1
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Holbrook BC, Clemens EA, Alexander-Miller MA. Sex-Dependent Effects on Influenza-Specific Antibody Quantity and Neutralizing Activity following Vaccination of Newborn Non-Human Primates Is Determined by Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:415. [PMID: 38675797 PMCID: PMC11054256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated the role of sex in regulating immune responses to vaccination. However, these findings have been limited to adults for both human and animal models. As a result, our understanding of the impact of sex on vaccine responses in the newborn is highly limited. Here, we probe this important question using a newborn non-human primate model. We leveraged our prior analysis of two cohorts of newborns, with one being mother-reared and one nursery-reared. This provided adequate numbers of males and females to interrogate the impact of sex on the response to inactivated influenza vaccines alone or adjuvanted with R848, flagellin, or both. We found that, in contrast to what has been reported in adults, the non-adjuvanted inactivated influenza virus vaccine induced similar levels of virus-specific IgG in male and female newborns. However, the inclusion of R848, either alone or in combination with flagellin, resulted in higher antibody titers in females compared to males. Sex-specific increases in the neutralizing antibody were only observed when both R848 and flagellin were present. These data, generated in the highly translational NHP newborn model, provide novel insights into the role of sex in the immune response of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martha A. Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Rm 2E-018 Biotech Place, 575 North Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (B.C.H.); elene.a.- (E.A.C.)
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2
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TLR agonists induce sustained IgG to hemagglutinin stem and modulate T cells following newborn vaccination. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:102. [PMID: 36038596 PMCID: PMC9424286 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The newborn immune system is characterized by diminished immune responses that leave infants vulnerable to virus-mediated disease and make vaccination more challenging. Optimal vaccination strategies for influenza A virus (IAV) in newborns should result in robust levels of protective antibodies, including those with broad reactivity to combat the variability in IAV strains across seasons. The stem region of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule is a target of such antibodies. Using a nonhuman primate model, we investigate the capacity of newborns to generate and maintain antibodies to the conserved stem region following vaccination. We find adjuvanting an inactivated vaccine with the TLR7/8 agonist R848 is effective in promoting sustained HA stem-specific IgG. Unexpectedly, HA stem-specific antibodies were generated with a distinct kinetic pattern compared to the overall response. Administration of R848 was associated with increased influenza-specific T follicular helper cells as well as Tregs with a less suppressive phenotype, suggesting adjuvant impacts multiple cell types that have the potential to contribute to the HA-stem response.
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3
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Graveline R, Haida M, Dumont C, Poulin D, Poitout-Belissent F, Samadfam R, Kronenberg S, Regenass-Lechner F, Prell R, Piche MS. Development of a nonhuman primate challenge model to evaluate CD8 + T cell responses to an adenovirus-based vaccine expressing SIV proteins upon repeat-dose treatment with checkpoint inhibitors. MAbs 2021; 14:1979447. [PMID: 34923919 PMCID: PMC8726661 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1979447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting immune checkpoint receptors expressed in the T cell synapse induces active and long-lasting antitumor immunity in preclinical tumor models and oncology patients. However, traditional nonhuman primate (NHP) studies in healthy animals have thus far demonstrated little to no pharmacological activity or toxicity for checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), likely due to a quiescent immune system. We developed a NHP vaccine challenge model in Mauritius cynomolgus monkey (MCMs) that elicits a strong CD8+ T cell response to assess both pharmacology and safety within the same animal. MHC I-genotyped MCMs were immunized with three replication incompetent adenovirus serotype 5 (Adv5) encoding Gag, Nef and Pol simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) proteins administered 4 weeks apart. Immunized animals received the anti-PD-L1 atezolizumab or an immune checkpoint-targeting bispecific antibody (mAbX) in early development. After a single immunization, Adv5-SIVs induced T-cell activation as assessed by the expression of several co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, proliferation, and antigen-specific T-cell response as measured by a Nef-dependent interferon-γ ELIspot and tetramer analysis. Administration of atezolizumab increased the number of Ki67+ CD8+ T cells, CD8+ T cells co-expressing TIM3 and LAG3 and the number of CD4+ T cells co-expressing 4–1BB, BTLA, and TIM3 two weeks after vaccination. Both atezolizumab and mAbX extended the cytolytic activity of the SIV antigen-specific CD8+ T cell up to 8 weeks. Taken together, this vaccine challenge model allowed the combined study of pharmacology and safety parameters for a new immunomodulatory protein-based therapeutic targeting CD8+ T cells in an NHP model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morad Haida
- Immunology, Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Canada
| | | | - Dominic Poulin
- Immunology, Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Canada
| | | | - Rana Samadfam
- Immunology, Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Canada
| | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Regenass-Lechner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rodney Prell
