1
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Glineburg MR, Yildirim E, Gomez N, Rodriguez G, Pak J, Li X, Altheim C, Waksmacki J, McInerney GM, Barmada SJ, Todd PK. Stress granule formation helps to mitigate neurodegeneration. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:9745-9759. [PMID: 39106168 PMCID: PMC11381325 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress pathways that inhibit translation initiation lead to transient formation of cytoplasmic RNA/protein complexes known as stress granules. Many of the proteins found within stress granules and the dynamics of stress granule formation and dissolution are implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Whether stress granule formation is protective or harmful in neurodegenerative conditions is not known. To address this, we took advantage of the alphavirus protein nsP3, which selectively binds dimers of the central stress granule nucleator protein G3BP and markedly reduces stress granule formation without directly impacting the protein translational inhibitory pathways that trigger stress granule formation. In Drosophila and rodent neurons, reducing stress granule formation with nsP3 had modest impacts on lifespan even in the setting of serial stress pathway induction. In contrast, reducing stress granule formation in models of ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia largely exacerbated disease phenotypes. These data support a model whereby stress granules mitigate, rather than promote, neurodegenerative cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rebecca Glineburg
- Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
| | - Evrim Yildirim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
| | - Nicolas Gomez
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Genesis Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaclyn Pak
- Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Xingli Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
| | - Christopher Altheim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
| | - Jacob Waksmacki
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI 4005, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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2
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Omler A, Mutso M, Vaher M, Freitas JR, Taylor A, David CT, Moseley GW, Liu X, Merits A, Mahalingam S. Exploring Barmah Forest virus pathogenesis: molecular tools to investigate non-structural protein 3 nuclear localization and viral genomic determinants of replication. mBio 2024; 15:e0099324. [PMID: 38953633 PMCID: PMC11323547 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00993-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes arthralgia with accompanying rash, fever, and myalgia in humans. The virus is mainly found in Australia and has caused outbreaks associated with significant health concerns. As the sole representative of the Barmah Forest complex within the genus Alphavirus, BFV is not closely related genetically to other alphaviruses. Notably, basic knowledge of BFV molecular virology has not been well studied due to a lack of critical investigative tools such as an infectious clone. Here we describe the construction of an infectious BFV cDNA clone based on Genbank sequence and demonstrate that the clone-derived virus has in vitro and in vivo properties similar to naturally occurring virus, BFV field isolate 2193 (BFV2193-FI). A substitution in nsP4, V1911D, which was identified in the Genbank reference sequence, was found to inhibit virus rescue and replication. T1325P substitution in nsP2 selected during virus passaging was shown to be an adaptive mutation, compensating for the inhibitory effect of nsP4-V1911D. The two mutations were associated with changes in viral non-structural polyprotein processing and type I interferon (IFN) induction. Interestingly, a nuclear localization signal, active in mammalian but not mosquito cells, was identified in nsP3. A point mutation abolishing nsP3 nuclear localization attenuated BFV replication. This effect was more prominent in the presence of type I interferon signaling, suggesting nsP3 nuclear localization might be associated with IFN antagonism. Furthermore, abolishing nsP3 nuclear localization reduced virus replication in mice but did not significantly affect disease.IMPORTANCEBarmah Forest virus (BFV) is Australia's second most prevalent arbovirus, with approximately 1,000 cases reported annually. The clinical symptoms of BFV infection include rash, polyarthritis, arthralgia, and myalgia. As BFV is not closely related to other pathogenic alphaviruses or well-studied model viruses, our understanding of its molecular virology and mechanisms of pathogenesis is limited. There is also a lack of molecular tools essential for corresponding studies. Here we describe the construction of an infectious clone of BFV, variants harboring point mutations, and sequences encoding marker protein. In infected mammalian cells, nsP3 of BFV was located in the nuclei. This finding extends our understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by alphavirus replicase proteins to interact with host cells. Our novel observations highlight the complex synergy through which the viral replication machinery evolves to correct mutation errors within the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailar Omler
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margit Mutso
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Vaher
- The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joseph R. Freitas
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cassandra T. David
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory W. Moseley
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Yang Z, Johnson BA, Meliopoulos VA, Ju X, Zhang P, Hughes MP, Wu J, Koreski KP, Clary JE, Chang TC, Wu G, Hixon J, Duffner J, Wong K, Lemieux R, Lokugamage KG, Alvarado RE, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Walker DH, Plante KS, Plante JA, Weaver SC, Kim HJ, Meyers R, Schultz-Cherry S, Ding Q, Menachery VD, Taylor JP. Interaction between host G3BP and viral nucleocapsid protein regulates SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenicity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113965. [PMID: 38492217 PMCID: PMC11044841 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
G3BP1/2 are paralogous proteins that promote stress granule formation in response to cellular stresses, including viral infection. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inhibits stress granule assembly and interacts with G3BP1/2 via an ITFG motif, including residue F17, in the N protein. Prior studies examining the impact of the G3PB1-N interaction on SARS-CoV-2 replication have produced inconsistent findings, and the role of this interaction in pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we use structural and biochemical analyses to define the residues required for G3BP1-N interaction and structure-guided mutagenesis to selectively disrupt this interaction. We find that N-F17A mutation causes highly specific loss of interaction with G3BP1/2. SARS-CoV-2 N-F17A fails to inhibit stress granule assembly in cells, has decreased viral replication, and causes decreased pathology in vivo. Further mechanistic studies indicate that the N-F17-mediated G3BP1-N interaction promotes infection by limiting sequestration of viral genomic RNA (gRNA) into stress granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bryan A Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ju
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael P Hughes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kaitlin P Koreski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jemma E Clary
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumari G Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - R Elias Alvarado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Joo Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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4
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Wang M, Wang L, Leng P, Guo J, Zhou H. Drugs targeting structural and nonstructural proteins of the chikungunya virus: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129949. [PMID: 38311132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single positive-stranded RNA virus of the Togaviridae family and Alphavirus genus, with a typical lipid bilayer envelope structure, and is the causative agent of human chikungunya fever (CHIKF). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently approved the first chikungunya vaccine, Ixchiq; however, vaccination rates are low, and CHIKF is prevalent owing to its periodic outbreaks. Thus, developing effective anti-CHIKV drugs in clinical settings is imperative. Viral proteins encoded by the CHIKV genome play vital roles in all stages of infection, and developing therapeutic agents that target these CHIKV proteins is an effective strategy to improve CHIKF treatment efficacy and reduce mortality rates. Therefore, in the present review article, we aimed to investigate the basic structure, function, and replication cycle of CHIKV and comprehensively outline the current status and future advancements in anti-CHIKV drug development, specifically targeting nonstructural (ns) proteins, including nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4 and structural proteins such as capsid (C), E3, E2, 6K, and E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400016, China.
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5
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Frolova EI, Palchevska O, Dominguez F, Frolov I. Alphavirus-induced transcriptional and translational shutoffs play major roles in blocking the formation of stress granules. J Virol 2023; 97:e0097923. [PMID: 37902397 PMCID: PMC10688339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00979-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Our study highlights the mechanisms behind the cell's resistance to stress granule (SG) formation after infection with Old World alphaviruses. Shortly after infection, the replication of these viruses hinders the cell's ability to form SGs, even when exposed to chemical inducers such as sodium arsenite. This resistance is primarily attributed to virus-induced transcriptional and translational shutoffs, rather than interactions between the viral nsP3 and the key components of SGs, G3BP1/2, or the ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity of nsP3 macro domain. While interactions between G3BPs and nsP3 are essential for the formation of viral replication complexes, their role in regulating SG development appears to be small, if any. Cells harboring replicating viruses or replicons with lower abilities to inhibit transcription and/or translation, but expressing wild-type nsP3, retain the ability for SG development. Understanding these mechanisms of regulation of SG formation contributes to our knowledge of viral replication and the intricate relationships between alphaviruses and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I. Frolova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Oksana Palchevska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Francisco Dominguez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ilya Frolov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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6
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Glineburg MR, Yildirim E, Gomez N, Li X, Pak J, Altheim C, Waksmacki J, McInerney G, Barmada SJ, Todd PK. Stress granule formation helps to mitigate neurodegeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566060. [PMID: 37986813 PMCID: PMC10659376 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress pathways that inhibit translation initiation lead to transient formation of cytoplasmic RNA/protein complexes known as stress granules. Many of the proteins found within stress granules and the dynamics of stress granule formation and dissolution are implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Whether stress granule formation is protective or harmful in neurodegenerative conditions is not known. To address this, we took advantage of the alphavirus protein nsP3, which selectively binds dimers of the central stress granule nucleator protein G3BP (rin in Drosophila) and markedly reduces stress granule formation without directly impacting the protein translational inhibitory pathways that trigger stress granule formation. In Drosophila and rodent neurons, reducing stress granule formation with nsP3 had modest impacts on lifespan even in the setting of serial stress pathway induction. In contrast, reducing stress granule formation in models of ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia largely exacerbated disease phenotypes. These data support a model whereby stress granules mitigate, rather than promote, neurodegenerative cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rebecca Glineburg
- Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 450 N. Center St, Orange, CA 92866
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 4005 BSRB48109-2200, USA
| | - Evrim Yildirim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 4005 BSRB48109-2200, USA
| | - Nicolas Gomez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Xingli Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 4005 BSRB48109-2200, USA
| | - Jaclyn Pak
- Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 450 N. Center St, Orange, CA 92866
| | - Christopher Altheim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 4005 BSRB48109-2200, USA
| | - Jacob Waksmacki
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 4005 BSRB48109-2200, USA
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Sami J. Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 4005 BSRB48109-2200, USA
| | - Peter K. Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 4005 BSRB48109-2200, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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7
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Ng WH, Liu X, Ling ZL, Santos CNO, Magalhães LS, Kueh AJ, Herold MJ, Taylor A, Freitas JR, Koit S, Wang S, Lloyd AR, Teixeira MM, Merits A, Almeida RP, King NJC, Mahalingam S. FHL1 promotes chikungunya and o'nyong-nyong virus infection and pathogenesis with implications for alphavirus vaccine design. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6605. [PMID: 37884534 PMCID: PMC10603155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause debilitating musculoskeletal diseases affecting millions worldwide. A recent discovery identified the four-and-a-half-LIM domain protein 1 splice variant A (FHL1A) as a crucial host factor interacting with the hypervariable domain (HVD) of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3). Here, we show that acute and chronic chikungunya disease in humans correlates with elevated levels of FHL1. We generated FHL1-/- mice, which when infected with CHIKV or o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) displayed reduced arthritis and myositis, fewer immune infiltrates, and reduced proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine outputs, compared to infected wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, disease signs were comparable in FHL1-/- and WT mice infected with arthritogenic alphaviruses Ross River virus (RRV) or Mayaro virus (MAYV). This aligns with pull-down assay data, which showed the ability of CHIKV and ONNV nsP3 to interact with FHL1, while RRV and MAYV nsP3s did not. We engineered a CHIKV mutant unable to bind FHL1 (CHIKV-ΔFHL1), which was avirulent in vivo. Following inoculation with CHIKV-ΔFHL1, mice were protected from disease upon challenge with CHIKV and ONNV, and viraemia was significantly reduced in RRV- and MAYV-challenged mice. Targeting FHL1-binding as an approach to vaccine design could lead to breakthroughs in mitigating alphaviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern Hann Ng
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Zheng L Ling
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Camilla N O Santos
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/EBSERH, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Magalhães
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/EBSERH, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph R Freitas
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Sandra Koit
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sainan Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/EBSERH, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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8
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Palchevska O, Dominguez F, Frolova EI, Frolov I. Alphavirus-induced transcriptional and translational shutoffs play major roles in blocking the formation of stress granules. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.05.547824. [PMID: 37461699 PMCID: PMC10349968 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Alphavirus infections cause multiple alterations in the intracellular environment that can have both positive and negative effects on viral replication. The Old World alphaviruses, such as Sindbis (SINV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Semliki Forest viruses, hinder the ability of vertebrate cells to form stress granules (SGs). Previously, this inhibitory function was attributed to the hypervariable domain (HVD) of nsP3, which sequesters the key components of SGs, G3BP1 and G3BP2, and to the nsP3 macro domain. The macro domain possesses ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity, which can diminish the ADP-ribosylation of G3BP1 during viral replication. However, our recent findings do not support the prevailing notions. We demonstrate that the interactions between SINV- or CHIKV-specific nsP3s and G3BPs, and the ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity are not major contributors to the inhibitory process, at least when nsP3 is expressed at biologically relevant levels. Instead, the primary factors responsible for suppressing SG formation are virus-induced transcriptional and translational shutoffs that rapidly develop within the first few hours post infection. Poorly replicating SINV variants carrying mutated nsP3 HVD still inhibit SG development even in the presence of NaAs. Conversely, SINV mutants lacking transcription and/or translation inhibitory functions lose their ability to inhibit SGs, despite expressing high levels of wt nsP3. Moreover, we found that stable cell lines expressing GFP-nsP3 fusions retain the capacity to form SGs when exposed to sodium arsenite. However, our results do not rule out a possibility that additional virus-induced changes in cell biology may contribute to the suppression of SG formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Palchevska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Elena I. Frolova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ilya Frolov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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9
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Liu Y, Yao Z, Lian G, Yang P. Biomolecular phase separation in stress granule assembly and virus infection. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1099-1118. [PMID: 37401177 PMCID: PMC10415189 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as a crucial mechanism for cellular compartmentalization. One prominent example of this is the stress granule. Found in various types of cells, stress granule is a biomolecular condensate formed through phase separation. It comprises numerous RNA and RNA-binding proteins. Over the past decades, substantial knowledge has been gained about the composition and dynamics of stress granules. SGs can regulate various signaling pathways and have been associated with numerous human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. The threat of viral infections continues to loom over society. Both DNA and RNA viruses depend on host cells for replication. Intriguingly, many stages of the viral life cycle are closely tied to RNA metabolism in human cells. The field of biomolecular condensates has rapidly advanced in recent times. In this context, we aim to summarize research on stress granules and their link to viral infections. Notably, stress granules triggered by viral infections behave differently from the canonical stress granules triggered by sodium arsenite (SA) and heat shock. Studying stress granules in the context of viral infections could offer a valuable platform to link viral replication processes and host anti-viral responses. A deeper understanding of these biological processes could pave the way for innovative interventions and treatments for viral infectious diseases. They could potentially bridge the gap between basic biological processes and interactions between viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- />Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhou310030China
| | - Zhiying Yao
- />Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhou310030China
| | - Guiwei Lian
- />Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhou310030China
| | - Peiguo Yang
- />Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhou310030China
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10
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Yang Z, Johnson BA, Meliopoulos VA, Ju X, Zhang P, Hughes MP, Wu J, Koreski KP, Chang TC, Wu G, Hixon J, Duffner J, Wong K, Lemieux R, Lokugamage KG, Alvardo RE, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Walker DH, Plante KS, Plante JA, Weaver SC, Kim HJ, Meyers R, Schultz-Cherry S, Ding Q, Menachery VD, Taylor JP. Interaction between host G3BP and viral nucleocapsid protein regulates SARS-CoV-2 replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.546885. [PMID: 37425880 PMCID: PMC10327126 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.546885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
G3BP1/2 are paralogous proteins that promote stress granule formation in response to cellular stresses, including viral infection. G3BP1/2 are prominent interactors of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the functional consequences of the G3BP1-N interaction in the context of viral infection remain unclear. Here we used structural and biochemical analyses to define the residues required for G3BP1-N interaction, followed by structure-guided mutagenesis of G3BP1 and N to selectively and reciprocally disrupt their interaction. We found that mutation of F17 within the N protein led to selective loss of interaction with G3BP1 and consequent failure of the N protein to disrupt stress granule assembly. Introduction of SARS-CoV-2 bearing an F17A mutation resulted in a significant decrease in viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo, indicating that the G3BP1-N interaction promotes infection by suppressing the ability of G3BP1 to form stress granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bryan A Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ju
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael P Hughes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kaitlin P Koreski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumari G Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rojelio E Alvardo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Joo Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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11
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Simonetti L, Nilsson J, McInerney G, Ivarsson Y, Davey NE. SLiM-binding pockets: an attractive target for broad-spectrum antivirals. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:420-427. [PMID: 36623987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Short linear motif (SLiM)-mediated interactions offer a unique strategy for viral intervention due to their compact interfaces, ease of convergent evolution, and key functional roles. Consequently, many viruses extensively mimic host SLiMs to hijack or deregulate cellular pathways and the same motif-binding pocket is often targeted by numerous unrelated viruses. A toolkit of therapeutics targeting commonly mimicked SLiMs could provide prophylactic and therapeutic broad-spectrum antivirals and vastly improve our ability to treat ongoing and future viral outbreaks. In this opinion article, we discuss the therapeutic relevance of SLiMs, advocating their suitability as targets for broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Norman E Davey
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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12
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Pro-Viral and Anti-Viral Roles of the RNA-Binding Protein G3BP1. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020449. [PMID: 36851663 PMCID: PMC9959972 DOI: 10.3390/v15020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses depend on host cellular resources to replicate. Interaction between viral and host proteins is essential for the pathogens to ward off immune responses as well as for virus propagation within the infected cells. While different viruses employ unique strategies to interact with diverse sets of host proteins, the multifunctional RNA-binding protein G3BP1 is one of the common targets for many viruses. G3BP1 controls several key cellular processes, including mRNA stability, translation, and immune responses. G3BP1 also serves as the central hub for the protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions within a class of biomolecular condensates called stress granules (SGs) during stress conditions, including viral infection. Increasing evidence suggests that viruses utilize distinct strategies to modulate G3BP1 function-either by degradation, sequestration, or redistribution-and control the viral life cycle positively and negatively. In this review, we summarize the pro-viral and anti-viral roles of G3BP1 during infection among different viral families.
