specific B cells and serum Abs substantially dominated the immune response. These findings have implications for including full-length native HA in prime-boost strategies intended to induce stem-specific Abs for universal influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Vaccine Research Center and
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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15
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Intranasal Live Influenza Vaccine Priming Elicits Localized B Cell Responses in Mediastinal Lymph Nodes. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01970-17. [PMID: 29444938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01970-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (pLAIV) prime subjects for a robust neutralizing antibody response upon subsequent administration of a pandemic inactivated subunit vaccine (pISV). However, a difference was not detected in H5-specific memory B cells in the peripheral blood between pLAIV-primed and unprimed subjects prior to pISV boost. To investigate the mechanism underlying pLAIV priming, we vaccinated groups of 12 African green monkeys (AGMs) with H5N1 pISV or pLAIV alone or H5N1 pLAIV followed by pISV and examined immunity systemically and in local draining lymph nodes (LN). The AGM model recapitulated the serologic observations from clinical studies. Interestingly, H5N1 pLAIV induced robust germinal center B cell responses in the mediastinal LN (MLN). Subsequent boosting with H5N1 pISV drove increases in H5-specific B cells in the axillary LN, spleen, and circulation in H5N1 pLAIV-primed animals. Thus, H5N1 pLAIV primes localized B cell responses in the MLN that are recalled systemically following pISV boost. These data provide mechanistic insights for the generation of robust humoral responses via prime-boost vaccination.IMPORTANCE We have previously shown that pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (pLAIV) prime for a rapid and robust antibody response on subsequent administration of inactivated subunit vaccine (pISV). This is observed even in individuals who had undetectable antibody (Ab) responses following the initial vaccination. To define the mechanistic basis of pLAIV priming, we turned to a nonhuman primate model and performed a detailed analysis of B cell responses in systemic and local lymphoid tissues following prime-boost vaccination with pLAIV and pISV. We show that the nonhuman primate model recapitulates the serologic observations from clinical studies. Further, we found that pLAIVs induced robust germinal center B cell responses in the mediastinal lymph node. Subsequent boosting with pISV in pLAIV-primed animals resulted in detection of B cells in the axillary lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood. We demonstrate that intranasally administered pLAIV elicits a highly localized germinal center B cell response in the mediastinal lymph node that is rapidly recalled following pISV boost into germinal center reactions at numerous distant immune sites.
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16
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Citron MP, Patel M, Purcell M, Lin SA, Rubins DJ, McQuade P, Callahan C, Gleason A, Petrescu I, Knapp W, Orekie C, Chamarthy S, Wen Z, Touch S, Pine M, Fontenot J, Douglas C, Liang X, Espeseth AS. A novel method for strict intranasal delivery of non-replicating RSV vaccines in cotton rats and non-human primates. Vaccine 2018; 36:2876-2885. [PMID: 29599087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children twelve months of age or younger and a significant cause of lower respiratory disease in older adults. As various clinical and preclinical candidates advance, cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and non-human primates (NHP) continue to play a valuable role in RSV vaccine development, since both animals are semi-permissive to human RSV (HRSV). However, appropriate utilization of the models is critical to avoid mis-interpretation of the preclinical findings. Using a multimodality imaging approach; a fluorescence based optical imaging technique for the cotton rat and a nuclear medicine based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging technique for monkeys, we demonstrate that many common practices for intranasal immunization in both species result in inoculum delivery to the lower respiratory tract, which can result in poor translation of outcomes from the preclinical to the clinical setting. Using these technologies we define a method to limit the distribution of intranasally administered vaccines solely to the upper airway of each species, which includes volume restrictions in combination with injectable anesthesia. We show using our newly defined methods for strict intranasal immunization that these methods impact the immune responses and efficacy observed when compared to vaccination methods resulting in distribution to both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. These data emphasize the importance of well-characterized immunization methods in the preclinical assessment of intranasally delivered vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Citron
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
| | - Manishkumar Patel
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Mona Purcell
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shu-An Lin
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Daniel J Rubins
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Paul McQuade
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Cheryl Callahan
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Alexa Gleason
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Ioan Petrescu
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Walter Knapp
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Chinedu Orekie
- Biopharmaceutics & Specialty DF/Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sai Chamarthy
