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Nilchan N, Kraivong R, Luangaram P, Phungsom A, Tantiwatcharakunthon M, Traewachiwiphak S, Prommool T, Punyadee N, Avirutnan P, Duangchinda T, Malasit P, Puttikhunt C. An Engineered N-Glycosylated Dengue Envelope Protein Domain III Facilitates Epitope-Directed Selection of Potently Neutralizing and Minimally Enhancing Antibodies. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 38943594 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The envelope protein of dengue virus (DENV) is a primary target of the humoral immune response. The domain III of the DENV envelope protein (EDIII) is known to be the target of multiple potently neutralizing antibodies. One such antibody is 3H5, a mouse antibody that binds strongly to EDIII and potently neutralizes DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) with unusually minimal antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). To selectively display the binding epitope of 3H5, we strategically modified DENV-2 EDIII by shielding other known epitopes with engineered N-glycosylation sites. The modifications resulted in a glycosylated EDIII antigen termed "EDIII mutant N". This antigen was successfully used to sift through a dengue-immune scFv-phage library to select for scFv antibodies that bind to or closely surround the 3H5 epitope. The selected scFv antibodies were expressed as full-length human antibodies and showed potent neutralization activity to DENV-2 with low or negligible ADE resembling 3H5. These findings not only demonstrate the capability of the N-glycosylated EDIII mutant N as a tool to drive an epitope-directed antibody selection campaign but also highlight its potential as a dengue immunogen. This glycosylated antigen shows promise in focusing the antibody response toward a potently neutralizing epitope while reducing the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napon Nilchan
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Romchat Kraivong
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Prasit Luangaram
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Anunyaporn Phungsom
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Mongkhonphan Tantiwatcharakunthon
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Somchoke Traewachiwiphak
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Tanapan Prommool
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nuntaya Punyadee
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Panisadee Avirutnan
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Thaneeya Duangchinda
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Medical Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Prida Malasit
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chunya Puttikhunt
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Medical Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Weiß R, Issmail L, Rockstroh A, Grunwald T, Fertey J, Ulbert S. Immunization with different recombinant West Nile virus envelope proteins induces varying levels of serological cross-reactivity and protection from infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1279147. [PMID: 38035335 PMCID: PMC10684968 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1279147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Especially in the elderly or in immunocompromised individuals an infection with WNV can lead to severe neurological symptoms. To date, no human vaccine against WNV is available. The Envelope (E) protein, located at the surface of flaviviruses, is involved in the invasion into host cells and is the major target for neutralizing antibodies and therefore central to vaccine development. Due to their close genetic and structural relationship, flaviviruses share highly conserved epitopes, such as the fusion loop domain (FL) in the E protein, that are recognized by cross-reactive antibodies. These antibodies can lead to enhancement of infection with heterologous flaviviruses, which is a major concern for potential vaccines in areas with co-circulation of different flaviviruses, e.g. Dengue or Zika viruses. Material To reduce the potential of inducing cross-reactive antibodies, we performed an immunization study in mice using WNV E proteins with either wild type sequence or a mutated FL, and WNV E domain III which does not contain the FL at all. Results and discussion Our data show that all antigens induce high levels of WNV-binding antibodies. However, the level of protection against WNV varied, with the wildtype E protein inducing full, the other antigens only partial protection. On the other hand, serological cross-reactivity to heterologous flaviviruses was significantly reduced after immunization with the mutated E protein or domain III as compared to the wild type version. These results have indications for choosing antigens with the optimal specificity and efficacy in WNV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Fowler A, Ye C, Clarke EC, Pascale JM, Peabody DS, Bradfute SB, Frietze KM, Chackerian B. A method for mapping the linear epitopes targeted by the natural antibody response to Zika virus infection using a VLP platform technology. Virology 2023; 579:101-110. [PMID: 36623351 PMCID: PMC9904412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne pathogen, is associated with neurological complications in adults and congenital abnormalities in newborns. There are no vaccines or treatments for ZIKV infection. Understanding the specificity of natural antibody responses to ZIKV could help inform vaccine efforts. Here, we used a technology called Deep Sequence-Coupled Biopanning to map the targets of the human antibody responses to ZIKV infection. A bacteriophage virus-like particle (VLP) library displaying overlapping linear peptides derived from the ZIKV polyprotein was generated. The library was panned using IgG from 23 ZIKV-infected patients from Panama and deep sequencing identified common targets of anti-ZIKV antibodies within the ZIKV envelope glycoprotein. These included epitopes within the fusion loop within domain II and four epitopes within domain III. Additionally, we showed that VLPs displaying selected epitopes elicited antibodies that bound to native ZIKV envelope protein but failed to prevent infection in a mouse challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fowler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Clarke
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | | | - David S Peabody
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Kathryn M Frietze
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Sun H, Acharya D, Paul AM, Lai H, He J, Bai F, Chen Q. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Activity of a Plant-Made Vaccine against West Nile Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:197. [PMID: 36851075 PMCID: PMC9966755 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes annual outbreaks globally and is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in Unite States. In the absence of licensed therapeutics, there is an urgent need to develop effective and safe human vaccines against WNV. One of the major safety concerns for WNV vaccine development is the risk of increasing infection by related flaviviruses in vaccinated subjects via antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). Herein, we report the development of a plant-based vaccine candidate that provides protective immunity against a lethal WNV challenge mice, while minimizes the risk of ADE for infection by Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) virus. Specifically, a plant-produced virus-like particle (VLP) that displays the WNV Envelope protein domain III (wDIII) elicited both high neutralizing antibody titers and antigen-specific cellular immune responses in mice. Passive transfer of serum from VLP-vaccinated mice protected recipient mice from a lethal challenge of WNV infection. Notably, VLP-induced antibodies did not enhance the infection of Fc gamma receptor-expressing K562 cells by ZIKV or DENV through ADE. Thus, a plant-made wDIII-displaying VLP presents a promising WNV vaccine candidate that induces protective immunity and minimizes the concern of inducing ADE-prone antibodies to predispose vaccinees to severe infection by DENV or ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Amber M. Paul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Junyun He
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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5
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Khare B, Kuhn RJ. The Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex Viruses: From Structure to Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:2213. [PMID: 36298768 PMCID: PMC9607441 DOI: 10.3390/v14102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, several flaviviruses of concern that belong to different antigenic groups have expanded geographically. This has resulted in the presence of often more than one virus from a single antigenic group in some areas, while in Europe, Africa and Australia, additionally, multiple viruses belonging to the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serogroup co-circulate. Morphological heterogeneity of flaviviruses dictates antibody recognition and affects virus neutralization, which influences infection control. The latter is further impacted by sequential infections involving diverse flaviviruses co-circulating within a region and their cross-reactivity. The ensuing complex molecular virus-host interplay leads to either cross-protection or disease enhancement; however, the molecular determinants and mechanisms driving these outcomes are unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of four JE serocomplex viruses, parameters affecting flaviviral heterogeneity and antibody recognition, host immune responses and the current knowledge of the cross-reactivity involving JE serocomplex flaviviruses that leads to differential clinical outcomes, which may inform future preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldeep Khare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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6
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ZIKV-envelope proteins induce specific humoral and cellular immunity in distinct mice strains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15733. [PMID: 36131132 PMCID: PMC9492693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection have highlighted the need for a better understanding of ZIKV-specific immune responses. The ZIKV envelope glycoprotein (EZIKV) is the most abundant protein on the virus surface and it is the main target of the protective immune response. EZIKV protein contains the central domain (EDI), a dimerization domain containing the fusion peptide (EDII), and a domain that binds to the cell surface receptor (EDIII). In this study, we performed a systematic comparison of the specific immune response induced by different EZIKV recombinant proteins (EZIKV, EDI/IIZIKV or EDIIIZIKV) in two mice strains. Immunization induced high titers of E-specific antibodies which recognized ZIKV-infected cells and neutralized the virus. Furthermore, immunization with EZIKV, EDI/IIZIKV and EDIIIZIKV proteins induced specific IFNγ-producing cells and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Finally, we identified 4 peptides present in the envelope protein (E1-20, E51-70, E351-370 and E361-380), capable of inducing a cellular immune response to the H-2Kd and H-2Kb haplotypes. In summary, our work provides a detailed assessment of the immune responses induced after immunization with different regions of the ZIKV envelope protein.