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Epigenetic clock and methylation studies in vervet monkeys. GeroScience 2021; 44:699-717. [PMID: 34591235 PMCID: PMC9135907 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation-based biomarkers of aging have been developed for many mammals but not yet for the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), which is a valuable non-human primate model for biomedical studies. We generated novel DNA methylation data from vervet cerebral cortex, blood, and liver using highly conserved mammalian CpGs represented on a custom array (HorvathMammalMethylChip40). We present six DNA methylation-based estimators of age: vervet multi-tissue epigenetic clock and tissue-specific clocks for brain cortex, blood, and liver. In addition, we developed two dual species clocks (human-vervet clocks) for measuring chronological age and relative age, respectively. Relative age was defined as ratio of chronological age to maximum lifespan to address the species differences in maximum lifespan. The high accuracy of the human-vervet clocks demonstrates that epigenetic aging processes are evolutionary conserved in primates. When applying these vervet clocks to tissue samples from another primate species, rhesus macaque, we observed high age correlations but strong offsets. We characterized CpGs that correlate significantly with age in the vervet. CpG probes that gain methylation with age across tissues were located near the targets of Polycomb proteins SUZ12 and EED and genes possessing the trimethylated H3K27 mark in their promoters. The epigenetic clocks are expected to be useful for anti-aging studies in vervets.
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5
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Wen S, Wu Z, Zhong S, Li M, Shu Y. Factors influencing the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2706-2718. [PMID: 33705263 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1875761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual vaccination is the best prevention of influenza. However, the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines varies among different populations. It is important to fully identify the factors that may affect the immunogenicity of the vaccines to provide best protection for vaccine recipients. This paper reviews the factors that may influence the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines from the aspects of vaccine factors, adjuvants, individual factors, repeated vaccination, and genetic factors. The confirmed or hypothesized molecular mechanisms of these factors have also been briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyi Zhong
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Mao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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6
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Clemens EA, Holbrook BC, Kanekiyo M, Yewdell JW, Graham BS, Alexander-Miller MA. An R848-Conjugated Influenza Virus Vaccine Elicits Robust Immunoglobulin G to Hemagglutinin Stem in a Newborn Nonhuman Primate Model. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:351-359. [PMID: 33245745 PMCID: PMC8280492 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting broadly protective antibodies is a critical goal for the development of more effective vaccines against influenza. Optimizing protection is of particular importance in newborns, who are highly vulnerable to severe disease following infection. An effective vaccination strategy for this population must surmount the challenges associated with the neonatal immune system as well as mitigate the inherent immune subdominance of conserved influenza virus epitopes, responses to which can provide broader protection. Here, we show that prime-boost vaccination with a TLR7/8 agonist (R848)-conjugated influenza A virus vaccine elicits antibody responses to the highly conserved hemagglutinin stem and promotes rapid induction of virus neutralizing stem-specific antibodies following viral challenge. These findings support the efficacy of R848 as an effective adjuvant for newborns and demonstrate its ability to enhance antibody responses to subdominant antigenic sites in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elene A Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Gadanec LK, McSweeney KR, Qaradakhi T, Ali B, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V. Can SARS-CoV-2 Virus Use Multiple Receptors to Enter Host Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:992. [PMID: 33498183 PMCID: PMC7863934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19), represents a catastrophic threat to global health. Protruding from the viral surface is a densely glycosylated spike (S) protein, which engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate host cell entry. However, studies have reported viral susceptibility in intra- and extrapulmonary immune and non-immune cells lacking ACE2, suggesting that the S protein may exploit additional receptors for infection. Studies have demonstrated interactions between S protein and innate immune system, including C-lectin type receptors (CLR), toll-like receptors (TLR) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and the non-immune receptor glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Recognition of carbohydrate moieties clustered on the surface of the S protein may drive receptor-dependent internalization, accentuate severe immunopathological inflammation, and allow for systemic spread of infection, independent of ACE2. Furthermore, targeting TLRs, CLRs, and other receptors (Ezrin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4) that do not directly engage SARS-CoV-2 S protein, but may contribute to augmented anti-viral immunity and viral clearance, may represent therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
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8
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Cho JY, Liu R, Macbeth JC, Hsiao A. The Interface of Vibrio cholerae and the Gut Microbiome. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1937015. [PMID: 34180341 PMCID: PMC8244777 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1937015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiologic agent of the severe human diarrheal disease cholera. The gut microbiome, or the native community of microorganisms found in the human gastrointestinal tract, is increasingly being recognized as a factor in driving susceptibility to infection, in vivo fitness, and host interactions of this pathogen. Here, we review a subset of the emerging studies in how gut microbiome structure and microbial function are able to drive V. cholerae virulence gene regulation, metabolism, and modulate host immune responses to cholera infection and vaccination. Improved mechanistic understanding of commensal-pathogen interactions offers new perspectives in the design of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for cholera control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y. Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - John C. Macbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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9
