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Huynh LT, Otsuka M, Kobayashi M, Ngo HD, Hew LY, Hiono T, Isoda N, Sakoda Y. Assessment of the Safety Profile of Chimeric Marker Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever: Reversion to Virulence Study. Viruses 2024; 16:1120. [PMID: 39066282 PMCID: PMC11281528 DOI: 10.3390/v16071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric marker vaccine candidates, vGPE-/PAPeV Erns and vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns, have been generated and their efficacy and capability to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals were confirmed in previous studies. The safety profile of the two chimeric marker vaccine candidates, particularly in the potential reversion to virulence, was evaluated. Each virus was administered to pigs with a dose equivalent to the vaccination dose, and pooled tonsil homogenates were subsequently inoculated into further pigs. Chimeric virus vGPE-/PAPeV Erns displayed the most substantial attenuation, achieving this within only two passages, whereas vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns was detectable until the third passage and disappeared entirely by the fourth passage. The vGPE- strain, assessed alongside, consistently exhibited stable virus recovery across each passage without any signs of increased virulence in pigs. In vitro assays revealed that the type I interferon-inducing capacity of vGPE-/PAPeV Erns was significantly higher than that of vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns and vGPE-. In conclusion, the safety profile of the two chimeric marker vaccine candidates was affirmed. Further research is essential to ensure the stability of their attenuation and safety in diverse pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Tan Huynh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam
| | - Mikihiro Otsuka
- The Gifu Hida Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Gifu 506-8688, Japan;
| | - Maya Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Hung Dinh Ngo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Lim Yik Hew
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Hinojosa Y, Liniger M, García-Nicolás O, Gerber M, Rajaratnam A, Muñoz-González S, Coronado L, Frías MT, Perera CL, Ganges L, Ruggli N. Evolutionary-Related High- and Low-Virulent Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates Reveal Viral Determinants of Virulence. Viruses 2024; 16:147. [PMID: 38275957 PMCID: PMC10820463 DOI: 10.3390/v16010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) has been eradicated from Western and Central Europe but remains endemic in parts of Central and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. CSF virus (CSFV) has been endemic in Cuba since 1993, most likely following an escape of the highly virulent Margarita/1958 strain. In recent years, chronic and persistent infections with low-virulent CSFV have been observed. Amino acid substitutions located in immunodominant epitopes of the envelope glycoprotein E2 of the attenuated isolates were attributed to positive selection due to suboptimal vaccination and control. To obtain a complete picture of the mutations involved in attenuation, we applied forward and reverse genetics using the evolutionary-related low-virulent CSFV/Pinar del Rio (CSF1058)/2010 (PdR) and highly virulent Margarita/1958 isolates. Sequence comparison of the two viruses recovered from experimental infections in pigs revealed 40 amino acid differences. Interestingly, the amino acid substitutions clustered in E2 and the NS5A and NS5B proteins. A long poly-uridine sequence was identified previously in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of PdR. We constructed functional cDNA clones of the PdR and Margarita strains and generated eight recombinant viruses by introducing single or multiple gene fragments from Margarita into the PdR backbone. All chimeric viruses had comparable replication characteristics in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages. Recombinant PdR viruses carrying either E2 or NS5A/NS5B of Margarita, with 36 or 5 uridines in the 3'UTR, remained low virulent in 3-month-old pigs. The combination of these elements recovered the high-virulent Margarita phenotype. These results show that CSFV evolution towards attenuated variants in the field involved mutations in both structural and non-structural proteins and the UTRs, which act synergistically to determine virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoandry Hinojosa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anojen Rajaratnam
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liani Coronado
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Okamoto R, Ito N, Ide Y, Kitab B, Sakoda Y, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Development of short hairpin RNA expression vectors targeting the internal ribosomal entry site of the classical swine fever virus genomic RNA. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:37. [PMID: 37684601 PMCID: PMC10492304 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever (CSF) is a fatal contagious disease affecting pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The disease can be transmitted by pigs and wild boars, and it is difficult to prevent and control. To obtain necessary information to establish the CSFV resistant animals in a future study, we designed lentiviral vector-delivered short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting the conserved domain III of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of the CSFV genomic RNA. RESULTS First, we confirmed the effects of siRNAs on CSFV-IRES activity. We observed significant inhibition of CSFV-IRES activity by si42 (domain IIIa), si107 (domain IIIc), and si198 (domain IIIf) in SK-L cells and si56 (domain IIIb), si142 (domain IIId1) and si198 in HEK293 cells without affecting the amount of luciferase RNA. Next, we constructed lentiviral vectors expressing shRNA based on siRNA sequences. Treatment with shRNA-expressing lentivirus was examined at 7 and 14 days post infection in SK-L cells and HEK293 cells, and CSFV-IRES was significantly suppressed at 14 days (sh42) post infection in HEK293 cells without significant cytotoxicity. Next, we examined the silencing effect of siRNA on CSFV replicon RNA and observed a significant effect by si198 after 2 days of treatment and by shRNA-expressing lentivirus (sh56, sh142, and sh198) infection after 14 days of treatment. Treatment of sh198-expressing lentivirus significantly suppressed CSFV infection at 3 days after infection. CONCLUSION The IRES targeting sh198 expressing lentivirus vector can be a candidate tool for CSFV infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riai Okamoto
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Ito
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yutaro Ide
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Bouchra Kitab
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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Huynh LT, Isoda N, Hew LY, Ogino S, Mimura Y, Kobayashi M, Kim T, Nishi T, Fukai K, Hiono T, Sakoda Y. Generation and Efficacy of Two Chimeric Viruses Derived from GPE - Vaccine Strain as Classical Swine Fever Vaccine Candidates. Viruses 2023; 15:1587. [PMID: 37515273 PMCID: PMC10384557 DOI: 10.3390/v15071587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study proved that vGPE- mainly maintains the properties of classical swine fever (CSF) virus, which is comparable to the GPE- vaccine seed and is a potentially valuable backbone for developing a CSF marker vaccine. Chimeric viruses were constructed based on an infectious cDNA clone derived from the live attenuated GPE- vaccine strain as novel CSF vaccine candidates that potentially meet the concept of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) by substituting the glycoprotein Erns of the GPE- vaccine strain with the corresponding region of non-CSF pestiviruses, either pronghorn antelope pestivirus (PAPeV) or Phocoena pestivirus (PhoPeV). High viral growth and genetic stability after serial passages of the chimeric viruses, namely vGPE-/PAPeV Erns and vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns, were confirmed in vitro. In vivo investigation revealed that two chimeric viruses had comparable immunogenicity and safety profiles to the vGPE- vaccine strain. Vaccination at a dose of 104.0 TCID50 with either vGPE-/PAPeV Erns or vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns conferred complete protection for pigs against the CSF virus challenge in the early stage of immunization. In conclusion, the characteristics of vGPE-/PAPeV Erns and vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns affirmed their properties, as the vGPE- vaccine strain, positioning them as ideal candidates for future development of a CSF marker vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Tan Huynh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Lim Yik Hew
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saho Ogino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yume Mimura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Maya Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taksoo Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Kodaira Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira 187-0022, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Kodaira Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira 187-0022, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
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Al-Kubati AAG, Kandeel M, Hussen J, Hemida MG, Al-Mubarak AIA. Immunoinformatic prediction of the pathogenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes: implications for viral virulence determinants, designing novel diagnostic assays and vaccines development. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1130147. [PMID: 37483297 PMCID: PMC10359904 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1130147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts the bovine industries, both dairy and beef sectors. BVDV can infect various domestic and wild animals, most notably cattle. The dynamic variations among BVDV serotypes due to the continuous genetic diversity, especially in BVDV1 (BVDV1), reduce the effectiveness of the currently available vaccines and reduce the specificity/sensitivity of the diagnostic assays. The development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against BVDV requires deep knowledge of the antigenicity and virulence of the virus. Previous studies on the antigenicity and the virulence of BVDV serotypes have been mainly focused on one or a few BVDV proteins. While however, little is known about the orchestration of all BVDV in the context of viral virulence and immunogenicity. The main aim of the current study was to do a comparative computational evaluation of the immunogenicity, and virulence for all the encoded proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 and their sub-genotypes. Methods To achieve this goal, 11,737 protein sequences were retrieved from Virus Pathogen Resource. The analysis involved a total of 4,583 sequences after the removal of short sequences and those with unknown collection time. We used the MP3 tool to map the pathogenic proteins across different BVDV strains. The potential protective and the epitope motifs were predicted using the VaxiJen and EMBOSS antigen tools, respectively. Results and discussion The virulence prediction revealed that the NS4B proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 likely have essential roles in BVDV virulence. Similarly, both the capsid (C) and the NS4-A proteins of BVDV1 and the Npro and P7 proteins of BVDV2 are likely important virulent factors. There was a clear trend of increasing predicted virulence with the progression of time in the case of BVDV1 proteins, but that was not the case for the BVDV2 proteins. Most of the proteins of the two BVDV serotypes possess antigens predicted immunogens except Npro, P7, and NS4B. However, the predicted antigenicity of the BVDV1 was significantly higher than that of BVDV2. Meanwhile, the predicted immunogenicity of the immunodominant-E2 protein has been decreasing over time. Based on our predicted antigenicity and pathogenicity studies of the two BVDV serotypes, the sub-genotypes (1a, 1f, 1k, 2a, and 2b) may represent ideal candidates for the development of future vaccines against BVDV infection in cattle. In summary, we identified some common differences between the two BVDV genotypes (BVDV1 and BVDV2) and their sub-genotypes regarding their protein antigenicity and pathogenicity. The data presented here will increase our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of BVDV infection in cattle. It will also pave the way for developing some novel diagnostic assays and novel vaccines against BVDV in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