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Georgiev GI, Malonis RJ, Wirchnianski AS, Wessel AW, Jung HS, Cahill SM, Nyakatura EK, Vergnolle O, Dowd KA, Cowburn D, Pierson TC, Diamond MS, Lai JR. Resurfaced ZIKV EDIII nanoparticle immunogens elicit neutralizing and protective responses in vivo. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:811-823.e7. [PMID: 35231399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that can cause severe disease, but there are no approved treatments or vaccines. A complication for flavivirus vaccine development is the potential of immunogens to enhance infection via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), a process mediated by poorly neutralizing and cross-reactive antibodies. Thus, there is a great need to develop immunogens that minimize the potential to elicit enhancing antibodies. Here we utilized structure-based protein engineering to develop "resurfaced" (rs) ZIKV immunogens based on E glycoprotein domain III (ZDIIIs), in which epitopes bound by variably neutralizing antibodies were masked by combinatorial mutagenesis. We identified one resurfaced ZDIII immunogen (rsZDIII-2.39) that elicited a protective but immune-focused response. Compared to wild type ZDIII, immunization with resurfaced rsZDIII-2.39 protein nanoparticles produced fewer numbers of ZIKV EDIII antigen-reactive B cells and elicited serum that had a lower magnitude of induced ADE against dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV1) Our findings enhance our understanding of the structural and functional determinants of antibody protection against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I Georgiev
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alex W Wessel
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helen S Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sean M Cahill
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Cowburn
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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8
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Bhatia B, Meade-White K, Haddock E, Feldmann F, Marzi A, Feldmann H. A live-attenuated viral vector vaccine protects mice against lethal challenge with Kyasanur Forest disease virus. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:152. [PMID: 34907224 PMCID: PMC8671490 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) is a tick-borne flavivirus endemic in India known to cause severe hemorrhagic and encephalitic disease in humans. In recent years, KFDV has spread beyond its original endemic zone raising public health concerns. Currently, there is no treatment available for KFDV but a vaccine with limited efficacy is used in India. Here, we generated two new KFDV vaccine candidates based on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) platform. We chose the VSV-Ebola virus (VSV-EBOV) vector either with the full-length or a truncated EBOV glycoprotein as the vehicle to express the precursor membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of KFDV (VSV-KFDV). For efficacy testing, we established a mouse disease model by comparing KFDV infections in three immunocompetent mouse strains (BALB/c, C57Bl/6, and CD1). Both vaccine vectors provided promising protection against lethal KFDV challenge in the BALB/c model following prime-only prime-boost and immunizations. Only prime-boost immunization with VSV-KFDV expressing full-length EBOV GP resulted in uniform protection. Hyperimmune serum derived from prime-boost immunized mice protected naïve BALB/c mice from lethal KFDV challenge indicating the importance of antibodies for protection. The new VSV-KFDV vectors are promising vaccine candidates to combat an emerging, neglected public health problem in a densely populated part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Bhatia
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Salgado R, Hawks SA, Frere F, Vázquez A, Huang CYH, Duggal NK. West Nile Virus Vaccination Protects against Usutu Virus Disease in Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122352. [PMID: 34960621 PMCID: PMC8704473 DOI: 10.3390/v13122352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses that can cause neuroinvasive disease in humans. WNV and USUV circulate in both Africa and Europe and are closely related. Due to antigenic similarity, WNV-specific antibodies and USUV-specific antibodies have the potential to bind heterologous viruses; however, it is unclear whether this interaction may offer protection against infection. To investigate how prior WNV exposure would influence USUV infection, we used an attenuated WNV vaccine that contains the surface proteins of WNV in the backbone of a dengue virus 2 vaccine strain and protects against WNV disease. We hypothesized that vaccination with this attenuated WNV vaccine would protect against USUV infection. Neutralizing responses against WNV and USUV were measured in vitro using sera following vaccination. Sera from vaccinated CD-1 and Ifnar1-/- mice cross-neutralized with WNV and USUV. All mice were then subsequently challenged with an African or European USUV strain. In CD-1 mice, there was no difference in USUV titers between vaccinated and mock-vaccinated mice. However, in the Ifnar1-/- model, vaccinated mice had significantly higher survival rates and significantly lower USUV viremia compared to mock-vaccinated mice. Our results indicate that exposure to an attenuated form of WNV protects against severe USUV disease in mice and elicits a neutralizing response to both WNV and USUV. Future studies will investigate the immune mechanisms responsible for the protection against USUV infection induced by WNV vaccination, providing critical insight that will be essential for USUV and WNV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Salgado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (R.S.); (S.A.H.); (F.F.)
| | - Seth A. Hawks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (R.S.); (S.A.H.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Frere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (R.S.); (S.A.H.); (F.F.)
| | - Ana Vázquez
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Claire Y.-H. Huang
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
| | - Nisha K. Duggal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (R.S.); (S.A.H.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-540-231-6705
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Errico JM, Zhao H, Chen RE, Liu Z, Case JB, Ma M, Schmitz AJ, Rau MJ, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Shi PY, Diamond MS, Whelan SPJ, Ellebedy AH, Fremont DH. Structural mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by two murine antibodies targeting the RBD. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109881. [PMID: 34655519 PMCID: PMC8498651 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has necessitated the rapid development of antibody-based therapies and vaccines as countermeasures. Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to characterize two protective anti-SARS-CoV-2 murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in complex with the spike protein, revealing similarities between epitopes targeted by human and murine B cells. The more neutralizing mAb, 2B04, binds the receptor-binding motif (RBM) of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and competes with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). By contrast, 2H04 binds adjacent to the RBM and does not compete for ACE2 binding. Naturally occurring sequence variants of SARS-CoV-2 and corresponding neutralization escape variants selected in vitro map to our structurally defined epitopes, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 might evade therapeutic antibodies with a limited set of mutations, underscoring the importance of combination mAb therapeutics. Finally, we show that 2B04 neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 infection by preventing ACE2 engagement, whereas 2H04 reduces host cell attachment without directly disrupting ACE2-RBM interactions, providing distinct inhibitory mechanisms used by RBD-specific mAbs.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/immunology
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meisheng Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Rau
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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11
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Castro A, Carreño JM, Duehr J, Krammer F, Kane RS. Refocusing the Immune Response to Selected Epitopes on a Zika Virus Protein Antigen by Nanopatterning. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002140. [PMID: 33929789 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Zika virus (ZIKV) are linked to the development of severe central nervous system disorders, but the need for a ZIKV vaccine remains unmet. Although the design of vaccines that elicit antibodies targeting domain III (DIII) of the ZIKV envelope (E) protein as an antigen is an attractive strategy, poorly neutralizing or cross-reactive antibodies that target the E protein may lead to antibody-dependent enhancement of disease. It is therefore decided to use the previously reported nanopatterning technique, which combines the site-specific incorporation of non-canonical amino acids with site-specific functionalization of the protein with polyethylene glycol (PEG), to shield selected epitopes on DIII. Two different nanopatterned DIII variants are designed and characterized and demonstrate that epitope shielding with PEG completely inhibits the binding of epitope-specific antibodies in vitro. Furthermore, immunization with multivalent nanopatterned DIII antigens results in the refocusing of the antibody response toward the exposed epitopes on the protein surface and away from potentially enhancing epitopes. This ability to redirect the antibody response toward targeted regions of the DIII protein should be useful for the design of effective and safe ZIKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castro
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY 10029 USA
| | - James Duehr
- Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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12
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Hu T, Wu Z, Wu S, Chen S, Cheng A. The key amino acids of E protein involved in early flavivirus infection: viral entry. Virol J 2021; 18:136. [PMID: 34217298 PMCID: PMC8254458 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped viruses that infect multiple hosts. Envelope proteins are the outermost proteins in the structure of flaviviruses and mediate viral infection. Studies indicate that flaviviruses mainly use envelope proteins to bind to cell attachment receptors and endocytic receptors for the entry step. Here, we present current findings regarding key envelope protein amino acids that participate in the flavivirus early infection process. Among these sites, most are located in special positions of the protein structure, such as the α-helix in the stem region and the hinge region between domains I and II, motifs that potentially affect the interaction between different domains. Some of these sites are located in positions involved in conformational changes in envelope proteins. In summary, we summarize and discuss the key envelope protein residues that affect the entry process of flaviviruses, including the process of their discovery and the mechanisms that affect early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Tuchynskaya K, Volok V, Illarionova V, Okhezin E, Polienko A, Belova O, Rogova A, Chernokhaeva L, Karganova G. Experimental Assessment of Possible Factors Associated with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine Failure. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1172. [PMID: 34072340 PMCID: PMC8229799 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the only effective measure against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is vaccination. Despite the high efficacy of approved vaccines against TBE, rare cases of vaccine failures are well documented. Both host- and virus-related factors can account for such failures. In this work, we studied the influence of mouse strain and sex and the effects of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression on the efficacy of an inactivated TBE vaccine. We also investigated how an increased proportion of non-infectious particles in the challenge TBE virus would affect the protectivity of the vaccine. The vaccine efficacy was assessed by mortality, morbidity, levels of viral RNA in the brain of surviving mice, and neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers against the vaccine strain and the challenge virus. Two-dose vaccination protected most animals against TBE symptoms and death, and protectivity depended on strain and sex of mice. Immunosuppression decreased the vaccine efficacy in a dose-dependent manner and changed the vaccine-induced NAb spectrum. The vaccination protected mice against TBE virus neuroinvasion and persistence. However, viral RNA was detected in the brain of some asymptomatic animals at 21 and 42 dpi. Challenge with TBE virus enriched with non-infectious particles led to lower NAb titers in vaccinated mice after the challenge but did not affect the protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Tuchynskaya
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Viktor Volok
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Illarionova
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Okhezin
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Polienko
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Oxana Belova
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Anastasia Rogova
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Liubov Chernokhaeva