- Biopharmaceutics & Specialty DF/Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Zhiyun Wen
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sinoeun Touch
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Matthew Pine
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Jane Fontenot
- The University of Louisiana New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia, LA 70560, United States
| | - Cameron Douglas
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Amy S Espeseth
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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Wonderlich ER, Caroline AL, McMillen CM, Walters AW, Reed DS, Barratt-Boyes SM, Hartman AL. Peripheral Blood Biomarkers of Disease Outcome in a Monkey Model of Rift Valley Fever Encephalitis. J Virol 2018; 92:e01662-17. [PMID: 29118127 PMCID: PMC5774883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01662-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an emerging arboviral disease of livestock and humans. Although the disease is caused by a mosquito-borne virus, humans are infected through contact with, or inhalation of, virus-laden particles from contaminated animal carcasses. Some individuals infected with RVF virus (RVFV) develop meningoencephalitis, resulting in morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to neurologic sequelae, and thus, animal models that represent human disease are needed. African green monkeys (AGM) exposed to aerosols containing RVFV develop a reproducibly lethal neurological disease that resembles human illness. To understand the disease process and identify biomarkers of lethality, two groups of 5 AGM were infected by inhalation with either a lethal or a sublethal dose of RVFV. Divergence between lethal and sublethal infections occurred as early as 2 days postinfection (dpi), at which point CD8+ T cells from lethally infected AGM expressed activated caspase-3 and simultaneously failed to increase levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, in contrast to surviving animals. At 4 dpi, lethally infected animals failed to demonstrate proliferation of total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in contrast to survivors. These marked changes in peripheral blood cells occur much earlier than more-established indicators of severe RVF disease, such as granulocytosis and fever. In addition, an early proinflammatory (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]) and antiviral (IFN-α) response was seen in survivors, while very late cytokine expression was found in animals with lethal infections. By characterizing immunological markers of lethal disease, this study furthers our understanding of RVF pathogenesis and will allow the testing of therapeutics and vaccines in the AGM model.IMPORTANCE Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an important emerging viral disease for which we lack both an effective human vaccine and treatment. Encephalitis and neurological disease resulting from RVF lead to death or significant long-term disability for infected people. African green monkeys (AGM) develop lethal neurological disease when infected with RVF virus by inhalation. Here we report the similarities in disease course between infected AGM and humans. For the first time, we examine the peripheral immune response during the course of infection in AGM and show that there are very early differences in the immune response between animals that survive infection and those that succumb. We conclude that AGM are a novel and suitable monkey model for studying the neuropathogenesis of RVF and for testing vaccines and therapeutics against this emerging viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Wonderlich
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy L Caroline
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia M McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron W Walters
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas S Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy L Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Svardal H, Jasinska AJ, Apetrei C, Coppola G, Huang Y, Schmitt CA, Jacquelin B, Ramensky V, Müller-Trutwin M, Antonio M, Weinstock G, Grobler JP, Dewar K, Wilson RK, Turner TR, Warren WC, Freimer NB, Nordborg M. Ancient hybridization and strong adaptation to viruses across African vervet monkey populations. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1705-1713. [PMID: 29083404 PMCID: PMC5709169 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vervet monkeys are among the most widely distributed nonhuman primates, show considerable phenotypic diversity, and have long been an important biomedical model for a variety of human diseases and in vaccine research. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 163 vervets sampled from across Africa and the Caribbean, we find high diversity within and between taxa and clear evidence that taxonomic divergence was reticulate rather than following a simple branching pattern. A scan for diversifying selection across taxa identifies strong and highly polygenic selection signals affecting viral processes. Furthermore, selection scores are elevated in genes whose human orthologs interact with HIV and in genes that show a response to experimental simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in vervet monkeys but not in rhesus macaques, suggesting that part of the signal reflects taxon-specific adaptation to SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Svardal
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | | | | | - Vasily Ramensky
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council (MRC), The Gambia Unit, The Gambia
| | - George Weinstock
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ken Dewar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Trudy R Turner
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Magnus Nordborg