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13
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Westcott CE, Isom CM, Karki D, Sokoloski KJ. Dancing with the Devil: A Review of the Importance of Host RNA-Binding Proteins to Alphaviral RNAs during Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:164. [PMID: 36680204 PMCID: PMC9865062 DOI: 10.3390/v15010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne, single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses that rely on the engagement of host RNA-binding proteins to efficiently complete the viral lifecycle. Because of this reliance on host proteins, the identification of host/pathogen interactions and the subsequent characterization of their importance to viral infection has been an intensive area of study for several decades. Many of these host protein interaction studies have evaluated the Protein:Protein interactions of viral proteins during infection and a significant number of host proteins identified by these discovery efforts have been RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs). Considering this recognition, the field has shifted towards discovery efforts involving the direct identification of host factors that engage viral RNAs during infection using innovative discovery approaches. Collectively, these efforts have led to significant advancements in the understanding of alphaviral molecular biology; however, the precise extent and means by which many RBPs influence viral infection is unclear as their specific contributions to infection, as per any RNA:Protein interaction, have often been overlooked. The purpose of this review is to summarize the discovery of host/pathogen interactions during alphaviral infection with a specific emphasis on RBPs, to use new ontological analyses to reveal potential functional commonalities across alphaviral RBP interactants, and to identify host RBPs that have, and have yet to be, evaluated in their native context as RNA:Protein interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Westcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Cierra M. Isom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Deepa Karki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kevin J. Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease (CPM), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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14
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Brownsword MJ, Locker N. A little less aggregation a little more replication: Viral manipulation of stress granules. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1741. [PMID: 35709333 PMCID: PMC10078398 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent exciting studies have uncovered how membrane-less organelles, also known as biocondensates, are providing cells with rapid response pathways, allowing them to re-organize their cellular contents and adapt to stressful conditions. Their assembly is driven by the phase separation of their RNAs and intrinsically disordered protein components into condensed foci. Among these, stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic biocondensates that form in response to many stresses, including activation of the integrated stress response or viral infections. SGs sit at the crossroads between antiviral signaling and translation because they concentrate signaling proteins and components of the innate immune response, in addition to translation machinery and stalled mRNAs. Consequently, they have been proposed to contribute to antiviral activities, and therefore are targeted by viral countermeasures. Equally, SGs components can be commandeered by viruses for their own efficient replication. Phase separation processes are an important component of the viral life cycle, for example, driving the assembly of replication factories or inclusion bodies. Therefore, in this review, we will outline the recent understanding of this complex interplay and tug of war between viruses, SGs, and their components. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Translation > Regulation RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Brownsword
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Nicolas Locker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
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15
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Sheehan CT, Hampton TH, Madden DR. Tryptophan mutations in G3BP1 tune the stability of a cellular signaling hub by weakening transient interactions with Caprin1 and USP10. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102552. [PMID: 36183834 PMCID: PMC9723946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) often coordinate transient interactions with multiple proteins to mediate complex signals within large protein networks. Among these, the IDP hub protein G3BP1 can form complexes with cytoplasmic phosphoprotein Caprin1 and ubiquitin peptidase USP10; the resulting control of USP10 activity contributes to a pathogenic virulence system that targets endocytic recycling of the ion channel CFTR. However, while the identities of protein interactors are known for many IDP hub proteins, the relationship between pairwise affinities and the extent of protein recruitment and activity is not well understood. Here, we describe in vitro analysis of these G3BP1 affinities and show tryptophan substitutions of specific G3BP1 residues reduce its affinity for both USP10 and Caprin1. We show that these same mutations reduce the stability of complexes between the full-length proteins, suggesting that copurification can serve as a surrogate measure of interaction strength. The crystal structure of G3BP1 TripleW (F15W/F33W/F124W) mutant reveals a clear reorientation of the side chain of W33, creating a steric clash with USP10 and Caprin1. Furthermore, an amino-acid scan of USP10 and Caprin1 peptides reveals similarities and differences in the ability to substitute residues in the core motifs as well as specific substitutions with the potential to create higher affinity peptides. Taken together, these data show that small changes in component binding affinities can have significant effects on the composition of cellular interaction hubs. These specific protein mutations can be harnessed to manipulate complex protein networks, informing future investigations into roles of these networks in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Sheehan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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16
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Neyret A, Bernard E, Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet O, Bakhache W, Eldin P, Chaloin L, Briant L. Identification of a non-canonical G3BP-binding sequence in a Mayaro virus nsP3 hypervariable domain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:958176. [PMID: 36034716 PMCID: PMC9403187 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.958176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating SH3 domain-binding-proteins 1 (G3BP1) and 2 (G3BP2) are multifunctional RNA-binding proteins involved in stress granule nucleation, previously identified as essential cofactors of Old World alphaviruses. They are recruited to viral replication complexes formed by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and Sindbis virus (SINV) via an interaction with a duplicated FGxF motif conserved in the hypervariable domain (HVD) of virus-encoded nsP3. According to mutagenesis studies, this FGxF duplication is strictly required for G3BP binding and optimal viral growth. Contrasting with this scenario, nsP3 encoded by Mayaro virus (MAYV), an arthritogenic virus grouped with Old World alphaviruses, contains a single canonical FGxF sequence. In light of this unusual feature, we questioned MAYV nsP3/G3BPs relationships. We report that G3BP1 and G3BP2 are both required for MAYV growth in human cells and bind nsP3 protein. In infected cells, they are recruited to nsP3-containing cytosolic foci and active replication complexes. Unexpectedly, deletion of the single FGxF sequence in MAYV nsP3 did not abolish these phenotypes. Using mutagenesis and in silico modeling, we identify an upstream FGAP amino acid sequence as an additional MAYV nsP3/G3BP interaction motif required for optimal viral infectivity. These results, therefore, highlight a non-conventional G3BP binding sequence in MAYV nsP3.
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17
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Sun M, Wu S, Kang S, Liao J, Zhang L, Xu Z, Chen H, Xu L, Zhang X, Qin Q, Wei J. Critical Roles of G3BP1 in Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus-Induced Stress Granule Formation and Viral Replication in Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Front Immunol 2022; 13:931534. [PMID: 35935992 PMCID: PMC9354888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection causes changes in the internal environment of host cells, and a series of stress responses are generated to respond to these changes and help the cell survive. Stress granule (SG) formation is a type of cellular stress response that inhibits viral replication. However, the relationship between red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection and SGs, and the roles of the SG marker protein RAS GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) in viral infection remain unclear. In this study, RGNNV infection induced grouper spleen (GS) cells to produce SGs. The SGs particles co-located with the classic SG marker protein eIF3η, and some SGs depolymerized under treatment with the translation inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX). In addition, when the four kinases of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-dependent pathway were inhibited, knockdown of HRI and GCN2 with small interfering RNAs and inhibition of PKR with 2-aminopurine had little effect on the formation of SGs, but the PERK inhibitor significantly inhibited the formation of SGs and decreased the phosphorylation of eIF2α. G3BP1 of Epinephelus coioides (named as EcG3BP1) encodes 495 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 54.12 kDa and 65.9% homology with humans. Overexpression of EcG3BP1 inhibited the replication of RGNNV in vitro by up-regulating the interferon and inflammatory response, whereas knockdown of EcG3BP1 promoted the replication of RGNNV. These results provide a better understanding of the relationship between SGs and viral infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Sun
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siting Wu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaozhu Kang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Liao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luhao Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuqing Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linting Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jingguang Wei, ; Qiwei Qin,
| | - Jingguang Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingguang Wei, ; Qiwei Qin,
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18
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Westcott CE, Qazi S, Maiocco AM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sokoloski KJ. Binding of hnRNP I-vRNA Regulates Sindbis Virus Structural Protein Expression to Promote Particle Infectivity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071423. [PMID: 35891402 PMCID: PMC9318202 DOI: 10.3390/v14071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses cause significant outbreaks of febrile illness and debilitating multi-joint arthritis for prolonged periods after initial infection. We have previously reported that several host hnRNP proteins bind to the Sindbis virus (SINV) RNAs, and disrupting the sites of these RNA-protein interactions results in decreased viral titers in tissue culture models of infection. Intriguingly, the primary molecular defect associated with the disruption of the hnRNP interactions is enhanced viral structural protein expression; however, the precise underlying mechanisms spurring the enhanced gene expression remain unknown. Moreover, our previous efforts were unable to functionally dissect whether the observed phenotypes were due to the loss of hnRNP binding or the incorporation of polymorphisms into the primary nucleotide sequence of SINV. To determine if the loss of hnRNP binding was the primary cause of attenuation or if the disruption of the RNA sequence itself was responsible for the observed phenotypes, we utilized an innovative protein tethering approach to restore the binding of the hnRNP proteins in the absence of the native interaction site. Specifically, we reconstituted the hnRNP I interaction by incorporating the 20nt bovine immunodeficiency virus transactivation RNA response (BIV-TAR) at the site of the native hnRNP I interaction sequence, which will bind with high specificity to proteins tagged with a TAT peptide. The reestablishment of the hnRNP I-vRNA interaction via the BIV-TAR/TAT tethering approach restored the phenotype back to wild-type levels. This included an apparent decrease in structural protein expression in the absence of the native primary nucleotide sequences corresponding to the hnRNP I interaction site. Collectively, the characterization of the hnRNP I interaction site elucidated the role of hnRNPs during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Westcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Shefah Qazi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University—Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Anna M. Maiocco
- Center for Predictive Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University—Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Kevin J. Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Center for Predictive Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(502)-852-1249
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19
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Dynamic, but Not Necessarily Disordered, Human-Virus Interactions Mediated through SLiMs in Viral Proteins. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122369. [PMID: 34960638 PMCID: PMC8703344 DOI: 10.3390/v13122369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most viruses have small genomes that encode proteins needed to perform essential enzymatic functions. Across virus families, primary enzyme functions are under functional constraint; however, secondary functions mediated by exposed protein surfaces that promote interactions with the host proteins may be less constrained. Viruses often form transient interactions with host proteins through conformationally flexible interfaces. Exposed flexible amino acid residues are known to evolve rapidly suggesting that secondary functions may generate diverse interaction potentials between viruses within the same viral family. One mechanism of interaction is viral mimicry through short linear motifs (SLiMs) that act as functional signatures in host proteins. Viral SLiMs display specific patterns of adjacent amino acids that resemble their host SLiMs and may occur by chance numerous times in viral proteins due to mutational and selective processes. Through mimicry of SLiMs in the host cell proteome, viruses can interfere with the protein interaction network of the host and utilize the host-cell machinery to their benefit. The overlap between rapidly evolving protein regions and the location of functionally critical SLiMs suggest that these motifs and their functional potential may be rapidly rewired causing variation in pathogenicity, infectivity, and virulence of related viruses. The following review provides an overview of known viral SLiMs with select examples of their role in the life cycle of a virus, and a discussion of the structural properties of experimentally validated SLiMs highlighting that a large portion of known viral SLiMs are devoid of predicted intrinsic disorder based on the viral SLiMs from the ELM database.