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Galina Karganova
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (K.T.); (V.V.); (V.I.); (E.O.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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14
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VanBlargan LA, Errico JM, Kafai NM, Burgomaster KE, Jethva PN, Broeckel RM, Meade-White K, Nelson CA, Himansu S, Wang D, Handley SA, Gross ML, Best SM, Pierson TC, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies protect against multiple tick-borne flaviviruses. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210174. [PMID: 33831142 PMCID: PMC8040518 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-transmitted flavivirus that causes severe or fatal neuroinvasive disease in humans, medical countermeasures have not yet been developed. Here, we developed a panel of neutralizing anti-POWV mAbs recognizing six distinct antigenic sites. The most potent of these mAbs bind sites within domain II or III of the envelope (E) protein and inhibit postattachment viral entry steps. A subset of these mAbs cross-react with other flaviviruses. Both POWV type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing mAbs confer protection in mice against POWV infection when given as prophylaxis or postexposure therapy. Several cross-reactive mAbs mapping to either domain II or III also protect in vivo against heterologous tick-transmitted flaviviruses including Langat and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Our experiments define structural and functional correlates of antibody protection against POWV infection and identify epitopes targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies with therapeutic potential against multiple tick-borne flaviviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/physiology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Epitopes/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John M. Errico
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Katherine E. Burgomaster
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Rebecca M. Broeckel
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Christopher A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Scott A. Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Sonja M. Best
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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15
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Lee WT, Girardin RC, Dupuis AP, Kulas KE, Payne AF, Wong SJ, Arinsburg S, Nguyen FT, Mendu DR, Firpo-Betancourt A, Jhang J, Wajnberg A, Krammer F, Cordon-Cardo C, Amler S, Montecalvo M, Hutton B, Taylor J, McDonough KA. Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Sera. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:47-55. [PMID: 33104179 PMCID: PMC7665673 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive transfer of antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients is being used as an experimental treatment for eligible patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections. The United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) guidelines for convalescent plasma initially recommended target antibody titers of 160. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in sera from recovered COVID-19 patients using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) at moderate (PRNT50) and high (PRNT90) stringency thresholds. We found that neutralizing activity significantly increased with time post symptom onset (PSO), reaching a peak at 31-35 days PSO. At this point, the number of sera having neutralizing titers of at least 160 was approximately 93% (PRNT50) and approximately 54% (PRNT90). Sera with high SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (>960 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers) showed maximal activity, but not all high-titer sera contained neutralizing antibody at FDA recommended levels, particularly at high stringency. These results underscore the value of serum characterization for neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Roxanne C Girardin
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Alan P Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Karen E Kulas
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Anne F Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Susan J Wong
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Suzanne Arinsburg
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Freddy T Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Firpo-Betancourt
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Jhang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ania Wajnberg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sherlita Amler
- Westchester County Department of Health, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Marisa Montecalvo
- Westchester County Department of Health, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Brad Hutton
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jill Taylor
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen A McDonough
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
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16
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Subdominance in Antibody Responses: Implications for Vaccine Development. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 85:85/1/e00078-20. [PMID: 33239435 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00078-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines work primarily by eliciting antibodies, even when recovery from natural infection depends on cellular immunity. Large efforts have therefore been made to identify microbial antigens that elicit protective antibodies, but these endeavors have encountered major difficulties, as witnessed by the lack of vaccines against many pathogens. This review summarizes accumulating evidence that subdominant protein regions, i.e., surface-exposed regions that elicit relatively weak antibody responses, are of particular interest for vaccine development. This concept may seem counterintuitive, but subdominance may represent an immune evasion mechanism, implying that the corresponding region potentially is a key target for protective immunity. Following a presentation of the concepts of immunodominance and subdominance, the review will present work on subdominant regions in several major human pathogens: the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, two species of pathogenic streptococci, and the dengue and influenza viruses. Later sections are devoted to the molecular basis of subdominance, its potential role in immune evasion, and general implications for vaccine development. Special emphasis will be placed on the fact that a whole surface-exposed protein domain can be subdominant, as demonstrated for all of the pathogens described here. Overall, the available data indicate that subdominant protein regions are of much interest for vaccine development, not least in bacterial and protozoal systems, for which antibody subdominance remains largely unexplored.
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17
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Wong R, Belk JA, Govero J, Uhrlaub JL, Reinartz D, Zhao H, Errico JM, D'Souza L, Ripperger TJ, Nikolich-Zugich J, Shlomchik MJ, Satpathy AT, Fremont DH, Diamond MS, Bhattacharya D. Affinity-Restricted Memory B Cells Dominate Recall Responses to Heterologous Flaviviruses. Immunity 2020; 53:1078-1094.e7. [PMID: 33010224 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) can respond to heterologous antigens either by molding new specificities through secondary germinal centers (GCs) or by selecting preexisting clones without further affinity maturation. To distinguish these mechanisms in flavivirus infections and immunizations, we studied recall responses to envelope protein domain III (DIII). Conditional deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) between heterologous challenges of West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and dengue viruses did not affect recall responses. DIII-specific MBCs were contained mostly within the plasma-cell-biased CD80+ subset, and few GCs arose following heterologous boosters, demonstrating that recall responses are confined by preexisting clonal diversity. Measurement of monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding affinity to DIII proteins, timed AID deletion, single-cell RNA sequencing, and lineage tracing experiments point to selection of relatively low-affinity MBCs as a mechanism to promote diversity. Engineering immunogens to avoid this MBC diversity may facilitate flavivirus-type-specific vaccines with minimized potential for infection enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Julia A Belk
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Dakota Reinartz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas D'Souza
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tyler J Ripperger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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18
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O’Ketch M, Williams S, Larson C, Uhrlaub JL, Wong R, Hall B, Deshpande NR, Schenten D. MAVS regulates the quality of the antibody response to West-Nile Virus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009009. [PMID: 33104760 PMCID: PMC7644103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A key difference that distinguishes viral infections from protein immunizations is the recognition of viral nucleic acids by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Insights into the functions of cytosolic PRRs such as the RNA-sensing Rig-I-like receptors (RLRs) in the instruction of adaptive immunity are therefore critical to understand protective immunity to infections. West Nile virus (WNV) infection of mice deficent of RLR-signaling adaptor MAVS results in a defective adaptive immune response. While this finding suggests a role for RLRs in the instruction of adaptive immunity to WNV, it is difficult to interpret due to the high WNV viremia, associated exessive antigen loads, and pathology in the absence of a MAVS-dependent innate immune response. To overcome these limitations, we have infected MAVS-deficient (MAVSKO) mice with a single-round-of-infection mutant of West Nile virus. We show that MAVSKO mice failed to produce an effective neutralizing antibody response to WNV despite normal antibody titers against the viral WNV-E protein. This defect occurred independently of antigen loads or overt pathology. The specificity of the antibody response in infected MAVSKO mice remained unchanged and was still dominated by antibodies that bound the neutralizing lateral ridge (LR) epitope in the DIII domain of WNV-E. Instead, MAVSKO mice produced IgM antibodies, the dominant isotype controlling primary WNV infection, with lower affinity for the DIII domain. Our findings suggest that RLR-dependent signals are important for the quality of the humoral immune response to WNV.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- Female
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- West Nile Fever/immunology
- West Nile Fever/virology
- West Nile virus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin O’Ketch
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Spencer Williams
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cameron Larson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brenna Hall
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Neha R. Deshpande
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dominik Schenten
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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19
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Araujo SC, Pereira LR, Alves RPS, Andreata-Santos R, Kanno AI, Ferreira LCS, Gonçalves VM. Anti-Flavivirus Vaccines: Review of the Present Situation and Perspectives of Subunit Vaccines Produced in Escherichia coli. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030492. [PMID: 32878023 PMCID: PMC7564369 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to review the present status of anti-flavivirus subunit vaccines, both those at the experimental stage and those already available for clinical use. Aspects regarding development of vaccines to Yellow Fever virus, (YFV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are highlighted, with particular emphasis on purified recombinant proteins generated in bacterial cells. Currently licensed anti-flavivirus vaccines are based on inactivated, attenuated, or virus-vector vaccines. However, technological advances in the generation of recombinant antigens with preserved structural and immunological determinants reveal new possibilities for the development of recombinant protein-based vaccine formulations for clinical testing. Furthermore, novel proposals for multi-epitope vaccines and the discovery of new adjuvants and delivery systems that enhance and/or modulate immune responses can pave the way for the development of successful subunit vaccines. Nonetheless, advances in this field require high investments that will probably not raise interest from private pharmaceutical companies and, therefore, will require support by international philanthropic organizations and governments of the countries more severely stricken by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C. Araujo
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Lennon R. Pereira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Rubens P. S. Alves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Alex I. Kanno
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Luis Carlos S. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.S.F.); (V.M.G.)