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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Development of Clade-Specific and Broadly Reactive Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccines against Rapidly Evolving H5 Subtype Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00547-17. [PMID: 28490598 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00547-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (pLAIVs) against clade 1 H5N1 viruses on an Ann Arbor cold-adapted (ca) backbone that induced long-term immune memory. In 2015, many human infections caused by a new clade (clade 2.2.1.1) of goose/Guangdong (gs/GD) lineage H5N1 viruses were reported in Egypt, which prompted updating of the H5N1 pLAIV. We explored two strategies to generate suitable pLAIVs. The first approach was to modify the hemagglutinin gene of a highly pathogenic wild-type (wt) clade 2.2.1.1 virus, A/Egypt/N03434/2009 (Egy/09) (H5N1), with its unmodified neuraminidase (NA) gene; this virus was designated Egy/09 ca The second approach was to select a low-pathogenicity avian influenza H5 virus that elicited antibodies that cross-reacted with a broad range of H5 viruses, including the Egypt H5N1 viruses, and contained a novel NA subtype for humans. We selected the low-pathogenicity A/duck/Hokkaido/69/2000 (H5N3) (dk/Hok/00) virus for this purpose. Both candidate vaccines were attenuated and immunogenic in ferrets, inducing antibodies that neutralized homologous and heterologous H5 viruses with different degrees of cross-reactivity; Egy/09 ca vaccine antisera were more specific for the gs/GD lineage viruses but did not neutralize recent North American isolates (clade 2.3.4.4), whereas antisera from dk/Hok/69 ca-vaccinated ferrets cross-reacted with clade 2.3.4.4 and 2.2.1 viruses but not clade 1 or 2.1 viruses. When vaccinated ferrets were challenged with homologous and heterologous H5 viruses, challenge virus replication was reduced in the respiratory tract. Thus, the two H5 pLAIV candidates are suitable for clinical development to protect humans from infection with different clades of H5 viruses.IMPORTANCE In response to the continuing evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses and human infections, new candidate H5 live attenuated vaccines were developed by using two different approaches: one targeted a specific circulating strain in Egypt, and the other was based on a virus that elicits broadly cross-reactive antibodies against a wide range of H5 viruses. Both candidate vaccines were immunogenic and exhibited protective efficacy in ferrets. Our study permits a comparison of the two approaches, and the data support the further development of both vaccine viruses to optimally prepare for the further spread of clade 2.2.1 or 2.3.4.4 viruses.
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Generation of a Genetically Stable High-Fidelity Influenza Vaccine Strain. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01073-16. [PMID: 28053101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01073-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most effective preventive means for influenza control. The development of a master virus with high growth and genetic stability, which may be used for the preparation of vaccine viruses by gene reassortment, is crucial for the enhancement of vaccine performance and efficiency of production. Here, we describe the generation of a high-fidelity and high-growth influenza vaccine master virus strain with a single V43I amino acid change in the PB1 polymerase of the high-growth A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) master virus. The PB1-V43I mutation was introduced to increase replication fidelity in order to design an H1N1 vaccine strain with a low error rate. The PR8-PB1-V43I virus exhibited good replication compared with that of the parent PR8 virus. In order to compare the efficiency of egg adaptation and the occurrence of gene mutations leading to antigenic alterations, we constructed 6:2 genetic reassortant viruses between the A(H1N1)pdm09 and the PR8-PB1-V43I viruses; hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) were from the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and the other genes were from the PR8 virus. Mutations responsible for egg adaptation mutations occurred in the HA of the PB1-V43I reassortant virus during serial egg passages; however, in contrast, antigenic mutations were introduced into the HA gene of the 6:2 reassortant virus possessing the wild-type PB1. This study shows that the mutant PR8 virus possessing the PB1 polymerase with the V43I substitution may be utilized as a master virus for the generation of high-growth vaccine viruses with high polymerase fidelity, low error rates of gene replication, and reduced antigenic diversity during virus propagation in eggs for vaccine production.IMPORTANCE Vaccination represents the most effective prophylactic option against influenza. The threat of emergence of influenza pandemics necessitates the ability to generate vaccine viruses rapidly. However, as the influenza virus exhibits a high mutation rate, vaccines must be updated to ensure a good match of the HA and NA antigens between the vaccine and the circulating strain. Here, we generated a genetically stable master virus of the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) backbone encoding an engineered high-fidelity viral polymerase. Importantly, following the application of the high-fidelity PR8 backbone, no mutation resulting in antigenic change was introduced into the HA gene during propagation of the A(H1N1)pdm09 candidate vaccine virus. The low error rate of the present vaccine virus should decrease the risk of generating mutant viruses with increased virulence. Therefore, our findings are expected to be useful for the development of prepandemic vaccines and live attenuated vaccines with higher safety than that of the present candidate vaccines.