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Shultz PK, Crofts KF, Holbrook BC, Alexander-Miller MA. Neuraminidase-specific antibody responses are generated in naive and vaccinated newborn nonhuman primates following virus infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141655. [PMID: 33264104 PMCID: PMC7819742 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals younger than 6 months of age are at significant risk from influenza virus infection; however, there is currently no vaccine approved for this age group. Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) has emerged as a potential additional target for vaccine strategies. In this study, we sought to understand the ability of newborns to mount an antibody response to NA. Here we employed a nonhuman primate model, given the similarities to humans in immune system and development. We measured antibody to NA following infection with an H1N1 virus or following vaccination and challenge. Administration of an inactivated virus vaccine was not capable of eliciting detectable NA-specific antibody, even in the presence of adjuvants previously shown to increase total virus-specific IgG. However, both naive and vaccinated newborns generated a NA-specific antibody response following virus infection. Interestingly, the presence of the vaccine-induced response did not prevent generation of systemic antibody to NA following challenge, although the respiratory response was reduced in a significant portion of newborns. These findings are the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate the newborn response to the influenza NA protein as well as the impact of previous vaccination on generation of these antibodies following virus infection.
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10
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Protein and Peptide Nanocluster Vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020. [PMID: 33165870 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Recombinant protein- and peptide-based vaccines can deliver large amounts of specific antigens for tailored immune responses. One class of these are protein and peptide nanoclusters (PNCs), which are made entirely from the crosslinked antigen. PNCs leverage the inherent immunogenicity of nanoparticulate antigens while minimizing the use of excipients normally used to create them. In this chapter, we discuss PNC fabrication methods, immunostimulatory properties of nanoclusters observed in vitro and in vivo, and protective benefits of PNC vaccines against influenza and cancer mouse models. We conclude with an outlook on future studies of PNCs and PNC design strategies, as well as their use in future vaccine formulations.
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11
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Rioux M, McNeil M, Francis ME, Dawe N, Foley M, Langley JM, Kelvin AA. The Power of First Impressions: Can Influenza Imprinting during Infancy Inform Vaccine Design? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E546. [PMID: 32961707 PMCID: PMC7563765 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes severe respiratory illness in people worldwide, disproportionately affecting infants. The immature respiratory tract coupled with the developing immune system, and lack of previous exposure to the virus is thought to synergistically play a role in the increased disease severity in younger age groups. No influenza vaccines are available for those under six months, although maternal influenza immunization is recommended. In children aged six months to two years, vaccine immunogenicity is dampened compared to older children and adults. Unlike older children and adults, the infant immune system has fewer antigen-presenting cells and soluble immune factors. Paradoxically, we know that a person's first infection with the influenza virus during infancy or childhood leads to the establishment of life-long immunity toward that particular virus strain. This is called influenza imprinting. We contend that by understanding the influenza imprinting event in the context of the infant immune system, we will be able to design more effective influenza vaccines for both infants and adults. Working through the lens of imprinting, using infant influenza animal models such as mice and ferrets which have proven useful for infant immunity studies, we will gain a better understanding of imprinting and its implications regarding vaccine design. This review examines literature regarding infant immune and respiratory development, current vaccine strategies, and highlights the importance of research into the imprinting event in infant animal models to develop more effective and protective vaccines for all including young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Mara McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Nicholas Dawe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Mary Foley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Joanne M. Langley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada;
- The Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada;
- The Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
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12
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Ivanov K, Garanina E, Rizvanov A, Khaiboullina S. Inflammasomes as Targets for Adjuvants. Pathogens 2020; 9:E252. [PMID: 32235526 PMCID: PMC7238254 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are an essential part of the innate immune system. They are necessary for the development of a healthy immune response against infectious diseases. Inflammasome activation leads to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, which stimulate the adaptive immune system. Inflammasomes activators can be used as adjuvants to provide and maintain the strength of the immune response. This review is focused on the mechanisms of action and the effects of adjuvants on inflammasomes. The therapeutic and prophylaxis significance of inflammasomes in infectious diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Ivanov
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (K.I.); (E.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (K.I.); (E.G.); (A.R.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (K.I.); (E.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (K.I.); (E.G.); (A.R.)