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Yuan M, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Abid M, Qiu HJ, Li Y. Different Types of Vaccines against Pestiviral Infections: "Barriers" for " Pestis". Viruses 2022; 15:2. [PMID: 36680043 PMCID: PMC9860862 DOI: 10.3390/v15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae mainly comprises classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, border disease virus (BDV), and multiple new pestivirus species such as atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), giraffe pestivirus, and antelope pestivirus. Pestiviruses cause infectious diseases, resulting in tremendous economic losses to animal husbandry. Different types of pestivirus vaccines have been developed to control and prevent these important animal diseases. In recent years, pestiviruses have shown great potential as viral vectors for developing multivalent vaccines. This review analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various pestivirus vaccines, including live attenuated pestivirus strains, genetically engineered marker pestiviruses, and pestivirus-based multivalent vaccines. This review provides new insights into the development of novel vaccines against emerging pestiviruses, such as APPV and ovine pestivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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Ide Y, Kitab B, Ito N, Okamoto R, Tamura Y, Matsui T, Sakoda Y, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Characterization of host factors associated with the internal ribosomal entry sites of foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever viruses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6709. [PMID: 35468926 PMCID: PMC9039067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) possess positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes and an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) element within their 5′-untranslated regions. To investigate the common host factors associated with these IRESs, we established cell lines expressing a bicistronic luciferase reporter plasmid containing an FMDV-IRES or CSFV-IRES element between the Renilla and firefly luciferase genes. First, we treated FMDV-IRES cells with the French maritime pine extract, Pycnogenol (PYC), and examined its suppressive effect on FMDV-IRES activity, as PYC has been reported to have antiviral properties. Next, we performed microarray analysis to identify the host factors that modified their expression upon treatment with PYC, and confirmed their function using specific siRNAs. We found that polycystic kidney disease 1-like 3 (PKD1L3) and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 31 (USP31) were associated with FMDV-IRES activity. Moreover, silencing of these factors significantly suppressed CSFV-IRES activity. Thus, PKD1L3 and USP31 are host factors associated with the functions of FMDV- and CSFV-IRES elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Ide
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Bouchra Kitab
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Ito
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Riai Okamoto
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yui Tamura
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Matsui
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan. .,Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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Yi W, Zheng F, Zhu H, Wu Y, Wei J, Pan Z. Role of the conserved E2 residue G259 in classical swine fever virus production and replication. Virus Res 2022; 313:198747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Classical swine fever virus NS4B protein interacts with MAVS and inhibits IL-8 expression in PAMs. Virus Res 2022; 307:198622. [PMID: 34762991 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection causes a severe disease of pigs, resulting in significant economic losses. The CSFV NS4B protein is crucial for viral replication and pathogenicity. Interleukin 8 (IL-8), a main chemokine, is induced by multiple cell types and plays an essential role in host defense mechanisms against numerous viruses. It has been reported that NS4A of CSFV is involved in the induction of IL-8 expression in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells. However, the effect of CSFV NS4B on IL-8 expression is unknown. In this study, we showed that CSFV NS4B inhibited IL-8 expression in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), and NS4B inhibited mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)-induced IL-8 expression. Moreover, CSFV NS4B interacted with MAVS. However, NS4B did not alter MAVS expression. Subsequently, we demonstrated that IRF3 knockdown or NF-κB inhibition reduced MAVS-induced IL-8 expression. Furthermore, the IRF3 and NF-κB pathways were activated by MAVS expression. However, CSFV NS4B inhibited MAVS-mediated NF-κB activation and IRF3 expression. Finally, CSFV NS4B inhibited IRF3 expression. Our findings reveal that CSFV NS4B interacts with MAVS and inhibits IL-8 expression by blocking the activation of IRF3 and NF-κB. Taken together, this study provides insights into the mechanism of NS4B-inhibited IL-8 expression.
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10
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The Unique Glycosylation at Position 986 on the E2 Glycoprotein of Classical Swine Fever Virus Is Responsible for Viral Attenuation and Protection against Lethal Challenge. J Virol 2021; 96:e0176821. [PMID: 34730400 PMCID: PMC8791258 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01768-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The live attenuated vaccine C-strain (also called HCLV strain) against CSF was produced by multiple passages of a highly virulent strain in rabbits. However, the molecular determinants for its attenuation and protection remain unclear. In this study, we identified a unique glycosylation at position 986 (986NYT988) on the E2 glycoprotein Domain IV of C-strain but not (986NYA988) the highly virulent CSFV Shimen strain. We evaluated the infectivity, virulence, and protective efficacy of the C-strain-based mutant rHCLV-T988A lacking the glycosylation and Shimen strain mutant rShimen-A988T acquiring an additional glycosylation at position 986. rShimen-A988T showed a significantly decreased viral replication ability in SK6 cells, while rHCLV-T988A exhibited a growth kinetics indistinguishable from that of C-strain. Removal of the C-strain glycosylation site does not affect viral replication in rabbits and the attenuated phenotype in pigs. However, rShimen-A988T was attenuated and protected the pigs from a lethal challenge at 14 days postinoculation. In contrast, the rHCLV-T988A-inoculated pigs showed transient fever, a few clinical signs, and pathological changes in the spleens upon challenge with the Shimen strain. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the unique glycosylation at position 986 influences viral spreading, alters the formation of E2 homodimers, and leads to increased production of neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, our data for the first time demonstrate that the unique glycosylation at position 986 on the E2 glycoprotein is responsible for viral attenuation and protection. IMPORTANCE Viral glycoproteins involve in infectivity, virulence, and host immune responses. Deglycosylation on the Erns, E1, or E2 glycoprotein of highly virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) attenuated viral virulence in pigs, indicating that the glycosylation contributes to the pathogenicity of the highly virulent strain. However, the effects of the glycosylation on the C-strain E2 glycoprotein on viral infectivity in cells, viral attenuation, and protection in pigs have not been elucidated. This study demonstrates the unique glycosylation at position 986 on the C-strain E2 glycoprotein. C-strain mutant removing the glycosylation at the site provides only partial protection against CSFV challenge. Remarkably, the addition of the glycan to E2 of the highly virulent Shimen strain attenuates the viral virulence and confers complete protection against the lethal challenge in pigs. Our findings provide a new insight into the contribution of the glycosylation to the virus attenuation and protection.
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11
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Characteristics of Classical Swine Fever Virus Variants Derived from Live Attenuated GPE - Vaccine Seed. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081672. [PMID: 34452536 PMCID: PMC8402697 DOI: 10.3390/v13081672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The GPE- strain is a live attenuated vaccine for classical swine fever (CSF) developed in Japan. In the context of increasing attention for the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) concept, the achievement of CSF eradication with the GPE- proposes it as a preferable backbone for a recombinant CSF marker vaccine. While its infectious cDNA clone, vGPE-, is well characterized, 10 amino acid substitutions were recognized in the genome, compared to the original GPE- vaccine seed. To clarify the GPE- seed availability, this study aimed to generate and characterize a clone possessing the identical amino acid sequence to the GPE- seed. The attempt resulted in the loss of the infectious GPE- seed clone production due to the impaired replication by an amino acid substitution in the viral polymerase NS5B. Accordingly, replication-competent GPE- seed variant clones were produced. Although they were mostly restricted to propagate in the tonsils of pigs, similarly to vGPE-, their type I interferon-inducing capacity was significantly lower than that of vGPE-. Taken together, vGPE- mainly retains ideal properties for the CSF vaccine, compared with the seed variants, and is probably useful in the development of a CSF marker vaccine.