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21
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Nakayama M, Ozaki H, Itoh Y, Soda K, Ishigaki H, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Park CH, Tsuchiya H, Kida H, Ogasawara K. Vaccination against H9N2 avian influenza virus reduces bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue formation in cynomolgus macaques after intranasal virus challenge infection. Pathol Int 2016; 66:678-686. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nakayama
- Department of Pathology; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture; Tottori University; Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture; Tottori University; Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Department of Pathology; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE); Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
| | - Chun-Ho Park
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Animal Life Science; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE); Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
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22
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Renukaradhya GJ, Narasimhan B, Mallapragada SK. Respiratory nanoparticle-based vaccines and challenges associated with animal models and translation. J Control Release 2015; 219:622-631. [PMID: 26410807 PMCID: PMC4760633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development has had a huge impact on human health. However, there is a significant need to develop efficacious vaccines for several existing as well as emerging respiratory infectious diseases. Several challenges need to be overcome to develop efficacious vaccines with translational potential. This review focuses on two aspects to overcome some barriers - 1) the development of nanoparticle-based vaccines, and 2) the choice of suitable animal models for respiratory infectious diseases that will allow for translation. Nanoparticle-based vaccines, including subunit vaccines involving synthetic and/or natural polymeric adjuvants and carriers, as well as those based on virus-like particles offer several key advantages to help overcome the barriers to effective vaccine development. These include the ability to deliver combinations of antigens, target the vaccine formulation to specific immune cells, enable cross-protection against divergent strains, act as adjuvants or immunomodulators, allow for sustained release of antigen, enable single dose delivery, and potentially obviate the cold chain. While mouse models have provided several important insights into the mechanisms of infectious diseases, they are often a limiting step in translation of new vaccines to the clinic. An overview of different animal models involved in vaccine research for respiratory infections, with advantages and disadvantages of each model, is discussed. Taken together, advances in nanotechnology, combined with the right animal models for evaluating vaccine efficacy, has the potential to revolutionize vaccine development for respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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23
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Lakdawala SS, Jayaraman A, Halpin RA, Lamirande EW, Shih AR, Stockwell TB, Lin X, Simenauer A, Hanson CT, Vogel L, Paskel M, Minai M, Moore I, Orandle M, Das SR, Wentworth DE, Sasisekharan R, Subbarao K. The soft palate is an important site of adaptation for transmissible influenza viruses. Nature 2015; 526:122-5. [PMID: 26416728 PMCID: PMC4592815 DOI: 10.1038/nature15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seema S Lakdawala
- Laboratory of infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Akila Jayaraman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Elaine W Lamirande
- Laboratory of infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Angela R Shih
- Laboratory of infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Xudong Lin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Ari Simenauer
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Christopher T Hanson
- Laboratory of infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Leatrice Vogel
- Laboratory of infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Myeisha Paskel
- Laboratory of infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ian Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Suman R Das
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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24