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Abstract
Alphaviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses, typically transmitted by mosquitoes between vertebrate hosts. They encode four essential replication proteins, the non-structural proteins nsP1-4, which possess the enzymatic activities of RNA capping, RNA helicase, site-specific protease, ADP-ribosyl removal and RNA polymerase. Alphaviruses have been key models in the study of membrane-associated RNA replication, which is a conserved feature among the positive-strand RNA viruses of animals and plants. We review new structural and functional information on the nsPs and their interaction with host proteins and membranes, as well as with viral RNA sequences. The dodecameric ring structure of nsP1 is likely to be one of the evolutionary innovations that facilitated the success of the progenitors of current positive-strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Ahola
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Freibaum BD, Messing J, Yang P, Kim HJ, Taylor JP. High-fidelity reconstitution of stress granules and nucleoli in mammalian cellular lysate. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211726. [PMID: 33502444 PMCID: PMC7845923 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a mechanism of intracellular organization that underlies the assembly of a variety of RNP granules. Fundamental biophysical principles governing LLPS during granule assembly have been revealed by simple in vitro systems, but these systems have limitations when studying the biology of complex, multicomponent RNP granules. Visualization of RNP granules in cells has validated key principles revealed by simple in vitro systems, but this approach presents difficulties for interrogating biophysical features of RNP granules and provides limited ability to manipulate protein, nucleic acid, or small molecule concentrations. Here, we introduce a system that builds upon recent insights into the mechanisms underlying RNP granule assembly and permits high-fidelity reconstitution of stress granules and the granular component of nucleoli in mammalian cellular lysate. This system fills the gap between simple in vitro systems and live cells and allows for a variety of studies of membraneless organelles, including the development of therapeutics that modify properties of specific condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Freibaum
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - James Messing
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Peiguo Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hong Joo Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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Hapuarachchi HC, Wong WY, Koo C, Tien WP, Yeo G, Rajarethinam J, Tan E, Chiang S, Chong CS, Tan CH, Tan LK, Ng LC. Transient transmission of Chikungunya virus in Singapore exemplifies successful mitigation of severe epidemics in a vulnerable population. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 110:417-425. [PMID: 34380087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Singapore experienced two major outbreaks of chikungunya in 2008-09 and 2013-14. Despite repeated virus introductions, fresh local outbreaks have not emerged after 2014. The present study reviews the success of chikungunya control in Singapore, despite repeated introduction of virus strains, presence of competent vectors and an immunologically naïve population. METHODS Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) sequences (421 envelope 1 genes and 56 polyproteins) were analysed to distinguish the indigenous virus groups from 2008 to 2020. Vector surveillance data was used to incriminate the vector/s associated with local outbreaks. The population exposure to CHIKV was determined by assessing the seroprevalence status in three cohorts of sera collected in 2009 (n=2,008), 2013 (n=2,000) and 2017 (n=3,615). RESULTS Four distinct groups of CHIKV of East, Central and South African genotype have mainly circulated since 2008, transmitted primarily by Aedes albopictus. The age weighted CHIKV IgG prevalence rates were low (1-5%) and showed a non-significant increase from 2009 to 2013, but a significant decrease in 2017. In contrast, the prevalence of CHIKV neutralising antibodies in the population increased significantly from 2009 to 2013, with no significant change in 2017, but the levels remained below 2%. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggested that surveillance and vector control strategies implemented were robust to avert severe epidemics, despite repeated introduction of virus strains, presence of competent vectors and an immunologically naïve population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wing-Yan Wong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Carmen Koo
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Wei-Ping Tien
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Gladys Yeo
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Jayanthi Rajarethinam
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Eugene Tan
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Suzanna Chiang
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Chee-Seng Chong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Cheong-Huat Tan
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Li-Kiang Tan
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Lee-Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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NAP1L1 and NAP1L4 Binding to Hypervariable Domain of Chikungunya Virus nsP3 Protein Is Bivalent and Requires Phosphorylation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0083621. [PMID: 34076483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00836-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is one of the most pathogenic members of the Alphavirus genus in the Togaviridae family. Within the last 2 decades, CHIKV has expanded its presence to both hemispheres and is currently circulating in both Old and New Worlds. Despite the severity and persistence of the arthritis it causes in humans, no approved vaccines or therapeutic means have been developed for CHIKV infection. Replication of alphaviruses, including CHIKV, is determined not only by their nonstructural proteins but also by a wide range of host factors, which are indispensable components of viral replication complexes (vRCs). Alphavirus nsP3s contain hypervariable domains (HVDs), which encode multiple motifs that drive recruitment of cell- and virus-specific host proteins into vRCs. Our previous data suggested that NAP1 family members are a group of host factors that may interact with CHIKV nsP3 HVD. In this study, we performed a detailed investigation of the NAP1 function in CHIKV replication in vertebrate cells. Our data demonstrate that (i) the NAP1-HVD interactions have strong stimulatory effects on CHIKV replication, (ii) both NAP1L1 and NAP1L4 interact with the CHIKV HVD, (iii) NAP1 family members interact with two motifs, which are located upstream and downstream of the G3BP-binding motifs of CHIKV HVD, (iv) NAP1 proteins interact only with a phosphorylated form of CHIKV HVD, and HVD phosphorylation is mediated by CK2 kinase, and (v) NAP1 and other families of host factors redundantly promote CHIKV replication and their bindings have additive stimulatory effects on viral replication. IMPORTANCE Cellular proteins play critical roles in the assembly of alphavirus replication complexes (vRCs). Their recruitment is determined by the viral nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3). This protein contains a long, disordered hypervariable domain (HVD), which encodes virus-specific combinations of short linear motifs interacting with host factors during vRC assembly. Our study defined the binding mechanism of NAP1 family members to CHIKV HVD and demonstrated a stimulatory effect of this interaction on viral replication. We show that interaction with NAP1L1 is mediated by two HVD motifs and requires phosphorylation of HVD by CK2 kinase. Based on the accumulated data, we present a map of the binding motifs of the critical host factors currently known to interact with CHIKV HVD. It can be used to manipulate cell specificity of viral replication and pathogenesis, and to develop a new generation of vaccine candidates.
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Stress granule formation, disassembly, and composition are regulated by alphavirus ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021719118. [PMID: 33547245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021719118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While biomolecular condensates have emerged as an important biological phenomenon, mechanisms regulating their composition and the ways that viruses hijack these mechanisms remain unclear. The mosquito-borne alphaviruses cause a range of diseases from rashes and arthritis to encephalitis, and no licensed drugs are available for treatment or vaccines for prevention. The alphavirus virulence factor nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) suppresses the formation of stress granules (SGs)-a class of cytoplasmic condensates enriched with translation initiation factors and formed during the early stage of infection. nsP3 has a conserved N-terminal macrodomain that hydrolyzes ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated proteins and a C-terminal hypervariable domain that binds the essential SG component G3BP1. Here, we show that macrodomain hydrolase activity reduces the ADP-ribosylation of G3BP1, disassembles virus-induced SGs, and suppresses SG formation. Expression of nsP3 results in the formation of a distinct class of condensates that lack translation initiation factors but contain G3BP1 and other SG-associated RNA-binding proteins. Expression of ADP-ribosylhydrolase-deficient nsP3 results in condensates that retain translation initiation factors as well as RNA-binding proteins, similar to SGs. Therefore, our data reveal that ADP-ribosylation controls the composition of biomolecular condensates, specifically the localization of translation initiation factors, during alphavirus infection.
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Abdullah N, Ahemad N, Aliazis K, Khairat JE, Lee TC, Abdul Ahmad SA, Adnan NAA, Macha NO, Hassan SS. The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061021. [PMID: 34071712 PMCID: PMC8228767 DOI: 10.3390/v13061021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during the early stages of replication. However, the molecular pathways and proteins networks underlying these mechanisms remain poorly described. This is due to the low genetic sequence homology of the nsP3 protein among the alphavirus species, especially at its 3′ C-terminal domain, the hypervariable domain (HVD). Moreover, the nsP3 HVD is almost or completely intrinsically disordered and has a poor ability to form secondary structures. Evolution in the nsP3 HVD region allows the alphavirus to adapt to vertebrate and insect hosts. This review focuses on the putative roles and functions of indel, repetition, and duplication events that have occurred in the alphavirus nsP3 HVD, including characterization of the differences and their implications for specificity in the context of virus–host interactions in fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, which have thus directly facilitated the evolution, adaptation, viability, and re-emergence of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshariza Abdullah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Infectious Diseases and Health Cluster, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Konstantinos Aliazis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Jasmine Elanie Khairat
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Thong Chuan Lee
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Aisyah Abdul Ahmad
- Immunogenetic Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Amelia Azreen Adnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Nur Omar Macha
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
- Infectious Diseases and Health Cluster, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5514-6340
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Contu L, Balistreri G, Domanski M, Uldry AC, Mühlemann O. Characterisation of the Semliki Forest Virus-host cell interactome reveals the viral capsid protein as an inhibitor of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009603. [PMID: 34019569 PMCID: PMC8174725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive-sense, single-stranded RNA alphaviruses pose a potential epidemic threat. Understanding the complex interactions between the viral and the host cell proteins is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying successful virus replication strategies and for developing specific antiviral interventions. Here we present the first comprehensive protein-protein interaction map between the proteins of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV), a mosquito-borne member of the alphaviruses, and host cell proteins. Among the many identified cellular interactors of SFV proteins, the enrichment of factors involved in translation and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) was striking, reflecting the virus' hijacking of the translation machinery and indicating viral countermeasures for escaping NMD by inhibiting NMD at later time points during the infectious cycle. In addition to observing a general inhibition of NMD about 4 hours post infection, we also demonstrate that transient expression of the SFV capsid protein is sufficient to inhibit NMD in cells, suggesting that the massive production of capsid protein during the SFV reproduction cycle is responsible for NMD inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Contu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michal Domanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Uldry
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Mühlemann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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27
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Nowee G, Bakker JW, Geertsema C, Ros VID, Göertz GP, Fros JJ, Pijlman GP. A Tale of 20 Alphaviruses; Inter-species Diversity and Conserved Interactions Between Viral Non-structural Protein 3 and Stress Granule Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625711. [PMID: 33644063 PMCID: PMC7905232 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses infect a diverse range of host organisms including mosquitoes, mammals, and birds. The enigmatic alphavirus non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) has an intrinsically disordered, C-terminal hypervariable domain (HVD) that can interact with a variety of host proteins associated with stress granules (SGs). The HVD displays the highest variability across the more than 30 known alphaviruses, yet it also contains several motifs that are conserved amongst different subgroups of alphaviruses. For some alphaviruses, specific nsP3–SG protein interactions are essential for virus replication. However, it remains difficult to attribute general roles to these virus-host interactions, as multiple amino acid motifs in the HDV display a degree of redundancy and previous studies were performed with a limited number of alphaviruses. To better understand nsP3-host protein interactions we conducted comprehensive co-localization experiments with the nsP3s of 20 diverse alphaviruses: chikungunya, Semliki Forest, Sindbis, Bebaru, Barmah Forest, Getah, Mayaro, Middelburg, O'nyong-nyong, Ross River QML and T48, Una, Whataroa, Southern Elephant Seal, Eilat, Tai Forest (TAFV), Venezuelan/Eastern/Western equine encephalitis (V/E/WEEV) and the aquatic Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), with three different SG proteins (G3BP and its insect homolog Rasputin, FMRP) and BIN1 in mammalian and mosquito cell lines. Despite that all terrestrial alphavirus nsP3s contained at least one BIN1-binding motif (PxPxPR), not all nsP3s co-localized with BIN1. Further, all alphaviruses except SAV, TAFV and VEEV displayed co-localization with G3BP. Although viruses lacking FGxF-like motifs contained Agenet-like domain binding motifs to facilitate interaction with FMRP, cytoplasmic nsP3 granules of all tested alphaviruses co-localized with FMRP. Crispr-Cas9 knockout of G3BP in mammalian cells abolished nsP3-FMRP co-localization for all alphaviruses except V/E/WEEV nsP3s that bind FMRP directly. G3BP knockout also changed nsP3 subcellular localization of Bebaru, Barmah Forest, Getah, and Sindbis viruses. Taken together this study paints a more detailed picture of the diverse interactions between alphavirus nsP3 and SG-associated host proteins. The interaction between nsP3 and G3BP clearly plays a central role and results in recruitment of additional host proteins such as FMRP. However, direct binding of FMRP can make the interaction with G3BP redundant which exemplifies the alternate evolutionary paths of alphavirus subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Nowee