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12
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Coronado L, Perera CL, Rios L, Frías MT, Pérez LJ. A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:154. [PMID: 33671909 PMCID: PMC7918945 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Carmen L. Perera
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada;
| | - María T. Frías
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Lester J. Pérez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA
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13
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Hao G, Zhang H, Chen H, Qian P, Li X. Comparison of the Pathogenicity of Classical Swine Fever Virus Subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d Strains from China. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100821. [PMID: 33036431 PMCID: PMC7600237 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious and devastating disease. The traditional live attenuated C-strain vaccine is widely used to control disease outbreaks in China. Since 2000, subgenotype 2.1 has become dominant in China. Here, we isolated subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d strains from CSF-suspected pigs. The genetic variations and pathogenesis of subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d strains were investigated experimentally. We aimed to evaluate and compare the replication characteristics and clinical signs of subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d strains with those of the typical highly virulent CSFV SM strain. In PK-15 cells, the three CSFV isolates exhibited similar replication levels but significantly lower replication levels compared with the CSFV SM strain. The experimental animal infection model showed that the pathogenicity of subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d strains was less than that of the CSFV SM strain. According to the clinical scoring system, subgenotype 2.1c (GDGZ-2019) and 2.1d (HBXY-2019 and GXGG-2019) strains were moderately virulent. This study showed that the pathogenicity of CSFV field strains will aid in the understanding of CSFV biological characteristics and the related epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genxi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (P.Q.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-27-87282608 (P.Q.)
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (P.Q.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-27-87282608 (P.Q.)
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14
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Analysis of Virus Population Profiles within Pigs Infected with Virulent Classical Swine Fever Viruses: Evidence for Bottlenecks in Transmission but Absence of Tissue-Specific Virus Variants. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01119-20. [PMID: 32699086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01119-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) contains a specific motif within the E2 glycoprotein that differs between strains of different virulence. In the highly virulent CSFV strain Koslov, this motif comprises residues S763/L764 in the polyprotein. However, L763/P764 represent the predominant alleles in published CSFV genomes. In this study, changes were introduced into the CSFV strain Koslov (here called vKos_SL) to generate modified CSFVs with substitutions at residues 763 and/or 764 (vKos_LL, vKos_SP, and vKos_LP). The properties of these mutant viruses, in comparison to those of vKos_SL, were determined in pigs. Each of the viruses was virulent and induced typical clinical signs of CSF, but the vKos_LP strain produced them significantly earlier. Full-length CSFV cDNA amplicons (12.3 kb) derived from sera of infected pigs were deep sequenced and cloned to reveal the individual haplotypes that contributed to the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles observed in the virus population. The SNP profiles for vKos_SL and vKos_LL displayed low-level heterogeneity across the entire genome, whereas vKos_SP and vKos_LP displayed limited diversity with a few high-frequency SNPs. This indicated that vKos_SL and vKos_LL exhibited a higher level of fitness in the host and more stability at the consensus level, whereas several consensus changes were observed in the vKos_SP and vKos_LP sequences, pointing to adaptation. For each virus, only a subset of the variants present within the virus inoculums were maintained in the infected pigs. No clear tissue-dependent quasispecies differentiation occurred within inoculated pigs; however, clear evidence for transmission bottlenecks to contact animals was observed, with subsequent loss of sequence diversity.IMPORTANCE The surface-exposed E2 protein of classical swine fever virus is required for its interaction with host cells. A short motif within this protein varies between strains of different virulence. The importance of two particular amino acid residues in determining the properties of a highly virulent strain of the virus has been analyzed. Each of the different viruses tested proved highly virulent, but one of them produced earlier, but not more severe, disease. By analyzing the virus genomes present within infected pigs, it was found that the viruses which replicated within inoculated animals were only a subset of those within the virus inoculum. Furthermore, following contact transmission, it was shown that a very restricted set of viruses had transferred between animals. There were no significant differences in the virus populations present in various tissues of the infected animals. These results indicate mechanisms of virus population change during transmission between animals.
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15
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Ganges L, Crooke HR, Bohórquez JA, Postel A, Sakoda Y, Becher P, Ruggli N. Classical swine fever virus: the past, present and future. Virus Res 2020; 289:198151. [PMID: 32898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine. Due to its severe economic impact, CSF is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. Strict control policies, including systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination, have permitted regional virus eradication. Nevertheless, CSF virus (CSFV) persists in certain areas of the world and has re-emerged regularly. This review summarizes the basic established knowledge in the field and provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the recent advances in fundamental CSFV research, diagnostics and vaccine development. It covers the latest discoveries on the genetic diversity of pestiviruses, with implications for taxonomy, the progress in understanding disease pathogenesis, immunity against acute and persistent infections, and the recent findings in virus-host interactions and virulence determinants. We also review the progress and pitfalls in the improvement of diagnostic tools and the challenges in the development of modern and efficacious marker vaccines compatible with serological tests for disease surveillance. Finally, we highlight the gaps that require research efforts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jose Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Paul Becher
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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P108 and T109 on E2 Glycoprotein Domain I Are Critical for the Adaptation of Classical Swine Fever Virus to Rabbits but Not for Virulence in Pigs. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01104-20. [PMID: 32581110 PMCID: PMC7431803 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01104-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) live attenuated vaccine C-strain is adaptive to rabbits and attenuated in pigs, in contrast with the highly virulent CSFV Shimen strain. Previously, we demonstrated that P108 and T109 on the E2 glycoprotein (E2P108-T109) in domain I (E2DomainI) rather than R132, S133, and D191 in domain II (E2DomainII) determine C-strain's adaptation to rabbits (ATR) (Y. Li, L. Xie, L. Zhang, X. Wang, C. Li, et al., Virology 519:197-206, 2018). However, it remains elusive whether these critical amino acids affect the ATR of the Shimen strain and virulence in pigs. In this study, three chimeric viruses harboring E2P108-T109, E2DomainI, or E2DomainII of C-strain based on the non-rabbit-adaptive Shimen mutant vSM-HCLVErns carrying the Erns glycoprotein of C-strain were generated and evaluated. We found that E2P108-T109 or E2DomainI but not E2DomainII of C-strain renders vSM-HCLVErns adaptive to rabbits, suggesting that E2P108-T109 in combination with the Erns glycoprotein (E2P108-T109-Erns) confers ATR on the Shimen strain, creating new rabbit-adaptive CSFVs. Mechanistically, E2P108-T109-Erns of C-strain mediates viral entry during infection in rabbit spleen lymphocytes, which are target cells of C-strain. Notably, pig experiments showed that E2P108-T109-Erns of C-strain does not affect virulence compared with the Shimen strain. Conversely, the substitution of E2DomainII and Erns of C-strain attenuates the Shimen strain in pigs, indicating that the molecular basis of the CSFV ATR and that of virulence in pigs do not overlap. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of adaptation of CSFV to rabbits and the molecular basis of CSFV adaptation and attenuation.IMPORTANCE Historically, live attenuated vaccines produced by blind passage usually undergo adaptation in cell cultures or nonsusceptible hosts and attenuation in natural hosts, with a classical example being the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) lapinized vaccine C-strain, which was developed by hundreds of passages in rabbits. However, the mechanism of viral adaptation to nonsusceptible hosts and the molecular basis for viral adaptation and attenuation remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that P108 and T109 on the E2 glycoprotein together with the Erns glycoprotein of the rabbit-adaptive C-strain confer adaptation to rabbits on the highly virulent CSFV Shimen strain by affecting viral entry during infection but do not attenuate the Shimen strain in pigs. Our results provide vital information on the different molecular bases of CSFV adaptation to rabbits and attenuation in pigs.
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17
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Tetsuo M, Matsuno K, Tamura T, Fukuhara T, Kim T, Okamatsu M, Tautz N, Matsuura Y, Sakoda Y. Development of a High-Throughput Serum Neutralization Test Using Recombinant Pestiviruses Possessing a Small Reporter Tag. Pathogens 2020; 9:E188. [PMID: 32143534 PMCID: PMC7157198 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A serum neutralization test (SNT) is an essential method for the serological diagnosis of pestivirus infections, including classical swine fever, because of the cross reactivity of antibodies against pestiviruses and the non-quantitative properties of antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In conventional SNTs, an immunoperoxidase assay or observation of cytopathic effect after incubation for 3 to 7 days is needed to determine the SNT titer, which requires labor-intensive or time-consuming procedures. Therefore, a new SNT, based on the luciferase system and using classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and border disease virus possessing the 11-amino-acid subunit derived from NanoLuc luciferase was developed and evaluated; this approach enabled the rapid and easy determination of the SNT titer using a luminometer. In the new method, SNT titers can be determined tentatively at 2 days post-infection (dpi) and are comparable to those obtained by conventional SNTs at 3 or 4 dpi. In conclusion, the luciferase-based SNT can replace conventional SNTs as a high-throughput antibody test for pestivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Tetsuo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Division of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; (M.T.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Division of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; (M.T.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (M.O.)
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.T.); (T.F.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.T.); (T.F.); (Y.M.)
| | - Taksoo Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Division of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; (M.T.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Division of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; (M.T.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Norbert Tautz
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.T.); (T.F.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Division of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; (M.T.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (M.O.)