- University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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13
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Sharma P, Levy O, Dowling DJ. The TLR5 Agonist Flagellin Shapes Phenotypical and Functional Activation of Lung Mucosal Antigen Presenting Cells in Neonatal Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:171. [PMID: 32132997 PMCID: PMC7039933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal mucosal vaccines are an attractive approach to induce protective mucosal immune responses. Activation of lung antigen presenting cells (APCs), a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous cell population located at distinct mucosal sites, may be key to the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Understanding responsiveness of newborn lung APCs to adjuvants may the inform design of efficacious intranasal vaccines for early life, when most infections occur. Here, we characterized and phenotyped APCs from neonatal (7 days of life) and adult (6-8 weeks of age) mice. Neonatal mice demonstrated a relatively high abundance of alveolar macrophages (AMs), with lower percentages of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), CD103+ (cDC1), and CD11b+ (cDC2) DCs. Furthermore, neonatal CD103+ and CD11b+ DC subsets demonstrated a significantly lower expression of maturation markers (CD40, CD80, and CD86) as compared to adult mice. Upon stimulation of lung APC subsets with a panel of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, including those engaging TLRs or STING, CD11c+ enriched cells from neonatal and adult mice lungs demonstrated distinct maturation profiles. Of the agonists tested, the TLR5 ligand, flagellin, was most effective at activating neonatal lung APCs, inducing significantly higher expression of maturation markers on CD103+ (cDC1) and CD11b+ (cDC2) subsets. Intranasal administration of flagellin induced a distinct migration of CD103+ and CD11b+ DC subsets to the mediastinal lymph nodes (mLNs) of neonatal mice. Overall, these findings highlight age-specific differences in the maturation and responsiveness of lung APC subsets to different PRR agonists. The unique efficacy of flagellin in enhancing lung APC activity suggests that it may serve as an effective adjuvant for early life mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - David J. Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Gestal MC, Howard LK, Dewan K, Johnson HM, Barbier M, Bryant C, Soumana IH, Rivera I, Linz B, Blas-Machado U, Harvill ET. Enhancement of immune response against Bordetella spp. by disrupting immunomodulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20261. [PMID: 31889098 PMCID: PMC6937331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens must evade clearance by the host immune system and the study of how they do this has revealed myriad complex strategies and mechanisms. Classical bordetellae are very closely related subspecies that are known to modulate adaptive immunity in a variety of ways, permitting them to either persist for life or repeatedly infect the same host. Exploring the hypothesis that exposure to immune cells would cause bordetellae to induce expression of important immunomodulatory mechanisms, we identified a putative regulator of an immunomodulatory pathway. The deletion of btrS in B. bronchiseptica did not affect colonization or initial growth in the respiratory tract of mice, its natural host, but did increase activation of the inflammasome pathway, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. The mutant lacking btrS recruited many more B and T cells into the lungs, where they rapidly formed highly organized and distinctive Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) not induced by any wild type Bordetella species, and a much more rapid and strong antibody response than observed with any of these species. Immunity induced by the mutant was measurably more robust in all respiratory organs, providing completely sterilizing immunity that protected against challenge infections for many months. Moreover, the mutant induced sterilizing immunity against infection with other classical bordetellae, including B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, something the current vaccines do not provide. These findings reveal profound immunomodulation by bordetellae and demonstrate that by disrupting it much more robust protective immunity can be generated, providing a pathway to greatly improve vaccines and preventive treatments against these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
| | - Laura K Howard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kalyan Dewan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Clare Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Illiassou Hamidou Soumana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Israel Rivera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Blas-Machado
- Department of Pathology, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
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15