| | - Viviane M. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.S.F.); (V.M.G.)
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20
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Tyagi A, Ahmed T, Shi J, Bhushan S. A complex between the Zika virion and the Fab of a broadly cross-reactive neutralizing monoclonal antibody revealed by cryo-EM and single particle analysis at 4.1 Å resolution. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2020; 4:100028. [PMID: 32647830 PMCID: PMC7337043 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a major public health concern because it can cause fetal microcephaly and neurological disease such as the Guillain-Barré syndrome. A particularly potent class of broadly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) targets a quaternary epitope located at the interface of two envelope proteins monomers, exposed at the surface of the mature virion. This “E-dimer-dependent epitope” (EDE), comprises the fusion loop of one monomer at the tip of domain II of E and a portion of the domains I and III of the adjacent monomer. Since this epitope largely overlaps with the binding site of the precursor membrane protein (prM) during Zika virion maturation, its molecular surface is evolutionary conserved in flaviviruses such as Dengue and Zika viruses, and can elicit antibodies that broadly neutralize various ZIKV strains. Here, we present a cryo-EM reconstruction at 4.1 Å resolution of the virion bound to the antigen binding fragment (Fab) of an antibody that targets this mutationally-constrained quaternary epitope. The Fab incompletely covers the surface of the virion as it does not bind next to its 5-fold icosahedral axes. The structure reveals details of the binding mode of this potent neutralizing class of antibodies and can inform the design of immunogens and vaccines targeting this conserved epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Tyagi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tofayel Ahmed
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jian Shi
- Center for Bio-Imaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
- Corresponding author at: School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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21
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Hariharan V, Kane RS. Glycosylation as a tool for rational vaccine design. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2556-2570. [PMID: 32330286 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that can neutralize multiple strains or subtypes of a pathogen has renewed interest in the development of broadly protective vaccines. To that end, there has been an interest in designing immunofocusing strategies to direct the immune response to specific, conserved regions on antigenic proteins. Modulation of glycosylation is one such immunofocusing strategy; extensive glycosylation is often exploited by pathogens for immune evasion. Masking epitopes on protein immunogens with "self" glycans can also shield the underlying protein surface from humoral immune surveillance. We review recent advances in applying glycosylation as an immunofocusing tool. We also highlight recent interesting work in the HIV-1 field involving the identification and elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies that incorporate glycans into their binding epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Hariharan
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Hassan AO, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Zhao H, Brough DE, Fremont DH, Curiel DT, Diamond MS. A Gorilla Adenovirus-Based Vaccine against Zika Virus Induces Durable Immunity and Confers Protection in Pregnancy. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2634-2646.e4. [PMID: 31484074 PMCID: PMC6750284 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The teratogenic potential of Zika virus (ZIKV) has made the development of an effective vaccine a global health priority. Here, we generate two gorilla adenovirus-based ZIKV vaccines that encode for pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins (GAd-Zvp) or prM and the ectodomain of E protein (GAd-Eecto). Both vaccines induce humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and prevent lethality after ZIKV challenge in mice. Protection is antibody dependent, CD8+ T cell independent, and for GAd-Eecto requires the complement component C1q. Immunization of GAd-Zvp induces antibodies against a key neutralizing epitope on domain III of E protein and confers durable protection as evidenced by memory B and long-lived plasma cell responses and challenge studies 9 months later. In two models of ZIKV infection during pregnancy, GAd-Zvp prevents maternal-to-fetal transmission. The gorilla adenovirus-based vaccine platform encoding full-length prM and E genes is a promising candidate for preventing congenital ZIKV syndrome and possibly infection by other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas E Brough
- Precigen, 20358 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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23
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A protective Zika virus E-dimer-based subunit vaccine engineered to abrogate antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue infection. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1291-1298. [PMID: 31477918 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infections with dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce cross-reactive antibody responses. Two immunodominant epitopes-one to precursor membrane protein and one to the fusion loop epitope on envelope (E) protein-are recognized by cross-reactive antibodies1-3 that are not only poorly neutralizing, but can also promote increased viral replication and disease severity via Fcγ receptor-mediated infection of myeloid cells-a process termed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)1,4,5. ADE is a significant concern for both ZIKV and DENV vaccines as the induction of poorly neutralizing cross-reactive antibodies may prime an individual for ADE on natural infection. In this report, we describe the design and production of covalently stabilized ZIKV E dimers, which lack precursor membrane protein and do not expose the immunodominant fusion loop epitope. Immunization of mice with ZIKV E dimers induces dimer-specific antibodies, which protect against ZIKV challenge during pregnancy. Importantly, the ZIKV E-dimer-induced response does not cross-react with DENV or induce ADE of DENV infection.
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24
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Molecular Basis of a Protective/Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Envelope Proteins of both Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Louping Ill Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02132-18. [PMID: 30760569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02132-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and louping ill virus (LIV) are members of the tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs) in the family Flaviviridae which cause encephalomeningitis and encephalitis in humans and other animals. Although vaccines against TBEV and LIV are available, infection rates are rising due to the low vaccination coverage. To date, no specific therapeutics have been licensed. Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) show promising effectiveness in the control of TBFVs, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be characterized. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the LIV envelope (E) protein and report the comparative structural analysis of a TBFV broadly neutralizing murine MAb (MAb 4.2) in complex with either the LIV or TBEV E protein. The structures reveal that MAb 4.2 binds to the lateral ridge of domain III of the E protein (EDIII) of LIV or TBEV, an epitope also reported for other potently neutralizing MAbs against mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFVs), but adopts a unique binding orientation. Further structural analysis suggested that MAb 4.2 may neutralize flavivirus infection by preventing the structural rearrangement required for membrane fusion during virus entry. These findings extend our understanding of the vulnerability of TBFVs and other flaviviruses (including MBFVs) and provide an avenue for antibody-based TBFV antiviral development.IMPORTANCE Understanding the mechanism of antibody neutralization/protection against a virus is crucial for antiviral countermeasure development. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and louping ill virus (LIV) are tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs) in the family Flaviviridae They cause encephalomeningitis and encephalitis in humans and other animals. Although vaccines for both viruses are available, infection rates are rising due to low vaccination coverage. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of the LIV envelope protein (E) and a broadly neutralizing/protective TBFV MAb, MAb 4.2, in complex with E from either TBEV or LIV. Key structural features shared by TBFV E proteins were analyzed. The structures of E-antibody complexes showed that MAb 4.2 targets the lateral ridge of both the TBEV and LIV E proteins, a vulnerable site in flaviviruses for other potent neutralizing MAbs. Thus, this site represents a promising target for TBFV antiviral development. Further, these structures provide important information for understanding TBFV antigenicity.