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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18
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Choe S, Kim JH, Kim KS, Song S, Kang WC, Kim HJ, Park GN, Cha RM, Cho IS, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Impact of a Live Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Virus Introduced to Jeju Island, a CSF-Free Area. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040251. [PMID: 31756940 PMCID: PMC6963429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we examine the effects of LOM(Low virulence of Miyagi) strains isolated from pigs (Jeju LOM strains) of Jeju Island, where vaccination with a live attenuated classical swine fever (CSF) LOM vaccine strain was stopped. The circulation of the Jeju LOM strains was mainly caused by a commercial swine erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) vaccine mixed with a LOM vaccine strain, which was inoculated into pregnant sows of 20 pig farms in 2014. The Jeju LOM strain was transmitted to 91 pig farms from 2015 to 2018. A histopathogenic investigation was performed for 25 farms among 111 farms affected by the Jeju LOM strain and revealed pigs infected with the Jeju LOM strain in combination with other pathogens, which resulted in the abortion of fetuses and mortality in suckling piglets. Histopathologic examination and immunohistochemical staining identified CSF-like lesions. Our results also confirm that the main transmission factor for the Jeju LOM strain circulation is the vehicles entering/exiting farms and slaughterhouses. Probability estimates of transmission between cohabiting pigs and pigs harboring the Jeju LOM strain JJ16LOM-YJK08 revealed that immunocompromised pigs showed horizontal transmission (r = 1.22). In a full genome analysis, we did not find genetic mutation on the site that is known to relate to pathogenicity between Jeju LOM strains (2014–2018) and the commercial LOM vaccine strain. However, we were not able to determine whether the Jeju LOM strain (2014–2018) is genetically the same virus as those of the commercial LOM vaccine due to several genetic variations in structure and non-structure proteins. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenicity of the Jeju LOM strain in pregnant sow and SPF pigs and to clarify the characteristics of Jeju LOM and commercial LOM vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Island 63243, Korea;
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Sok Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Wan-Choul Kang
- Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Island 63344, Korea; (W.-C.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyeon-Ju Kim
- Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Island 63344, Korea; (W.-C.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Colleage of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Itakura Y, Matsuno K, Ito A, Gerber M, Liniger M, Fujimoto Y, Tamura T, Kameyama KI, Okamatsu M, Ruggli N, Kida H, Sakoda Y. A cloned classical swine fever virus derived from the vaccine strain GPE - causes cytopathic effect in CPK-NS cells via type-I interferon-dependent necroptosis. Virus Res 2019; 276:197809. [PMID: 31715204 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever viruses (CSFVs) do typically not show cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell culture, while some strains such as vaccine strain the GPE- induce CPE in the swine kidney-derived CPK-NS cell line cultured in serum-free medium. These latter strains commonly lack Npro-mediated inhibition of type-I interferon (IFN) induction. In order to explore the molecular mechanisms of GPE--induced CPE, we analyzed the cellular pathways involved. In CPK-NS cells infected with the attenuated-vaccine-derived vGPE- strain, both, apoptosis and necroptosis were induced. Necroptosis was type-I IFN-dependent and critical for visible CPE. In contrast, the parental virulent vALD-A76 strain did not induce any of these pathways nor CPE. We used reverse genetics to investigate which viral factors regulate these cell-death pathways. Interestingly, a mutant vGPE- in which the Npro function was restored to inhibit type-I IFN induction did not induce necroptosis nor CPE but still induced apoptosis, while an Npro-mutant vALD-A76 incapable of inhibiting type-I IFN production induced necroptosis and CPE. Although Erns of CSFV is reportedly involved in controlling apoptosis, apoptosis induction by vGPE- or apoptosis inhibition by vALD-A76 were independent of the unique amino acid difference found in Erns of these two strains. Altogether, these results demonstrate that type-I IFN-dependent necroptosis related to non-functional Npro is the main mechanism for CPE induction by vGPE-, and that viral factor(s) other than Erns may induce or inhibit apoptosis in vGPE- or vALD-A76 infected CPK-NS cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Itakura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonotic Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Asako Ito
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Markus Gerber
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yuri Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kameyama
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Global Station for Zoonotic Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Biologics Development, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonotic Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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20
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In Vivo Dynamics of Reporter Flaviviridae Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01191-19. [PMID: 31462560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01191-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant viruses possessing reporter proteins have been generated for virus research. In the case of the family Flaviviridae, we recently generated recombinant viruses, including the hepatitis C virus of the genus Hepacivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) of the genus Flavivirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus of the genus Pestivirus; all three viruses possess an 11-amino-acid subunit derived from NanoLuc luciferase (HiBiT). Here, we further developed the recombinant viruses and investigated their utility in vivo Recombinant viruses harboring HiBiT in the E, NS1, or NS3 protein constructed based on the predicted secondary structure, solvent-accessible surface area, and root mean square fluctuation of the proteins exhibited comparable replication to that of the wild-type virus in vitro The recombinant JEV carrying HiBiT in the NS1 protein exhibited propagation in mice comparable to that of the parental virus, and propagation of the recombinant was monitored by the luciferase activity. In addition, the recombinants of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) possessing HiBiT in the Erns or E2 protein also showed propagation comparable to that of the wild-type virus. The recombinant CSFV carrying HiBiT in Erns exhibited similar replication to the parental CSFV in pigs, and detection of viral propagation of this recombinant by luciferase activity was higher than that by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Taken together, these results demonstrated that the reporter Flaviviridae viruses generated herein are powerful tools for elucidating the viral life cycle and pathogeneses and provide a robust platform for the development of novel antivirals.IMPORTANCE In vivo applications of reporter viruses are necessary to understand viral pathogenesis and provide a robust platform for antiviral development. In developing such applications, determination of an ideal locus to accommodate foreign genes is important, because insertion of foreign genes into irrelevant loci can disrupt the protein functions required for viral replication. Here, we investigated the criteria to determine ideal insertion sites of foreign genes from the protein structure of viral proteins. The recombinant viruses generated by our criteria exhibited propagation comparable to that of parental viruses in vivo Our proteomic approach based on the flexibility profile of viral proteins may provide a useful tool for constructing reporter viruses, including Flaviviridae viruses.
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21
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Hameed M, Liu K, Anwar MN, Wahaab A, Li C, Di D, Wang X, Khan S, Xu J, Li B, Nawaz M, Shao D, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. A viral metagenomic analysis reveals rich viral abundance and diversity in mosquitoes from pig farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:328-343. [PMID: 31512812 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes harbour a diversity of viruses and are responsible for several mosquito-borne viral diseases of humans and animals, thereby leading to major public health concerns, and significant economic losses across the globe. Viral metagenomics offers a great opportunity for bulk analysis of viral genomes retrieved directly from environmental samples. In this study, we performed a viral metagenomic analysis of five pools of mosquitoes belonging to Aedes, Anopheles and Culex species, collected from different pig farms in the vicinity of Shanghai, China, to explore the viral community carried by mosquitoes. The resulting metagenomic data revealed that viral community in the mosquitoes was highly diverse and varied in abundance among pig farms, which comprised of more than 48 viral taxonomic families, specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, fungi, bacteria and protozoa. In addition, a considerable number of viral reads were related to viruses that are not classified by host. The read sequences related to animal viruses included parvoviruses, anelloviruses, circoviruses, flavivirus, rhabdovirus and seadornaviruses, which might be taken up by mosquitoes from viremic animal hosts during blood feeding. Notably, sample G1 contained the most abundant sequence related to Banna virus, which is of public health interest because it causes encephalitis in humans. Furthermore, non-classified viruses also shared considerable virus sequences in all the samples, presumably belonging to unexplored virus category. Overall, the present study provides a comprehensive knowledge of diverse viral populations carried by mosquitoes at pig farms, which is a potential source of diseases for mammals including humans and animals. These viral metagenomic data are valuable for assessment of emerging and re-emerging viral epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
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22
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Virus Adaptation and Selection Following Challenge of Animals Vaccinated against Classical Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100932. [PMID: 31658773 PMCID: PMC6833067 DOI: 10.3390/v11100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against classical swine fever have proven very effective in protecting pigs from this deadly disease. However, little is known about how vaccination impacts the selective pressures acting on the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Here we use high-throughput sequencing of viral genomes to investigate evolutionary changes in virus populations following the challenge of naïve and vaccinated pigs with the highly virulent CSFV strain “Koslov”. The challenge inoculum contained an ensemble of closely related viral sequences, with three major haplotypes being present, termed A, B, and C. After the challenge, the viral haplotype A was preferentially located within the tonsils of naïve animals but was highly prevalent in the sera of all vaccinated animals. We find that the viral population structure in naïve pigs after infection is very similar to that in the original inoculum. In contrast, the viral population in vaccinated pigs, which only underwent transient low-level viremia, displayed several distinct changes including the emergence of 16 unique non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were not detectable in the challenge inoculum. Further analysis showed a significant loss of heterogeneity and an increasing positive selection acting on the virus populations in the vaccinated pigs. We conclude that vaccination imposes a strong selective pressure on viruses that subsequently replicate within the vaccinated animal.