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Gestal MC, Johnson HM, Harvill ET. Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2869. [PMID: 31921136 PMCID: PMC6923730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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16
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Benedikz EK, Bailey D, Cook CNL, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Buckner MMC, Blair JMA, Wells TJ, Fletcher NF, Goodall M, Flores-Langarica A, Kingsley RA, Madsen J, Teeling J, Johnston SL, MacLennan CA, Balfe P, Henderson IR, Piddock LJV, Cunningham AF, McKeating JA. Bacterial flagellin promotes viral entry via an NF-kB and Toll Like Receptor 5 dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7903. [PMID: 31133714 PMCID: PMC6536546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and bacteria colonize hosts by invading epithelial barriers. Recent studies have shown that interactions between the microbiota, pathogens and the host can potentiate infection through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether diverse bacterial species could modulate virus internalization into host cells, often a rate-limiting step in establishing infections. Lentiviral pseudoviruses expressing influenza, measles, Ebola, Lassa or vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoproteins enabled us to study entry of viruses that exploit diverse internalization pathways. Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly increased viral uptake, even at low bacterial frequencies. This did not require bacterial contact with or invasion of host cells. Studies determined that the bacterial antigen responsible for this pro-viral activity was the Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist flagellin. Exposure to flagellin increased virus attachment to epithelial cells in a temperature-dependent manner via TLR5-dependent activation of NF-ΚB. Importantly, this phenotype was both long lasting and detectable at low multiplicities of infection. Flagellin is shed from bacteria and our studies uncover a new bystander role for this protein in regulating virus entry. This highlights a new aspect of viral-bacterial interplay with significant implications for our understanding of polymicrobial-associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Benedikz
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Charlotte N L Cook
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Michelle M C Buckner
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jessica M A Blair
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy J Wells
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola F Fletcher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Jens Madsen
- Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jessica Teeling
- Biological Sciences, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Rodríguez-Jorge O, Kempis-Calanis LA, Abou-Jaoudé W, Gutiérrez-Reyna DY, Hernandez C, Ramirez-Pliego O, Thomas-Chollier M, Spicuglia S, Santana MA, Thieffry D. Cooperation between T cell receptor and Toll-like receptor 5 signaling for CD4 + T cell activation. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/577/eaar3641. [PMID: 30992399 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells recognize antigens through their T cell receptors (TCRs); however, additional signals involving costimulatory receptors, for example, CD28, are required for proper T cell activation. Alternative costimulatory receptors have been proposed, including members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, such as TLR5 and TLR2. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying a potential costimulatory role for TLR5, we generated detailed molecular maps and logical models for the TCR and TLR5 signaling pathways and a merged model for cross-interactions between the two pathways. Furthermore, we validated the resulting model by analyzing how T cells responded to the activation of these pathways alone or in combination, in terms of the activation of the transcriptional regulators CREB, AP-1 (c-Jun), and NF-κB (p65). Our merged model accurately predicted the experimental results, showing that the activation of TLR5 can play a similar role to that of CD28 activation with respect to AP-1, CREB, and NF-κB activation, thereby providing insights regarding the cross-regulation of these pathways in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otoniel Rodríguez-Jorge
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México.,Escuela de Estudios Superiores de Axochiapan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62951 Axochiapan, México
| | - Linda A Kempis-Calanis
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Wassim Abou-Jaoudé
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Darely Y Gutiérrez-Reyna
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Céline Hernandez
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Oscar Ramirez-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Morgane Thomas-Chollier
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Maria A Santana
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México.