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Kong H, Zhang Q, Gu C, Shi J, Deng G, Ma S, Liu J, Chen P, Guan Y, Jiang Y, Chen H. A live attenuated vaccine prevents replication and transmission of H7N9 virus in mammals. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11233. [PMID: 26058711 PMCID: PMC4462025 DOI: 10.1038/srep11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued spread of the newly emerged H7N9 viruses among poultry in China, together with the emergence of drug-resistant variants and the possibility of human-to-human transmission, has spurred attempts to develop an effective vaccine. An MF59-adjuvant H7N9 inactivated vaccine is reported to be well-tolerated and immunogenic in humans; however a study in ferrets indicated that while a single dose of the inactivated H7N9 vaccine reduced disease severity, it did not prevent virus replication and transmission. In this study, we used reverse genetics to produce a cold-adapted, live attenuated H7N9 vaccine (H7N9/AAca) that contains wild-type HA and NA genes from AH/1, and the backbone of the cold-adapted influenza H2N2 A/Ann Arbor/6/60 virus (AAca). H7N9/AAca was attenuated in mice and ferrets, and induced robust neutralizing antibody responses in rhesus mice, ferrets, and guinea pigs immunized once or twice intranasally. The animals immunized twice were completely protected from H7N9 virus challenge. Importantly, the animals vaccinated once were fully protected from transmission when exposed to or in contact with the H7N9 virus-inoculated animals. These results demonstrate that a cold-adapted H7N9 vaccine can prevent H7N9 virus transmission; they provide a compelling argument for further testing of this vaccine in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyi Zhang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China [2] Department of Inspection Technology Research &National Classical Swine Fever Reference Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Pucheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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25
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Mooij P, Koopman G, Mortier D, van Heteren M, Oostermeijer H, Fagrouch Z, de Laat R, Kobinger G, Li Y, Remarque EJ, Kondova I, Verschoor EJ, Bogers WMJM. Pandemic Swine-Origin H1N1 Influenza Virus Replicates to Higher Levels and Induces More Fever and Acute Inflammatory Cytokines in Cynomolgus versus Rhesus Monkeys and Can Replicate in Common Marmosets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126132. [PMID: 25946071 PMCID: PMC4422689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The close immunological and physiological resemblance with humans makes non-human primates a valuable model for studying influenza virus pathogenesis and immunity and vaccine efficacy against infection. Although both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are frequently used in influenza virus research, a direct comparison of susceptibility to infection and disease has not yet been performed. In the current study a head-to-head comparison was made between these species, by using a recently described swine-origin pandemic H1N1 strain, A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009. In comparison to rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques developed significantly higher levels of virus replication in the upper airways and in the lungs, involving both peak level and duration of virus production, as well as higher increases in body temperature. In contrast, clinical symptoms, including respiratory distress, were more easily observed in rhesus macaques. Expression of sialyl-α-2,6-Gal saccharides, the main receptor for human influenza A viruses, was 50 to 73 times more abundant in trachea and bronchus of cynomolgus macaques relative to rhesus macaques. The study also shows that common marmosets, a New World non-human primate species, are susceptible to infection with pandemic H1N1. The study results favor the cynomolgus macaque as model for pandemic H1N1 influenza virus research because of the more uniform and high levels of virus replication, as well as temperature increases, which may be due to a more abundant expression of the main human influenza virus receptor in the trachea and bronchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlla Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van Heteren
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Oostermeijer
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Rudy de Laat
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Kobinger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M J M Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a major public health concern and cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current influenza virus vaccines are an effective countermeasure against infection but need to be reformulated almost every year owing to antigenic drift. Furthermore, these vaccines do not protect against novel pandemic strains, and the timely production of pandemic vaccines remains problematic because of the limitations of current technology. Several improvements have been made recently to enhance immune protection induced by seasonal and pandemic vaccines, and to speed up production in case of a pandemic. Importantly, vaccine constructs that induce broad or even universal influenza virus protection are currently in preclinical and clinical development.