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Coronado L, Rios L, Frías MT, Amarán L, Naranjo P, Percedo MI, Perera CL, Prieto F, Fonseca-Rodriguez O, Perez LJ. Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2362-2382. [PMID: 31306567 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is considered one of the most important infectious diseases with devasting consequences for the pig industry. Recent reports describe the emergence of new CSFV strains resulting from the action of positive selection pressure, due mainly to the bottleneck effect generated by ineffective vaccination. Even though a decrease in the genetic diversity of the positively selected CSFV strains has been observed by several research groups, there is little information about the effect of this selective force on the virulence degree, antigenicity and pathogenicity of this type of strains. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the positive selection pressure on these three parameters of CSFV strains, emerged as result of the bottleneck effects induced by improper vaccination in a CSF-endemic area. Moreover, the effect of the positively selected strains on the epidemiological surveillance system was assessed. By the combination of in vitro, in vivo and immunoinformatic approaches, we revealed that the action of the positive selection pressure induces a decrease in virulence and alteration in pathogenicity and antigenicity. However, we also noted that the evolutionary process of CSFV, especially in segregated microenvironments, could contribute to the gain-fitness event, restoring the highly virulent pattern of the circulating strains. Besides, we denoted that the presence of low virulent strains selected by bottleneck effect after inefficient vaccination can lead to a relevant challenge for the epidemiological surveillance of CSF, contributing to under-reports of the disease, favouring the perpetuation of the virus in the field. In this study, B-cell and CTL epitopes on the E2 3D-structure model were also identified. Thus, the current study provides novel and significant insights into variation in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity experienced by CSFV strains after the positive selection pressure effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - María Teresa Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Laymara Amarán
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic (NLVD), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - María Irian Percedo
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Felix Prieto
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic (NLVD), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Lester J Perez
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,College of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Lv H, Dong W, Cao Z, Lin J, Ouyang Y, Guo K, Li C, Zhang Y. Classical swine fever virus non-structural protein 4B binds tank-binding kinase 1. J Biosci 2018; 43:947-957. [PMID: 30541955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious disease with a high mortality rate and is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). CSFV non-structural protein 4B (NS4B) plays a crucial role in CSFV replication and pathogenicity. However, precisely how NS4B exerts these functions remains unknown, especially as there are no reports relating to potential cellular partners of CSFV NS4B. Here, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system was used to screen the cellular proteins interacting with NS4B from a porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cDNA library. The protein screen along with alignment using the NCBI database revealed 14 cellular proteins that interact with NS4B: DDX39B, COX7C, FTH1, MAVS, NR2F6, RPLP1, PSMC4, FGL2, MKRN1, RPL15, RPS3, RAB22A, TP53BP2 and TBK1. These proteins mostly relate to oxidoreductase activity, signal transduction, localization, biological regulation, catalytic activity, transport and metabolism by GO categories. Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) was chosen for further confirmation. The NS4B-TBK1 interaction was further confirmed by subcellular co-location, co-immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays. This study offers a theoretical foundation for further understanding of the diversity of NS4B functions in relation to viral infection and subsequent pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A and F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Lv H, Dong W, Cao Z, Lin J, Ouyang Y, Guo K, Li C, Zhang Y. Classical swine fever virus non-structural protein 4B binds tank-binding kinase 1. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Johnston CM, Fahnøe U, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB. Strategy for efficient generation of numerous full-length cDNA clones of classical swine fever virus for haplotyping. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:600. [PMID: 30092775 PMCID: PMC6085635 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Direct molecular cloning of full-length cDNAs derived from viral RNA is an approach to identify the individual viral genomes within a virus population. This enables characterization of distinct viral haplotypes present during infection. Results In this study, we recover individual genomes of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), present in a pig infected with vKos that was rescued from a cDNA clone corresponding to the highly virulent CSFV Koslov strain. Full-length cDNA amplicons (ca. 12.3 kb) were made by long RT-PCR, using RNA extracted from serum, and inserted directly into a cloning vector prior to detailed characterization of the individual viral genome sequences. The amplicons used for cloning were deep sequenced, which revealed low level sequence variation (< 5%) scattered across the genome consistent with the clone-derived origin of vKos. Numerous full-length cDNA clones were generated using these amplicons and full-genome sequencing of individual cDNA clones revealed insights into the virus diversity and the haplotypes present during infection. Most cDNA clones were unique, containing several single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and phylogenetic reconstruction revealed a low degree of order. Conclusions This optimized methodology enables highly efficient construction of full-length cDNA clones corresponding to individual viral genomes present within RNA virus populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4971-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Melissa Johnston
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Fahnøe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771, Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Li Y, Xie L, Zhang L, Wang X, Li C, Han Y, Hu S, Sun Y, Li S, Luo Y, Liu L, Munir M, Qiu HJ. The E2 glycoprotein is necessary but not sufficient for the adaptation of classical swine fever virus lapinized vaccine C-strain to the rabbit. Virology 2018; 519:197-206. [PMID: 29734043 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) C-strain was developed through hundreds of passages of a highly virulent CSFV in rabbits. To investigate the molecular basis for the adaptation of C-strain to the rabbit (ACR), a panel of chimeric viruses with the exchange of glycoproteins Erns, E1, and/or E2 between C-strain and the highly virulent Shimen strain and a number of mutant viruses with different amino acid substitutions in E2 protein were generated and evaluated in rabbits. Our results demonstrate that Shimen-based chimeras expressing Erns-E1-E2, Erns-E2 or E1-E2 but not Erns-E1, Erns, E1, or E2 of C-strain can replicate in rabbits, indicating that E2 in combination with either Erns or E1 confers the ACR. Notably, E2 and the amino acids P108 and T109 in Domain I of E2 are critical in ACR. Collectively, our data indicate that E2 is crucial in mediating the ACR, which requires synergistic contribution of Erns or E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Libao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lingkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shouping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Je SH, Kwon T, Yoo SJ, Lee DU, Lee S, Richt JA, Lyoo YS. Classical Swine Fever Outbreak after Modified Live LOM Strain Vaccination in Naive Pigs, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:798-800. [PMID: 29553332 PMCID: PMC5875281 DOI: 10.3201/eid2404.171319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report classical swine fever outbreaks occurring in naive pig herds on Jeju Island, South Korea, after the introduction of the LOM vaccine strain. Two isolates from sick pigs had >99% identity with the vaccine stain. LOM strain does not appear safe; its use in the vaccine should be reconsidered.