| | - Denis Thieffry
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
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18
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Introducing a cost-effective method for purification of bioactive flagellin from several flagellated gram-negative bacteria. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 155:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Li J, Helal ZH, Karch CP, Mishra N, Girshick T, Garmendia A, Burkhard P, Khan MI. A self-adjuvanted nanoparticle based vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203771. [PMID: 30216376 PMCID: PMC6138407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) affects poultry respiratory, renal and reproductive systems. Currently the efficacy of available live attenuated or killed vaccines against IBV has been challenged. We designed a novel IBV vaccine alternative using a highly innovative platform called Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticle (SAPN). In this vaccine, B cell epitopes derived from the second heptad repeat (HR2) region of IBV spike proteins were repetitively presented in its native trimeric conformation. In addition, flagellin was co-displayed in the SAPN to achieve a self-adjuvanted effect. Three groups of chickens were immunized at four weeks of age with the vaccine prototype, IBV-Flagellin-SAPN, a negative-control construct Flagellin-SAPN or a buffer control. The immunized chickens were challenged with 5x104.7 EID50 IBV M41 strain. High antibody responses were detected in chickens immunized with IBV-Flagellin-SAPN. In ex vivo proliferation tests, peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from IBV-Flagellin-SAPN immunized chickens had a significantly higher stimulation index than that of PBMCs from chickens receiving Flagellin-SAPN. Chickens immunized with IBV-Flagellin-SAPN had a significant reduction of tracheal virus shedding and lesser tracheal lesion scores than did negative control chickens. The data demonstrated that the IBV-Flagellin-SAPN holds promise as a vaccine for IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Zeinab H. Helal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Christopher P. Karch
- The Institute of Material Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Theodore Girshick
- Charles River Laboratories, Avian vaccine services, North Franklin, CT, United States of America
| | - Antonio Garmendia
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Peter Burkhard
- The Institute of Material Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
- Alpha-O-Peptides AG, Riehen, Switzerland
| | - Mazhar I. Khan
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Bernasconi V, Bernocchi B, Ye L, Lê MQ, Omokanye A, Carpentier R, Schön K, Saelens X, Staeheli P, Betbeder D, Lycke N. Porous Nanoparticles With Self-Adjuvanting M2e-Fusion Protein and Recombinant Hemagglutinin Provide Strong and Broadly Protective Immunity Against Influenza Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2060. [PMID: 30271406 PMCID: PMC6146233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high risk of an outbreak of pandemic influenza, the development of a broadly protective universal influenza vaccine is highly warranted. The design of such a vaccine has attracted attention and much focus has been given to nanoparticle-based influenza vaccines which can be administered intranasally. This is particularly interesting since, contrary to injectable vaccines, mucosal vaccines elicit local IgA and lung resident T cell immunity, which have been found to correlate with stronger protection in experimental models of influenza virus infections. Also, studies in human volunteers have indicated that pre-existing CD4+ T cells correlate well to increased resistance against infection. We have previously developed a fusion protein with 3 copies of the ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e), which is one of the most explored conserved influenza A virus antigens for a broadly protective vaccine known today. To improve the protective ability of the self-adjuvanting fusion protein, CTA1-3M2e-DD, we incorporated it into porous maltodextrin nanoparticles (NPLs). This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that the combined vaccine vector given intranasally enhanced immune protection against a live challenge infection and reduced the risk of virus transmission between immunized and unimmunized individuals. Most importantly, immune responses to NPLs that also contained recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) were strongly enhanced in a CTA1-enzyme dependent manner and we achieved broadly protective immunity against a lethal infection with heterosubtypic influenza virus. Immune protection was mediated by enhanced levels of lung resident CD4+ T cells as well as anti-HA and -M2e serum IgG and local IgA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bernasconi
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Bernocchi
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center - U995, University of Lille, INSERM and CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Liang Ye
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Minh Quan Lê
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center - U995, University of Lille, INSERM and CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ajibola Omokanye
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rodolphe Carpentier
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center - U995, University of Lille, INSERM and CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karin Schön
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Didier Betbeder
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center - U995, University of Lille, INSERM and CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, University of Artois, Arras, France
| | - Nils Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Vijayan A, Rumbo M, Carnoy C, Sirard JC. Compartmentalized Antimicrobial Defenses in Response to Flagellin. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:423-435. [PMID: 29173868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Motility is often a pathogenicity determinant of bacteria targeting mucosal tissues. Flagella constitute the machinery that propels bacteria into appropriate niches. Besides motility, the structural component, flagellin, which forms the flagella, targets Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) to activate innate immunity. The compartmentalization of flagellin-mediated immunity and the contribution of epithelial cells and dendritic cells in detecting flagellin within luminal and basal sides are highlighted here, respectively. While a direct stimulation of the epithelium mainly results in recruitment of immune cells and production of antimicrobial molecules, TLR5 engagement on parenchymal dendritic cells can contribute to the stimulation of innate lymphocytes such as type 3 innate lymphoid cells, as well as T helper cells. This review, therefore, illustrates how the innate and adaptive immunity to flagellin are differentially regulated by the epithelium and the dendritic cells in response to pathogens that either colonize or invade mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Vijayan