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Julian W Bakker
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Corinne Geertsema
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Giel P Göertz
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelke J Fros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Reuper H, Amari K, Krenz B. Analyzing the G3BP-like gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana in early turnip mosaic virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2187. [PMID: 33500425 PMCID: PMC7838295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes several genes that are known or predicted to participate in the formation of stress granules (SG). One family of genes encodes for Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein (G3BP)-like proteins. Seven genes were identified, of which one of the members was already shown to interact with plant virus proteins in a previous study. A phylogenetic and tissue-specific expression analysis, including laser-dissected phloem, by qRT-PCRs was performed and the sub-cellular localization of individual AtG3BP::EYFP fluorescent fusion proteins expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells was observed. Individual AtG3BP-protein interactions in planta were studied using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation approach in combination with confocal imaging in living cells. In addition, the early and late induction of G3BP-like expression upon Turnip mosaic virus infection was investigated by RNAseq and qRT-PCR. The results showed a high divergence of transcription frequency in the different plant tissues, promiscuous protein-protein interaction within the G3BP-like gene family, and a general induction by a viral infection with TuMV in A. thaliana. The information gained from these studies leads to a better understanding of stress granules, in particular their molecular mode of action in the plant and their role in plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Reuper
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Khalid Amari
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Björn Krenz
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Structural and Functional Characterization of Host FHL1 Protein Interaction with Hypervariable Domain of Chikungunya Virus nsP3 Protein. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01672-20. [PMID: 33055253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01672-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of insufficient control have resulted in unprecedented spread of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) around the globe, and millions have suffered from the highly debilitating disease. Nevertheless, the current understanding of CHIKV-host interactions and adaptability of the virus to replication in mosquitoes and mammalian hosts is still elusive. Our new study shows that four-and-a-half LIM domain protein (FHL1) is one of the host factors that interact with the hypervariable domain (HVD) of CHIKV nsP3. Unlike G3BPs, FHL1 is not a prerequisite of CHIKV replication, and many commonly used cell lines do not express FHL1. However, its expression has a detectable stimulatory effect(s) on CHIKV replication, and Fhl1 knockout (KO) cell lines demonstrate slower infection spread. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based studies revealed that the binding site of FHL1 in CHIKV nsP3 HVD overlaps that of another proviral host factor, CD2AP. The structural data also demonstrated that FHL1-HVD interaction is mostly determined by the LIM1 domain of FHL1. However, it does not mirror binding of the entire protein, suggesting that other LIM domains are involved. In agreement with previously published data, our biological experiments showed that interactions of CHIKV HVD with CD2AP and FHL1 have additive effects on the efficiency of CHIKV replication. This study shows that CHIKV mutants with extensive modifications of FHL1- or both FHL1- and CD2AP-binding sites remain viable and develop spreading infection in multiple cell types. Our study also demonstrated that other members of the FHL family can bind to CHIKV HVD and thus may be involved in viral replication.IMPORTANCE Replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is determined by a wide range of host factors. Previously, we have demonstrated that the hypervariable domain (HVD) of CHIKV nsP3 contains linear motifs that recruit defined families of host proteins into formation of functional viral replication complexes. Now, using NMR-based structural and biological approaches, we have characterized the binding site of the cellular FHL1 protein in CHIKV HVD and defined the biological significance of this interaction. In contrast to previously described binding of G3BP to CHIKV HVD, the FHL1-HVD interaction was found to not be a prerequisite of viral replication. However, the presence of FHL1 has a stimulatory effect on CHIKV infectivity and, subsequently, the infection spread. FHL1 and CD2AP proteins were found to have overlapping binding sites in CHIKV HVD and additive proviral functions. Elimination of the FHL1-binding site in the nsP3 HVD can be used for the development of stable, attenuated vaccine candidates.
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Szurgot I, Ljungberg K, Kümmerer BM, Liljeström P. Infectious RNA vaccine protects mice against chikungunya virus infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21076. [PMID: 33273501 PMCID: PMC7712826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel vaccine platform that can generate protective immunity to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in C57BL/6J mice after a single immunization by employing an infectious RNA (iRNA), which upon introduction into a host cell launches an infectious attenuated virus. We and others have previously reported that an engineered deletion of 183 nucleotides in the nsP3 gene attenuates chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and reduces in vivo viral replication and viremia after challenge in mice, macaques and man. Here, we demonstrated that in vitro transfection of iRNA carrying the nsP3 deletion generated infectious viruses, and after intramuscular injection, the iRNA induced robust antibody responses in mice. The iRNA was superior at eliciting binding and neutralizing antibody responses as compared to a DNA vaccine encoding the same RNA (iDNA) or a non-propagating RNA replicon (RREP) lacking the capsid encoding gene. Subsequent challenge with a high dose of CHIKV demonstrated that the antibody responses induced by this vaccine candidate protected animals from viremia. The iRNA approach constitutes a novel vaccine platform with the potential to impact the spread of CHIKV. Moreover, we believe that this approach is likely applicable also to other positive-strand viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chikungunya Fever/immunology
- Chikungunya Fever/prevention & control
- Chikungunya Fever/virology
- Chikungunya virus/genetics
- Chikungunya virus/immunology
- Chikungunya virus/pathogenicity
- Female
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- mRNA Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Szurgot
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karl Ljungberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Eurocine Vaccines AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Liljeström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Brocca S, Grandori R, Longhi S, Uversky V. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation by Intrinsically Disordered Protein Regions of Viruses: Roles in Viral Life Cycle and Control of Virus-Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9045. [PMID: 33260713 PMCID: PMC7730420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are unable to adopt a unique 3D structure under physiological conditions and thus exist as highly dynamic conformational ensembles. IDPs are ubiquitous and widely spread in the protein realm. In the last decade, compelling experimental evidence has been gathered, pointing to the ability of IDPs and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a phenomenon driving the formation of membrane-less organelles (MLOs). These biological condensates play a critical role in the spatio-temporal organization of the cell, where they exert a multitude of key biological functions, ranging from transcriptional regulation and silencing to control of signal transduction networks. After introducing IDPs and LLPS, we herein survey available data on LLPS by IDPs/IDRs of viral origin and discuss their functional implications. We distinguish LLPS associated with viral replication and trafficking of viral components, from the LLPS-mediated interference of viruses with host cell functions. We discuss emerging evidence on the ability of plant virus proteins to interfere with the regulation of MLOs of the host and propose that bacteriophages can interfere with bacterial LLPS, as well. We conclude by discussing how LLPS could be targeted to treat phase separation-associated diseases, including viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Brocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), Aix-Marseille University and CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33601, USA
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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Lello LS, Utt A, Bartholomeeusen K, Wang S, Rausalu K, Kendall C, Coppens S, Fragkoudis R, Tuplin A, Alphey L, Ariën KK, Merits A. Cross-utilisation of template RNAs by alphavirus replicases. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008825. [PMID: 32886709 PMCID: PMC7498090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most alphaviruses (family Togaviridae) including Sindbis virus (SINV) and other human pathogens, are transmitted by arthropods. The first open reading frame in their positive strand RNA genome encodes for the non-structural polyprotein, a precursor to four separate subunits of the replicase. The replicase interacts with cis-acting elements located near the intergenic region and at the ends of the viral RNA genome. A trans-replication assay was developed and used to analyse the template requirements for nine alphavirus replicases. Replicases of alphaviruses of the Semliki Forest virus complex were able to cross-utilize each other’s templates as well as those of outgroup alphaviruses. Templates of outgroup alphaviruses, including SINV and the mosquito-specific Eilat virus, were promiscuous; in contrast, their replicases displayed a limited capacity to use heterologous templates, especially in mosquito cells. The determinants important for efficient replication of template RNA were mapped to the 5' region of the genome. For SINV these include the extreme 5'- end of the genome and sequences corresponding to the first stem-loop structure in the 5' untranslated region. Mutations introduced in these elements drastically reduced infectivity of recombinant SINV genomes. The trans-replicase tools and approaches developed here can be instrumental in studying alphavirus recombination and evolution, but can also be applied to study other viruses such as picornaviruses, flaviviruses and coronaviruses. Alphaviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses, most of which use mosquitoes to spread between vertebrate hosts; many are human pathogens with potentially severe medical consequences. Some alphavirus species are believed to have resulted from the recombination between different members of the genus and there is evidence of movement of alphaviruses between continents. Here, a novel assay uncoupling viral replicase and template RNA production was developed and used to analyse cross-utilization of alphavirus template RNAs. We observed that replicases of closely related alphaviruses belonging to the Semliki Forest virus complex can generally use each other’s template RNAs as well as those of distantly related outgroup viruses. In contrast, replicases of outgroup viruses clearly preferred homologous template RNAs. These trends were observed in both mammalian and mosquito cells, with template preferences generally more pronounced in mosquito cells. Interestingly, the template RNA of the mosquito-specific Eilat virus was efficiently used by other alphavirus replicases while Eilat replicase could not use heterologous templates. Determinants for template selectivity were mapped to the beginning of the RNA genome and template recognition was more likely based on the recognition of RNA sequences than recognition of structural elements formed by the RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Age Utt
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sainan Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kai Rausalu
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Catherine Kendall
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Coppens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Rennos Fragkoudis
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tuplin
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Alphey
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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Hypervariable Domain of nsP3 of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Is a Critical Determinant of Viral Virulence. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00617-20. [PMID: 32581106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00617-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is the most pathogenic member of the Alphavirus genus in the Togaviridae family. This virus continues to circulate in the New World and has a potential for deliberate use as a bioweapon. Despite the public health threat, to date no attenuated EEEV variants have been applied as live EEEV vaccines. Our previous studies demonstrated the critical function of the hypervariable domain (HVD) in EEEV nsP3 for the assembly of viral replication complexes (vRCs). EEEV HVD contains short linear motifs that recruit host proteins required for vRC formation and function. In this study, we developed a set of EEEV mutants that contained combinations of deletions in nsP3 HVD and clustered mutations in capsid protein, and tested the effects of these modifications on EEEV infection in vivo These mutations had cumulative negative effects on viral ability to induce meningoencephalitis. The deletions of two critical motifs, which interact with the members of cellular FXR and G3BP protein families, made EEEV cease to be neurovirulent. The additional clustered mutations in capsid protein, which affect its ability to induce transcriptional shutoff, diminished EEEV's ability to develop viremia. Most notably, despite the inability to induce detectable disease, the designed EEEV mutants remained highly immunogenic and, after a single dose, protected mice against subsequent infection with wild-type (wt) EEEV. Thus, alterations of interactions of EEEV HVD and likely HVDs of other alphaviruses with host factors represent an important direction for development of highly attenuated viruses that can be applied as live vaccines.IMPORTANCE Hypervariable domains (HVDs) of alphavirus nsP3 proteins recruit host proteins into viral replication complexes. The sets of HVD-binding host factors are specific for each alphavirus, and we have previously identified those specific for EEEV. The results of this study demonstrate that the deletions of the binding sites of the G3BP and FXR protein families in the nsP3 HVD of EEEV make the virus avirulent for mice. Mutations in the nuclear localization signal in EEEV capsid protein have an additional negative effect on viral replication in vivo Despite the inability to cause a detectable disease, the double HVD and triple HVD/capsid mutants induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Single immunization protects mice against infection with the highly pathogenic North American strain of EEEV. High safety, the inability to revert to wild-type phenotype, and high immunogenicity make the designed mutants attractive vaccine candidates for EEEV infection.