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The use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893-2014. Antiviral Res 2015; 117:75-98. [PMID: 25746173 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to reproduce the features of human influenza in laboratory animals date from the early 1890s, when Richard Pfeiffer inoculated apes with bacteria recovered from influenza patients and produced a mild respiratory illness. Numerous studies employing nonhuman primates (NHPs) were performed during the 1918 pandemic and the following decade. Most used bacterial preparations to infect animals, but some sought a filterable agent for the disease. Since the viral etiology of influenza was established in the early 1930s, studies in NHPs have been supplemented by a much larger number of experiments in mice, ferrets and human volunteers. However, the emergence of a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus in 1976 and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in 1997 stimulated an increase in NHP research, because these agents are difficult to study in naturally infected patients and cannot be administered to human volunteers. In this paper, we review the published literature on the use of NHPs in influenza research from 1893 through the end of 2014. The first section summarizes observational studies of naturally occurring influenza-like syndromes in wild and captive primates, including serologic investigations. The second provides a chronological account of experimental infections of NHPs, beginning with Pfeiffer's study and covering all published research on seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses, including vaccine and antiviral drug testing. The third section reviews experimental infections of NHPs with avian influenza viruses that have caused disease in humans since 1997. The paper concludes with suggestions for further studies to more clearly define and optimize the role of NHPs as experimental animals for influenza research.
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Broadbent AJ, Santos CP, Paskel M, Matsuoka Y, Lu J, Chen Z, Jin H, Subbarao K. Replication of live attenuated cold-adapted H2N2 influenza virus vaccine candidates in non human primates. Vaccine 2014; 33:193-200. [PMID: 25444799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of an H2N2 vaccine is a priority in pandemic preparedness planning. We previously showed that a single dose of a cold-adapted (ca) H2N2 live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) based on the influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (AA ca) virus was immunogenic and efficacious in mice and ferrets. However, in a Phase I clinical trial, viral replication was restricted and immunogenicity was poor. In this study, we compared the replication of four H2N2 LAIV candidate viruses, AA ca, A/Tecumseh/3/67 (TEC67 ca), and two variants of A/Japan/305/57 (JAP57 ca) in three non-human primate (NHP) species: African green monkeys (AGM), cynomolgus macaques (CM) and rhesus macaques (RM). One JAP57 ca virus had glutamine and glycine at HA amino acid positions 226 and 228 (Q-G) that binds to α2-3 linked sialic acids, and one had leucine and serine that binds to α2-3 and α2-6 linked residues (L-S). The replication of all ca viruses was restricted, with low titers detected in the upper respiratory tract of all NHP species, however replication was detected in significantly more CMs than AGMs. The JAP57 ca Q-G and TEC67 ca viruses replicated in a significantly higher percentage of NHPs than the AA ca virus, with the TEC67 ca virus recovered from the greatest percentage of animals. Altering the receptor specificity of the JAP57 ca virus from α2-3 to both α2-3 and α2-6 linked sialic acid residues did not significantly increase the number of animals infected or the titer to which the virus replicated. Taken together, our data show that in NHPs the AA ca virus more closely reflects the human experience than mice or ferret studies. We suggest that CMs and RMs may be the preferred species for evaluating H2N2 LAIV viruses, and the TEC67 ca virus may be the most promising H2N2 LAIV candidate for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Broadbent
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia P Santos
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Myeisha Paskel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janine Lu
- MedImmune LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - Hong Jin
- MedImmune LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Animal models for influenza viruses: implications for universal vaccine development. Pathogens 2014; 3:845-74. [PMID: 25436508 PMCID: PMC4282889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Depending on the virulence of the influenza virus strain, as well as the immunological status of the infected individual, the severity of the respiratory disease may range from sub-clinical or mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that can sometimes lead to death. Vaccines remain the primary public health measure in reducing the influenza burden. Though the first influenza vaccine preparation was licensed more than 60 years ago, current research efforts seek to develop novel vaccination strategies with improved immunogenicity, effectiveness, and breadth of protection. Animal models of influenza have been essential in facilitating studies aimed at understanding viral factors that affect pathogenesis and contribute to disease or transmission. Among others, mice, ferrets, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used to study influenza virus infection in vivo, as well as to do pre-clinical testing of novel vaccine approaches. Here we discuss and compare the unique advantages and limitations of each model.
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