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Zhao C, Shen X, Wu R, Li L, Pan Z. Classical swine fever virus nonstructural protein p7 modulates infectious virus production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12995. [PMID: 29021567 PMCID: PMC5636883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) nonstructural protein p7 is crucial for virus production, yet precisely how the p7 modulates this process is unclear. In this study, we first identified the interactions of p7 with E2 and NS2. The key binding regions of both p7 and NS2 mapped to the first transmembrane (TM1) domain of two proteins. Three amino acid substitutions in the TM1 region of p7 (p7TDI18/19/20AAA, p7EVV21/22/23AAA and p7YFY25/26/30AAA) impaired infectious virus production and reduced the interaction of p7 with the NS2 protein. The E2p7 processing and mature p7, but not the E2p7 precursor, are essential for infectious virus production. Bicistronic mutants (pSM/E2/IRES) with single substitutions at residues 1 to 9 of p7 exhibited a significantly increased infectious CSFV titer compared to their counterparts in the context of pSM. Viral genomic RNA copies of the mutants exhibited similar levels compared with the wt CSFV. Our results demonstrated that CSFV p7 and its precursor E2p7 modulate viral protein interactions and infectious virus production without influencing viral RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaofang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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SALEH AG, ANWAR SI, ABAS OM, ABD-ELLATIEFF HA, NASR M, SALEH I, FUKUSHI H, YANAI T. Effect of a single point mutation on equine herpes virus 9 (EHV-9) neuropathogenicity after intranasal inoculation in a hamster model. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1426-1436. [PMID: 28717112 PMCID: PMC5573833 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the neuropathogenesis of equine herpes virus 9 (EHV-9) by studying the effects of a single point mutation introduced in two different EHV-9 genes. The two EHV-9 mutants, 14R and 19R, were generated carrying a point mutation in two separate EHV-9 genes. These mutants, along with the wild-type EHV-9, were used to infect a hamster model. The EHV-9- and 19R-infected groups showed earlier and more severe clinical signs of infection than the 14R-infected group. The white blood cells (WBCs) count was significantly increased in both EHV-9- and 19R-infected groups compared to the 14R-infected group at the 4th day post infection (DPI). Viremia was also detected earlier in both EHV-9- and 19R-infected groups than 14R-infected group. There were differences in the anterograde transmission pattern of both EHV-9 and 19R compared to 14R inside the brain. Serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were significantly increased in both EHV-9- and 19R-infected groups compared to the 14R-infected group. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the mean group scores for the entire brain were significantly higher in both EHV-9- and 19R- infected groups than 14R-infected group. Collectively, these results confirm that the gene product of Open Reading Frame 19 (ORF19) plays an important role in EHV-9 neuropathogenicity and that the mutation in ORF19 is responsible for the attenuation of EHV-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa G. SALEH
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Shehata I. ANWAR
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Osama M. ABAS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda A. ABD-ELLATIEFF
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Mohamed NASR
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim SALEH
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hideto FUKUSHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tokuma YANAI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied
Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Lin J, Wang C, Zhang L, Wang T, Zhang J, Liang W, Li C, Qian G, Ouyang Y, Guo K, Zhang Y. Rab5 Enhances Classical Swine Fever Virus Proliferation and Interacts with Viral NS4B Protein to Facilitate Formation of NS4B Related Complex. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1468. [PMID: 28848503 PMCID: PMC5550665 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a fatal pig pestivirus and causes serious financial losses to the pig industry. CSFV NS4B protein is one of the most important viral replicase proteins. Rab5, a member of the small Rab GTPase family, is involved in infection and replication of numerous viruses including hepatitis C virus and dengue virus. Until now, the effects of Rab5 on the proliferation of CSFV are poorly defined. In the present study, we showed that Rab5 could enhance CSFV proliferation by utilizing lentivirus-mediated constitutive overexpression and eukaryotic plasmid transient overexpression approaches. On the other hand, lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA knockdown of Rab5 dramatically inhibited virus production. Co-immunoprecipitation, glutathione S-transferase pulldown and laser confocal microscopy assays further confirmed the interaction between Rab5 and CSFV NS4B protein. In addition, intracellular distribution of NS4B-Red presented many granular fluorescent signals (GFS) in CSFV infected PK-15 cells. Inhibition of basal Rab5 function with Rab5 dominant negative mutant Rab5S34N resulted in disruption of the GFS. These results indicate that Rab5 plays a critical role in facilitating the formation of the NS4B related complexes. Furthermore, it was observed that NS4B co-localized with viral NS3 and NS5A proteins in the cytoplasm, suggesting that NS3 and NS5A might be components of the NS4B related complex. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Rab5 positively modulates CSFV propagation and interacts with NS4B protein to facilitate the NS4B related complexes formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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Fukuhara T, Tamura T, Ono C, Shiokawa M, Mori H, Uemura K, Yamamoto S, Kurihara T, Okamoto T, Suzuki R, Yoshii K, Kurosu T, Igarashi M, Aoki H, Sakoda Y, Matsuura Y. Host-derived apolipoproteins play comparable roles with viral secretory proteins Erns and NS1 in the infectious particle formation of Flaviviridae. PLoS Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28644867 PMCID: PMC5500379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphipathic α-helices of exchangeable apolipoproteins have shown to play crucial roles in the formation of infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles through the interaction with viral particles. Among the Flaviviridae members, pestivirus and flavivirus possess a viral structural protein Erns or a non-structural protein 1 (NS1) as secretory glycoproteins, respectively, while Hepacivirus including HCV has no secretory glycoprotein. In case of pestivirus replication, the C-terminal long amphipathic α-helices of Erns are important for anchoring to viral membrane. Here we show that host-derived apolipoproteins play functional roles similar to those of virally encoded Erns and NS1 in the formation of infectious particles. We examined whether Erns and NS1 could compensate for the role of apolipoproteins in particle formation of HCV in apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and ApoE double-knockout Huh7 (BE-KO), and non-hepatic 293T cells. We found that exogenous expression of either Erns or NS1 rescued infectious particle formation of HCV in the BE-KO and 293T cells. In addition, expression of apolipoproteins or NS1 partially rescued the production of infectious pestivirus particles in cells upon electroporation with an Erns-deleted non-infectious RNA. As with exchangeable apolipoproteins, the C-terminal amphipathic α-helices of Erns play the functional roles in the formation of infectious HCV or pestivirus particles. These results strongly suggest that the host- and virus-derived secretory glycoproteins have overlapping roles in the viral life cycle of Flaviviridae, especially in the maturation of infectious particles, while Erns and NS1 also participate in replication complex formation and viral entry, respectively. Considering the abundant hepatic expression and liver-specific propagation of these apolipoproteins, HCV might have evolved to utilize them in the formation of infectious particles through deletion of a secretory viral glycoprotein gene. The family Flaviviridae consists of 4 genera, namely Flavivirus, Pestivirus, Pegivirus, and Hepacivirus. Flaviviruses and pestiviruses can infect various species and tissues; however, infection of pegivirus and hepacivirus is observed in a strikingly restricted range of tissue and hosts. Although all the Flaviviridae viruses possess a similar genome structure, hepatitis C virus (HCV) from Hepacivirus encodes no secretory glycoprotein, such as Erns of pestivirus and NS1 of flavivirus. The apolipoproteins, one of the host secretory glycoproteins, play important roles in the formation of infectious HCV particles through the interaction with viral particles. The data presented here show that the host-derived apolipoproteins and viral-derived Erns and NS1 have overlapping roles in the maturation of infectious particles of Flaviviridae. Considering an abundant expression of apolipoproteins in the liver and their liver-specific propagation, HCV might have evolved to utilize the apolipoproteins in the formation of infectious particles through deletion of a gene encoding a secretory viral glycoprotein. The data of this manuscript also suggest that utilization of host factors in the viral life cycle is closely associated with the tissue- and species-specificities and evolution among Flaviviridae viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mai Shiokawa
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uemura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satomi Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurosu
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Synergistic roles of the E2 glycoprotein and 3′ untranslated region in the increased genomic stability of chimeric classical swine fever virus with attenuated phenotypes. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2667-2678. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Holinka LG, O’Donnell V, Risatti GR, Azzinaro P, Arzt J, Stenfeldt C, Velazquez-Salinas L, Carlson J, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Early protection events in swine immunized with an experimental live attenuated classical swine fever marker vaccine, FlagT4G. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177433. [PMID: 28542321 PMCID: PMC5443506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination using live attenuated classical swine fever (CSF) vaccines has been a very effective method to control the disease in endemic regions and during outbreaks in previously disease-free areas. These vaccines confer effective protection against the disease at early times post-vaccination although the mechanisms mediating the protection are poorly characterized. Here we present the events occurring after the administration of our in-house developed live attenuated marker vaccine, FlagT4Gv. We previously reported that FlagT4Gv intramuscular (IM) administered conferred effective protection against intranasal challenge with virulent CSFV (BICv) as early as 7 days post-vaccination. Here we report that FlagT4Gv is able to induce protection against disease as early as three days post-vaccination. Immunohistochemical testing of tissues from FlagT4Gv-inoculated animals showed that tonsils were colonized by the vaccine virus by day 3 post-inoculation. There was a complete absence of BICv in tonsils of FlagT4Gv-inoculated animals which had been intranasal (IN) challenged with BICv 3 days after FlagT4Gv infection, confirming that FlagT4Gv inoculation confers sterile immunity. Analysis of systemic levels of 19 different cytokines in vaccinated animals demonstrated an increase of IFN-α three days after FlagT4Gv inoculation compared with mock infected controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Holinka
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Vivian O’Donnell
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Guillermo R. Risatti
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paul Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jolene Carlson
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- Biosecurity Research Institute and Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, United States of America
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35
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Classical Swine Fever-An Updated Review. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040086. [PMID: 28430168 PMCID: PMC5408692 DOI: 10.3390/v9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most important transboundary viral diseases of swine worldwide. The causative agent is CSF virus, a small, enveloped RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus. Based on partial sequences, three genotypes can be distinguished that do not, however, directly correlate with virulence. Depending on both virus and host factors, a wide range of clinical syndromes can be observed and thus, laboratory confirmation is mandatory. To this means, both direct and indirect methods are utilized with an increasing degree of commercialization. Both infections in domestic pigs and wild boar are of great relevance; and wild boars are a reservoir host transmitting the virus sporadically also to pig farms. Control strategies for epidemic outbreaks in free countries are mainly based on classical intervention measures; i.e., quarantine and strict culling of affected herds. In these countries, vaccination is only an emergency option. However, live vaccines are used for controlling the disease in endemically infected regions in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Americas, and some African countries. Here, we will provide a concise, updated review on virus properties, clinical signs and pathology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immune responses, diagnosis and vaccination possibilities.