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Martin Rumbo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - CONICET - National Universtity of La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Christophe Carnoy
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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22
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New Technologies for Vaccine Development: Harnessing the Power of Human Immunology. J Indian Inst Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-018-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Ajamian L, Melnychuk L, Jean-Pierre P, Zaharatos GJ. DNA Vaccine-Encoded Flagellin Can Be Used as an Adjuvant Scaffold to Augment HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region Immunogenicity. Viruses 2018; 10:E100. [PMID: 29495537 PMCID: PMC5869493 DOI: 10.3390/v10030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellin's potential as a vaccine adjuvant has been increasingly explored over the last three decades. Monomeric flagellin proteins are the only known agonists of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). This interaction evokes a pro-inflammatory state that impacts upon both innate and adaptive immunity. While pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like flagellin have been used as stand-alone adjuvants that are co-delivered with antigen, some investigators have demonstrated a distinct advantage to incorporating antigen epitopes within the structure of flagellin itself. This approach has been particularly effective in enhancing humoral immune responses. We sought to use flagellin as both scaffold and adjuvant for HIV gp41 with the aim of eliciting antibodies to the membrane proximal external region (MPER). Accordingly, we devised a straightforward step-wise approach to select flagellin-antigen fusion proteins for gene-based vaccine development. Using plasmid DNA vector-based expression in mammalian cells, we demonstrate robust expression of codon-optimized full length and hypervariable region-deleted constructs of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi flagellin (FliC). An HIV gp41 derived sequence including the MPER (gp41607-683) was incorporated into various positions of these constructs and the expressed fusion proteins were screened for effective secretion, TLR5 agonist activity and adequate MPER antigenicity. We show that incorporation of gp41607-683 into a FliC-based scaffold significantly augments gp41607-683 immunogenicity in a TLR5 dependent manner and elicits modest MPER-specific humoral responses in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ajamian
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Luca Melnychuk
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Patrick Jean-Pierre
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Gerasimos J Zaharatos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine & Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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24
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Holbrook BC, Aycock ST, Machiele E, Clemens E, Gries D, Jorgensen MJ, Hadimani MB, King SB, Alexander-Miller MA. An R848 adjuvanted influenza vaccine promotes early activation of B cells in the draining lymph nodes of non-human primate neonates. Immunology 2017; 153:357-367. [PMID: 28940186 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired immune responsiveness is a significant barrier to vaccination of neonates. By way of example, the low seroconversion observed following influenza vaccination has led to restriction of its use to infants over 6 months of age, leaving younger infants vulnerable to infection. Our previous studies using a non-human primate neonate model demonstrated that the immune response elicited following vaccination with inactivated influenza virus could be robustly increased by inclusion of the Toll-like receptor agonist flagellin or R848, either delivered individually or in combination. When delivered individually, R848 was found to be the more effective of the two. To gain insights into the mechanism through which these adjuvants functioned in vivo, we assessed the initiation of the immune response, i.e. at 24 hr, in the draining lymph node of neonate non-human primates. Significant up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells could be detected, but only when both adjuvants were present. In contrast, R848 alone could increase the number of cells in the lymph node, presumably through enhanced recruitment, as well as B-cell activation at this early time-point. These changes were not observed with flagellin and the dual adjuvanted vaccine did not promote increases beyond those observed with R848 alone. In vitro studies showed that R848 could promote B-cell activation, supporting a model wherein a direct effect on neonate B-cell activation is an important component of the in vivo potency of R848 in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - S Tyler Aycock
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Emily Machiele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elene Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Danielle Gries
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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25
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Holbrook BC, D'Agostino RB, Tyler Aycock S, Jorgensen MJ, Hadimani MB, Bruce King S, Alexander-Miller MA. Adjuvanting an inactivated influenza vaccine with conjugated R848 improves the level of antibody present at 6months in a nonhuman primate neonate model. Vaccine 2017; 35:6137-6142. [PMID: 28967521 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Generation of a potent antibody response that can be sustained over time is highly challenging in young infants. Our previous studies using a nursery-reared nonhuman primate model identified R848 conjugated to inactivated influenza virus as a highly immunogenic vaccine for neonates. Here we determined the effectiveness of this vaccine in mother-reared infants as well as its ability to promote improved responses at 6months compared to vaccination in the absence of R848. In agreement with our nursery study, R848 conjugated to influenza virus induced a higher antibody response in neonates compared to the non-adjuvanted vaccine. Further, the increase in the response relative to that induced by the non-adjuvanted vaccine was maintained at 6months suggesting the increased antibody secreting cells that resulted from inclusion of conjugated R848 production were capable of surviving long term. There was no significant difference in quality of antibody (i.e. neutralization or affinity), suggesting the beneficial effect of conjugated R848 during vaccination of neonates with inactivated influenza virus is likely manifest during the early generation of antibody secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - S Tyler Aycock