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25
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Wong R, Bhattacharya D. Basics of memory B-cell responses: lessons from and for the real world. Immunology 2019; 156:120-129. [PMID: 30488482 PMCID: PMC6328991 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of pathogen-specific B cells and antibodies underlies protective immunity elicited by most vaccines and many infections. Humoral immunity follows a regulated process by which high-affinity antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are generated. Yet for certain pathogens, protective immunity is inefficiently generated and/or maintained. For example, Dengue virus infections lead to lasting immunity against re-infection by the same serotype. However, if infected with a different Dengue serotype, the individual is predisposed to more severe disease than if he/she was completely naive. As another example, both natural infections with or vaccination against malaria do not necessarily lead to lasting immunity, as the same individual can be re-infected many times over the course of a lifetime. In this review, we discuss how these real-world problems can both instruct and be informed by recent basic studies using model organisms and antigens. An emphasis is placed on protective epitopes and functional distinctions between memory B-cell subsets in both mice and humans. Using flavivirus and Plasmodium infections as examples, we also speculate on the differences between ineffective B-cell responses that actually occur in the real world, and perfect-world responses that would generate lasting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wong
- Division of Biological and Biomedical SciencesWashington UniversitySt LouisMOUSA
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonAZUSA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonAZUSA
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26
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Quintel BK, Thomas A, Poer DeRaad DE, Slifka MK, Amanna IJ. Advanced oxidation technology for the development of a next-generation inactivated West Nile virus vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 37:4214-4221. [PMID: 30606462 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most frequent mosquito-borne disease reported in the continental United States and although an effective veterinary vaccine exists for horses, there is still no commercial vaccine approved for human use. We have previously tested a 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-based WNV inactivation approach termed, HydroVax, in Phase I clinical trials and the vaccine was found to be safe and modestly immunogenic. Here, we describe an advanced, next-generation oxidation approach (HydroVax-II) for the development of inactivated vaccines that utilizes reduced concentrations of H2O2 in combination with copper (cupric ions, Cu2+) complexed with the antiviral compound, methisazone (MZ). Further enhancement of this oxidative approach included the addition of a low percentage of formaldehyde, a cross-linking reagent with a different mechanism of action that, together with H2O2/Cu/MZ, provides a robust two-pronged approach to virus inactivation. Together, this new approach results in rapid virus inactivation while greatly improving the maintenance of WNV-specific neutralizing epitopes mapped across the three structural domains of the WNV envelope protein. In combination with more refined manufacturing techniques, this inactivation technology resulted in vaccine-mediated WNV-specific neutralizing antibody responses that were 130-fold higher than that observed using the first generation, H2O2-only vaccine approach and provided 100% protection against lethal WNV infection. This new approach to vaccine development represents an important area for future investigation with the potential not only for improving vaccines against WNV, but other clinically relevant viruses as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Archana Thomas
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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27
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Goo L, Debbink K, Kose N, Sapparapu G, Doyle MP, Wessel AW, Richner JM, Burgomaster KE, Larman BC, Dowd KA, Diamond MS, Crowe JE, Pierson TC. A protective human monoclonal antibody targeting the West Nile virus E protein preferentially recognizes mature virions. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:71-77. [PMID: 30455471 PMCID: PMC6435290 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flavivirus genus, is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in the United States1. The development of neutralizing antibodies against the flavivirus envelope (E) protein is critical for immunity and vaccine protection2. Previously identified candidate therapeutic mouse and human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target epitopes within the E domain III lateral ridge and the domain I-II hinge region, respectively3. To explore the neutralizing antibody repertoire elicited by WNV infection for potential therapeutic application, we isolated 10 mAbs from WNV-infected individuals. MAb WNV-86 neutralized WNV with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2 ng/mL, one of the most potently neutralizing flavivirus-specific antibodies ever isolated. WNV-86 targets an epitope in E domain II, and preferentially recognizes mature virions lacking an uncleaved form of the chaperone protein prM, unlike most flavivirus-specific antibodies4. In vitro selection experiments revealed a neutralization escape mechanism involving a glycan addition to E domain II. Finally, a single dose of WNV-86 administered two days post-infection protected mice from lethal WNV challenge. This study identifies a highly potent human neutralizing mAb with therapeutic potential that targets an epitope preferentially displayed on mature virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Goo
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kari Debbink
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gopal Sapparapu
- Department of Pediatrics, and the Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Pathobiology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alex W Wessel
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin M Richner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine E Burgomaster
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bridget C Larman
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathobiology, Microbiology and Immunology, and the Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Baykov IK, Emelyanova LA, Sokolova LM, Karelina EM, Matveev AL, Babkin IV, Khlusevich YА, Podgornyy VF, Tikunova NV. ANALYSIS OF DOMAIN SPECIFICITY OF THE PROTECTIVE CHIMERIC ANTIBODY ch14D5a AGAINST GLYCOPROTEIN E OF TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A drug for the prevention and therapy of tick-borne encephalitis virus is being developed on the basis of the protective chimeric antibody ch14D5a. At the same time, the epitope recognized by this antibody on the surface of glycoprotein E has not been localized yet. The aim of this work was to identify the domain of glycoprotein E, to which the protective antibody ch14D5a binds. As a result, four recombinant variants of glycoprotein E were generated using the bacterial expression system: (1) the rE protein containing the domains D1, D2, and D3 of glycoprotein E; (2) the rED1+2 protein containing domains D1 and D2; (3) the rED3_301 protein, which is domain D3 of glycoprotein E, and (4) the rED3_294 protein comprising domain D3 and a hinge region connecting domains D1 and D3. The rED3_294 and rED3_301 proteins were obtained in soluble monomeric form. The rE and rED1+2 proteins were extracted from the inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. Using Western blot analysis and surface plasmon resonance analysis, it was demonstrated that the protective chimeric antibody ch14D5a and its Fab fragment bound specifically to domain D3 of glycoprotein E. Since the antibodies recognizing epitopes on the surface of domain D3 do not tend to cause antibody-dependent enhancement of the infection as compared to antibodies directed to domains D1 and D2, the data obtained confirm the promise of using the antibody ch14D5a in the development of a therapeutic preparation against the tick-borne encephalitis virus.
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29
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Human monoclonal antibodies against West Nile virus from Japanese encephalitis-vaccinated volunteers. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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A plant-produced vaccine protects mice against lethal West Nile virus infection without enhancing Zika or dengue virus infectivity. Vaccine 2018; 36:1846-1852. [PMID: 29490880 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has caused multiple global outbreaks with increased frequency of neuroinvasive disease in recent years. Despite many years of research, there are no licensed therapeutics or vaccines available for human use. One of the major impediments of vaccine development against WNV is the potential enhancement of infection by related flaviviruses in vaccinated subjects through the mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). For instance, the recent finding of enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection by pre-exposure to WNV further complicates the development of WNV vaccines. Epidemics of WNV and the potential risk of ADE by current vaccine candidates demand the development of effective and safe vaccines. We have previously reported that the domain III (DIII) of the WNV envelope protein can be readily expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, purified to homogeneity, and promote antigen-specific antibody response in mice. Herein, we further investigated the in vivo potency of a plant-made DIII (plant-DIII) in providing protective immunity against WNV infection. Furthermore, we examined if vaccination with plant-DIII would enhance the risk of a subsequent infection by ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV). Plant-DIII vaccination evoked antigen-specific cellular immune responses as well as humoral responses. DIII-specific antibodies were neutralizing and the neutralization titers met the threshold correlated with protective immunity by vaccines against multiple flaviviruses. Furthermore, passive administration of anti-plant DIII mouse serum provided full protection against a lethal challenge of WNV infection in mice. Notably, plant DIII-induced antibodies did not enhance ZIKV and DENV infection in Fc gamma receptor-expressing cells, addressing the concern of WNV vaccines in inducing cross-reactive antibodies and sensitizing subjects to subsequent infection by heterologous flavivirus. This study provides the first report of a WNV subunit vaccine that induces protective immunity, while circumventing induction of antibodies with enhancing activity for ZIKV and DENV infection.