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Sanders DW, Kedersha N, Lee DSW, Strom AR, Drake V, Riback JA, Bracha D, Eeftens JM, Iwanicki A, Wang A, Wei MT, Whitney G, Lyons SM, Anderson P, Jacobs WM, Ivanov P, Brangwynne CP. Competing Protein-RNA Interaction Networks Control Multiphase Intracellular Organization. Cell 2020; 181:306-324.e28. [PMID: 32302570 PMCID: PMC7816278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) mediates formation of membraneless condensates such as those associated with RNA processing, but the rules that dictate their assembly, substructure, and coexistence with other liquid-like compartments remain elusive. Here, we address the biophysical mechanism of this multiphase organization using quantitative reconstitution of cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) with attached P-bodies in human cells. Protein-interaction networks can be viewed as interconnected complexes (nodes) of RNA-binding domains (RBDs), whose integrated RNA-binding capacity determines whether LLPS occurs upon RNA influx. Surprisingly, both RBD-RNA specificity and disordered segments of key proteins are non-essential, but modulate multiphase condensation. Instead, stoichiometry-dependent competition between protein networks for connecting nodes determines SG and P-body composition and miscibility, while competitive binding of unconnected proteins disengages networks and prevents LLPS. Inspired by patchy colloid theory, we propose a general framework by which competing networks give rise to compositionally specific and tunable condensates, while relative linkage between nodes underlies multiphase organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nancy Kedersha
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel S W Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Amy R Strom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Victoria Drake
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua A Riback
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Dan Bracha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jorine M Eeftens
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Allana Iwanicki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alicia Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ming-Tzo Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Gena Whitney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Shawn M Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Paul Anderson
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William M Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Pavel Ivanov
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Alhammad YMO, Fehr AR. The Viral Macrodomain Counters Host Antiviral ADP-Ribosylation. Viruses 2020; 12:E384. [PMID: 32244383 PMCID: PMC7232374 DOI: 10.3390/v12040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrodomains, enzymes that remove ADP-ribose from proteins, are encoded by several families of RNA viruses and have recently been shown to counter innate immune responses to virus infection. ADP-ribose is covalently attached to target proteins by poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs), using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a substrate. This modification can have a wide variety of effects on proteins including alteration of enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability. Several PARPs are induced by interferon (IFN) and are known to have antiviral properties, implicating ADP-ribosylation in the host defense response and suggesting that viral macrodomains may counter this response. Recent studies have demonstrated that viral macrodomains do counter the innate immune response by interfering with PARP-mediated antiviral defenses, stress granule formation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Here, we will describe the known functions of the viral macrodomains and review recent literature demonstrating their roles in countering PARP-mediated antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony R. Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
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Sensitivity of Alphaviruses to G3BP Deletion Correlates with Efficiency of Replicase Polyprotein Processing. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01681-19. [PMID: 31941782 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01681-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive overview of the dependency of several Old World alphaviruses for the host protein G3BP. Based on their replication ability in G3BP-deleted cells, Old World alphaviruses can be categorized into two groups, being either resistant or sensitive to G3BP deletion. We observed that all sensitive viruses have an Arg residue at the P4 position of the cleavage site between the nonstructural protein P1 (nsP1) and nsP2 regions of the replicase precursor polyprotein (1/2 site), while a different residue is found at this site in viruses resistant to G3BP deletion. Swapping this residue between resistant and sensitive viruses also switches the G3BP deletion sensitivity. In the absence of G3BP, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) replication is at the limit of detection. The P4 Arg-to-His substitution partially rescues this defect. The P4 residue of the 1/2 site is known to play a regulatory role during processing at this site, and we found that if processing is blocked, the influence of the P4 residue on the sensitivity to G3BP deletion is abolished. Immunofluorescence experiments with CHIKV replicase with manipulated processing indicate that the synthesis of double-stranded RNA is defective in the absence of G3BP and suggest a role of G3BP during negative-strand RNA synthesis. This study provides a functional link between the host protein G3BP and the P4 residue of the 1/2 site for viral RNA replication of Old World alphaviruses. While this suggests a link between G3BP proteins and viral replicase polyprotein processing, we propose that G3BP proteins do not have a regulatory role during polyprotein processing.IMPORTANCE Old World alphaviruses comprise several medically relevant viruses, including chikungunya virus and Ross River virus. Recurrent outbreaks and the lack of antivirals and vaccines demand ongoing research to fight the emergence of these infectious diseases. In this context, a thorough investigation of virus-host interactions is critical. Here, we highlight the importance of the host protein G3BP for several Old World alphaviruses. Our data strongly suggest that G3BP plays a crucial role for the activity of the viral replicase and, thus, the amplification of the viral RNA genome. To our knowledge, the present work is the first to provide a functional link between the regulation of viral polyprotein processing and RNA replication and a host factor for alphaviruses. Moreover, the results of this study raise several questions about the fundamental regulatory mechanisms that dictate the activity of the viral replicase, thereby paving the way for future studies.
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Mutations in Hypervariable Domain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus nsP3 Protein Differentially Affect Viral Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01841-19. [PMID: 31694937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01841-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is one of the important human and animal pathogens. It forms replication enzyme complexes (RCs) containing viral nonstructural proteins (nsPs) that mediate the synthesis of virus-specific RNAs. The assembly and associated functions of RC also depend on the presence of a specific set of host proteins. Our study demonstrates that the hypervariable domain (HVD) of VEEV nsP3 interacts with the members of the FXR family of cellular proteins and also binds the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-containing proteins CD2AP and SH3KBP1. Interactions with FXR family members are mediated by the C-terminal repeating peptide of HVD. A single short, minimal motif identified in this study is sufficient for driving efficient VEEV replication in the absence of HVD interactions with other host proteins. The SH3 domain-containing proteins bind to another fragment of VEEV HVD. They can promote viral replication in the absence of FXR-HVD interactions albeit less efficiently. VEEV replication can be also switched from an FXR-dependent to a chikungunya virus-specific, G3BP-dependent mode. The described modifications of VEEV HVD have a strong impact on viral replication in vitro and pathogenesis. Their effects on viral pathogenesis depend on mouse age and the genetic background of the virus.IMPORTANCE The replication of alphaviruses is determined by specific sets of cellular proteins, which mediate the assembly of viral replication complexes. Some of these critical host factors interact with the hypervariable domain (HVD) of alphavirus nsP3. In this study, we have explored binding sites of host proteins, which are specific partners of nsP3 HVD of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. We also define the roles of these interactions in viral replication both in vitro and in vivo A mechanistic understanding of the binding of CD2AP, SH3KBP1, and FXR protein family members to VEEV HVD uncovers important aspects of alphavirus evolution and determines new targets for the development of alphavirus-specific drugs and directions for viral attenuation and vaccine development.