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, United States
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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Chang TZ, Diambou I, Kim JR, Wang B, Champion JA. Host- and pathogen-derived adjuvant coatings on protein nanoparticle vaccines. Bioeng Transl Med 2017; 2:120-130. [PMID: 28516165 PMCID: PMC5412930 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate and molecular adjuvants have shown great efficacy in enhancing immune responses, and the immunogenic vaccines of the future will most likely contain both. To investigate the immunostimulatory effects of molecular adjuvants on nanoparticle vaccines, we have designed ovalbumin (OVA) protein nanoparticles coated with two different adjuvants-flagellin (FliC) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). These proteins, derived from Salmonella and mice, respectively, are representatives of pathogen- and host-derived molecules that can enhance immune responses. FliC-coated OVA nanoparticles, soluble FliC (sFliC) admixed with OVA nanoparticles, IgM-coated nanoparticles, and OVA-coated nanoparticles were assessed for immunogenicity in an in vivo mouse immunization study. IgM coatings on nanoparticles significantly enhanced both antibody and T cell responses, and promoted IgG2a class switching but not affinity maturation. FliC-coated nanoparticles and FliC-admixed with nanoparticles both triggered IgG2a class switching, but only FliC-coated nanoparticles enhanced antibody affinity maturation. Our findings that affinity maturation and class switching can be directed independently of one another suggest that adjuvant coatings on nanoparticles can be tailored to generate specific vaccine effector responses against different classes of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Z. Chang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332
| | - Ishatou Diambou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332
| | - Jong Rok Kim
- Institute for Biomedical SciencesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA 30332
| | - Baozhong Wang
- Institute for Biomedical SciencesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA 30332
| | - Julie A. Champion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332
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Holbrook BC, D'Agostino RB, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. Adjuvanting an inactivated influenza vaccine with flagellin improves the function and quantity of the long-term antibody response in a nonhuman primate neonate model. Vaccine 2016; 34:4712-4717. [PMID: 27516064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Young infants are at significantly increased risk of developing severe disease following infection with influenza virus. At present there is no approved vaccine for individuals below the age of six months given previous studies showing a failure of these individuals to efficiently seroconvert. Given the major impact of influenza on infant health, it is critical that we develop vaccines that will be safe and effective in this population. Using a nonhuman primate (NHP) model, we have evaluated the ability of an inactivated influenza virus vaccine adjuvanted with flagellin to result in long term immune responses in neonates. To evaluate this critical attribute, neonate NHP were vaccinated and boosted with inactivated influenza virus in combination with either flagellin or a mutant inactive flagellin control. Our studies show that inclusion of flagellin resulted in a significant increase (5-fold, p=0.04) in influenza virus-specific IgG antibody at 6months post-vaccination. In addition, the antibody present at this late time was of higher affinity (2.4-fold, p=0.02). Finally a greater percentage of infants had detectable neutralizing antibody. These results support the use of flagellin in neonates as an adjuvant that promotes long-lived, high affinity antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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Holbrook BC, Kim JR, Blevins LK, Jorgensen MJ, Kock ND, D'Agostino RB, Aycock ST, Hadimani MB, King SB, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. A Novel R848-Conjugated Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine Is Efficacious and Safe in a Neonate Nonhuman Primate Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:555-64. [PMID: 27279374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection of neonates poses a major health concern, often resulting in severe disease and hospitalization. At present, vaccines for this at-risk population are lacking. Thus, development of an effective vaccine is an urgent need. In this study, we have used an innovative nonhuman primate neonate challenge model to test the efficacy of a novel TLR 7/8 agonist R848-conjugated influenza virus vaccine. The use of the intact virus represents a step forward in conjugate vaccine design because it provides multiple antigenic targets allowing for elicitation of a broad immune response. Our results show that this vaccine induces high-level virus-specific Ab- and cell-mediated responses in neonates that result in increased virus clearance and reduced lung pathology postchallenge compared with the nonadjuvanted virus vaccine. Surprisingly, the addition of a second TLR agonist (flagellin) did not enhance vaccine protection, suggesting that combinations of TLR that provide increased efficacy must be determined empirically. These data support further exploration of this new conjugate influenza vaccine approach as a platform for use in the at-risk neonate population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Jong R Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Nancy D Kock
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - S Tyler Aycock
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and
| | | | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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