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31
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Verma A, Jain A, Kumar C, Agarwal M, Kumar R. Effect of prior dengue infection on severity and outcome of Japanese encephalitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:519-525. [PMID: 29411187 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and dengue virus are closely related flaviviruses but interaction between them is scarcely studied in humans. The objective of this study was to compare the outcome of JE patients who are positive and negative for dengue IgG antibodies. Patients of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) fulfilling predecided inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent a detailed standardized workup incorporating JE IgM testing in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum. Dengue IgG in serum was tested in all. Outcomes and clinical features were compared between JE patients who were dengue IgG positive and negative in hospital and after 3 months. A total of 182 patients of JE were enrolled over 3 seasons. After excluding equivocal cases, hospital outcome was compared between 105 dengue IgG-positive and 50 dengue IgG-negative patients. Dengue IgG-positive patients had a significantly better outcome (relative risk 1.4; 95% confidence interval 1.1-1.8). On follow-up after 3 months, again, outcome was significantly better among 95 dengue IgG-positive patient than 47 dengue IgG-negative patients (relative risk 1.3; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.8). Presence of pre-existing dengue IgG antibodies in JE patients is associated with improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verma
- Departments of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, 226003, India
| | - A Jain
- Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - C Kumar
- Departments of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, 226003, India
| | - M Agarwal
- Community Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - R Kumar
- Departments of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, 226003, India.
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Rey FA, Stiasny K, Vaney MC, Dellarole M, Heinz FX. The bright and the dark side of human antibody responses to flaviviruses: lessons for vaccine design. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:206-224. [PMID: 29282215 PMCID: PMC5797954 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika and dengue viruses belong to the Flavivirus genus, a close group of antigenically related viruses that cause significant arthropod-transmitted diseases throughout the globe. Although infection by a given flavivirus is thought to confer lifelong protection, some of the patient's antibodies cross-react with other flaviviruses without cross-neutralizing. The original antigenic sin phenomenon may amplify such antibodies upon subsequent heterologous flavivirus infection, potentially aggravating disease by antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The most striking example is provided by the four different dengue viruses, where infection by one serotype appears to predispose to more severe disease upon infection by a second one. A similar effect was postulated for sequential infections with Zika and dengue viruses. In this review, we analyze the molecular determinants of the dual antibody response to flavivirus infection or vaccination in humans. We highlight the role of conserved partially cryptic epitopes giving rise to cross-reacting and poorly neutralizing, ADE-prone antibodies. We end by proposing a strategy for developing an epitope-focused vaccine approach to avoid eliciting undesirable antibodies while focusing the immune system on producing protective antibodies only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Christine Vaney
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Mariano Dellarole
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Development of Antibody Therapeutics against Flaviviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010054. [PMID: 29295568 PMCID: PMC5796004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) highlight the urgent need to develop efficacious interventions against flaviviruses, many of which cause devastating epidemics around the world. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been at the forefront of treatment for cancer and a wide array of other diseases due to their specificity and potency. While mammalian cell-produced mAbs have shown promise as therapeutic candidates against several flaviviruses, their eventual approval for human application still faces several challenges including their potential risk of predisposing treated patients to more severe secondary infection by a heterologous flavivirus through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The high cost associated with mAb production in mammalian cell cultures also poses a challenge for the feasible application of these drugs to the developing world where the majority of flavivirus infection occurs. Here, we review the current therapeutic mAb candidates against various flaviviruses including West Nile (WNV), Dengue virus (DENV), and ZIKV. The progress of using plants for developing safer and more economical mAb therapeutics against flaviviruses is discussed within the context of their expression, characterization, downstream processing, neutralization, and in vivo efficacy. The progress of using plant glycoengineering to address ADE, the major impediment of flavivirus therapeutic development, is highlighted. These advancements suggest that plant-based systems are excellent alternatives for addressing the remaining challenges of mAb therapeutic development against flavivirus and may facilitate the eventual commercialization of these drug candidates.
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An Envelope-Modified Tetravalent Dengue Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine Has Implications for Flavivirus Vaccine Design. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01181-17. [PMID: 28956764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01181-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) infect 50 to 100 million people each year. The spread of DENV-associated infections is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide, as there is no widely available vaccine or specific therapeutic for DENV infections. To address this, we developed a novel tetravalent dengue vaccine by utilizing virus-like particles (VLPs). We created recombinant DENV1 to -4 (DENV1-4) VLPs by coexpressing precursor membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins, with an F108A mutation in the fusion loop structure of E to increase the production of VLPs in mammalian cells. Immunization with DENV1-4 VLPs as individual, monovalent vaccines elicited strong neutralization activity against each DENV serotype in mice. For use as a tetravalent vaccine, DENV1-4 VLPs elicited high levels of neutralization activity against all four serotypes simultaneously. The neutralization antibody responses induced by the VLPs were significantly higher than those with DNA or recombinant E protein immunization. Moreover, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) was not observed against any serotype at a 1:10 serum dilution. We also demonstrated that the Zika virus (ZIKV) VLP production level was enhanced by introducing the same F108A mutation into the ZIKV envelope protein. Taken together, these results suggest that our strategy for DENV VLP production is applicable to other flavivirus VLP vaccine development, due to the similarity in viral structures, and they describe the promising development of an effective tetravalent vaccine against the prevalent flavivirus.IMPORTANCE Dengue virus poses one of the most serious public health problems worldwide, and the incidence of diseases caused by the virus has increased dramatically. Despite decades of effort, there is no effective treatment against dengue. A safe and potent vaccine against dengue is still needed. We developed a novel tetravalent dengue vaccine by using virus-like particles (VLPs), which are noninfectious because they lack the viral genome. Previous attempts of other groups to use dengue VLPs resulted in generally poor yields. We found that a critical amino acid mutation in the envelope protein enhances the production of VLPs. Our tetravalent vaccine elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses against all four DENV serotypes. Our findings can also be applied to vaccine development against other flaviviruses, such as Zika virus or West Nile virus.
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Richner JM, Himansu S, Dowd KA, Butler SL, Salazar V, Fox JM, Julander JG, Tang WW, Shresta S, Pierson TC, Ciaramella G, Diamond MS. Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection. Cell 2017; 168:1114-1125.e10. [PMID: 28222903 PMCID: PMC5388441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of ZIKV infection has prompted a global effort to develop safe and effective vaccines. We engineered a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated modified mRNA vaccine encoding wild-type or variant ZIKV structural genes and tested immunogenicity and protection in mice. Two doses of modified mRNA LNPs encoding prM-E genes that produced virus-like particles resulted in high neutralizing antibody titers (∼1/100,000) that protected against ZIKV infection and conferred sterilizing immunity. To offset a theoretical concern of ZIKV vaccines inducing antibodies that cross-react with the related dengue virus (DENV), we designed modified prM-E RNA encoding mutations destroying the conserved fusion-loop epitope in the E protein. This variant protected against ZIKV and diminished production of antibodies enhancing DENV infection in cells or mice. A modified mRNA vaccine can prevent ZIKV disease and be adapted to reduce the risk of sensitizing individuals to subsequent exposure to DENV, should this become a clinically relevant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Richner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunny Himansu
- Valera LLC, a Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Scott L Butler
- Valera LLC, a Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vanessa Salazar
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84335 USA
| | - William W Tang
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Giuseppe Ciaramella
- Valera LLC, a Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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The Antigenic Structure of Zika Virus and Its Relation to Other Flaviviruses: Implications for Infection and Immunoprophylaxis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:81/1/e00055-16. [PMID: 28179396 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus was discovered ∼70 years ago in Uganda and maintained a low profile as a human disease agent in Africa and Asia. Only recently has it caused explosive outbreaks in previously unaffected regions, first in Oceania and then in the Americas since 2015. Of special concern is the newly identified link between congenital malformations (especially microcephaly) and Zika virus infections during pregnancy. At present, it is unclear whether Zika virus changed its pathogenicity or whether the huge number of infections allowed the recognition of a previously cryptic pathogenic property. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent data on the molecular antigenic structure of Zika virus in the context of antibody-mediated neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, a phenomenon that has been implicated in the development of severe disease caused by the related dengue viruses. Emphasis is given to epitopes of antibodies that potently neutralize Zika virus and also to epitopes that provide antigenic links to other important human-pathogenic flaviviruses such as dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. The antigenic cross talk between Zika and dengue viruses appears to be of special importance, since they cocirculate in many regions of endemicity and sequential infections are likely to occur frequently. New insights into the molecular antigenic structure of Zika virus and flaviviruses in general have provided the foundation for great progress made in developing Zika virus vaccines and antibodies for passive immunization.