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Liu L, Weiss E, Panas MD, Götte B, Sellberg S, Thaa B, McInerney GM. RNA processing bodies are disassembled during Old World alphavirus infection. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1375-1389. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA processing bodies (P-bodies) are non-membranous cytoplasmic aggregates of mRNA and proteins involved in mRNA decay and translation repression. P-bodies actively respond to environmental stresses, associated with another type of RNA granules, known as stress granules (SGs). Alphaviruses were previously shown to block SG induction at late stages of infection, which is important for efficient viral growth. In this study, we found that P-bodies were disassembled or reduced in number very early in infection with Semliki Forest virus (SFV) or chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in a panel of cell lines. Similar to SGs, reinduction of P-bodies by a second stress (sodium arsenite) was also blocked in infected cells. The disassembly of P-bodies still occurred in non-phosphorylatable eIF2α mouse embryonal fibroblasts (MEFs) that are impaired in SG assembly. Studies of translation status by ribopuromycylation showed that P-body disassembly is independent of host translation shutoff, which requires the phosphorylation of eIF2α in the SFV- or CHIKV-infected cells. Labelling of newly synthesized RNA with bromo-UTP showed that host transcription shutoff correlated with P-body disassembly at the same early stage (3–4 h) after infection. However, inhibition of global transcription with actinomycin D (ActD) failed to disassemble P-bodies as effectively as the viruses did. Interestingly, blocking nuclear import with importazole led to an efficient P-bodies loss. Our data reveal that P-bodies are disassembled independently from SG formation at early stages of Old World alphavirus infection and that nuclear import is involved in the dynamic of P-bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Eva Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Marc D. Panas
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Götte
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Stina Sellberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Bastian Thaa
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Gerald M. McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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40
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Hosmillo M, Lu J, McAllaster MR, Eaglesham JB, Wang X, Emmott E, Domingues P, Chaudhry Y, Fitzmaurice TJ, Tung MKH, Panas MD, McInerney G, Locker N, Wilen CB, Goodfellow IG. Noroviruses subvert the core stress granule component G3BP1 to promote viral VPg-dependent translation. eLife 2019; 8:e46681. [PMID: 31403400 PMCID: PMC6739877 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the host factors required for norovirus replication has been hindered by the challenges associated with culturing human noroviruses. We have combined proteomic analysis of the viral translation and replication complexes with a CRISPR screen, to identify host factors required for norovirus infection. The core stress granule component G3BP1 was identified as a host factor essential for efficient human and murine norovirus infection, demonstrating a conserved function across the Norovirus genus. Furthermore, we show that G3BP1 functions in the novel paradigm of viral VPg-dependent translation initiation, contributing to the assembly of translation complexes on the VPg-linked viral positive sense RNA genome by facilitating ribosome recruitment. Our data uncovers a novel function for G3BP1 in the life cycle of positive sense RNA viruses and identifies the first host factor with pan-norovirus pro-viral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jia Lu
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael R McAllaster
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - James B Eaglesham
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of MicrobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Brain Research and RehabilitationSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Edward Emmott
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of BioengineeringNortheastern UniversityBostonUnited States
- Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological AnalysesNortheastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Patricia Domingues
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim J Fitzmaurice
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew KH Tung
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Marc Dominik Panas
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Nicolas Locker
- School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Götte B, Panas MD, Hellström K, Liu L, Samreen B, Larsson O, Ahola T, McInerney GM. Separate domains of G3BP promote efficient clustering of alphavirus replication complexes and recruitment of the translation initiation machinery. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007842. [PMID: 31199850 PMCID: PMC6594655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G3BP-1 and -2 (hereafter referred to as G3BP) are multifunctional RNA-binding proteins involved in stress granule (SG) assembly. Viruses from diverse families target G3BP for recruitment to replication or transcription complexes in order to block SG assembly but also to acquire pro-viral effects via other unknown functions of G3BP. The Old World alphaviruses, including Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) recruit G3BP into viral replication complexes, via an interaction between FGDF motifs in the C-terminus of the viral non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) and the NTF2-like domain of G3BP. To study potential proviral roles of G3BP, we used human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell lines lacking endogenous G3BP generated using CRISPR-Cas9 and reconstituted with a panel of G3BP1 mutants and truncation variants. While SFV replicated with varying efficiency in all cell lines, CHIKV could only replicate in cells expressing G3BP1 variants containing both the NTF2-like and the RGG domains. The ability of SFV to replicate in the absence of G3BP allowed us to study effects of different domains of the protein. We used immunoprecipitation to demonstrate that that both NTF2-like and RGG domains are necessary for the formation a complex between nsP3, G3BP1 and the 40S ribosomal subunit. Electron microscopy of SFV-infected cells revealed that formation of nsP3:G3BP1 complexes via the NTF2-like domain was necessary for clustering of cytopathic vacuoles (CPVs) and that the presence of the RGG domain was necessary for accumulation of electron dense material containing G3BP1 and nsP3 surrounding the CPV clusters. Clustered CPVs also exhibited localised high levels of translation of viral mRNAs as detected by ribopuromycylation staining. These data confirm that G3BP is a ribosomal binding protein and reveal that alphaviral nsP3 uses G3BP to concentrate viral replication complexes and to recruit the translation initiation machinery, promoting the efficient translation of viral mRNAs. In order to repel viral infections, cells activate stress responses. One such response involves inhibition of translation and restricted availability of the translation machinery via the formation of stress granules. However, the host translation machinery is absolutely essential for synthesis of viral proteins and consequently viruses have developed a broad spectrum of strategies to circumvent this restriction. Old World alphaviruses, such as Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), interfere with stress granule formation by sequestration of G3BP, a stress granule nucleating protein, mediated by the viral non-structural protein 3 (nsP3). Here we show that nsP3:G3BP complexes engage factors of the host translation machinery, which during the course of infection accumulate in the vicinity of viral replication complexes. Accordingly, we demonstrate that the nsP3:G3BP interaction is required for high localized translational activity around viral replication complexes. We find the RGG domain of G3BP to be essential for the recruitment of the host translation machinery. In cells expressing mutant G3BP lacking the RGG domain, SFV replication was attenuated, but detectable, while CHIKV was essentially non-viable. Our data demonstrate a novel mechanism by which viruses can recruit factors of the translation machinery in a G3BP-dependent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chikungunya Fever/genetics
- Chikungunya Fever/metabolism
- Chikungunya Fever/pathology
- Chikungunya virus/physiology
- Cricetinae
- DNA Helicases/genetics
- DNA Helicases/metabolism
- Humans
- Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/genetics
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Domains
- RNA Helicases/genetics
- RNA Helicases/metabolism
- RNA Recognition Motif Proteins/genetics
- RNA Recognition Motif Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/genetics
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/metabolism
- Semliki forest virus/physiology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Götte
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc D. Panas
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsi Hellström
- University of Helsinki, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baila Samreen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tero Ahola
- University of Helsinki, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (GMM); (TA)
| | - Gerald M. McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (GMM); (TA)
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Law LMJ, Razooky BS, Li MMH, You S, Jurado A, Rice CM, MacDonald MR. ZAP's stress granule localization is correlated with its antiviral activity and induced by virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007798. [PMID: 31116799 PMCID: PMC6548403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular antiviral programs encode molecules capable of targeting multiple steps in the virus lifecycle. Zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a central and general regulator of antiviral activity that targets pathogen mRNA stability and translation. ZAP is diffusely cytoplasmic, but upon infection ZAP is targeted to particular cytoplasmic structures, termed stress granules (SGs). However, it remains unclear if ZAP’s antiviral activity correlates with SG localization, and what molecular cues are required to induce this localization event. Here, we use Sindbis virus (SINV) as a model infection and find that ZAP’s localization to SGs can be transient. Sometimes no apparent viral infection follows ZAP SG localization but ZAP SG localization always precedes accumulation of SINV non-structural protein, suggesting virus replication processes trigger SG formation and ZAP recruitment. Data from single-molecule RNA FISH corroborates this finding as the majority of cells with ZAP localization in SGs contain low levels of viral RNA. Furthermore, ZAP recruitment to SGs occurred in ZAP-expressing cells when co-cultured with cells replicating full-length SINV, but not when co-cultured with cells replicating a SINV replicon. ZAP recruitment to SGs is functionally important as a panel of alanine ZAP mutants indicate that the anti-SINV activity is correlated with ZAP’s ability to localize to SGs. As ZAP is a central component of the cellular antiviral programs, these data provide further evidence that SGs are an important cytoplasmic antiviral hub. These findings provide insight into how antiviral components are regulated upon virus infection to inhibit virus spread. Organisms encode immune programs, present in most somatic cells, to combat pathogens. The components of these antiviral programs are both constitutively expressed and highly upregulated upon pathogen recognition. Interestingly, a broadly acting antiviral factor is the zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP). ZAP is a primarily cytoplasmic protein that upon various cellular stresses, such as virus infection, can localize to specific cytoplasmic complexes termed stress granules (SGs). SGs are hubs that regulate mRNA stability and translation. Here, we show that SG localization is (i) correlated with ZAP’s antiviral function, (ii) most likely triggered during the early stages of virus replication, and (iii) a highly dynamic and transient process. Collectively, our data highlight the genetic and dynamic components of ZAP-mediated antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Man John Law
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Brandon S. Razooky
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Melody M. H. Li
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Shihyun You
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrea Jurado
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Charles M. Rice
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Margaret R. MacDonald
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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The Host DHX9 DExH-Box Helicase Is Recruited to Chikungunya Virus Replication Complexes for Optimal Genomic RNA Translation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01764-18. [PMID: 30463980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01764-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond their role in cellular RNA metabolism, DExD/H-box RNA helicases are hijacked by various RNA viruses in order to assist replication of the viral genome. Here, we identify the DExH-box RNA helicase 9 (DHX9) as a binding partner of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP3 mainly interacting with the C-terminal hypervariable domain. We show that during early CHIKV infection, DHX9 is recruited to the plasma membrane, where it associates with replication complexes. At a later stage of infection, DHX9 is, however, degraded through a proteasome-dependent mechanism. Using silencing experiments, we demonstrate that while DHX9 negatively controls viral RNA synthesis, it is also required for optimal mature nonstructural protein translation. Altogether, this study identifies DHX9 as a novel cofactor for CHIKV replication in human cells that differently regulates the various steps of CHIKV life cycle and may therefore mediate a switch in RNA usage from translation to replication during the earliest steps of CHIKV replication.IMPORTANCE The reemergence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus that is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, is a serious global health threat. In the absence of effective antiviral drugs, CHIKV infection has a significant impact on human health, with chronic arthritis being one of the most serious complications. The molecular understanding of host-virus interactions is a prerequisite to the development of targeted therapeutics capable to interrupt viral replication and transmission. Here, we identify the host cell DHX9 DExH-Box helicase as an essential cofactor for early CHIKV genome translation. We demonstrate that CHIKV nsP3 protein acts as a key factor for DHX9 recruitment to replication complexes. Finally, we establish that DHX9 behaves as a switch that regulates the progression of the viral cycle from translation to genome replication. This study might therefore have a significant impact on the development of antiviral strategies.
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44
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Carissimo G, Ng LFP. Understanding Molecular Pathogenesis with Chikungunya Virus Research Tools. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 435:33-53. [PMID: 30888547 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Since its re-emergence in 2006, Chikungunya has been a major health concern in endemic areas. Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes to mammalian hosts, Chikungunya leads to persistent debilitating symptoms in a high proportion of symptomatic human cases. In this review, we present several tools on the mosquito vector side as well as on the mammalian side that have been used to advance research on Chikungunya transmission and immunopathogenesis. These tools lead to key understandings of viral replication in both hosts, and innate and adaptive responses mediating virus clearance and pathology in mammals. This comprehension of viral mechanisms has allowed the development of promising treatment avenues in animal models that will need to be further explored. However, research efforts need to continue in order to develop better and unbiased tools to assess antiviral and treatment strategies as well as further understand immune mechanisms at play in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Carissimo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Laboratory of Microbial Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, 8A Biomedical Grove, #04-06, Immunos, Biopolis, 138648, Singapore.