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36
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Enkhbold B, Shatar M, Wakamori S, Tamura T, Hiono T, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Umemura T, Damdinjav B, Sakoda Y. Genetic and virulence characterization of classical swine fever viruses isolated in Mongolia from 2007 to 2015. Virus Genes 2017; 53:418-425. [PMID: 28260187 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs in many developing countries, is now considered endemic in Mongolia, with 14 recent outbreaks in 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2015. For the first time, CSF viruses isolated from these 14 outbreaks were analyzed to assess their molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity in pigs. Based on the nucleotide sequences of their 5'-untranslated region, isolates were phylogenetically classified as either sub-genotypes 2.1b or 2.2, and the 2014 and 2015 isolates, which were classified as 2.1b, were closely related to isolates from China and Korea. In addition, at least three different viruses classified as 2.1b circulated in Mongolia. Experimental infection of the representative isolate in 2014 demonstrated moderate pathogenicity in 4-week-old pigs, with relatively mild clinical signs. Understanding the diversity of circulating CSF viruses gleans insight into disease dynamics and evolution, and may inform the design of effective CSF control strategies in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bazarragchaa Enkhbold
- Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and Surveillance Unit, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, 17026, Mongolia
| | - Munkhduuren Shatar
- Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and Surveillance Unit, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, 17026, Mongolia
| | - Shiho Wakamori
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 17026, Mongolia
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and Surveillance Unit, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, 17026, Mongolia
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
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Coronado L, Liniger M, Muñoz-González S, Postel A, Pérez LJ, Pérez-Simó M, Perera CL, Frías-Lepoureau MT, Rosell R, Grundhoff A, Indenbirken D, Alawi M, Fischer N, Becher P, Ruggli N, Ganges L. Novel poly-uridine insertion in the 3'UTR and E2 amino acid substitutions in a low virulent classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:103-112. [PMID: 28284595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the virulence in weaner pigs of the Pinar del Rio isolate and the virulent Margarita strain. The latter caused the Cuban classical swine fever (CSF) outbreak of 1993. Our results showed that the Pinar del Rio virus isolated during an endemic phase is clearly of low virulence. We analysed the complete nucleotide sequence of the Pinar del Rio virus isolated after persistence in newborn piglets, as well as the genome sequence of the inoculum. The consensus genome sequence of the Pinar del Rio virus remained completely unchanged after 28days of persistent infection in swine. More importantly, a unique poly-uridine tract was discovered in the 3'UTR of the Pinar del Rio virus, which was not found in the Margarita virus or any other known CSFV sequences. Based on RNA secondary structure prediction, the poly-uridine tract results in a long single-stranded intervening sequence (SS) between the stem-loops I and II of the 3'UTR, without major changes in the stem- loop structures when compared to the Margarita virus. The possible implications of this novel insertion on persistence and attenuation remain to be investigated. In addition, comparison of the amino acid sequence of the viral proteins Erns, E1, E2 and p7 of the Margarita and Pinar del Rio viruses showed that all non-conservative amino acid substitutions acquired by the Pinar del Rio isolate clustered in E2, with two of them being located within the B/C domain. Immunisation and cross-neutralisation experiments in pigs and rabbits suggest differences between these two viruses, which may be attributable to the amino acid differences observed in E2. Altogether, these data provide fresh insights into viral molecular features which might be associated with the attenuation and adaptation of CSFV for persistence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa Rosell
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Departamentd'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural, (DAAM), Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany; Bioinformatics Service Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Abstract
Classical swine fever is a highly contagious disease that affects domestic and wild pigs worldwide. The causative agent of the disease is Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. On the genome level, CSFV can be divided into three genotypes with three to four sub-genotypes. Those genotypes can be assigned to distinct geographical regions. Knowledge about CSFV diversity and distribution is important for the understanding of disease dynamics and evolution, and can thus help to design optimized control strategies. For this reason, the geographical pattern of CSFV diversity and distribution are outlined in the presented review. Moreover, current knowledge with regard to genetic virulence markers or determinants and the role of the quasispecies composition is discussed.
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39
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Li Y, Wang X, Sun Y, Li LF, Zhang L, Li S, Luo Y, Qiu HJ. Generation and evaluation of a chimeric classical swine fever virus expressing a visible marker gene. Arch Virol 2015; 161:563-71. [PMID: 26614259 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a noncytopathogenic virus, and the incorporation of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tag into the viral genome provides a means of direct monitoring of viral infection without immunostaining. It is well established that the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the CSFV plays an important role in viral RNA replication. Although CSFV carrying a reporter gene and chimeric CSFV have been generated and evaluated, a chimeric CSFV with a visible marker has not yet been reported. Here, we generated and evaluated a chimeric virus containing the EGFP tag and the 3'-UTR from vaccine strain HCLV (C-strain) in the genetic background of the highly virulent CSFV Shimen strain. The chimeric marker CSFV was fluorescent and had an approximately 100-fold lower viral titer, lower replication level of viral genome, and weaker fluorescence intensity than the recombinant CSFV with only the EGFP tag or the parental virus. Furthermore, the marker chimera was avirulent and displayed no viremia in inoculated pigs, which were completely protected from lethal CSFV challenge as early as 15 days post-inoculation. The chimeric marker virus was visible in vitro and attenuated in vitro and in vivo, which suggests that CSFV can be engineered to produce attenuated variants with a visible marker to facilitate in vitro studies of CSFV infection and replication and to develop of novel vaccines against CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lingkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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40
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Wu R, Li L, Zhao Y, Tu J, Pan Z. Identification of two amino acids within E2 important for the pathogenicity of chimeric classical swine fever virus. Virus Res 2015; 211:79-85. [PMID: 26454191 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that a chimeric classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vSM/CE2 containing the E2 gene of the vaccine C-strain on the genetic background of the virulent CSFV strain Shimen (vSM) was attenuated in swine but reversed to virulence after serial passages in PK15 cells. To investigate the molecular basis of the pathogenicity, the genome of the 11th passage vSM/CE2 variant (vSM/CE2-p11) was sequenced, and two amino acid mutations, T745I and M979K, within E2 of vSM/CE2-p11 were observed. Based on reverse genetic manipulation of the chimeric cDNA clone pSM/CE2, the mutated viruses vSM/CE2/T745I, vSMCE2/M979K and vSM/CE2/T745I;M979K were rescued. The data from infection of pigs demonstrated that the M979K amino acid substitution was responsible for pathogenicity. Studies in vitro indicated that T745I and M979K increased infectious virus production and replication. Our results indicated that two residues located at sites 745 and 979 within E2 play a key role in determining the replication in vitro and pathogenicity in vivo of chimeric CSFV vSM/CE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Tu
- Wuhan Chopper Biology Co., LTD, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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41
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Fahnøe U, Pedersen AG, Dräger C, Orton RJ, Blome S, Höper D, Beer M, Rasmussen TB. Creation of Functional Viruses from Non-Functional cDNA Clones Obtained from an RNA Virus Population by the Use of Ancestral Reconstruction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140912. [PMID: 26485566 PMCID: PMC4613144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses have the highest known mutation rates. Consequently it is likely that a high proportion of individual RNA virus genomes, isolated from an infected host, will contain lethal mutations and be non-functional. This is problematic if the aim is to clone and investigate high-fitness, functional cDNAs and may also pose problems for sequence-based analysis of viral evolution. To address these challenges we have performed a study of the evolution of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) using deep sequencing and analysis of 84 full-length cDNA clones, each representing individual genomes from a moderately virulent isolate. In addition to here being used as a model for RNA viruses generally, CSFV has high socioeconomic importance and remains a threat to animal welfare and pig production. We find that the majority of the investigated genomes are non-functional and only 12% produced infectious RNA transcripts. Full length sequencing of cDNA clones and deep sequencing of the parental population identified substitutions important for the observed phenotypes. The investigated cDNA clones were furthermore used as the basis for inferring the sequence of functional viruses. Since each unique clone must necessarily be the descendant of a functional ancestor, we hypothesized that it should be possible to produce functional clones by reconstructing ancestral sequences. To test this we used phylogenetic methods to infer two ancestral sequences, which were then reconstructed as cDNA clones. Viruses rescued from the reconstructed cDNAs were tested in cell culture and pigs. Both reconstructed ancestral genomes proved functional, and displayed distinct phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that reconstruction of ancestral viruses is a useful tool for experimental and computational investigations of virulence and viral evolution. Importantly, ancestral reconstruction can be done even on the basis of a set of sequences that all correspond to non-functional variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Fahnøe
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Gorm Pedersen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carolin Dräger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Richard J Orton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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42
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Li L, Wu R, Zheng F, Zhao C, Pan Z. The N-terminus of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) nonstructural protein 2 modulates viral genome RNA replication. Virus Res 2015; 210:90-9. [PMID: 26232654 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pestivirus nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) is a multifunctional, hydrophobic protein with an important but poorly understood role in viral RNA replication and infectious virus production. In the present study, based on sequence analysis, we mutated several representative conserved residues within the N-terminus of NS2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and investigated how these mutations affected viral RNA replication and infectious virus production. Our results demonstrated that the mutation of two aspartic acids, NS2/D60A or NS2/D60K and NS2/D78K, in the N-terminus of NS2 abolished infectious virus production and that the substitution of arginine for alanine at position 100 (NS2/R100A) resulted in significantly decreased viral titer. The serial passage of cells containing viral genomic RNA molecules generated the revertants NS2/A60D, NS2/K60D and NS2/K78D, leading to the recovery of infectious virus. In the context of the NS2/R100A mutant, the NS2/I90L mutation compensated for infectious virus production. The regulatory roles of the indicated amino acid residues were identified to occur at the viral RNA replication level. These results revealed a novel function for the NS2 N-terminus of CSFV in modulating viral RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fengwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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43
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Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters. Viruses 2015; 7:3506-29. [PMID: 26131960 PMCID: PMC4517112 DOI: 10.3390/v7072783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses, which include economically important animal pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus, possess three envelope glycoproteins, namely Erns, E1, and E2. This article discusses the structures and functions of these glycoproteins and their effects on viral pathogenicity in cells in culture and in animal hosts. E2 is the most important structural protein as it interacts with cell surface receptors that determine cell tropism and induces neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. All three glycoproteins are involved in virus attachment and entry into target cells. E1-E2 heterodimers are essential for viral entry and infectivity. Erns is unique because it possesses intrinsic ribonuclease (RNase) activity that can inhibit the production of type I interferons and assist in the development of persistent infections. These glycoproteins are localized to the virion surface; however, variations in amino acids and antigenic structures, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, and RNase activity can ultimately affect the virulence of pestiviruses in animals. Along with mutations that are driven by selection pressure, antigenic differences in glycoproteins influence the efficacy of vaccines and determine the appropriateness of the vaccines that are currently being used in the field.