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Goo L, VanBlargan LA, Dowd KA, Diamond MS, Pierson TC. A single mutation in the envelope protein modulates flavivirus antigenicity, stability, and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006178. [PMID: 28207910 PMCID: PMC5312798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural flexibility or 'breathing' of the envelope (E) protein of flaviviruses allows virions to sample an ensemble of conformations at equilibrium. The molecular basis and functional consequences of virus conformational dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we identified a single mutation at residue 198 (T198F) of the West Nile virus (WNV) E protein domain I-II hinge that regulates virus breathing. The T198F mutation resulted in a ~70-fold increase in sensitivity to neutralization by a monoclonal antibody targeting a cryptic epitope in the fusion loop. Increased exposure of this otherwise poorly accessible fusion loop epitope was accompanied by reduced virus stability in solution at physiological temperatures. Introduction of a mutation at the analogous residue of dengue virus (DENV), but not Zika virus (ZIKV), E protein also increased accessibility of the cryptic fusion loop epitope and decreased virus stability in solution, suggesting that this residue modulates the structural ensembles sampled by distinct flaviviruses at equilibrium in a context dependent manner. Although the T198F mutation did not substantially impair WNV growth kinetics in vitro, studies in mice revealed attenuation of WNV T198F infection. Overall, our study provides insight into the molecular basis and the in vitro and in vivo consequences of flavivirus breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Goo
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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38
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Vanderven HA, Jegaskanda S, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and influenza virus. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:89-96. [PMID: 28088123 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are a key defence against influenza infection and disease, but neutralizing antibodies are often strain-specific and of limited utility against divergent or pandemic viruses. There is now considerable evidence that influenza-specific antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can assist in the clearance of influenza infection in vitro and in animal models. Further, ADCC-mediating antibodies that recognize a broad array of influenza strains are common in humans, likely as a result of being regularly exposed to influenza infections. The concept that influenza-specific ADCC can assist in the partial control of influenza infections in humans is gaining momentum. This review examines the utility of influenza-specific ADCC antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Clinic and Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Hospital, Monash University Central Clinical School, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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39
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Deconstructing the Antiviral Neutralizing-Antibody Response: Implications for Vaccine Development and Immunity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:989-1010. [PMID: 27784796 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00024-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody response plays a key role in protection against viral infections. While antiviral antibodies may reduce the viral burden via several mechanisms, the ability to directly inhibit (neutralize) infection of cells has been extensively studied. Eliciting a neutralizing-antibody response is a goal of many vaccine development programs and commonly correlates with protection from disease. Considerable insights into the mechanisms of neutralization have been gained from studies of monoclonal antibodies, yet the individual contributions and dynamics of the repertoire of circulating antibody specificities elicited by infection and vaccination are poorly understood on the functional and molecular levels. Neutralizing antibodies with the most protective functionalities may be a rare component of a polyclonal, pathogen-specific antibody response, further complicating efforts to identify the elements of a protective immune response. This review discusses advances in deconstructing polyclonal antibody responses to flavivirus infection or vaccination. Our discussions draw comparisons to HIV-1, a virus with a distinct structure and replication cycle for which the antibody response has been extensively investigated. Progress toward deconstructing and understanding the components of polyclonal antibody responses identifies new targets and challenges for vaccination strategies.
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40
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Dai L, Song J, Lu X, Deng YQ, Musyoki AM, Cheng H, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Song H, Haywood J, Xiao H, Yan J, Shi Y, Qin CF, Qi J, Gao GF. Structures of the Zika Virus Envelope Protein and Its Complex with a Flavivirus Broadly Protective Antibody. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:696-704. [PMID: 27158114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a current global public health concern. The flavivirus envelope (E) glycoprotein is responsible for virus entry and represents a major target of neutralizing antibodies for other flaviviruses. Here, we report the structures of ZIKV E protein at 2.0 Å and in complex with a flavivirus broadly neutralizing murine antibody 2A10G6 at 3.0 Å. ZIKV-E resembles all the known flavivirus E structures but contains a unique, positively charged patch adjacent to the fusion loop region of the juxtaposed monomer, which may influence host attachment. The ZIKV-E-2A10G6 complex structure reveals antibody recognition of a highly conserved fusion loop. 2A10G6 binds to ZIKV-E with high affinity in vitro and neutralizes currently circulating ZIKV strains in vitro and in mice. The E protein fusion loop epitope represents a potential candidate for therapeutic antibodies against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xishan Lu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Abednego Moki Musyoki
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huijun Cheng
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Joel Haywood
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiology and Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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Cross-protection induced by Japanese encephalitis vaccines against different genotypes of Dengue viruses in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19953. [PMID: 26818736 PMCID: PMC4730143 DOI: 10.1038/srep19953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause very high global disease burdens. Although cross-reactivity and cross-protection within flaviviruses have been demonstrated, the effect of JEV vaccination on susceptibility to DENV infection has not been well elucidated. In this study, we found that vaccination with the JEV inactivated vaccine (INV) and live attenuated vaccine (LAV) could induce cross-immune responses and cross-protection against DENV1-4 in mice. Despite the theoretical risk of immune enhancement, no increased mortality was observed in our mouse model. Additionally, low but consistently detectable cross-neutralizing antibodies against DENV2 and DENV3 were also observed in the sera of JEV vaccine-immunized human donors. The results suggested that both JEV-LAV and JEV-INV could elicit strong cross-immunity and protection against DENVs, indicating that inoculation with JEV vaccines may influence the distribution of DENVs in co-circulated areas and that the cross-protection induced by JEV vaccines against DENVs might provide important information in terms of DENV prevention.
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Tsioris K, Gupta NT, Ogunniyi AO, Zimnisky RM, Qian F, Yao Y, Wang X, Stern JNH, Chari R, Briggs AW, Clouser CR, Vigneault F, Church GM, Garcia MN, Murray KO, Montgomery RR, Kleinstein SH, Love JC. Neutralizing antibodies against West Nile virus identified directly from human B cells by single-cell analysis and next generation sequencing. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1587-97. [PMID: 26481611 PMCID: PMC4754972 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00169b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) infection is an emerging mosquito-borne disease that can lead to severe neurological illness and currently has no available treatment or vaccine. Using microengraving, an integrated single-cell analysis method, we analyzed a cohort of subjects infected with WNV - recently infected and post-convalescent subjects - and efficiently identified four novel WNV neutralizing antibodies. We also assessed the humoral response to WNV on a single-cell and repertoire level by integrating next generation sequencing (NGS) into our analysis. The results from single-cell analysis indicate persistence of WNV-specific memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells in post-convalescent subjects. These cells exhibited class-switched antibody isotypes. Furthermore, the results suggest that the antibody response itself does not predict the clinical severity of the disease (asymptomatic or symptomatic). Using the nucleotide coding sequences for WNV-specific antibodies derived from single cells, we revealed the ontogeny of expanded WNV-specific clones in the repertoires of recently infected subjects through NGS and bioinformatic analysis. This analysis also indicated that the humoral response to WNV did not depend on an anamnestic response, due to an unlikely previous exposure to the virus. The innovative and integrative approach presented here to analyze the evolution of neutralizing antibodies from natural infection on a single-cell and repertoire level can also be applied to vaccine studies, and could potentially aid the development of therapeutic antibodies and our basic understanding of other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tsioris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Bldg. 76-253, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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New insights into the immunopathology and control of dengue virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:745-59. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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A High-Performance Multiplex Immunoassay for Serodiagnosis of Flavivirus-Associated Neurological Diseases in Horses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:678084. [PMID: 26457301 PMCID: PMC4589573 DOI: 10.1155/2015/678084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are flaviviruses responsible for severe neuroinvasive infections in humans and horses. The confirmation of flavivirus infections is mostly based on rapid serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). These tests suffer from poor specificity, mainly due to antigenic cross-reactivity among flavivirus members. Robust diagnosis therefore needs to be validated through virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) which are time-consuming and require BSL3 facilities. The flavivirus envelope (E) glycoprotein ectodomain is composed of three domains (D) named DI, DII, and DIII, with EDIII containing virus-specific epitopes. In order to improve the serological differentiation of flavivirus infections, the recombinant soluble ectodomain of WNV E (WNV.sE) and EDIIIs (rEDIIIs) of WNV, JEV, and TBEV were synthesised using the Drosophila S2 expression system. Purified antigens were covalently bonded to fluorescent beads. The microspheres coupled to WNV.sE or rEDIIIs were assayed with about 300 equine immune sera from natural and experimental flavivirus infections and 172 nonimmune equine sera as negative controls. rEDIII-coupled microspheres captured specific antibodies against WNV, TBEV, or JEV in positive horse sera. This innovative multiplex immunoassay is a powerful alternative to ELISAs and VNTs for veterinary diagnosis of flavivirus-related diseases.