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45
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Göertz GP, Lingemann M, Geertsema C, Abma-Henkens MHC, Vogels CBF, Koenraadt CJM, van Oers MM, Pijlman GP. Conserved motifs in the hypervariable domain of chikungunya virus nsP3 required for transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006958. [PMID: 30412583 PMCID: PMC6249005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging arthropod-borne (arbo)virus that causes chikungunya fever in humans and is predominantly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The CHIKV replication machinery consists of four non-structural proteins (nsP1-4) that additionally require the presence of a number of host proteins for replication of the viral RNA. NsP3 is essential for CHIKV replication and has a conserved macro, central and C-terminal hypervariable domain (HVD). The HVD is intrinsically disordered and interacts with various host proteins via conserved short peptide motifs: A proline-rich (P-rich) motif that has affinity for SH3-domain containing proteins and duplicate FGDF motifs with affinity for G3BP and its mosquito homologue Rasputin. The importance of these motifs for infection of mammalian cells has previously been implicated. However, their role during CHIKV infection of mosquito cells and transmission by mosquitoes remains unclear. Methodology / Principal findings Here, we show that in-frame deletion of the P-rich motif is lethal for CHIKV replication in both mosquito and mammalian cells. However, while mutagenesis of the P-rich motif negatively affects replication both in mammalian and mosquito cells, it did not compromise the infection and transmission of CHIKV by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Mutagenesis of both FGDF motifs together completely inactivated CHIKV replication in both mammalian and mosquito cells. Importantly, mutation of a single FGDF motif attenuated CHIKV replication in mammalian cells, while replication in mosquito cells was similar to wild type. Surprisingly, CHIKV mutants containing only a single FGDF motif were efficiently transmitted by Ae. aegypti. Conclusions / Significance The P-rich motif in CHIKV nsP3 is dispensable for transmission by mosquitoes. A single FGDF motif is sufficient for infection and dissemination in mosquitoes, but duplicate FGDF motifs are required for the efficient infection from the mosquito saliva to a vertebrate host. These results contribute to understanding the dynamics of the alphavirus transmission cycle and may help the development of arboviral intervention strategies. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging arthropod-borne virus that is transmitted predominantly by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In 2016 alone CHIKV caused over 100.000 infections in South-America, exemplifying the impact of CHIKV disease. Previous research has suggested that the CHIKV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) may determine the infection of mosquitoes. NsP3 is known to interact with several host proteins through a conserved proline (P)-rich and duplicate FGDF motifs that are present in its C-terminal domain. Here we investigated the importance of these conserved motifs for the infection and replication of CHIKV in both Aedes mosquito cells and mammalian cells. Furthermore, we assessed the role of these motifs for the transmission by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes via infectious bloodmeal experiments. We show that mutation of the P-rich motif negatively affects the replication of CHIKV in both mammalian and mosquito cells. In contrast, mutating the P-rich motif did not affect the transmission by Ae. aegypti. Mutation of both FGDF motifs together completely inactivated CHIKV in mammalian and mosquito cells, while mutation of a single FGDF motif negatively affected replication only in mammalian cells. Importantly, CHIKV containing only a single FGDF motif was still efficiently transmitted by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. These results contribute to understanding the key interactions between alphaviruses and their mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giel P. Göertz
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Lingemann
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corinne Geertsema
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chantal B. F. Vogels
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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46
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Reineke LC, Neilson JR. Differences between acute and chronic stress granules, and how these differences may impact function in human disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 162:123-131. [PMID: 30326201 PMCID: PMC6421087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules are macromolecular aggregates of mRNA and proteins assembling in response to stresses that promote the repression of protein synthesis. Most of the work characterizing stress granules has been done under acute stress conditions or during viral infection. Comparatively less work has been done to understand stress granule assembly during chronic stress, specifically regarding the composition and function of stress granules in this alternative context. Here, we describe key aspects of stress granule biology under acute stress, and how these stress granule hallmarks differ in the context of chronic stress conditions. We will provide perspective for future work aimed at further uncovering the form and function of both acute and chronic stress granules and discuss aspects of stress granule biology that have the potential to be exploited in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Reineke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Joel R Neilson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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47
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Rasputin a decade on and more promiscuous than ever? A review of G3BPs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:360-370. [PMID: 30595162 PMCID: PMC7114234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding proteins (G3BPs, also known as Rasputin) are a family of RNA binding proteins that regulate gene expression in response to environmental stresses by controlling mRNA stability and translation. G3BPs appear to facilitate this activity through their role in stress granules for which they are considered a core component, however, it should be noted that not all stress granules contain G3BPs and this appears to be contextual depending on the environmental stress and the cell type. Although the role of G3BPs in stress granules appears to be one of its major roles, data also strongly suggests that they interact with mRNAs outside of stress granules to regulate gene expression. G3BPs have been implicated in several diseases including cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis as well as virus survival. There is now a body of evidence that suggests targeting of G3BPs could be explored as a form of cancer therapeutic. This review discusses the important discoveries and advancements made in the field of G3BPs biology over the last two decades including their roles in RNA stability, translational control of cellular transcripts, stress granule formation, cancer progression and its interactions with viruses during infection. An emerging theme for G3BPs is their ability to regulate gene expression in response to environmental stimuli, disease progression and virus infection making it an intriguing target for disease therapies. Triage of many cellular mRNA occurs via stress granules in a G3BP-dependant manner. G3BPs control intra cellular responses to viral infection. Transcript stability, degradation and translation are controlled by G3BPs. G3BPs can control cancer progression.
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48
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Meshram CD, Agback P, Shiliaev N, Urakova N, Mobley JA, Agback T, Frolova EI, Frolov I. Multiple Host Factors Interact with the Hypervariable Domain of Chikungunya Virus nsP3 and Determine Viral Replication in Cell-Specific Mode. J Virol 2018; 92:e00838-18. [PMID: 29899097 PMCID: PMC6069204 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00838-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are widely distributed in both hemispheres and circulate between mosquitoes and amplifying vertebrate hosts. Geographically separated alphaviruses have adapted to replication in particular organisms. The accumulating data suggest that this adaptation is determined not only by changes in their glycoproteins but also by the amino acid sequence of the hypervariable domain (HVD) of the alphavirus nsP3 protein. We performed a detailed investigation of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP3 HVD interactions with host factors and their roles in viral replication in vertebrate and mosquito cells. The results demonstrate that CHIKV HVD is intrinsically disordered and binds several distinctive cellular proteins. These host factors include two members of the G3BP family and their mosquito homolog Rin, two members of the NAP1 family, and several SH3 domain-containing proteins. Interaction with G3BP proteins or Rin is an absolute requirement for CHIKV replication, although it is insufficient to solely drive it in either vertebrate or mosquito cells. To achieve a detectable level of virus replication, HVD needs to bind members of at least one more protein family in addition to G3BPs. Interaction with NAP1L1 and NAP1L4 plays a more proviral role in vertebrate cells, while binding of SH3 domain-containing proteins to a proline-rich fragment of HVD is more critical for virus replication in the cells of mosquito origin. Modifications of binding sites in CHIKV HVD allow manipulation of the cell specificity of CHIKV replication. Similar changes may be introduced into HVDs of other alphaviruses to alter their replication in particular cells or tissues.IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses utilize a broad spectrum of cellular factors for efficient formation and function of replication complexes (RCs). Our data demonstrate for the first time that the hypervariable domain (HVD) of chikungunya virus nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) is intrinsically disordered. It binds at least 3 families of cellular proteins, which play an indispensable role in viral RNA replication. The proteins of each family demonstrate functional redundancy. We provide a detailed map of the binding sites on CHIKV nsP3 HVD and show that mutations in these sites or the replacement of CHIKV HVD by heterologous HVD change cell specificity of viral replication. Such manipulations with alphavirus HVDs open an opportunity for development of new irreversibly attenuated vaccine candidates. To date, the disordered protein fragments have been identified in the nonstructural proteins of many other viruses. They may also interact with a variety of cellular factors that determine critical aspects of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan D Meshram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nikita Shiliaev
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Elena I Frolova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ilya Frolov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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49
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Moizéis RNC, Fernandes TAADM, Guedes PMDM, Pereira HWB, Lanza DCF, de Azevedo JWV, Galvão JMDA, Fernandes JV. Chikungunya fever: a threat to global public health. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:182-194. [PMID: 29806537 PMCID: PMC6147074 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1478777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is an emerging arbovirus infection, representing a serious public health problem. Its etiological agent is the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Transmission of this virus is mainly vector by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, although transmission by blood transfusions and vertical transmission has also been reported. The disease presents high morbidity caused mainly by the arthralgia and arthritis generated. Cardiovascular and neurological manifestations have also been reported. The severity of the infection seems to be directly associated with the action of the virus, but also with the decompensation of preexisting comorbidities. Currently, there are no therapeutic products neither vaccines licensed to the infection CHIKV control, although several vaccine candidates are being evaluated and human polyvalent immunoglobulins anti-CHIKV had been tested. Antibodies can protect against the infection, but in sub-neutralizing concentrations can augment virus infection and exacerbate disease severity. So, the prevention still depends on the use of personal protection measures and vector control, which are only minimally effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíza Nara Cunha Moizéis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Marcos da Matta Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Josélio Maria de Araújo Galvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - José Veríssimo Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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50
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Wong KZ, Chu JJH. The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral Strategies. Viruses 2018; 10:E294. [PMID: 29849008 PMCID: PMC6024654 DOI: 10.3390/v10060294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has re-emerged as one of the many medically important arboviruses that have spread rampantly across the world in the past decade. Infected patients come down with acute fever and rashes, and a portion of them suffer from both acute and chronic arthralgia. Currently, there are no targeted therapeutics against this debilitating virus. One approach to develop potential therapeutics is by understanding the viral-host interactions. However, to date, there has been limited research undertaken in this area. In this review, we attempt to briefly describe and update the functions of the different CHIKV proteins and their respective interacting host partners. In addition, we also survey the literature for other reported host factors and pathways involved during CHIKV infection. There is a pressing need for an in-depth understanding of the interaction between the host environment and CHIKV in order to generate potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhi Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06-05, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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