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44
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Tamura T, Ruggli N, Nagashima N, Okamatsu M, Igarashi M, Mine J, Hofmann MA, Liniger M, Summerfield A, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Intracellular membrane association of the N-terminal domain of classical swine fever virus NS4B determines viral genome replication and virulence. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2623-2635. [PMID: 26018962 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes a highly contagious disease in pigs that can range from a severe haemorrhagic fever to a nearly unapparent disease, depending on the virulence of the virus strain. Little is known about the viral molecular determinants of CSFV virulence. The nonstructural protein NS4B is essential for viral replication. However, the roles of CSFV NS4B in viral genome replication and pathogenesis have not yet been elucidated. NS4B of the GPE- vaccine strain and of the highly virulent Eystrup strain differ by a total of seven amino acid residues, two of which are located in the predicted trans-membrane domains of NS4B and were described previously to relate to virulence, and five residues clustering in the N-terminal part. In the present study, we examined the potential role of these five amino acids in modulating genome replication and determining pathogenicity in pigs. A chimeric low virulent GPE- -derived virus carrying the complete Eystrup NS4B showed enhanced pathogenicity in pigs. The in vitro replication efficiency of the NS4B chimeric GPE- replicon was significantly higher than that of the replicon carrying only the two Eystrup-specific amino acids in NS4B. In silico and in vitro data suggest that the N-terminal part of NS4B forms an amphipathic α-helix structure. The N-terminal NS4B with these five amino acid residues is associated with the intracellular membranes. Taken together, this is the first gain-of-function study showing that the N-terminal domain of NS4B can determine CSFV genome replication in cell culture and viral pathogenicity in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Naofumi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Martin A Hofmann
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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45
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Abstract
Pestiviruses are among the economically most important pathogens of livestock. The biology of these viruses is characterized by unique and interesting features that are both crucial for their success as pathogens and challenging from a scientific point of view. Elucidation of these features at the molecular level has made striking progress during recent years. The analyses revealed that major aspects of pestivirus biology show significant similarity to the biology of human hepatitis C virus (HCV). The detailed molecular analyses conducted for pestiviruses and HCV supported and complemented each other during the last three decades resulting in elucidation of the functions of viral proteins and RNA elements in replication and virus-host interaction. For pestiviruses, the analyses also helped to shed light on the molecular basis of persistent infection, a special strategy these viruses have evolved to be maintained within their host population. The results of these investigations are summarized in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Tautz
- Institute for Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Birke Andrea Tews
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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46
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Kwon T, Yoon SH, Kim KW, Caetano-Anolles K, Cho S, Kim H. Time-calibrated phylogenomics of the classical swine fever viruses: genome-wide bayesian coalescent approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121578. [PMID: 25815768 PMCID: PMC4376735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylogeny of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), the causative agent of classical swine fever (CSF), has been investigated extensively. However, no evolutionary research has been performed using the whole CSFV genome. In this study, we used 37 published genome sequences to investigate the time-calibrated phylogenomics of CSFV. In phylogenomic trees based on Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML), the 37 isolates were categorized into five genetic types (1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.3, and 3.4). Subgenotype 1.1 is divided into 3 groups and 1 unclassified isolate, 2.1 into 4 groups, 2.3 into 2 groups and 1 unclassified isolate, and subgenotype 1.2 and 3.4 consisted of one isolate each. We did not observe an apparent temporal or geographical relationship between isolates. Of the 14 genomic regions, NS4B showed the most powerful phylogenetic signal. Results of this evolutionary study using Bayesian coalescent approach indicate that CSFV has evolved at a rate of 13×.010-4 substitutions per site per year. The most recent common ancestor of CSFV appeared 2770.2 years ago, which was about 8000 years after pig domestication. The effective population size of CSFV underwent a slow increase until the 1950s, after which it has remained constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyung Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Hee Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelsey Caetano-Anolles
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K Genomics Inc. 514 Main Bldg., Seoul National University Research Park, San 4-2 Boncheon-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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47
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Mine J, Tamura T, Mitsuhashi K, Okamatsu M, Parchariyanon S, Pinyochon W, Ruggli N, Tratschin JD, Kida H, Sakoda Y. The N-terminal domain of Npro of classical swine fever virus determines its stability and regulates type I IFN production. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1746-56. [PMID: 25809915 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral protein Npro is unique to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. After autocatalytic cleavage from the nascent polyprotein, Npro suppresses type I IFN (IFN-α/β) induction by mediating proteasomal degradation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3). Previous studies found that the Npro-mediated IRF-3 degradation was dependent of a TRASH domain in the C-terminal half of Npro coordinating zinc by means of the amino acid residues C112, C134, D136 and C138. Interestingly, four classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates obtained from diseased pigs in Thailand in 1993 and 1998 did not suppress IFN-α/β induction despite the presence of an intact TRASH domain. Through systematic analyses, it was found that an amino acid mutation at position 40 or mutations at positions 17 and 61 in the N-terminal half of Npro of these four isolates were related to the lack of IRF-3-degrading activity. Restoring a histidine at position 40 or both a proline at position 17 and a lysine at position 61 based on the sequence of a functional Npro contributed to higher stability of the reconstructed Npro compared with the Npro from the Thai isolate. This led to enhanced interaction of Npro with IRF-3 along with its degradation by the proteasome. The results of the present study revealed that amino acid residues in the N-terminal domain of Npro are involved in the stability of Npro, in interaction of Npro with IRF-3 and subsequent degradation of IRF-3, leading to downregulation of IFN-α/β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuya Mitsuhashi
- 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Sujira Parchariyanon
- 2National Institute of Animal Health, Kaset Klang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wasana Pinyochon
- 2National Institute of Animal Health, Kaset Klang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- 3The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Jon-Duri Tratschin
- 3The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan 4Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan 5Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- 5Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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48
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Ji W, Guo Z, Ding NZ, He CQ. Studying classical swine fever virus: Making the best of a bad virus. Virus Res 2015; 197:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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49
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Molecular characterization of E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus: adaptation and propagation in porcine kidney cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:441-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Kozasa T, Abe Y, Mitsuhashi K, Tamura T, Aoki H, Ishimaru M, Nakamura S, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Analysis of a pair of END+ and END- viruses derived from the same bovine viral diarrhea virus stock reveals the amino acid determinants in Npro responsible for inhibition of type I interferon production. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:511-8. [PMID: 25648277 PMCID: PMC4478729 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Exaltation of Newcastle disease virus (END) phenomenon is induced by the
inhibition of type I interferon in pestivirus-infected cells in vitro,
via proteasomal degradation of cellular interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 with the
property of the viral autoprotease protein Npro. Reportedly, the amino acid
residues in the zinc-binding TRASH motif of Npro determine the difference in
characteristics between END-phenomenon-positive (END+) and
END-phenomenon-negative (END−) classical swine fever viruses (CSFVs). However,
the basic mechanism underlying this function in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has not
been elucidated from the genomic differences between END+ and END−
viruses using reverse genetics till date. In the present study, comparison of complete
genome sequences of a pair of END+ and END− viruses isolated from
the same virus stock revealed that there were only four amino acid substitutions (D136G,
I2623V, D3148G and D3502Y) between two viruses. Based on these differences, viruses with
and without mutations at these positions were generated using reverse genetics. The END
assay, measurements of induced type I interferon and IRF-3 detection in cells infected
with these viruses revealed that the aspartic acid at position 136 in the zinc-binding
TRASH motif of Npro was required to inhibit the production of type I interferon
via the degradation of cellular IRF-3, consistently with CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kozasa
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950, Japan
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