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Ulbert S, Magnusson SE. Technologies for the development of West Nile virus vaccines. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1221-32. [PMID: 25405890 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging mosquito-borne and zoonotic flavivirus, continues to spread worldwide and represents a major problem for human and veterinary medicine. In recent years, severe outbreaks were observed in the USA and Europe with neighboring countries, and the virus is considered to be endemic in an increasing number of areas. Although most infections remain asymptomatic, WNV can cause severe, even fatal, neurological disease, which affects mostly the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Several vaccines have been licensed in the veterinary sector, but no human vaccine is available today. This review summarizes recent strategies that are being followed to develop WNV vaccines with emphasis on technologies suitable for the use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. Yet, there are no vaccines or specific antivirals available to prevent or treat the disease. Several dengue vaccines are currently in clinical or preclinical stages. The most advanced vaccine is the chimeric tetravalent CYD-TDV vaccine of Sanofi Pasteur. This vaccine has recently cleared Phase III, and efficacy results have been published. Excellent tetravalent seroconversion was seen, yet the protective efficacy against infection was surprisingly low. Here, we will describe the complicating factors involved in the generation of a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine. Furthermore, we will discuss the human antibody responses during infection, including the epitopes targeted in humans. Also, we will discuss the current understanding of the assays used to evaluate antibody response. We hope this review will aid future dengue vaccine development as well as fundamental research related to the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Flipse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Immunization with Immune Complexes Modulates the Fine Specificity of Antibody Responses to a Flavivirus Antigen. J Virol 2015; 89:7970-8. [PMID: 26018152 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00938-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The antibody response to proteins may be modulated by the presence of preexisting antigen-specific antibodies and the formation of immune complexes (ICs). Effects such as a general increase or decrease of the response as well as epitope-specific phenomena have been described. In this study, we investigated influences of IC immunization on the fine specificity of antibody responses in a structurally well-defined system, using the envelope (E) protein of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus as an immunogen. TBE virus occurs in Europe and Asia and-together with the yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses-represents one of the major human-pathogenic flaviviruses. Mice were immunized with a dimeric soluble form of E (sE) alone or in complex with monoclonal antibodies specific for each of the three domains of E, and the antibody response induced by these ICs was compared to that seen after immunization with sE alone. Immunoassays using recombinant domains and domain combinations of TBE virus sE as well as the distantly related West Nile virus sE allowed the dissection and quantification of antibody subsets present in postimmunization sera, thus generating fine-specificity patterns of the polyclonal responses. There were substantially different responses with two of the ICs, and the differences could be mechanistically related to (i) epitope shielding and (ii) antibody-mediated structural changes leading to dissociation of the sE dimer. The phenomena described may also be relevant for polyclonal responses upon secondary infections and/or booster immunizations and may affect antibody responses in an individual-specific way. IMPORTANCE Infections with flaviviruses such as yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) viruses pose substantial public health problems in different parts of the world. Antibodies to viral envelope protein E induced by natural infection or vaccination were shown to confer protection from disease. Such antibodies can target different epitopes in E protein, and the fine specificities of polyclonal responses can differ between individuals. We conducted a mouse immunization study with TBE E protein alone or complexed to monoclonal antibodies specific for each of the three protein domains. We demonstrated that phenomena such as epitope shielding and antibody-induced structural changes can profoundly influence the fine specificity of antibody responses to the same immunogen. The study thus provided important new information on the potential immunomodulatory role of preexisting antibodies in a flavivirus system that can be relevant for understanding individual-specific factors influencing antibody responses in sequential flavivirus infections and/or immunizations.
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Niu G, Pang Z, Guan C, Qi J, Li D. Dengue virus envelope domain III protein based on a tetravalent antigen secreted from insect cells: Potential use for serological diagnosis. Virus Res 2015; 201:73-8. [PMID: 25697685 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed a tetravalent protein by connecting the receptor-binding envelope domain III (EDIII) of the four dengue virus serotypes in the order of D1-D3-D4-D2. Using a baculovirus expression system, the protein was secreted into the supernatant of infected sf9 cells in a stable form with preserved native conformation. Using immobilized affinity chromatography, the recombinant EDIII (rEDIII) protein was purified with a yield of 300μg per 10(6) cells. The purity and reactivity of the protein were determined via SDS-PAGE and Western blot respectively. A MAC-ELISA method based on the secreted rEDIII protein was subsequently established and evaluated using a panel of pre-characterized dengue IgM-positive and -negative human sera. We obtained a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 93% using this method. Our data collectively suggest that the secreted tetravalent rEDIII protein has potential utility in the diagnosis of dengue virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Niu
- School of Public Health, WeiFang Medical University, 261053, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Zheng Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chun Guan
- Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin 300456, China.
| | - Dexin Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Chang Bai Road, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China.
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Kuhn RJ, Dowd KA, Beth Post C, Pierson TC. Shake, rattle, and roll: Impact of the dynamics of flavivirus particles on their interactions with the host. Virology 2015; 479-480:508-17. [PMID: 25835729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress in structural biology has equipped virologists with insight into structures of viral proteins and virions at increasingly high resolution. Structural information has been used extensively to address fundamental questions about virtually all aspects of how viruses replicate in cells, interact with the host, and in the design of antiviral compounds. However, many critical aspects of virology exist outside the snapshots captured by traditional methods used to generate high-resolution structures. Like all proteins, viral proteins are not static structures. The conformational flexibility and dynamics of proteins play a significant role in protein-protein interactions, and in the structure and biology of virus particles. This review will discuss the implications of the dynamics of viral proteins on the biology, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Kuhn
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Carol Beth Post
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Srivastava R, Ramakrishna C, Cantin E. Anti-inflammatory activity of intravenous immunoglobulins protects against West Nile virus encephalitis. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1347-1357. [PMID: 25667322 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), an important global human pathogen, targets neurons to cause lethal encephalitis, primarily in elderly and immunocompromised patients. Currently, there are no approved therapeutic agents or vaccines to treat WNV encephalitis. Recent studies have suggested that inflammation is a major contributor to WNV encephalitis morbidity. In this study we evaluated the use of IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulins - a clinical product comprising pooled human IgG) as an anti-inflammatory treatment in a model of lethal WNV infection. We report here that IVIG and pooled human WNV convalescent sera (WNV-IVIG) inhibited development of lethal WNV encephalitis by suppressing central nervous system (CNS) infiltration by CD45(high) leukocytes. Pathogenic Ly6C(high) CD11b(+) monocytes were the major infiltrating subset in the CNS of infected control mice, whereas IVIG profoundly reduced infiltration of these pathogenic Ly6C(high) monocytes into the CNS of infected mice. Interestingly, WNV-IVIG was more efficacious than IVIG in controlling CNS inflammation when mice were challenged with a high-dose inoculum (10(5) versus 10(4) p.f.u.) of WNV. Importantly, adsorption of WNV E-glycoprotein neutralizing antibodies did not abrogate IVIG protection, consistent with virus neutralization not being essential for IVIG protection. These findings confirmed the potent immunomodulatory activity of generic IVIG, and emphasized its potential as an effective immunotherapeutic drug for encephalitis and other virus induced inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Srivastava
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Chandran Ramakrishna
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Edouard Cantin
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.,Department of Neurology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.,Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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